CHAPTER

Factorisation

Introduction
Factorisation is disintegrating acomposite number into its factors. Basically, a form of divison
Tactorisation entails finding numbers which give remainder as zero. It is simply the resolution oI an
integer or polynomial into factors such that when multiplied together, they willresult in original or initial
integer or polynomial. For example:
35 =5 x7
Here 5 and 7 are prime factors of 35.
Similarly, take another example of an algebraic expression
25x -36y; it is the product of (5x +6y) (5x -6y). So we write it as 25x-36y =(5x +6y) (5x- 6y)
Here 5x + 6y and 5x 6y are factors of 25x-36y
Likewise, x + 7x+ 12 is the product of (x+4) and (x+3)
Or
x'+7x+ 12 =(x +4) (x+3)
So, when an algebraic expression can be written as the product of two or
each of these expressions is called a factor of the given more algebraic expressions, then
expression.
The process of finding two or more expressions whose product is the given
expression is called factorisation.
So, we can say factorisation is the reverse of multiplication.

Methods of Factorisation
There are many mnethods of tactorisation. We will discuss them one by one

METHOD 1: Takingout common factors

1fthe diferent terms of agiven polynomlal have common factors,
then the given polynomial can be
factorised by:
(i) First having the H.CF of all the terms of the given polynomial.
(ii) Dividing each term of the given polynomial by H.C.E
(iii) Enclosing the quotient within the brackets and keeping the common factor
outside the bracket.

74 ICSE Mathematics for Class IX

 llustrative Examples
Example1. Factorise (i) 21py'- 56py
(ii) 8x°-7y'
Solution: (i) 21py'- 56py
H.CE of 21py' and 56py is 7py
21py - 56py =7py(3y -8)
(Dividing each term by 7py and keeping 7py
outside the brackets)
(ü)8r-7x
HCE of 8x and 7x' is r
8x-7=* (8x-7)
Example 2. Factorise (0) (x+y)? - 3(x +y) 4x+y-2« +y'.
Solution: (i) (x+ y) - 3(x +y)
H.C.E of(x+y}' and 3(x+ y) is (x +y)
(x+y'-3(x+ y) =(x +y) (x +y-3)
(i) 4(x +y) - 2(x+ y)?
H.C.E of 4(x+ y)' and 2(x +yl' is 2(x+y)
4(x+ y)'- 2(x+ y)' = 2(x+ y) {2(x+y) - 1}
=2(x+ y) (2x+ 2y- 1)
Example 3. Factorise (i) 4a(3x +2y) +56(3x +2y) (ii) 8(p+ 29) + 6(p +2q)² + 4(p + 2q)
Solution: (i)4a(3x +2y) + 56(3x +2y)
H.C.E of 4a(3x + 2y) and 5b(3x + 2y) is (3x + 2y)
4a(3x+ 2y) +5b(3x +2y) =(3x +2y) (4a +5b)
(ü) 8(p +24) +6(p +24)+4(p +2q)
H.C.E of 8(p+29), 6(p +24), 4(p+ 24) is 2(p +24)
.i: 8(p +2q)' +6(p +2q)' +4(p +2q) =2(p +24) (4(p +24) +3(p +2q) +2}
=2(p +24) {4(p° +4pq +4q') +3p +6q + 2}
=2(p+ 24) (4p° + 16pq + 16q° +3p +6q +2)
Exafmple 4. Factorise xy(3x² - 2y') - yz(2y?-3x) +zx (15x?- 10y')
Solution. xy(3x-2y)-yz(2y -3x) +zx(15x - 10y)
= xy(3x - 2y) +yz(3x-2y') +5zx(3r - 2y')
H.C.E of xy(3x -2y), yz(3x-2y) and 5zx(3r- 2y') is (3r - 2y)
:. xy(3- 2y) +yz(3x*-2y') +5zx(3x- 2y') =(3*'- 2y') (xy +yz +5z)
Example 5. Factorise:(i) 28a'b -14a'b' +49a°b² (ii) 18 mn + 9m -36n.
Solution: (i) 28a°b³- 14a'b+ 49ab?
H.C.E of 28a'b', 14ab' and 49a'b' is 7a'b
28a°b' - 14a b³ + 49a'b' =7ab (4ab- 2b + 7a)
(ii) 18nn + 9m - 36n.
H.C.E of 18mn, 9m and 36n is 9
18mn + 9m - 36n=9(2mn + m - 4n)
ICSE Mathematics for Class 1X 75
 Exaníple 6. Factoris; Wrla-4)+y4 - a) (ii) 15(x- 2y}-30p(x- 2y).
Solution: (i) a-4) + y(4- a) = a-4) -y(a - 4)
H.C.E of x{a- 4) and y{a- 4) = (a- 4)
a-4) -y'la -4) =(a-4) (*-y)
= (a- 4) (x+ y) (x-y)
(ii) 15(x - 2) - 30p (x- 2y)
H.C.E of 15(x- 2y) and 30p(x- 2y) is 15 (x- 2y)
15(x 2y)' - 30p(x - 2y) = 15(x -2y) ((x- 2y) - 2p}
= 15(x- 2y) (* -4xy +4y- 2p)

