Smart Attendance System Using

Face Recognition
By

Sachin Prajapati (2001320100115)

Satyam Kumar (2001320100122)
Suraj Kumar Sharma (2001320100145)
Sachin Kumar (2001320100114)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

Mr. Imran Ansari
(Assistant Professor, Dept.of CSE)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

GREATER NOIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

MAY 2024

1
 A PROJECT REPORT ON

Smart Attendance System Using Face

Recognition

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

By

Sachin Prajapati (2001320100115)

Satyam Kumar (2001320100122)

Suraj Kumar Sharma (2001320100145)

Sachin Kumar (2001320100114)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. Imran Ansari

(Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

GREATER NOIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

MAY 2024

2
 GREATER NOIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PLOT
NO. 7, K.P.II, GREATER NOIDA, UP-201310 Affiliated to
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, UP
(Formerly known as Uttar Pradesh Technical University,
Lucknow)

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the project report entitled “SMART ATTENDANCE SYSTEM
USING FACE RECOGNITION” submitted by Satyam Kumar-2001320100122,
Sachin Prajapati-2001320100115 , Suraj Kumar Sharma-2001320100145 and Sachin
Kumar-2001320100114 to the Greater Noida Institute of Technology, affiliated to Dr.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, in partial fulfillment for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in Computer Science and Engineering is a
record of the project work carried out by them under my supervision. The content of this
report, in full or in parts, has not been submitted to any other Institution or University for
the award or any degree or diploma.

Supervisor Prof. & HOD

Imran Ansari Dr. Sandeep Saxena
(Asst. Professor in the department of CSE) (Professor in the department of CSE)

3
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project, entitled "SMART
ATTENDANCE SYSTEM USING FACE RECOGNITION" in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering is an original work carried out during the period of FEB-2024 to MAY-2024,
under the supervision of Dr. Arun Kumar Singh, Professor, Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Greater Noida Institute of Technology, Greater Noida. The matter
presented in the project has not been submitted by me/us for the award of any other places.
2001320100122 – Satyam Kumar
2001320100115 – Sachin Prajapati
2001320100145 – Suraj Kumar Sharma
2001320100114 – Sachin Kumar
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Supervisor
Imran Ansari
(Asst. Professor in the department of CSE)

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the project report undertaken during
B.Tech. Fourth year. We owe a particular debt of gratitude to Imran Ansari, Asst.
Professor of the Computer Science and Engineering department, Greater Noida Institute
of Technology (Engg. Institute) for his continuous and constant support and guidance
throughout our project work. His sincerity, thoroughness, and perseverance have been a
continuous source of inspiration for us. It is only through his conscious efforts that our
endeavours have seen the light of the day.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Sandeep Saxena,
Head of the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Greater Noida Institute of
Technology (Engg. Institute) for his full support and assistance during the project. We
also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all the faculty
members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation in our project. Last,
but not least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution to the completion of the
project successfully.

5
 ABSTRACT
In today's dynamic technological landscape, the need for efficient and secure attendance
tracking systems has become increasingly paramount. This research presents a pioneering
solution - a "Smart Attendance System Using Face Recognition" designed to streamline the
attendance management process in various domains. The proposed system leverages cutting-
edge facial recognition technology to accurately and non-intrusively identify individuals,
allowing for swift and automated attendance capture. By employing sophisticated algorithms
and machine learning techniques, the system ensures high accuracy and reliability in the
identification process, even in diverse environmental conditions. Key features of the system
include real-time face detection, facial feature extraction, and matching against a pre-existing
database of enrolled individuals. The integration of a user-friendly interface facilitates easy
enrolment and management of individuals within the system.

Moreover, the Smart Attendance System enhances security and minimizes the possibility of
unauthorized attendance by implementing robust anti-spoofing measures. The system's
adaptability to various environments and lighting conditions makes it a versatile solution for
educational institutions, corporate settings, and other organizations seeking a modern and
efficient attendance tracking system. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on
biometric-based attendance systems, providing insights into the practical implementation and
advantages of face recognition technology. The outcomes of this study demonstrate the
feasibility and efficacy of the proposed Smart Attendance System, offering a glimpse into the
future of attendance management by seamlessly integrating technology and convenience. A
biometric is a study of human features and characteristics. Despite the fact that no faces can be
prevented as a security solution, face recognition is a rising field of biometrics for security.
Manual attendance systems have various drawbacks, such as being less accurate and difficult
to maintain, hence attendance systems are vitally important in schools and universities. So, in
this day and age, we see several systems such as IoT and PIR sensor bases, as well as various
models. So, for the sensor, we want to keep it in good condition so that it doesn't become
damaged. In diverse models, we confront problems such as selecting which feature to use or,
more importantly, managing variance in lighting, postures, and size. As a result, we are
attempting to construct an "In Class" solution to address the aforementioned issue and provide
a valid attendance sheet digitally.

The Attendance system will always be important for educational and business sectors. The
traditional calling out name kind of system is losing its value because there is always a chance
of proxy attendance. We developed a method to take attendance of students by using a camera
to detect the student’s face and storing them in the database and maintaining the attendance
records which are way better than paper records and they will not be any flaws in collection of
data as we maintain the records of collected data through network it will benefit the business
and educational sector when we go for individual tracking. In this system an overview of
system that can achieve real time face detection and provide systematic attendance is provided.
Here we used machine learning techniques for building the system, Using LBPH operations
we created transactional images and this LBP image is used to extract histograms. This system
saves time, it reduces the amount of work the administration should do and will replace the
paperwork with electronic records.

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION III
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT V
ABSTARCT VI
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction 08
1.1.1 Features of Smart Attendance
System
1.2 Project Objective 10
1.3 Problem Statement 11
1.4 Scope of the Project 12
1.5 Background 12
1.6 Language and Software 12
Requirement
1.7 Hardware Requirement 12
1.8 Flowchart 13

Chapter 2: Literature Survey

2.1 Literature Survey 15
2.2 Problem Formulation 17
Chapter 3: Implementation
3.1 Dataset Used 19
3.2 Dataset Feature 20
3.3 Image Processing 21
3.4 Flow Chart 23
3.5 User Interface 25
3.6 Stages of Execution 26
3.7 Software Implementation 27
Chapter 4: Results
4.1 Results Achieved
4.2 Conclusion
4.3 Limitations
4.4 Future Work

Chapter 5: References

7
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Number Title

Figure 01 Workflow diagram

Figure 02 Block diagram of Smart Attendance System

Figure 03 Dataset

Figure 04 Face Recognization Using Smart Attendance System

Figure 05 Image Capture

Figure 06 Proposed block diagram

Figure 07 GUI of the Smart Attendance System

Figure 08 Collected Dataset

Figure 09 User interface

Figure 10 Student Details

Figure 11 Attendance Stored Automatically in Excel file

Figure 12 Image Identification

Figure 13 Chatbot of Smart Attendance System

Figure 14 Register page of Smart attendance System

Figure 15 Login page of Smart Attendance System

Figure 16 UI of Smart Attendance System

Figure 17 Student Information

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9
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
This is an introductory chapter which will cover all about the project including the
context, motivation, objectives, proposed approach, contribution and the structure of
the report.

1.1 Background Information

Student attendance in most educational institutions is traditionally recorded manually

