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CAESAR II Quick Reference

Hexagon Documentation

Generated 02/07/2024

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What's New in CAESAR II

The latest CAESAR II release delivers new and extended capabilities in response to current
market requirements and feedback from the CAESAR II user community.

CAESAR II Version 14.00

Codes and Standards

Added support for the following piping code editions:

• ASME B31.12 - 2019 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines, including Part IP Industrial Piping
and Part PL Pipelines. (2587049)

• ASME B31.1 - 2022 edition (Power Piping). (3610861)

• ASME B31.3 - 2022 edition (Process Piping). (3258941)

• ASME B31.4 - 2022 edition (Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurries).
(3710265)

• ASME B31.5 - 2022 edition (Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components).
(3710266)

• ASME B31.8 - 2022 edition (Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems).
(3710267)

• EN-13480-3:2017/A5:2022 (Metallic industrial piping - Part 3: Design and calculation).

(3766708)

• API 617 - 2022 edition (9th edition) for equipment analysis. (3393801)

• ASCE 7 - 2022 edition for wind and seismic loads. (3394117)

• IBC - 2021 edition for wind and seismic loads. (3774779)

Material and Content

• Added fifth working range quadruple springs to the ANVIL hanger tables. Also added
spring sizes 000 and 00 for the B-268 springs. (CR-TX-41601)

• Added the fourth and fifth size springs to the PSSI Group hanger tables. (CR-TX-41633)

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• Added hanger tables for Rilco Manufacturing pipe supports. (CR-TX-41600)

• Added 119 material records for B31.12-2019 into the material database. Physical
property data is from ASME B31.3-2018 and ASME BPVC Section II Part D-2021.
Allowable stress data is from ASME B31.12-2019. (3702385)

Piping Input

• Updated the Seismic Wizard to support ASCE 7-22 and IBC 2021. (3728042, 3852605)

• Updated the Allowable Stresses auxiliary data tab to support B31.12 Parts IP and PL.
(3728041, 3737557, 3737558)

• Updated Use Alternative Rules for Stress Range Evaluation on the Configuration Editor
to support B31.12 Appendix B. (3811168)

Static and Dynamic Analysis

• Updated the Wind Loads Tab (Static Analysis - Load Case Editor Dialog) and the DLF/
Spectrum Generator to support ASCE 7-22 and IBC 2021. (3737461, 3737460,
3852605)

• Enhanced the software to consider the thermal bowing load when you define a value for
Thermal Bowing Delta Temperature (see ) and define an operating temperature that is
the same as or close to the Ambient Temperature. A technical discussion for thermal
bowing is also added to the help. (287351, 1068479)

• Piping codes that use ASME B31J can now use the SIF Multiplier for Sustained Stress
Index option in the Configuration Editor. (3707958)

• Updated the Dynamic Analysis calculations for the B31.4, B31.4 Chapter IX, B31.4
Chapter XI, B31.8, and B31.8 Chapter VIII piping codes with multiple offshore and
transportation code stresses. The changes affect time history analysis and spectrum
analysis. (3652875)

• Updated the MDMT calculations to support B31.3-2022 edition. (3860286)

Equipment

• Updated the API 617 (Centrifugal Compressors) component of Equipment Analysis to

allow the Allowable Load Multiplier to be greater than 2.0 with manufacturer approval.
(2922653)

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• Updated the NEMA SM23 (Steam Turbines) component of Equipment Analysis to allow
the Allowable Load Multiplier to be greater than 2.0 with manufacturer approval.
(3030196)

Output and Reports

• Stress reports for primary stress types (such as SUS, OCC, and HYD) now display
sustained intensification factors (SSI) for metallic piping codes. (3529918)

• You can now create combined .pdf reports in the Output Viewer Wizard of the Static
Output Processor. (3779193, 3998516)

• The length of the company name displayed on output reports has been increased from
34 characters to 64 characters. (3628083)

Documentation/Help

• Added a new version of offline help for installations that do not have internet access to
the online help. Offline help now opens in your default web browser. (3737360)