(ilul(
Exercise-4A

Factorise the following:

1. (i) 6xy - 3xy' (ii) 19xy -57x'y'z
2. (i) 33xy - 1lxy (ü) 35pqr -7p'qr
3. (i) 9x- 6x-3x (ii) 20mn' +10m²n-30mn'
4. (i) 18p°q' -24pq' + 12p°q (ii) 28ab-14abß
(i) abla'-b- )- bc (b' -a+ )-ca (- a+ b?)
(ii) 3x(a + b) + 2y (5a + 5b) -3z (3a + 3b)
6.
10a(2p +q-156(2p +t q' +35c(2p +q)
. 28(a + b) - 14(a + b)² +7(a + b)
39xyz -13x'yz +65*y'z
9(a + b)² -3(a + b) +6
Jo. 5x'yz (a + b) - 15x'y (a +b) +
30xy'z (a + b)
,ab-c) (b+c)- d(c-b)

METHOD 2: Grouping of terms

Tf the terms of the given
polynomial are
are even) then the given polynomial canarranged in groups such that each
group has a common factor (terms
be factorised by:
(i) First arranging the
terms of the given polynomial in
factor. groups in such a way that each group has a
(i) Factorising each group. commo
(iii) Taking out the factor which is
common to each
 llustrative Examples

Example1. Factorise: (i) 3x-3y +6x²--6y? (ii) xy -pq +qy- pX

6x-6y'
Solution: (i) 3x- 3y+
= (3x- 3y) + (6x'- 6y)
=3(x-y) + 6(x-y)(x+y)
=3(x-y) {1+ 2(x +y)}
=3(x-y) (1+ 2x +2y)
(ii) xy- pq+ qy- px
=(xy- px)+(qy- pa)
=x(y-p) +q(y-p)
= (x+q) (y-p)

Example2. Factorise: (i) ala -4)-a+4 (i) a²+b- ab- a.

Stion: (i) a(a - 4) - a+4

= ala - 4) - 1(a 4)
=(a-1) (a-4)
(ü) a'+ b- ab-a
= (a- a) + (b- ab)
=ala-1) - b(a - 1)
=(a-1)(a-b)

3
Example 3. Factorise: a+-2-3a +
1
Solution: a' +-2-3a
a
+
=a'+
1
a' -2xax-a-)

Example 4Mctorise: (ax +by)' +(bx-ay".

Solution: (ax + by)? + (bx- ay)?
=dr'+ b'y+ 2axby +b'x' +a'y'- 2abxy
=a'r' + by + bix' + a'y
=a'r + a'y +b'x* +b'y'
=ad(r +) + b°(r +y')
=(a² +b) (+y)

ICSE Mathematics for Class IX 77

 by.
Example 5. Factorise: (i) ax +by +bx +az +ay +bz. () ax- (ax +by)' +a'x + aby +
Solution: (i) ax + by + bx + az + ay + bz
=ax + bx + ay + by + az + bz
=x{a + b) +y(a + b)+ zla+ b)
= (a + b)(x+y+ z)
(ii) ax - (ax +by}' +a'x+ aby +by
=(ax +a'x) +(aby +by) - (ax + by)
=ax (1 +a) + by(a + 1)- (ax + by)'
=(1 +a) (ax + by) - (ax + by)
'= (ax +by) {(1+ a) - (ax +by)}
=(ax +by) (1 +a- ax- by)

Example 6. Factorise: (*-2x) -5(?-2x) -y(x?- 2x) +5y

Solution: (- 2x) - 5(*' - 2x)-y(-2x) +5y
={(*- 2x)'-5(-2x)}-y(-2r) - 5y}
={(-2x) (*'- 2x- 5)} -{y(x- 2x -5)}
= (-2x- 5) (*-2x- y).