through the use of attendance sheets issued by department heads as mandated by
regulations. In these sheets, students sign up for upcoming sessions, which are then
manually transcribed onto a computer. However, this method proves to be slow, time-
consuming, and inconsistent, as some students often sign in for absent peers. Moreover,
tracking individual attendance in large classroom settings becomes challenging. In our
study, we propose the implementation of a facial detection and recognition system to
automatically identify students present in the classroom during lectures and mark their
attendance by recognizing their faces. While other forms of biometric authentication may
offer greater reliability, students often face long queues upon entering the classroom. Due
to its non-intrusive nature and widespread familiarity, facial recognition is chosen as the
preferred method since people naturally recognize others primarily based on their facial
features.
One of the major drawbacks of the previous attendance system is the sensitivity of the
collected data. This is primarily because attendance might be recorded by individuals
other than the original person, meaning that attendance for a specific individual could be
marked by a third party without the institution's validation, thus compromising the
sensitivity of the data. Another issue arises with the accessibility of this information by
relevant stakeholders. For instance, many parents are deeply concerned about tracking
their child's actual whereabouts to ensure their attendance in classes. However, in the
previous system, there was no provision for parents to access such information. Hence,
enhancements are required in the existing system to improve effectiveness, data
sensitivity, and provide access to information for the relevant parties.
The current attendance systems often lack effectiveness and fail in information sharing.
In our proposed design, these limitations will be addressed and further improved upon in
the following ways:
Students will be more prompt in attending classes. Enhanced data sensitivity and privacy
measures will be implemented. Accessibility to attendance information will be facilitated
for relevant stakeholders, such as parents and academic staff. This is due to the attendance
of pupil can only be taken tête-à-tête where any absentees will be noticed byte system.
This can't only train the pupil to be immediate as well as avoids any immoral ethics similar
as subscribing the attendance for their musketeers. The institution can save a lot of coffers
as enforcement is now done by means of technology rather than mortal supervision which
will waste a lot of mortal resource for an insignificant process.
When student A is too sluggish to attend a certain class, for instance, student B assists him
or her in signing for attendance even though student A actually missed the session.
10
However, the system failed to notice this because there was no enforcement procedure in
place. Even if the organization decides to implement enforcement, it may have to spend a
great deal of time and human resources, which is not at all feasible. As a result, the previous
system's entire attendance log cannot be trusted to be used for analysis. Even though there
are potentially more dependable biometric authentication technologies, pupils typically
have to wait a long line to enter the classroom. Face recognition is used because it is
familiar and nonintrusive, because people identify other people mostly by their facial
features. Motivation and Problem Statement: -The primary problem, as per the prior
attendance management system, was the precision of the data gathered. This is due to the
possibility that the attendance was not individually recorded by the original individual; to
put it another way, a third party may have taken a specific person's attendance without the
institution's knowledge, which compromises the data's accuracy.
The second issue with the prior system was its excessive time consumption. Assuming that
a student needs around a minute to sign his or her name on a three- to four-page name list.
Only about 60 pupils are able to sign their attendance in one hour, which is plainly
inefficient and time-consuming. The availability of that information to the rightful
concerned party is the third problem. For instance, the majority of parents worry greatly
about finding out their child's true location so they can be sure they are actually attending
college or school. Nevertheless, parents were not able to obtain this information under the
prior system. Thus, in order to improve efficiency and data, development of the prior
system is required.
Attendance management is the process of efficient prevention of employee time theft by
maintaining and tracking employee working hours, login and logout time. Organizations
and Institutions use a number of techniques, from punching cards, maintaining
spreadsheets to automated attendance systems by using Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning Algorithms and biometric devices (Internet Of Things).
For effective functioning of an organization, maintaining a real time record is the key to
improve the accuracy of the attendance system by Face recognition and real time
attendance update. By combining the cloud and OpenCv technologies together.
Using traditional rollcall methods was inefficient and time consuming. Use of updated and
latest grown Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms make the attendance
taking and recording system hassle free, convenient and less time consuming for the
teachers and they could focus more on actually learning curve of students and delivering
the best knowledge or getting the required outcome without worrying about proxies.
A staff attendance monitoring system is necessary for any organization, regardless of size,
to effectively maintain tasks and projects. In order to manage differences and conflicts
inside the organization, management must maintain records of each employee's time and
attendance. Every technology has a significant improvement when mechanized in the
modern, competitive environment. For a group of employees, manually tracking
attendance is a time-consuming and ineffective operation. In this situation, a smart
attendance management system with integrated facial recognition features will make a
significant improvement.
It was to record when workers entered and left the plant that the first employee time clocks
were created in the late 19th century. The term "Time Card" originates from the fact that
this mechanical time clock prints the employee working date and time into a paper card.
With the use of the first-Time card, factory owners were able to keep track of the exact
11
 hours that each employee had put in. This safeguarded companies by ensuring that
employees put in the required number of hours, and it insured the company employees by
making it far more difficult for employers to cut down their working hours.
Due to the development of timekeeping technology, smaller electronic watches eventually
supplanted huge mechanical ones. Now, workers had to precisely organize their time cards
in the precise spot on the time cards that were produced, which had unique sections marked
for clocking in and out. The 1990s saw the debut of industry-standard time clock software.
As mechanical as well as electrical time clocks are likely to malfunction over their lifespan
and are extremely expensive to replace or even repair, businesses started to move away
from them around that time. The use of buddy punching is eliminated, productivity is
increased, and labor expenses are decreased thanks to time clock software, which makes
it simple for business owners to switch from time clock to payroll.

1.1.1 Features of Smart Attendence System:-

1. Accuracy and Reliability: Face recognition technology eliminates the potential of
proxy attendance and offers a high degree of accuracy in attendance tracking.
By eliminating errors related to human entry and card swiping, the technology
guarantees dependable results.
2. Real-time Monitoring: Administrators may instantly monitor attendance data,
allowing prompt intervention in the event of anomalies or unexpected patterns. The
Smart Attendance System functions in real-time, providing instantaneous attendance
updates and insights.
3. User-Friendly Interface: The platform's interface has been developed to make it
simple for administrators and users to explore and engage with it.
The enrolment procedure is easy to follow; people just need to register their facial
biometrics for quick and easy identification.
4. Privacy and Security of Data:
The privacy and confidentiality of each person's biometric information are guaranteed
by the secure storage and encryption of the facial recognition data.
The system satisfies regulatory requirements, upholds the highest standards of data
privacy, and inspires confidence in users.

1.2 Project Objective:

For both teachers and students in an educational institution, attendance is crucial. Thus,
maintaining a record of attendance is crucial. The issue comes up when we consider the
conventional method of taking presence in the classroom. Inquiring about a student's
attendance by calling their name or roll number requires energy in addition to time. Thus,
every issue listed above can be resolved with an automated attendance system. Many
institutions currently employ automated systems for creating attendance records. RFID
technology and biometrics are two examples of such systems. Despite being automatic and
more advanced than the conventional method, it is unable to meet the time constraint.

12
 An involuntary attendance marking system is introduced in this project, without interfering
in any way with the standard teaching process. The approach can also be used in other
teaching or exam contexts activities for which presence is absolutely necessary. This system
does away with traditional methods of identifying pupils, such calling names or examining
individual identification cards. These methods can cause anxiety in students during exam
periods in addition to interfering with the continuous teaching process. Furthermore, in order
for the pupils to be identified, they must register in the database. The user-friendly interface
allows for immediate enrolment.

1. Increase Accuracy and Remove Errors:

Boost accuracy in attendance monitoring by reducing manual errors and removing the
chance of proxy attendance, guaranteeing that recorded data is accurate and accurately
represents people's presence.

2. Boost Productivity and Save Time:

Simplify the attendance tracking procedure to free up time for administrators and
employees alike. Face recognition technology saves time compared to manual
techniques by offering a rapid and effective way of identification.

3. Strengthen Security and Stop Fraud:

Using each person's distinct facial biometrics, create an attendance system that is both
safe and resistant to fraud.

4. Enable Real-time Monitoring and Reporting:

Enable administrators to obtain the most recent information on attendance trends by
enabling real-time monitoring of attendance data. This makes it possible to act quickly
to address inconsistencies or odd patterns.

5. Boost User Convenience:

Give users' convenience first priority by providing an easy-to-use interface that works
for both administrators and end users. It should be simple for users to register their facial
biometrics during the enrolling process.

6. Integrate with Existing Infrastructure:

Provide simple interface with the hardware and software infrastructure that is currently
in use in businesses, educational institutions, and other establishments. Ensuring system
compatibility guarantees a seamless and well-organized attendance management
procedure.

1.2 Problem Statement:

The traditional method of recording student attendance is frequently fraught with issues. By
doing away with traditional student attendance marking methods like calling students by name
or examining their corresponding identity cards, the facial recognition student attendance
system highlights its simplicity. Not only do they impede the teaching process, but they also
divert students' attention during exam periods. During the lecture sessions, in addition to calling
names, an attendance sheet is circulated throughout the classroom. It could be challenging to
circulate the attendance sheet around the lecture hall, particularly in classes with a lot of pupils.

13
 1 The manual signing of students' presence, which is tedious and distracts them from signing
for their attendance, is thus intended to be replaced with a facial recognition attendance
system. Additionally, the automated facial recognition student attendance system eliminates
the need for lecturers to repeatedly count the number of students in order to verify that they
are present. It also overcomes the issue of fraudulent approaches.
2 The traditional method of taking attendance has a major drawback in that it necessitates a
lot of time-consuming, ineffective human interaction. The solution to these problems lies in
the creation of intelligent and autonomous systems that can efficiently record, manage, and
report attendance without the need for human intervention.
3 Recent technological advancements in areas like cloud computing, the internet of things,
biometric sensors, and extremely effective near field communication devices have paved
the way for the creation of systems that can operate with little human error and interference
seven days a week.
4 For ensuring that both students and staff in various organizations maintain discipline, an
attendance system is both a valuable and crucial tool. 7 The amount of work that employees
perform is directly correlated with the length of time they spend at the office. in order for
you to be aware of how they perform within the company Monitor employee attendance at
work to determine billing hours.
5 You need to be aware of employee work hours. It aids in the computation of your employees'
workdays. This will help you know what salary you should give him/her.
6 Direct Costs – These are costs incurred directly as a result of employee absences. These
costs include paid vacation, overtime, and replacement-worker costs.
7 Overhead Costs – These are costs incurred indirectly as a result of employee absences.
Overhead costs include lost productivity and work delays due to employee absenteeism.
8 Businesses that use shift work typically need to know their absence rates. You can determine
your employees' absenteeism rate by monitoring employee attendance. This enables
management to plan when to hire a replacement for the position and determine any
additional expenditures that might be required later.
9 Time and Attendance keeps track of absences and time spent in the office. Both managers
and employees have access to this information, which is openly disclosed. Employees are
able to see how many vacation days they have left thanks to this. Additionally, it assists
management in determining how much paid and unpaid time off to provide workers
depending on their present attendance.