• Added a technical discussion for thermal bowing. (1068479)

• Added notes to Advanced PCF Import (APCF) and Import PCF about using Unicode
UTF-8 when your region is set to Asian languages. This allows the proper import of .pcf
files containing Asian characters. (2677410)

Fixes
The following fixes have been made to CAESAR II:

CAESAR II Version 14.00

Codes and Standards

• Changed the ISO 14692-2005 implementation when a stress type has no envelope. The
stress reports now display the maximum between hoop stress and longitudinal stress
instead of always displaying the hoop stress. (791407)

Material and Content

• Fixed an incorrect EN 10269:1999 material number for X2CrNiMo17-12-2. (TR-

TX-35150)

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• Fixed incorrect long bend radii variables for ½ and ¾ inch nominal OD pipe. (TR-
TX-31070)

• Fixed incorrect gasket diameters for the ASME-2009 and ASME-2009M - Class 900
databases. (TR-TX-31730)

• Fixed an incorrect elastic modulus value in the B31.5 database. (TR-TX-41796)

• Fixed a small error in the recommended installation clearance for Pihasa spring
hangers. (TR-TX-36028)

Piping Input

• Fixed an issue where block operation renumbering of a PCF-imported model reset

coordinates of a block to (0,0,0). (TR-TX-40835)

• Fixed an error where the Type list for B31J SIFs & Tees sometimes did not display
correctly. (TR-TX-41869)

• Fixed an issue where the Coordinates list reset to the top of the list after clicking in the
graphic view. The Coordinates list now sorts in element order instead of node
incremental order. (TR-TX-41669)

• Fixed multiple issues involving propagation of inputs in the Allowable Stresses auxiliary
tab when using ISO 14692 with other piping codes. (TR-TX-25607, TR-TX-32246, TR-
TX-36516, TR-TX-36461)

• Fixed an issue with flanges in the NC-3558.3 code where values were required for all
flange yield strength fields SY1 through SY9 when temperatures T1 through T9 were
not defined. (TR-TX-37306)

• Fixed an issue with Set North Direction not displaying the correct axis in Special
Execution Parameters when switching between files. (TR-TX-36748)

• Fixed an issue where the software incorrectly used FRP type 2 filament as the ISO
14692-2005 default for bends. Type 3 is now the correct default. (TR-TX-33372)

• Fixed an issue where elements hidden by Line Number became visible when a legend
was displayed. (TR-TX-14738)

• Fixed an issue with the Equipment Limits List Operations Toolbar where clicking in the
From Node or To Node fields made other fields unavailable. (TR-TX-24674)

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• Fixed issues with the status of checkboxes, roundtrip neutral file conversion, the
Allowables list, and input echo for Hand Lay and Appendix P - OPE Allowable
Reduction. (344039)

• Increased the maximum number of jobs to 200 for Include Structural Input Files. Added
a note on the number of disconnections allowed for Include Piping Input Files.
(3249205)

• Fixed an issue where B31J surface nodes did not renumber when renumbering all
nodes. (3695582)

• Fixed an issue with import of Smart 3D/ SmartPlant Review .vue files. (3870011)

• Fixed an issue with importing a CADWorx .dwg file. (3533795)

• Fixed an occasional issue with the display of a Guide due to the incorrect use of
CNodes. (2829910)

• Fixed an issue with unreadable small node numbers when printing Piping Input
graphics to a .pdf file. (2919102)

Structural Steel Modeler

• Fixed an issue with section properties not updating after selecting a cross-section in the
Card Stack. (TR-TX-34361)

Static and Dynamic Analysis

• Addressed a weight calculation issue for a specific static analysis load case set
containing load cases with uniform loads (U1 through U9), the hydrotest load case
(HYD), and the WW primitive. The model input also specified the insulation thickness
and rigid elements, such as valves or flanges. To exclude the insulation weight from the
total system weight for the hydrotest, the software incorrectly applied the uniform load-
calculated weight (W) instead of the WW-calculated weight in the HYD load case for
rigid elements. This caused an error when importing forces and moments from the HYD
load case into Equipment Analysis modules. (TR-TX-39451)