Example 7. Factorise: 3x'y-3xy +12x- 12

Solution: 3x'y- 3xy +12x- 12
=3xy (x-1)+ 12(x- 1)
=(3xy +12) (x- 1)
=3(xy +4) (x- 1)
Exanple 8. Factorise: p' - (a+2b)p +2ab
Solution: p'- (a +2b)p +2ab
=p- ap - 2bp +2ab
=plp- a)- 2b(p -a)
=(p- a) (p-2b)
(l
Exercise-4B

Factorise the following:

1. (i) 4x'- 10xy - 6xz+ 15yz
(ii) ab(x +y) +
-x+ ax +x-a-1
(ii) (2a -b)- xyla'+ b)
(i)dbe- (a - 1) b- 1 10a + 55
iS 2a?+ 2
4. (i) ab (x+ 1) +x(a +b') +4-6a
B0Px-y-qy +qx +3r- 3y +ytx+y+
-2a' - 4a +8
2xy
78 ICSE Mathematics for Class IX
 6. () a'+ b²- 2(ab- ac + bc) (ii)2a- 4b- xa+ 2bx
iala - 2b - c) + 2bc (ii) a' + 4b' - 3a+ 6b- 4ab
8
m(x-3y) + n(3y -x) + 5x - 15y
9. a'b + ab - abc - b'c+ axy +
bxy
l9 ax + (ax' + 1)x+a
9a'+ 4
-2- 12a +
9a 3a
5ph - 10qk + 2rph - 4qrk
-5a'- b' - 4ab + 7 - 76
1
4y2-7x 7
2x

( y - xy(1 -x)-*

METHOD 3: Difference of two squares

We know the product of (x +y) and (x- y) is (x + y) (x- y)=x*
Factors ofx-y are (x + y)and (x - y)

llustrative Examples
Example 1. Factorise: (i) x 36 (ii) 16a'- b.
Solution: () x-36 =(x)' -(6)P =(x+ 6) (x-6)
(ii) 16a' - b= (4a)? - (b)²= (4a + b) (4a- b)

Example 2. (i) x(x - 5) -y(y -5) Y+ab - 2b- 4.

Solution: (i) x(x-5) -y(ly -5) =x- 5x-y+ 5y
=x-y' -5x +5y
=(x-y) - 5(x- )
=(x+y) (x- y) -5(*-y)
=(x-y) (x+y-5)
(ii) a? + ab- 2b-4= a'- 4+ ab- 2b
= (a)?- (2)' + b(a - 2)
=(a+2) (a-2) + b(a - 2)
= (a- 2) (a+2 + b)

Example 3. Factorise: ().26a - b² + 2bc --c? (i) e+y' -2)- 4x'y.

Soltion: (i) 16a' - b² + 2bc -c
= 16a - (b'- 2bc+)
ICSE Mathematics for Class 1X 79
 =(4a)- (b- c)?
= (4a +b-c) (4a - b+c)
(ii) ( +y- ' - 4x*y
=(*+y- )-(2xy)?
=(*' +y'-z+2xy) (x+y-z-2xy)
=(*'+y+ 2xy -z) (x+y-2xy - )
={(x+y} -(2)'} {(x-)- (2)}
=(x+y+z) (x+y- z) (x-y+ 2) (x-y-z)