1.3 Methodology
The manual and time-consuming process of recording attendance is the key issue that has
to be addressed in this project. Traditional methods, such as paper-based or card-based
systems, are prone to errors and require significant effort to maintain. The objective is to
develop an automated attendance management system using face detection and face
recognition functionalities to streamline the attendance process and improve accuracy.
The system needs to capture video input from a camera, detect and recognize faces in
realtime, store attendance records securely, and provide za user-friendly interface for
interaction. It should accurately identify individuals and record their attendance with

14
 timestamps. The system should also be scalable to handle many users and maintain high
accuracy even in varying lighting conditions.
The system architecture involves integrating different components. It includes a video
capture module to obtain live video input, a face detection module to identify faces in the
video stream, a face recognition module to match faces with known identities, and a data
storage module to store attendance records.
The user interface should provide options to start the attendance recording process and view
attendance records. The implementation phase involves developing and integrating the
different modules. It includes writing code to capture video using OpenCV, implementing
face detection and recognition algorithms using libraries like dlib or OpenCV, and designing
a database or filebased storage system to store attendance records. The implementation
should ensure high accuracy, real-time performance, and robustness against various
environmental factors.
Attendance system needs to undergo rigorous testing to ensure its functionality, accuracy,
and reliability. Various test scenarios should be executed to evaluate its performance under
different conditions, such as different lighting, angles, and facial variations. The system
should be evaluated against a ground truth to measure its accuracy in identifying individuals
and recording attendance correctly.
Once the system is thoroughly tested and evaluated, it can be deployed in the intended
environment. Adequate documentation and user manuals should be provided to facilitate 9
easy usages. Regular maintenance and updates should be carried out to address any bugs,
security vulnerabilities, or performance improvements.
Training sessions should be conducted to familiarize users with the attendance system and
its features. User support channels, such as documentation, FAQs, and a helpdesk, should
be established to assist users in case of any issues or queries.

1.4 Scope of the project:

We are getting ready to design a two-module system. The first module, called "face
detector," is a that functions essentially as a camera application that uses face extraction and
computer vision face identification algorithms to collect student faces and store them in a
file. The second module is a desktop program that recognizes faces in photos that have been
taken, logs students' enrolment, and keeps the results in a database for later review. The
ability to identify facial features via a camera or a photo stored in memory starts the face
detection and identification system's process flow. The program analyses the taken image,
counts the faces by comparing them to the learned pattern, and then filters out the remaining
faces. Several algorithms are used in this image processing to compare the captured facial
features to a database that is already known. The goal of this project is to reduce the amount
of time and complexity involved in taking attendance during lectures. It is ineffective and
inefficient to utilize ID cards or to manually call out attendance and record it on sheets.

15
1.5 Hardware and software required:

Table 1.1- Hardware and software required

Hardware required Software required

Laptop/desktop Python 3.9

Camera Winnows 10 or Update

4GB RAM or More VS code

I3 processor Opens

250 SSD /HDD MySQL

16
 1.6 Flowchart :-

Start

Images Stored in
System Database

Recognition Process
Start

Camera Captures the

User Image

Compare with
database image

Match

Present to the Student Absent

A File generated with student

details

Attendance Uploaded in Excel Sheet

automatically

Fig 1 : workflow diagram

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 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Literature Survey
Automatic face recognition (AFR) technologies: - According to research journals
[1][2] “Automatic face recognition (AFR) technologies” (Nandhini R, Duraimurugan N,
S.P.Chokkalingam, Feb 2019) Smart Attendance using Real-Time Face Recognition is a
real-world solution which comes with day to day activities of handling student attendance
system. Face recognition-based attendance system is a process of recognizing the
students face for taking attendance by using face biometrics based on high - definition
monitor video and other information technology. In my face recognition project, a
computer system will be able to find and recognize human faces fast and precisely in
images or videos that are being captured through a surveillance camera. [3] Numerous
algorithms and techniques have been developed for improving the performance of face
recognition but the concept to be implemented here is [4] Deep Learning. It helps in
conversion of the frames of the video into images so that the face of the student can be
easily recognized for their attendance so that the attendance database can be easily
reflected automatically.
Face Recognition Based Attendance Marking System: -Another research journals [9]
“Face Recognition Based Attendance Marking System” (Nandhini R, Duraimurugan N,
S.P.Chokkalingam 2014) is based on the identification of face recognition to solve the
previous attendance system‟s issues. This system uses camera to capture the images of
the employee to do face detection and recognition. The captured image is compared one
by one with the face database to search for the worker’s face where attendance will be
marked when a result is found in the face database. The main advantage of this system is
where attendance is marked on the server which is highly secure where no one can mark
the attendance of other. Moreover, in this proposed system, the face detection algorithm
is improved by using the skin classification technique to increase the accuracy of the
detection process. Although more efforts are invested in the accuracy of the [7][6] face
detection algorithm, the system is yet not portable. Thissystem requires a standalone
computer which will need a constant power supply that makes it not portable. This type
of system is only suitable for marking staff’s attendance as they only need to report their
presence once a day, unlike students which require reporting their attendance at every
class on a particular day, it will be inconvenient if the attendance marking system is not
portable. Thus, to solve this issue, the whole attendance management system can be
developed on a portable module so that it can be work just by executing the python
program.
Fingerprint Based Attendance System Using Microcontroller and Lab View: -
Another research journal [10] “Fingerprint Based Attendance System Using
Microcontroller and Lab View” (Kumar Yadav, Singh, Pujari, Mishra, 2015) proposed a
solution of using fingerprint to mark the attendance. This system is using 2
microcontrollers to deal with the fingerprint recognition process. Firstly, the fingerprint
pattern will be obtained through a fingerprint sensor, and then the information will be
18
transmitted to microcontroller 1. Next microcontroller 1 will pass the information to
microcontroller 2 to do the checking with the database that resides in it. After finding a
student’s match, the details are sent to the PC through serial communication to be
displayed. This design is good as it accelerates development while maintaining design
flexibility and simplifies testing. But again, this system is attached to a PC which makes
it not portable. Other than that, the database information cannot be accessible easily.
Meaning that, for the parents whom are interested in knowing their child’s attendance
cannot easily or conveniently access the information. Therefore, to provide accessibility
of the student’s information to the legitimate concerned party, the information can be
uploaded to a web server for easy access. While the authentication for the appropriate
access can be enforced through a login screen.
RFID based Student Attendance System: -According to the Another research journal
“RFID based Student Attendance System” (Husain, Dugar, Deka, Hannan, 2014), [11]
the proposed solution is almost similar to the first research journal where RFID
technology is used to improve the older attendance system. In this system, a tag and a
reader are again used as a method of tracking the attendance of the students. The
difference between the first journals with this is where attendance’s information can be
accessed through a web portal. It provides more convenient for information retrieval.
Again, this system is imperfect in the sense that, firstly, it is not portable, as the RFID
reader can only work when it is connected to a PC. Secondly, the RFID tag is not guanine
information that can uniquely identify a student, thus, resulting in the inaccuracy of the
collected attendance information.
[1]A 3D face recognition technique is used to determine whether the student image
matches. If a match is identified, this image is processed for attendance management.
Doing this I can recognise the knowledge gaps between the work that has been done by
the researchers previously and doing this would help us justify our work and our research
questions and have a set of direction for our future work. The attendance will be labelled
for the student picture matched for participation management and the details will be
submitted to the server that manages the student's overall database. When the server
receives the message of a student who is missing on that specific day it will send an SMS
to the parent of that particular student. The app is installed in a mobile phone to help
boost the report functionality.

19
2.2 Problem Formulation :-
At the moment, most of the attendance systems that are being used in universities still
are written a piece of paper. For classes, tutorial and laboratory session the student still
has to sign the signature on the attendance sheet. This method is not flexible because the
risk of losing the attendance data is very high. If the attendance sheet is missing, the
attendance data will be lost. Other also than that, unethical problem may be occurring
such as cheating in signature. For example, a student does not attend his class but his
attendance form has been signed by another student. This system is proposed to overcome
these problems. Besides that, since the proposed system record the time, the lecturer can
monitor the punctuality of the students too.

Dataset Face Framed

Image Face Detection Face

Background subtraction
Processed Extracted
Face Face
Pre-processing

Form Dataset

Training
Dataset
Query Dataset
Perform Training

Query Image
Trained Classifier

Recognition

Result

Fig 2 : Block diagram of Smart Attendance System

20
2.3 Student Attendance System:

Arun Katara et al. (2017) mentioned disadvantages of RFID (Radio Frequency

Identification) card system, fingerprint system and iris recognition system. RFID card
system is implemented due to its simplicity. However, the user tends to help their
friends to check in as long as they have their friend’s ID card. The fingerprint system
is indeed effective but not efficient because it takes time for the verification process
so the user has to line up and perform the verification one by one. However, for face
recognition, the human face is always exposed and contain less information compared
to iris. Iris recognition system which contains more detail might invade the privacy
of the user. Voice recognition is available, but it is less accurate compared to other
methods. Hence, face recognition system is suggested to be implemented in the
student attendance system.

Table 2.1: Advantages & Disadvantages of Different Biometric System

System Type Advantage Disadvantages

RFID card system Simple Fraudulent usage

Fingerprint system Accurate Time-consuming

Voice recognition system Accurate Less accurate compared to Others

Iris recognition system

Accurate Privacy Invasion

21
 CHAPTER-3
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Dateset Used
The dataset used has been formed by using the images of people. For this problem statement
the dataset that I used comprises of the students of my batch wherein the faces of students Ire
marked separately by taking their pictures and along with this the classifier that I chose was
LBPH therefore the dataset also includes side face images of students as this algorithm is
capable enough to take the pictures of students and recognize them even by the side face.
Therefore, for each student a total no of 15 pictures Ire taken which includes normal photos,
photos of right side of their face and the photos of left side of their face. This dataset therefore
helps us to increase the accuracy of the model many folds and with the betterment in this dataset
and introduction of faces of people in this dataset would be used to predict and also over the
period of time increase the accuracy of the developed model. The Dataset being stored is in the
JPG format and the name being assigned is in the manner student name enrolment no. Further
this data is being stored in Student details and.

Figure 3: Dataset

22
 Fig 4: Face Recognization Using Smart Attendance System

3.1.2 Data set feature

A total of 80 features i.e. the nodal points are present in the dataset and almost all these features
enlisted to be used by the chosen classifier that is, LBPH I have come up with a proposition
that the algorithm uses a set no of facial features and these features ought to be used for better
classification thus requiring no changes. The dataset that I used has information of students
with every student having his picture clicked 71 time. This number is set to 71 due to the fact
that the system on which the model was being developed was unable to compute a much larger
dataset that what has been made for now. The attributes and details of these attributes for both
the .csv files. The method of face recognition is used to identify a person by using certain
characteristics of that person and matching the digital image feature. Face, nose, skin, iris, hair,
etc are the characteristics that are derived for facial recognition.

1. Preprocess the Dataset: Preprocess the images to ensure consistency and improve model
performance. This may involve resizing images to a uniform size, normalizing pixel
values, and potentially augmenting the dataset with techniques like rotation, cropping, or
flipping to increase its variability.

2. Extract Features: Use a pre-trained deep learning model (e.g., VGG, ResNet, or
FaceNet) to extract facial features from the images. This typically involves passing each
image through the model and obtaining a feature vector representing the face.

3. Train a Model: Train a classifier using the extracted features and corresponding labels
(e.g., the identity of the person in the image). You can use algorithms like SVMs (Support
Vector Machines), k-NN (k-Nearest Neighbours), or deep learning-based classifiers such
as CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks) for this task.

4. Build the Attendance System:

23
 • Capture Images: Use a camera to capture images of individuals entering the
premises.
• Face Detection: Use a face detection algorithm (e.g., Haar cascades or deep
learning-based detectors like MTCNN) to locate faces in the images.
• Face Recognition: Pass the detected faces through your trained model to recognize
individuals.
• Attendance Logging: Record the recognized individuals and mark their attendance
in a database or log file.

5. Deployment: Deploy your system in the desired environment, ensuring it can handle
real-time processing and integration with existing infrastructure if necessary.

Here are some considerations:

• Privacy: Ensure that your system complies with privacy regulations and guidelines,
especially when dealing with facial data.
• Performance: Optimize your system for speed and accuracy, especially if deploying
in a real-world setting where performance is critical.

3.3 Digital Image processing: -

Digital Image Processing is the processing of images which are digital in nature by a
digital computer. Digital image processing techniques are motivated by three major
applications mainly:

• Improvement of pictorial information for human perception.

• Image processing for autonomous machine application.
• Efficient storage and transmission.

1. Image Capture:

• Use cameras or webcams to capture images of individuals entering the premises.

• Ensure good lighting conditions and camera angles to improve the quality of captured
images.

Figure 5: Image Capture

24
2. Face Detection:

• Apply face detection algorithms to locate and extract faces from the captured
images.
• Popular face detection methods include Haar cascades, HOG (Histogram of
Oriented Gradients), and deep learning-based detectors like MTCNN (Multi-
Task Cascaded Convolutional Networks).

Capture Image Face detection Image preprocessing

Training set

Attendance marker Face recognition

Fig 6: Proposed block diagram

3. Face Alignment and Preprocessing:

• Align and preprocess the detected faces to ensure consistency in size,

orientation, and lighting.
• Techniques like face normalization, histogram equalization, and face alignment
can be used to enhance the quality of face images.

4. Feature Extraction:

• Extract meaningful features from the pre-processed face images.

• Utilize techniques such as Local Binary Patterns (LBP), Histogram of Oriented
Gradients (HOG), or deep learning-based feature extraction models like VGG,
ResNet, or FaceNet.

5. Face Recognition:

• Train a face recognition model using the extracted features.

• Popular face recognition algorithms include Eigenfaces, Fisher faces, LBPH
(Local Binary Patterns Histograms), and deep learning-based approaches like
Siamese networks or triplet loss networks.
• Use labelled datasets for training, validation, and testing the face recognition
model.

25
Fig 7: GUI of the Smart Attendance System

Fig 8: Collected Dataset

26
6. Attendance Logging:

• Match the recognized faces with a database of known individuals to identify

them.
• Log the attendance of recognized individuals by recording timestamps and
identities in a database or log file.
• Implement mechanisms for handling attendance records, such as updating
attendance sheets or sending notifications.

7. Real-Time Processing:

• Implement real-time processing to handle incoming images and perform face

recognition on the fly.
• Optimize algorithms and utilize parallel processing techniques to achieve low-
latency performance.

8. Deployment:

• Deploy the smart attendance system in the desired environment, such as

schools, offices, or events.
• Ensure scalability, reliability, and security of the system, especially if deploying
in large-scale or mission-critical scenarios.

9. Testing and Evaluation:

• Test the system thoroughly under various conditions to assess its performance,
accuracy, and robustness.
• Collect feedback from users and iterate on the system to address any issues or
improvements.

10. Privacy and Security:

• Implement privacy measures to protect the identity and personal information of

individuals captured by the system.
• Ensure secure storage and handling of attendance data to prevent unauthorized
access or misuse.

3.4 Steps in Digital Image Processing:

Digital image processing involves the following basic tasks:

• Image Acquisition - An imaging sensor and the capability to digitize the

signal produced by the sensor.
• Preprocessing – Enhances the image quality, filtering, contrast
enhancement etc.
• Segmentation – Partitions an input image into constituent parts of
objects.

27
 • Description/feature Selection – extracts the description of image objects
suitable for further computer processing.
• Recognition and Interpretation – Assigning a label to the object based on
the information provided by its descriptor. Interpretation assigns
meaning to a set of labelled objects.
• Knowledge Base – This helps for efficient processing as well as inter
module cooperation

Figure 9: A diagram showing the steps in digital image

process

3.5 User Interface: -

Fig 9: User interface

28
 Fig 10: Student Details

3.6 Stages of Execution -

1. Design the User Interface:

• Sketch out the layout of your user interface. Consider the features you want to
include, such as:
• Login/authentication for administrators.
• Options for adding, editing, or deleting users (students, employees, etc.).
• Attendance management functionality (viewing, marking attendance).
• Real-time face recognition display.
• Feedback mechanisms (notifications, messages).

2. Choose a GUI Framework:

• Select a GUI framework or toolkit to build your interface. Common choices

include:
• Tkinter (for Python applications).
• PyQt or PySide (for Python applications with Qt).
• HTML/CSS/JavaScript frameworks (for web-based applications).

3. Implement the User Interface:

• Use your chosen GUI framework to implement the design.

29
 • Include buttons, text fields, labels, and other elements as needed.
• Ensure that the interface is intuitive and easy to navigate.

4. Integrate Face Recognition:

• Integrate face recognition functionality into your application.

• Use a face detection library (e.g., OpenCV) to detect and locate faces in images
or video streams.
• Utilize a face recognition algorithm (e.g., Eigenfaces, LBPH, or deep learning-
based models) to recognize individuals.
• Display recognized faces along with relevant information (name, ID) on the user
interface in real-time.

5. Database Integration:

• Connect your application to a database to store user information and attendance

records.
• Use a database management system like MySQL, SQLite, or PostgreSQL.
• Implement functionality to add, edit, delete, and query user data from the
database.

6. Implement User Authentication:

• Add login/authentication functionality to the application to restrict access to

authorized users.
• Implement secure authentication mechanisms (e.g., username/password,
biometric authentication) to ensure data security.

7. Testing and Debugging:

• Test the user interface and face recognition functionality thoroughly.

• Debug any issues and ensure that the system behaves as expected under various
scenarios.

8. Maintenance and Updates:

• Regularly update and maintain the system to address bugs, security

vulnerabilities, and user feedback.
• Continuously improve the user interface and add new features as needed.

3.7 Software Implementation: -

❖ OpenCV: - OpenCV is a Python open-source library for computer vision

in artificial intelligence, machine learning, facial recognition, OpenCV
refers to a branch of research that enables computers to comprehend the
content of digital images like pictures

30
• Image Classification: In this process, new Image are classified as belonging to
one or more of your training categories by a trained model on a dataset of specific
Image.

Figure 11: Attendance Stored Automatically in Excel file

• Image identification: In the Image identification phase, our model will

pinpoint a specific instance of an image. For instance, it may parse two faces in an
image and identify Suraj Kumar Sharma and Sachin Kumar respectively.