Example4 Factorise: (0) 4xy- x'-4y' +z (i) 9(x- 3)2- 16(x +3)2
Solution: (i) 4xy - - 4y +z
=z-*-4y' +4xy
=2'- (*+ 4y - 4xy)
=(z)} -(x-2y)?
=(z+x-2y) (z-x+ 2y)
(i) 9(x-3)- 16(x+3)?
={3(*-3)}'- {4(x +3)}
=(3x9)?- (4x+ 12)?
= (3x-9+ 4x+ 12) (3*94x- 12)
= (7x+3) (-x-21)
=-(x+21) (7x +3)
Example 5.orise: (irM-(1-b)+4ab (ii) 4a - 9b- 2a - 3b
Solution: (i) (1- a) (1-b) +4ab
=1-a'- b² +a'b² + 4ab
=ab' +1+ 2ab - a-
b²+2ab
= (a'b + 2ab + 1) - (a'+ b-
2ab)
= (ab +1)?- (a-b)?
=(ab +l+a-b) (ab +1-a+b)
(ii) 4a'-9b?- 2a-3b
= (4a-9b) - (2a+ 3b)
= {(2a)) - (3b)} - (2a + 3b)
= (2a +3b) (2a - 3b) (2a +
3b)
= (2a + 3b) (2a - 3b- 1)

1
Example 6Factorise: (i) x* +-11 (i) x +y- 7x'y

Solution: (i) x' +-11

Mathematics for Class IX

(i) x +y- 7x*y
=x*+y + 2xy' - 2x'y-7x'y
=x*+y +2x'y -9xy
- (r)' + (y')? + 2x*'y² - (3xy)?
= (x+y°)? -(3xy)?
=(r+y+ 3xy) (*' +y- 3xy)
Example 7. Evaluate by using the factors:
(i) (385)2 - (15)? () (88.2)²- (11.8)²
Solution: (385)² (15)?
= (385 + 15)(385 - 15)
= (400) (370) = 1,48,000
(ii) (88.2)? - (11.8) (100)(76.4) = 7,640
= (88.2 + 11.8)(88.2- 11.8) =

Exercise-4C

Factorise the following:

(ii) 25x-1
1.
(i) 9a'- 36b²
(ii) 128a'- 18b2
2. (i) x²- 64(y z)?
(ii) (x- 2y)? - 25
3. (i) 3a 108a
(iü) 50x- 2(x- 2)2
4. ()*+ y)'-x -y (a'+ 6a +9)
(ii) 81
5. (i) 9x 4(y +2x)? 1"x-a'x!?
+*y+y (ii) (x4)? 49
7 (i) 81a' - (b- 2)2 4a-12a +9- 49b²
MI
J i 8 )9at-a - 12a 36 (ii)25(2a- b)? 8lb?
(i) 5x- 80
9.
45ab'
125a' -27b³ +75a'b-
(i) x*+27 v
() (*- 8) (r+ 8) +15 f
12 )*+ Sx' +9
13,(a- 1)(b² -1) +4abe
14. Evaluate by using factors: (ii) (968)2- (32)²
(i)(38.5)?- (11.5)

Class IX 81
ICSE Mathematics for
METHOD 4: Factorisation of trinomial of the form ax+ bx tc
We shall se the method of factorisation of trinomials of the form a t bx t c, where a, band care real
numbers. We shall factorise the trinomial by:
(i) Splitting b(the coefficient of x) into two real numbers such that the algebraic sum of these
two
is band their product is
ac.
(ii) Then factorising by grouping
numbers
method.
llustrative Examples
Example 1. Factorise:() x+7x+ 12 (ii) x + 5x- 6.
Solution: () +7x+ 12
=x+3x +4x +12
=x(x+3) +4 (x+3)
(.:3+4=7 and 3x4=12)
= (x+3) (x+4)
(ii) *+5x6
=X+6x- x-6
=x(x+6) - 1(x+6) (:6-1=5 and 6x(-1)=-6)
=(x-1)(x+6)
Example2. Factorise: (i) y²-3y - 54 (i) 12x2 -7x+1.
Solution: (i)y-3y-54
=y- (9-6) y- 54
=y-9y +6y -54 (:9+(-6) =3 and 9x(-6) =-54)
=y +6y -9y - 54
=y(y+6) -9(y+ 6)
(ii) 12x²-7x+1 =(y+6) (y-9)
= 12x- (4+3) x
+1
=12x 4x3x+1
=4x(3x 1)-1(3x-1)
(:-4+(-3) =-7 and-4 x-3=12)
= (3x- 1) (4x 1)