Figure 12: Image Identification

31
3.8 Definition of Terms:
Face Detection: Face detection is the process of identifying and locating all the present
faces in a single image or video regardless of their position, scale, orientation, age and
expression. Furthermore, the detection should be irrespective of extraneous illumination
conditions and the image and video content. A face Detector has to tell whether an image
of arbitrary size contains a human face and if so, where it is. Face detection can be
performed based on several cues: skin colour (for faces in colour images and videos,
motion (for faces in videos), facial/head shape, facial appearance or a combination of
these parameters. Most face detection algorithms are appearance based without using
other cues. An input image is scanned at all possible locations and scales by a sub
window. Face detection is posed as classifying the pattern in the sub window either as a
face or a non-face. The face/nonface classifier is learned from face and non-face training
examples using statistical learning methods [9]. Most modern algorithms are based on
the Viola Jones object detection framework, which is based on Haar Cascades.

Table 3.1 – Advantages and disadvantages of different types algorithms

Face Detection
Method Advantages Disadvantages

1. Long Training Time. 2.Limited Head

Viola Jones 1. High detection Speed. Pose. 3.Not able to detect dark faces.
Algorithm 2. High Accuracy.

1.Simple computation. 1.Only used for binary and grey images.

Local Binary 2.High tolerance against the 2.Overall performance is inaccurate
Pattern Histogram monotonic illumination compared to Viola-Jones Algorithm.
changes.

Need not to have any prior The result highly depends on the training data
Ada Boost knowledge about face structure. and affected by weak classifiers.
Algorithm

1. Capable to deal with

SMQT Features and lighting problem in object The region contain very similar to grey value
SNOW detection. regions will be misidentified as face.
Classifier Method 2. Efficient in computation.

1. Detection process is slow and

High accuracy only if large size of computation is complex.
Neural-Network image were trained. 2. Overall performance is weaker
than Viola-Jones algorithm.

Viola-Jones algorithm which was introduced by P. Viola, M. J. Jones (2001) is the most
popular algorithm to localize the face segment from static images or video frame.
Basically, the concept of Viola-Jones algorithm consists of four parts. The first part is
32
 known as Haar feature, second part is where integral image is created, followed by
implementation of Ad boost on the third part and lastly cascading process. Viola-Jones
algorithm analyses a given image using Haar features consisting of multiple rectangles
(Mekha Joseph et al., 2016). In the fig shows several types of Haar features. The features
perform as window function mapping onto the image. A single value result, which
representing each feature can be computed by subtracting the sum of the white
rectangle(s) from the sum of the black rectangle(s). The value of integrating image in a
specific location is the sum of pixels on the left and the top of the respective location. In
order to illustrate clearly, the value of the integral image at location 1 is the sum of the
pixels in rectangle A. The values 16 of integral image at the rest of the locations are
cumulative. For instance, the value at location 2 is summation of A and B, (A + B), at
location 3 is summation of A and C, (A + C), and at location 4 is summation of all the
regions, (A + B + C + D). Therefore, the sum within the D region can be computed with
only addition and subtraction of diagonal at location 4 + 1 − (2 + 3) to eliminate
rectangles A, B and C.

1 0 0 200 50 50

0 1 50 90 100

1 0 1 160 70 210

150 90 80

30 141

Fig 13: Image Representation in Matrix format using LBPH

3.8.1 Face Recognition

Face Recognition is a visual pattern recognition problem, where the face, represented as a
three-dimensional object that is subject to varying illumination, 13 pose and other factors,
needs to be identified based on acquired images. Face Recognition is therefore simply the task
of identifying an already detected face as a known or unknown face and in more advanced
cases telling exactly whose face it is[7 ].

33
3.8.2 Difference between Face Detection and Face Recognition

Table 3.2 - Difference between Face Detection and Face Recognition

Face Detection Face Recognition

A technology used to identify and locate human A technology capable of identifying a person
faces in digital images and videos. based in certain aspect of their physiology.

The system identifies if there is a human face The system uses biometrics to map facial
present within an image or video. features that are unique to an individual.

The image is automatically processed to The system can isolate a human face from the
identify what is and not a human face. others.

3.9 Local Binary Pattern Histogram

Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is a simple yet very efficient texture operator which labels
the pixels of an image by thresholding the neighbourhood of each pixel and considers the
result as a binary number. It was first described in 1994 (LBP) and has since been found
to be a powerful feature for texture classification. It has further been determined that
when LBP is combined with histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) descriptor, it
improves the detection performance considerably on some datasets. Using the LBP
combined with histograms we can represent the face images with a simple data vector.

LBPH algorithm work step by step:

1. Parameters: the LBPH uses 4 parameters:

• Radius: the radius is used to build the circular local binary pattern and represents
the radius around the central pixel. It is usually set to 1.
• Neighbors: the number of sample points to build the circular local binary pattern.
Keep in mind: the more salmple points you include, the higher the computational
cost. It is usually set to 8.
• Grid X: the number of cells in the horizontal direction. The more cells, the finer
the grid, the higher the dimensionality of the resulting feature vector. It is usually
set to 8.
• Grid Y: the number of cells in the vertical direction. The more cells, the finer the
grid, the higher the dimensionality of the resulting feature vector. It is usually
set to 8.

2. Training the Algorithm:

First, we need to train the algorithm. To do so, we need to use a dataset with the facial
images of the people we want to recognize. We need to also set an ID (it may be a
number or the name of the person) for each image, so the algorithm will use this
34
 information to recognize an input image and give you an output. Images of the same
person must have the same ID. With the training set already constructed, let’s see the
LBPH computational steps.

3. Applying the LBP operation:

The first computational step of the LBPH is to create an intermediate image that
describes the original image in a better way, by highlighting the facial characteristics.
To do so, the algorithm uses a concept of a sliding window, based on the parameter’s
radius and neighbours.

1 0 0 200 50 50

0 1 50 90 100

1 0 1 160 70 210

150 90 80

30 141

Fig 14: LBP Operation

Based on the image above, let’s break it into several small steps so we can understand it
easily:
• Suppose we have a facial image in grayscale.
• We can get part of this image as a window of 3x3 pixels.
• It can also be represented as a 3x3 matrix containing the intensity of each pixel
(0~255).
• Then, we need to take the central value of the matrix to be used as the threshold.
• This value will be used to define the new values from the 8 neighbors.
• For each neighbor of the central value (threshold), we set a new binary value. We set
1 for values equal or higher than the threshold and 0 for values lower than the
threshold.
• Now, the matrix will contain only binary values (ignoring the central value). We need
to concatenate each binary value from each position from the matrix line by line into a
new binary value (e.g. 10001101). Note: some authors use other approaches to
concatenate the binary values (e.g. clockwise direction), but the final result will be the
same.
35
 • Then, we convert this binary value to a decimal value and set it to the central value of
the matrix, which is actually a pixel from the original image.
• At the end of this procedure (LBP procedure), we have a new image which represents
better the characteristics of the original image.
It can be done by using bilinear interpolation. If some data point is between the pixels, it uses
the values from the 4 nearest pixels (2x2) to estimate the 19 values of the new data point.

4. Extracting the Histograms: Now, using the image generated in the last step, we can
use the Grid X and Grid Y parameters to divide the image into multiple grids, as can
be seen in the following image:

Fig 15: Extracting The Histogram

Based on the image above, we can extract the histogram of each region as follows:

• As we have an image in grayscale, each histogram (from each grid) will contain only
256 positions (0~255) representing the occurrences of each pixel intensity.
• Then, we need to concatenate each histogram to create a new and bigger histogram.
Supposing we have 8x8 grids, we will have 8x8x256=16.384 positions in the final
histogram. The final histogram represents the characteristics of the image original
image.
5. Performing the face recognition:
In this step, the algorithm is already trained. Each histogram created is used to
represent each image from the training dataset. So, given an input image, we perform
the steps again for this new image and creates a histogram which represents the image.
• So, to find the image that matches the input image we just need to compare two
histograms and return the image with the closest histogram.

36
• We can use various approaches to compare the histograms (calculate the distance
between two histograms), for example: Euclidean distance, chi-square, absolute
value, etc. In this example, we can use the Euclidean distance (which is quite
known) based on the following formula:

• So, the algorithm output is the ID from the image with the closest histogram.
The algorithm should also return the calculated distance, which can be used as
a ‘confidence’ measurement.
• We can then use a threshold and the ‘confidence’ to automatically estimate if the
algorithm has correctly recognized the image. We can assume that the algorithm
has successfully recognized if the confidence is lower than the threshold defined.

37
 CHAPTER-4
4.1 OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGIES USED:
4.1.1 Python
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic
semantics. Its high-level built in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic
binding, make it very attractive for Rapid Application Development, as well as for use as a
scripting or glue language to connect existing components together. Python's simple, easy to
learn syntax emphasizes readability and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance.
Python supports modules and packages, which encourages program modularity and code reuse.
The Python interpreter and the extensive standard library are available in source or binary form
without charge for all major platforms, and can be freely distributed.
Often, programmers fall in love with Python because of the increased productivity it provides.
Since there is no compilation step, the edit-test-debug cycle is incredibly fast. Debugging
Python programs is easy: a bug or bad input will never cause a segmentation fault. Instead,
when the interpreter discovers an error, it raises an exception. When the program doesn't catch
the exception, the interpreter prints a stack trace. A source level debugger allows inspection of
local and global variables, evaluation of arbitrary expressions, setting breakpoints, stepping
through the code a line at a time, and so on. The debugger is written in Python itself, testifying
to Python's introspective power. On the other hand, often the quickest way to debug a program
is to add a few print statements to the source: the fast edit-test-debug cycle makes this simple
approach very effective.