Example 3. Factorise: (i) 2x° +5x'y - 12xy

Solution: (i) 2x' +5x'y - 12xy' -3ax -88a'.
= x(2x +
=x{2x +
5xy 12y')
(8-3) xy -
= x(2x + 8xy - 12y'} .
= x(2x(x +4y) 3xy- 12y'} (8+(-3) =5 and 8x (-3) =-24)
= x(x+ 4y) (2x-3y(x+ 4y)}
-3y)
(ii) x-3ax -88a?
=-(l1-8) ax-88a'
x-1lax +8ax 88a
xlx-lla) + 8a(x-1la) = (x+ 8a) (x-(:11+8=-3
1la)
and- 11
x8=-80
82 lCSE Mathematics for ClassIX
 Example 4. Factorise: (i) 24a +37a'-5a
Solution: (i) 24a+ 37a-5a
= a(24a'+37a -5)
= a{24a' + (40 3) a - 5) (.: 40 + (- 3) = 37 and 40 x (- 3) =- 120)
= a(24a? + 40a -3a- 5)
=a{8a (3a + 5) 1(3a+5)
=a(3a + 5) (8a - 1)
(i) 9x- (x-4)?
=(3x)² - (x-4)
= (3x+x-4) (3* - +4)
= (x'+3x 4) (4 +3x- x*)
= (r+ 4x- x-4) (4 + 4x-x- x) (.:4+(-1)= 3 and 4 x (-1)=-4)
= {x(x +4) - 1(x+4)} (4(1 +x)-x (1 + x)}
=(x- 1) (x+4) (x +1) (4 - x)

Exampies. Factorise -3x)² - 8( - 31)- 20 4x)² +4(* +x) - 12

Soluon: (i) (*-3x)?- 8(- 3x) - 20
Let x-3x=a
.. (r-3x)? 8(*²-3x) -20 becomes
a'- 8a -20
(.-10 +2=-8and- 10x2=-20)
=a-(10 2) a - 20
= a-10a +2a- 20
= a(a- 10) + 2(a - 10)
= (a+ 2) (a- 10)
= (x-3x+ 2) ( - 3x- 10)
= {x-(2+ 1) x+2} {x-(5- 2) x 10}
= (x-2x- x+2) (x-5x+ 2x- 10)
= {x(x- 2) 1(x-2)} {x(x-5)+ 2(* 5)}
= (x- 1) (x-2) (*+ 2) (x- 5)
(ii) (x+ x)² + 4(x+x) -12
Let x + x= a, then polynomial becomes
a' + 4a - 12
=a'+ (6- 2)a- 12
= a' +6a - 2a - 12
=a(a+6) - 2(a + 6)
=(a-2) (a+ 6)
= (*'+x- 2) (*² +x+6)
= (x +2x - X-2) (x+x+6)
= x(x+ 2) 1(x+ 2) (r² +x + 6)
=(x-1) (x+2) (x +tx+6)
On comparing x +x+6with ax' +bx +c, we have a = 1, b=l andc=k
. b²- 4ax =(1)- 4(1)(6)=l- 24=-23< 0
So (x'+x+6) cannot be factorised.
So (x'+x) +4(*' +x)-12=(x- 1) (*+ 2) (+x+6)
ICSE Mathematics for Class IX 83
 Example 6. Factorise: (i) (x+ 4)2 -5xy- 20y-6y' w-3x) (x? -3x- 1) - 20
Solution: (i) (x+ 4) - 5xy - 20y- 6y
=(x+4) -5y(x +4) -6y
=2-5yz -6y' wherez=x+4
=-6yz+y-6y
=zlz- 6y) +y (z- 6y)
=(z+ y) (z- 6y)
= (x+ 4+y) (x +4-6y)
=(x+y+4) (x- 6y +4)
(ii) (*?-3x) (*'- 3x- 1) 20
Let
x-3x=a
then (x - 3x) (x- 3x-1) 20
=ala- 1) - 20
= a'-a- 20
= a'-5a + 4a-20
= ala- 5) + 4(a -5)
= (a+ 4) (a-5)
= (*-3x+ 4)(*-3x-5)

Example7. Factorise: 351-+a+a

12
35
1 12
Solution: -+a+a
35 35

(1 + 12a +35a?)
35

1
35 (35a+ 12a +1)
1
35
(35a +7a+ 5a +1)
1
35 {7a(5a +1) +1(5a +1))

35
(5a + 1) (7a + 1)

Example 8. Factorise: x-14x'y'-51.

Solution: x- 14x'y -5ly.
=x-17x'y +3x'y-5ly
=x (-17y') +3y
(-17y)
=(+ 3y) (- 17y)
=(o+ 3y°) {x-Vi7y
-(+3)(x +v17y) (x-7)
(lul Exercise-4D

Factorise the following:

1. (i)x²+ 7x+ 10 (ii) x-9x+ 20
2 (i) 6x +17x+5 (ii) 84 - 2x- 2x2

3. (i) W3 x-9x+6N3 (ii) 5V2 x+ 7x +v2

4. (i) x(3x-2) - 1 -| 8a

5 (i) 3x² -5xy - 12y a 26)- 2a +46- 1

6. (i) 15a + 22a'- 5a (ii) 25x- (x-6)?

7 (i) (*-7x)?- 100

.G+ 5x +6+ ax + (ii) 3x²+ 7x- 10
(i2a'b?- 7ab-30
- 2a - 2b- 3(a + b)² y
10. (i) 5(a 1)2- 8(a - 1)-4 ir3-5a 5b- 12(a +b2
Y4(2x- 3y)- 8x +12y -3y (ii) (3x-5)- 6(3x- 5) 16
I1. 12(a+ h2
,12 (i) 5-(3a'-2a) (6- 3a +2a) it a-b)² 7(a- b2) +
1 17
(iü) -x+x*
13. (i) (r-2x)?- 23(r-2x) + 120 72 72
whose area is 15x- 38x + 24.
Find the length and breadth of therectangle
is 4V3x+ 5x- 2V3.
Find out the two factors whose product

cubes
METHOD5: The sum or difference of two
We shall use the following identities:

() a' + b'= (a+ b) (a-ab +b?)

+ b)
(ii) a'-b' = (a- b) (a'+ ab
Illustrative Examples

+6463 (ii) 5a³-625a'.

Example 1. Factorise: (i) a³
Solution: (i)a + 64b
=(a) + (4b)
= (a+ 4b) {a'-ax4b+ (4b)²}
= (a+ b) (a- 4ab+ 16b')
(ii) 5a5- 625a'
= 5ala' - 125)
= 5a'{(a)³- (5)}
= 5a'(a -5) (a' +ax 5+5)
= 5ala-5) (a' + 5a +25) 85
ICSE Mathematics for Class IX
 Example 2. Factorise: (i) 3x - 81xy³ Y640 -b5.
Solution: (i) 3x-81xy'.
=3x(x- 27y')
- 3x{(x) - (3y)}
= 3x(x -3y) (*-xx 3y +(3y}}
=3x(x- 3y) (*- 3xy +9y)
(ii) 64a - bo
=(8a')' - (b')
=(8a' +b) (8a¥-b')
={(2a)' +(6)} {(2a) - (6)}
= (2a+b) {(2a)?-2axb+ b} (2a b)(2a) +2a xb+ b}
= (2a+ b) (4a'- 2ab + b') (2a b) (4a' + 2ab +b')
Example 3. Factorise: () 64g³-3436 () j25-ab+10- 2a6.
Solution: (i) 64a' -343b
-(4a)-(75)
= (4a -7b) {(4a)° + 4a x 7b + (7b)}
= (4a -7b)(16a + 28ab +49b2)
(ii) 125 - ab + 10 2ab
=5- (ab) +2(5-ab)
= (5- ab) {(5) +5 >x ab + (ab)} + 2(5-
ab)
= (5- ab) (25 + 5ab + ab') + 2(5-
ab)
= (5- ab) (25 +5ab + ab + 2)
= (5- ab) (27 + 5ab + ab')