4.1.2 USAGE
Clearly, Python is a popular and in-demand skill to learn. But what is python programming
used for? We’ve already briefly touched on some of the areas it can be applied to, and we’ve
expanded on these and more Python examples below. Python can be used for:
1. AI and machine learning:
Because Python is such a stable, flexible, and simple programming language, it’s perfect for
various machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) projects. In fact, Python is
amongthe favourite languages among data scientists, and there are many Python machine
learning and AI libraries and packages available.
If you’re interested in this application of Python, our Deep Learning and Python Programming
for AI with Microsoft Azure ExpertTrack can help you develop your skills in these areas. You
can discover the uses of Python and deep learning while boosting your career in AI.

46
2. Data analytics:
Much like AI and machine learning, data analytics is another rapidly developing field that
utilises Python programming. At a time when we’re creating more data than ever before, there
is a need for those who can collect, manipulate and organise the information.
Python for data science and analytics makes sense. The language is easy-to-learn, flexible, and
well-supported, meaning it’s relatively quick and easy to use for analysing data. When working
with large amounts of information, it’s useful for manipulating data and carrying out repetitive
tasks.
You can learn about data analytics using Python with our ExpertTrack, which will help you
develop practical data analytics skills.
3. Data visualisation:
Data visualisation is another popular and developing area of interest. Again, it plays into many
of the strengths of Python. As well as its flexibility and the fact it’s open-source, Python
provides a variety of graphing libraries with all kinds of features.
Whether you’re looking to create a simple graphical representation or a more interactive plot,
you can find a library to match your needs. Examples include Pandas Visualization and Plotly.
The possibilities are vast, allowing you to transform data into meaningful insights.
If data visualisation with Python sounds appealing, check out our 12-week ExpertTrack on the
subject. You’ll learn how to leverage Python libraries to interpret and analyse data sets.
4. Programming Applications:
You can program all kinds of applications using Python. The general-purpose language can be used to
read and create file directories, create GUIs and APIs, and more. Whether it’s blockchain applications,
audio and video apps, or machine learning applications, you can build them all with Python.
We also have an ExpertTrack on programming applications with Python, which can help to kick-start
your programming career. Over the course of 12 weeks, you’ll gain an introduction on how to use
Python, and start programming your own applications using it.

5. Web Development:
Python is a great choice for web development. This is largely due to the fact that there are many
Python web development frameworks to choose from, such as Django, Pyramid, and Flask.
These frameworks have been used to create sites and services such as Spotify, Reddit and
Mozilla.
Thanks to the extensive libraries and modules that come with Python frameworks, functions
such as database access, content management, and data authorisation are all possible and easily
accessible. Given its versatility, it’s hardly surprising that Python is so widely used in web
development.

47
6. Game Development:
Although far from an industry-standard in game development, Python does have its uses in the
industry. It’s possible to create simple games using the programming language, which means
it can be a useful tool for quickly developing a prototype. Similarly, certain functions (such as
dialogue tree creation) are possible in Python.
If you’re new to either Python or game development, then you can also discover how to make
a text-based game in Python. In doing so, you can work on a variety of skills and improve your
knowledge in various areas.

7. Language Development:
The simple and elegant design of Python and its syntax means that it has inspired the creation
of new programming languages. Languages such as Cobra, CoffeeScript, and Go all use a
similar syntax to Python.
This fact also means that Python is a useful gateway language. So, if you’re totally new to
programming, understanding Python can help you branch out into other areas more easily.

8. Finance:
Python is increasingly being utilised in the world of finance, often in areas such as quantitative
and qualitative analysis. It can be a valuable tool in determining asset price trends and
predictions, as well as in automating workflows across different data sources.
As mentioned already, Python is an ideal tool for working with big data sets, and there are
many libraries available to help with compiling and processing information.

9. SEO:
Another slightly surprising entry on our list of Python uses is in the field of search engine
optimisation (SEO). It’s an area that often benefits from automation, which is certainly possible
through Python. Whether it’s implementing changes across multiple pages or categorising
keywords, Python can help.
Emerging technologies such as natural language processing (NLP) are also likely to be relevant
to those working in SEO. Python can be a powerful tool in developing these NLP skills and
understanding how people search and how search engines return results.
10. Design:
When asking ‘what is Python used for?’ you probably weren’t expecting design to feature on
the list. However, Python can be used to develop graphic design applications. Surprisingly, the
language is used across a range of 2D imaging software, such as Paint Shop Pro and Gimp.
Python is even used in 3D animation software such as Lightwave, Blender, and Cinema 4D,
showing just how versatile the language is.

48
11. Python projects for beginners:
So, if you were wondering what to do with Python and who uses Python, we’ve given plenty
of ideas for how it’s used. But what about if you’re just starting out with the language and want
to become a Python developer?
Below, we’ve outlined some Python project ideas for beginners. These can help you develop
your knowledge and challenge your abilities with the programming language: Build a guessing
game.
Design a text-based adventure game.
Create a simple Python calculator.
Write a simple, interactive quiz.
Build an alarm clock.
Once you’ve mastered the basics of Python, each of these can challenge you and help you hone
the skills you’ve already learned.

4.2. Tkinter
The tkinter package (“Tk interface”) is the standard Python interface to the Tcl/Tk GUI toolkit.
Both Tk and tkinter are available on most Unix platforms, including macOS, as well as on
Windows systems.
Running python -m tkinter from the command line should open a window demonstrating a
simple Tk interface, letting you know that tkinter is properly installed on your system, and also
showing what version of Tcl/Tk is installed, so you can read the Tcl/Tk documentation specific
to that version.
Tkinter supports a range of Tcl/Tk versions, built either with or without thread support. The
official Python binary release bundles Tcl/Tk 8.6 threaded. See the source code for the _tkinter
module for more information about supported versions.
Tkinter is not a thin wrapper, but adds a fair amount of its own logic to make the experience
more pythonic. This documentation will concentrate on these additions and changes, and refer
to the official Tcl/Tk documentation for details that are unchanged.

4.2.1 Uses of Tkinter

Tkinter is the de facto way in Python to create Graphical User interfaces (GUIs) and is included
in all standard Python Distributions. In fact, it’s the only framework built into the Python
standard library.
This Python framework provides an interface to the Tk toolkit and works as a thin
objectoriented layer on top of Tk. The Tk toolkit is a cross-platform collection of ‘graphical
control elements’, aka widgets, for building application interfaces.

49
If you want to take advantage of the latest version of Tkinter, you’ll need to install a version of
Python that supports Tcl/Tk 8.5 or greater. This will provide you with the Ttk (Tile extension
integrated into Tk), which is required in order to run the current Tk widget set.
Warning: If you’re working on a system that comes with Python pre-installed, you may need
to upgrade it to at least Python 3.7, which includes everything you need to run Tk out of the
box.
To verify the Tcl version on your computer, enter:
$ tclsh
% info patchlevel
8.6.8
To open a Tcl/Tk shell and verify that it is working, enter a command similar to the
following:
On a Linux system:
$ /opt//bin/wish8.6 On
a Windows system:
C:\Tcl\bin\wish86
A popup window titled wish8.6 will appear.
To verify that Tkinter is properly installed, enter:
$ python -m tkinter
A popup window that states the Tcl/tk version should appear.

What Is Tkinter Used For

This framework provides Python users with a simple way to create GUI elements using the
widgets found in the Tk toolkit. Tk widgets can be used to construct buttons, menus, data fields,
etc. in a Python application. Once created, these graphical elements can be associated with or
interact with features, functionality, methods, data or even other widgets.
For example, a button widget can accept mouse clicks, and can also be programmed to perform
some kind of action, such as exiting the application.
4.2.2 How to Use Tkinter
In the following example, Tkinter creates a Tk application frame and a button widget that exits
the application when clicked.

50
How To Download Tkinter for Python 3:
As previously stated, the best way to get the latest version of Tkinter is to install Python 3.7 or
later. But Tkinter can also be downloaded and installed as part of any standard Python 3
installation.
How to Install Tkinter:
If you are using a Python 3 version prior to Python 3.7, or a non-standard version of Python 3
that does not include Tkinter, do the following: On a Linux System:

4.3 OpenCV:
OpenCV (Open-Source Computer Vision Library) is an open-source computer vision and
machine learning software library. OpenCV was built to provide a common infrastructure for
computer vision applications and to accelerate the use of machine perception in the commercial
products. Being a BSD-licensed product, OpenCV makes it easy for businesses to utilize and
modify the code.

51
The library has more than 2500 optimized algorithms, which includes a comprehensive set of
both classic and state-of-the-art computer vision and machine learning algorithms. These
algorithms can be used to detect and recognize faces, identify objects, classify human actions
in videos, track camera movements, track moving objects, extract 3D models of objects,
produce 3D point clouds from stereo cameras, stitch images together to produce a high
resolution image of an entire scene, find similar images from an image database, remove red
eyes from images taken using flash, follow eye movements, recognize scenery and establish
markers to overlay it with augmented reality, etc. OpenCV has more than 47 thousand people
of user community and estimated number of downloads exceeding . The library is used
extensively in companies, research groups and by governmental bodies.
Along with well-established companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, Intel, IBM, Sony,
Honda, Toyota that employ the library, there are many startups such as Applied Minds,
VideoSurf, and Zeitera, that make extensive use of OpenCV. OpenCV’s deployed uses span the
range from stitching streetview images together, detecting intrusions in surveillance video in
Israel, monitoring mine equipment in China, helping robots navigate and pick up objects at
Willow Garage, detection of swimming pool drowning accidents in Europe, running interactive
art in Spain and New York, checking runways for debris in Turkey, inspecting labels on
products in factories around the world on to rapid face detection in Japan.
It has C++, Python, Java and MATLAB interfaces and supports Windows, Linux, Android and
Mac OS. OpenCV leans mostly towards real-time vision applications and takes advantage of
MMX and SSE instructions when available. A full-featured CUDA and OpenCL interfaces are
being actively developed right now. There are over 500 algorithms and about 10 times as many
functions that compose or support those algorithms. OpenCV is written natively in C++ and
has a templated interface that works seamlessly with STL containers.

4.3.1 Uses of OpenCV:

OpenCV is the huge open-source library for the computer vision, machine learning, and image
processing and now it plays a major role in real-time operation which is very important in
today’s systems. By using it, one can process images and videos to identify objects, faces, or
even handwriting of a human. When it integrated with various libraries, such as NumPy, python
is capable of processing the OpenCV array structure for analysis. To Identify image pattern and
its various features we use vector space and perform mathematical operations on these features.
The first OpenCV version was 1.0. OpenCV is released under a BSD license and hence it’s free
for both academic and commercial use. It has C++, C, Python and Java interfaces and supports
Windows, Linux, Mac OS, iOS and Android. When OpenCV was designed the main focus was
real-time applications for computational efficiency. All things are written in optimized C/C++
to take advantage of multi-core processing.
It’s the basic introduction to OpenCV we can continue the Applications and all the things in
our upcoming articles.
Applications of OpenCV: There are lots of applications which are solved using OpenCV, some
of them are listed below

52
• face recognition
• Automated inspection and surveillance
• number of people – count (foot traffic in a mall, etc)
• Vehicle counting on highways along with their speeds
• Interactive art installations
• Anamoly (defect) detection in the manufacturing process (the odd defective products)
• Street view image stitching
• Video/image search and retrieval
• Robot and driver-less car navigation and control
• object recognition
• Medical image analysis
• Movies – 3D structure from motion
• TV Channels advertisement recognition, OpenCV Functionality
• Image/video I/O, processing, display (core, imgproc, highgui)
• Object/feature detection (objdetect, features2d, nonfree)
• Geometry-based monocular or stereo computer vision (calib3d, stitching, videostab)
• Computational photography (photo, video, superres)
• Machine learning & clustering (ml, flann)
• CUDA acceleration (gpu)

Image-Processing:
Image processing is a method to perform some operations on an image, in order to get an
enhanced image and or to extract some useful information from it.
If we talk about the basic definition of image processing then “Image processing is the analysis
and manipulation of a digitized image, especially in order to improve its quality”.
Digital-Image:
An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function f(x, y), where x and y are
spatial(plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of fat any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the
intensity or grey level of the image at that point.
In another word An image is nothing more than a two-dimensional matrix (3-D in case of
coloured images) which is defined by the mathematical function f(x, y) at any point is giving

53
the pixel value at that point of an image, the pixel value describes how bright that pixel is, and
what colour it should be.
Image processing is basically signal processing in which input is an image and output is image
or characteristics according to requirement associated with that image. Image processing
basically includes the following three steps:
1. Importing the image
2. Analysing and manipulating the image
3. Output in which result can be altered image or report that is based on image analysis

How Does a Computer Read an Image?

• We are humans we can easily make it out that is the image of a person who is me. But
if we ask computer “is it my photo?”. The computer can’t say anything because the
computer is not figuring out it all on its own.
• The computer reads any image as a range of values between 0 and 255. For any color
image, there are 3 primary channels -red, green and blue.

1. Imports:
Import cv2 import
os

2. Initialize the classifier:

cascPath=os.path.dirname(cv2.__file__)+"/data/haarcascade_frontalface_default.xml"
faceCascade = cv2.CascadeClassifier(cascPath)

3. Apply faceCascade on webcam frames:

video_capture = cv2.VideoCapture(0) while
True:
# Capture frame-by-frame
ret, frames = video_capture.read()
gray = cv2.cvtColor(frames, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
faces = faceCascade.detectMultiScale( gray, scaleFactor=1.1,
minNeighbors=5,
minSize=(30, 30),
flags=cv2.CASCADE_SCALE_IMAGE

54
)
# Draw a rectangle around the faces for
(x, y, w, h) in faces:
cv2.rectangle(frames, (x, y), (x+w, y+h), (0, 255, 0), 2)

# Display the resulting frame

cv2.imshow('Video', frames) if

cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF == ord('q'):

break

4. Release the capture frames:

video_capture.release() cv2.destroyAllWindows()

5. Now, run the project file using:

python3 face_detection.py
You will observe the bounding boxes in webcam frames. To stop the webcam capture press
“q”.

4.4 ABOUT MySQL

• There are a large number of database management systems currently available,
some commercial and some free.
• Some of them: Oracle, Microsoft Access, Mysql and PostgreSQL. These database
systems are powerful, feature-rich software, capable of organizing and searching
millions of records at very high speeds.
Understanding Databases, Records, and Primary Keys
Every Database is composed of one or more tables.
These Tables, which structure data into rows and columns, Impose organization on the data.
The records in a table(below) are not arranged in any particular order.
To make it easy to identify a specific record,therefore, it becomes necessary
Standing Relationships and Foreign Keys (RDBMS)
You already know that a single database can hold multiple tables.
In a Relational database management system (RDBMS), these tables can be linked to each
other by one or more common fields, called foreign keys.

What is Database administrator (DBA)?

55
Database administrator is the super user of database, he has unrestricted rights and
privileges to access database, grant permission to other database users.

What is Database user (DBU)?

Database user is the person who uses the database in a restricted privilege, provided by
database administrator.

Fig 18 : User Registration Table in MySQL

56
 CHAPTER-5
5.1 FEASIBILITY STUDY:
Feasibility study is conducted once the problem is clearly understood. Feasibility study is a
high-level capsule version of the entire system analysis and design process. The objective is to
determine quickly at a minimum expense how to solve a problem. The purpose of feasibility is
not to solve the problem but to determine if the problem is worth solving.
The system has been tested for feasibility in the following points.
• Technical Feasibility
• Economic Feasibility
• Operational Feasibility.

5.1.1 Technical Feasibility

The project entitles "Courier Service System” is technically feasibility because of the below
mentioned feature. The project was developed in Java which Graphical User Interface.
It provides the high level of reliability, availability and compatibility. All these make Java an
appropriate language for this project. Thus, the existing software Java is a powerful language.
5.1.2 Economic Feasibility
The computerized system will help in automate the selection leading the profits and details of
the organization. With this software, the machine and manpower utilization are expected to go
up by 80-90% approximately. The costs incurred of not creating the system are set to be great,
because precious time can be wanted by manually.
5.1.3 Operational Feasibility
In this project, the management will know the details of each project where he may be presented
and the data will be maintained as decentralized and if any inquires for that particular contract
can be known as per their requirements and necessaries.

5.2 Implementation:
Implementation is the stage where the theoretical design is turned into a working system. The
most crucial stage in achieving a new successful system and in giving confidence on the new
system for the users that it will work efficiently and effectively.
The system can be implemented only after thorough testing is done and if it is found to work
according to the specification.
It involves careful planning, investigation of the current system and its constraints on
implementation, design of methods to achieve the changeover and an evaluation of change over
57
methods a part from planning. Two major tasks of preparing the implementation are education
and training of the users and testing of the system.
The more complex the system being implemented, the more involved will be the systems
analysis and design effort required just for implementation.
The implementation phase comprises of several activities. The required hardware and software
acquisition is carried out. The system may require some software to be developed. For this,
programs are written and tested. The user then changes over to his new fully tested system and
the old system is discontinued.

58
 CHAPTER-6

6.1 SOFTWARE METHODOLOGY

The software methodology followed in this project includes the object-oriented methodology
and the application system development methodologies. The description of these
methodologies is given below:

6.1.1 Application System Development – A Life cycle Approach

Although there are a growing number of applications (such as decision support systems) that
should be developed using an experimental process strategy such as prototyping, a significant
amount of new development work continues to involve major operational applications of broad
scope. The application systems are large highly structured. User task comprehension and
developer task proficiency is usually high. These factors suggest a linear or iterative assurance
strategy. The most common method for this stage class of problems is a system development
life cycle modal in which each stage of development is well defined and has straightforward
requirements for deliverables, feedback and sign off. The system development life cycle is
described in detail since it continues to be an appropriate methodology for a significant part of
new development work.
The basic idea of the system development life cycle is that there is a well-defined process by
which an application is conceived and developed and implemented. The life cycle gives
structure to a creative process. In order to manage and control the development effort, it is
necessary to know what should have been done, what has been done, and what has yet to be
accomplished. The phrases in the system development life cycle provide a basis for
management and control because they define segments of the flow of work, which can be
identified for managerial purposes and specifies the documents or other deliverables to be
produced in each phase.
The phases in the life cycle for information system development are described differently by
different writers, but the differences are primarily in the amount of necessity and manner of
categorization. There is a general agreement on the flow of development steps and the necessity
for control procedures at each stage.
The information system development cycle for an application consists of three major stages.
1)Definition.
2)Development.
3)Installation and operation.
The first stage of the process, which defines the information requirements for a feasible cost-
effective system. The requirements are then translated into a physical system of forms,
59
procedures, programs etc., by the system design, computer programming and procedure
development. The resulting system is test and put into operation. No system is perfect so there
is always a need for maintenance changes. To complete the cycle, there should be a post audit
of the system to evaluate how well it performs and how well it meets the cost and performance
specifications. The stages of definition, development and installation and operation can
therefore be divided into smaller steps or phrases as follows.