Example 4.-Factorise: (i)-a'-b

1
27 125 ij64x+y-(-yP
1
Solution: (i) -a'
27 125

ab+ 25
(ii) 64(x +y)' - (x- y)'
= (4(x+ y)}-(x-y}
=(4(x+ y)- (*-
y))
= (4x +4y - x+ y) (4(* + y)} +4(x +y) (x -y) +(x-y
{16(*+ y'
=(3x+ 5y) {16(x +2xy + +4(*-y) +(*- y)
y) +
=(3x+ 5y) (16x².+32xy + 16y² +4(x*-y') +
=(3x+ 5y) (21**+ 30xy +13y) 4x-4y' +
(*-2xy
+y)}
x-2xy
+y)
Mathematics for Class IX
 Example5. Factorise: (i) x* +x+2 (á-bo, w
Solution: (i) x +x+2
= + l +x+ 1
=(x)' + (I)' + (*+ 1)
= (x+ 1) (-x+ 1) + (x+ 1)
=(x+ 1)(x-x+1 + 1)
=(x+ 1)(-x+2)
(ii) a bo = (a')' - (b)
=(a' + b') (a'- b')
= (a+ b) (a - ab +b') (a- b) (a' +ab+ b')
= (a+ b) (a b) (a'- ab +b2) (a' +ab + b)

Example 6. Factorise: (i) 2a + 16b³- 5a-10b -276 + 2a'b- 6ab?.

Solution: (i) 2a' +16b'- 5a - 10b

=2(a' + 8b') 5(a+ 2b) = 2{(a)³ + (2b)}- 5(a + 2b)
= 2{(a+ 2b)(a²- ax 2b +(2b)} - 5(a+ 2b)
= 2(a+2b) (a²-2ab + 4b?) 5(a + 2b)
+ 8b- 5)
= (a+ 2b){2(a'- 2ab + 4b) 5}= (a+ 2b)(2a'- 4ab
(ii) a² - 27b³ + 2a'b-6ab'
={(a)' - (3b)} + 2abla - 3b)
= (a- 3b) {(a' + 3ab +(3b)}+ 2ab(a-3b)
=(a-3b) (a'+ 3ab +9b) + 2abla - 36)
5ab + 9b)
= (a-3b) (a' + 3ab +9b? + 2ab) = (a -3b)(a' +

Example 7. Evaluate:

3.25x3.25 x3.25+1.75x1.75x1.75
(i) 3.25×3.25-3.25x1.75+1.75x 1.75
(4.85) -(1.35)'
(ii) 1.35
4.85x 4.85 + 4.85 x1.35+1.35×
3.25x3.25×3.25+1.75x1.75x1.75
Solution: (i) 3.25x3.25-3.25x1.75+ 1.75x 1.75
(3.25) + (1.75)
3.25×3.25-3.25x1.75+1.75x1.75
(3.25 +1.75) (3.25x3.25 -3.25 x1.75 +1.75x1.75)
3.25x3.25 - 3.25 x1.75+1.75x1.75
= (3.25 + 1.75) = 5

(4.85)'-(1.35)
(ii) 4.85x 4.85 + 4.85x1.35+1.35x1.35
(4.85-1.35)(4.85x4.85+ 4.85x 1.35 +1.35x1.35)
4.85x 4.85+4.85x1.35+1.35x1.35
= 4.85 1.35 = 3.5

ICSE Mathematics forClass IX 87

 Exercise-4E
Factorise the following: (1 to 11)
1. (i) 8a + 27 (ii) 125a-216b
2. (i) 7x+ 189y (ii) 81x*- 24y
3. (i) 8r- (2x- y)' (ii) Z29x-64y
L ^-26x'-27 ii) x- 3x' +3x+7
S, (i) a+ b+a + b (ii) 8a - 27b +2a-35
6. (i) a'+
64 125
a

) 2x*+ 54y - 4x- 12y -2a +

2h
3
a

1
(i) 27(x+ y)' + 8(2x - )
x
<+ 1) (x- 1)6 g (i-7a'- 8
10. + b)³ 27a S (ii) 125x- (x- y)
27
11. (i) 216x+ 512y 6x 8y (ii)
125 8
12. Evaluate:

3.75x3.75 x3.75+1.25×1.25x1.25
3.75x3.75-3.75x 1.25+1.25x1.25

(ii)
(8.97) -(3.37)
8.97× 8.97 +8.97 ×3.37 +3.37×3.37
(iii) 35 + 273
(iv) 65- 25.