6.1.2 Definition
Proposed definition: preparation of request for proposed applications.
Feasibility assessment: evaluation of feasibility and cost benefit of proposed system.
Information requirement analysis: determination of information needed.

6.1.3 Design
Conceptual design: User-oriented design of application development.
Physical system design: Detailed design of flows and processes in applications processing
system and preparation of program specification.

6.1.4 Development
Program development: coding and testing of computer programs.
Procedure development: design of procedures and preparation of user instructions.

6.1.5 Installation and operation

Conversion: final system test and conversion.
Operation and maintenance: Month to month operation and maintenance
Post audit: Evaluation of development process,application system and results of use at the
completion of each phase, formal approval signoff is required from the
users as well as from the manager of the project development.

60
 CHAPTER- 7
RESULT
7.1 Result:-

1. Increased Accuracy:

Face recognition technology can accurately identify individuals, reducing the chances
of errors in attendance tracking compared to manual methods like paper-based or
barcode systems.

2. Time Efficiency:

Automating the attendance process through face recognition can save time for both
students/employees and administrative staff. There's no need for manual registration or
verification, as the system can quickly recognize and record attendance.

3. Real-time Monitoring:

With a smart attendance system, you can monitor attendance in real-time. This means
you can instantly identify absentees and take necessary actions, such as notifying
supervisors or sending alerts.

4. Integration with Existing Systems:

Depending on the implementation, you may achieve seamless integration with existing
systems such as student information systems or human resources management
software, streamlining administrative processes further.

Fig 13: Chatbot of Smart Attendance System

38
5. Enhanced Security:

Face recognition adds an additional layer of security to the attendance system. It can
help prevent instances of proxy attendance, where one person tries to mark attendance
for another.

6. Data Analysis and Reporting:

Capturing attendance data digitally allows for easier analysis and reporting. You can
generate various reports, including attendance trends, latecomers, absenteeism rates,
etc., to gain insights into attendance patterns.

7. Scalability:

Smart attendance systems can be scalable, meaning they can accommodate a large
number of users without significant performance degradation. This scalability is crucial
for organizations with a growing number of employees or students.

8. Improved User Experience:

Users appreciate the convenience of face recognition-based attendance systems. It

eliminates the need to carry physical cards or remember login credentials, enhancing
user satisfaction.

9. Cost Savings in the Long Run:

While there may be initial investment costs associated with setting up a face recognition
system, over time, it can result in cost savings by reducing the need for manual labour
and minimizing errors.

10. Compliance and Regulation:

Depending on the industry or sector, a smart attendance system can help ensure
compliance with regulatory requirements regarding attendance tracking and reporting.

39
 Fig 14 : Register page of Smart attendance System

7.2 Conclusion :-
A Smart attendance system represents a significant advancement in attendance tracking
methods. By leveraging the capabilities of facial recognition algorithms, organizations
can achieve higher accuracy, efficiency, and security in monitoring attendance.

This technology offers several benefits, including increased accuracy compared to

manual methods, time efficiency through automation, real-time monitoring capabilities,
enhanced security against proxy attendance, seamless integration with existing systems,
and scalability to accommodate growing user bases. Additionally, it provides
opportunities for data analysis and reporting, leading to insights into attendance patterns
and trends.

While there may be initial investment costs, the long-term advantages, such as cost
savings and improved user experience, justify the adoption of face recognition-based
attendance systems. Moreover, compliance with regulatory requirements can be
ensured, further enhancing the system's value in various industries and sectors.

40
Fig 15 : Login page of Smart Attendance System

Fig 16 : UI of Smart Attendance System

41
7.3 Limitation:-

1. Privacy Concerns:

Facial recognition systems raise privacy concerns as they involve capturing and
storing biometric data, which could be sensitive. Users may have reservations about
their facial data being collected and stored, leading to potential legal and ethical
challenges.

2. Accuracy Issues:

Despite advancements in facial recognition algorithms, these systems may still

encounter accuracy issues, especially in challenging conditions such as poor lighting,
varied facial expressions, or changes in appearance (e.g., due to aging, facial hair, or
accessories). This could lead to false positives or false negatives in attendance
tracking.

3. Bias and Fairness:

Facial recognition systems have been found to exhibit biases, particularly concerning
race, gender, and age. If not properly addressed, these biases could result in unfair
treatment or discrimination, undermining the system's reliability and trustworthiness.

4. Cost of Implementation:

Implementing a facial recognition-based attendance system can be costly, requiring

investments in hardware (such as high-resolution cameras), software development,
infrastructure, and ongoing maintenance. This cost may be prohibitive for smaller
organizations or educational institutions with limited budgets.

5. Security Risks:

While facial recognition enhances security in attendance tracking, it also introduces

new security risks. Biometric data, once compromised, cannot be easily replaced like
passwords or access cards. Therefore, protecting the stored facial data from
unauthorized access or hacking is crucial to prevent identity theft or misuse.

6. User Acceptance and Resistance:

Some users may feel uncomfortable with the idea of their facial data being used for
attendance tracking purposes. Resistance to adoption may arise due to concerns about
surveillance, loss of anonymity, or distrust in the technology's reliability.

7. Regulatory Compliance:

Depending on the jurisdiction, facial recognition systems may be subject to specific

regulations and legal frameworks governing the collection, storage, and use of

42
 biometric data. Ensuring compliance with these regulations adds complexity and may
require additional resources.

8. Cultural and Social Factors:

Cultural norms and societal attitudes toward surveillance and privacy vary across
different regions and communities. Implementing facial recognition systems without
considering these factors could lead to cultural backlash or resistance from
stakeholders.

9. Technical Requirements:

Facial recognition systems require robust technical infrastructure, including high-

performance computing resources for processing large volumes of facial data in real-
time. Ensuring the availability of such infrastructure may pose challenges, particularly
for organizations with limited IT resources.

10. Lack of Standardization:

The lack of standardized protocols and interoperability among different facial

recognition systems could hinder integration with existing attendance management
systems or interoperability between different vendors' solutions.

Fig 17: Student Information

43
7.4 Future Work :

1. Enhanced Accuracy:

Continued improvements in facial recognition algorithms, driven by advances in artificial

intelligence and machine learning, will lead to higher accuracy rates, even in challenging
conditions such as varying lighting, facial expressions, or occlusions.

2. Robustness to Biometric Variations:

Future systems will be better equipped to handle variations in biometric features due to
factors like aging, facial hair, or changes in appearance, ensuring reliable attendance
tracking across diverse user populations.

3. Multi-Modal Biometrics:

Integration of multiple biometric modalities, such as combining facial recognition with

fingerprint or iris recognition, will enhance system security and accuracy, reducing the risk
of false positives or false negatives.

4. Real-Time Analytics:

Advanced analytics capabilities will enable real-time monitoring and analysis of attendance
data, allowing organizations to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies instantly,
facilitating proactive interventions and decision-making.

5. Edge Computing:

Leveraging edge computing capabilities will enable facial recognition processing to occur
closer to the source (e.g., at the camera or device level), reducing latency and bandwidth
requirements while enhancing privacy and security.

6. Privacy-Preserving Technologies:

Development of privacy-preserving techniques, such as federated learning, differential

privacy, or encrypted computation, will address concerns related to the collection and
storage of sensitive biometric data, ensuring compliance with privacy regulations and user
consent requirements.

7. AI Ethics and Bias Mitigation:

Emphasis on ethical AI practices and bias mitigation techniques will help address concerns
regarding fairness, accountability, and transparency in facial recognition systems, ensuring
equitable treatment across diverse user groups.

8. Integration with IoT and Wearable Devices:

44
 Integration with Internet of Things (IoT) devices and wearable technologies will enable
seamless and frictionless attendance tracking, allowing users to authenticate their identity
using biometric data captured by smart devices or wearables.

9. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) Integration:

Integration with AR and VR technologies will enhance user authentication experiences,

providing immersive and interactive ways for users to mark attendance or access secure
areas using facial recognition.

10. Blockchain-based Identity Management:

Adoption of blockchain technology for secure and decentralized identity management will
enhance the integrity and trustworthiness of facial recognition-based attendance systems,
ensuring tamper-proof audit trails and data provenance.

45
 Chapter 8 - Refrences

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and Feedback System using Machine Learning Techniques",Journal of Emerging
Technologies and Innovative Research(JETIR), Volume 5, Issue 12, Dec 2018. page 7
3. Dan Wang, Rong Fu, Zuying Luo, "Classroom Attendance Auto-management Based on
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