• Fixed element viewer, time history, animation, and .tout file issues with the dynamic
output processor. (TR-TX-33044, TR-TX-4700, TR-TX-8565, TR-TX-9496, TR-
TX-34157, TR-TX-41631)

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• Fixed an issue with incorrect node numbers of a reducer displaying in a D/t ratio
warning message for the B31.8 and EN 13480 piping codes. (TR-TX-38724)

• Clarified the warning message that displays when you define a negative pressure. (TR-
TX-41657)

• For the Stresses (Multiple Code/Allow) Report, the algorithm now uses the combination
load cases to determine the governing code stress for transportation and offshore piping
codes. (TR-TX-32504)

• For ISO 14692 dynamic harmonic analysis, fixed an issue where load cycles, such as
occasional loads, were not defined and the OCC factor was zero. This prevented
harmonic envelope calculations and resulted in allowable stresses of zero. (TR-
TX-36517)

• For the Stoomwezen code, fixed an issue where the internal mill tolerance was
incorrectly initialized to zero for reducing tee stress calculations if the mill tolerance was
not specified in Piping Input. The software now initializes to the Minimum Wall Mill
Tolerance (%) value defined in the Configuration Editor. (3275115)

• Improved the stress calculations for ISO 14692-2017 to exclude the calculation of ring
bending stress and roping stress from the algebraic combination load cases. See Curve
Radius. (3202560)

• Improved the load case deletion algorithm to avoid improper deletion of dependent load
cases that are marked for modification. (3937966)

• Fixed an issue to automatically apply the Bourdon effect to FRP pipes in the calculation
of the limiting force for the restrained pipe status. This change affects B31.4, B31.4 Ch.
XI, B31.8, and ISO 14692-2017. (4026281)

• Fixed a B31J issue where a surface node was missing from the analysis when two
adjacent tees shared an element, and the tee definitions were on the shared element.
(4077448)

Isometrics

• Fixed a Generate Stress Isometrics drawings issue of missing or duplicated load case
annotations when both displacement and restraint annotations were requested at the
same time. (3207112)

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• Fixed an issue with Generate Stress Isometrics unexpectedly closing for models with
node numbers longer than five digits. (3974663)

• Fixed an issue with creating isometrics when a model had a tee preceding a bend.
(2310418)

Equipment and Components

• Fixed an incorrect calculation and a resulting error message when importing load cases
into the EN-1591 Flanges module. (TR-TX-39451)

• Fixed an issue where API-610 Annex F did not display on reports for equipment with
only one failing nozzle among a pair of nozzles. (3812496)

• Fixed an issue with an incorrect allowable stress value for the WRC 107 Pm+Pl+Q load
case. (3682034)

Output and Reports

• Fixed an issue with Code Compliance Report filtering which affected report accuracy.
(TR_TX-39236)

• Fixed an issue with the Flange Peq Report where structural element nodes displayed
even though flange checks do not apply to structural elements. (TR-TX-39796)

• Fixed an issue with the Flange NC-3658.3 Report where the column formatting for AB
was sometimes too narrow and displayed asterisks instead of data. (TR-TX-27894)

• The software now formats static output reports to accommodate the displayed values,
eliminating the display of multiple asterisks for a large value. (TR-TX-10671)

• Fixed an issue with the Stresses Extended (Legacy) Report when using the DNV 2017
code. (TR-TX-39792)

• Fixed an issue with the Stresses Extended (Legacy) Report did not display user-
specified values for in-plane and out-of-plane SIFs when using the EN13480:17/A5:22
code. (3742103)

• Fixed an issue where the Stresses Report used the incorrect data for B31.8 Chapter VIII
combination load cases to display failures. (TR-TX-36704)

• Fixed an issue where the Restraints Report incorrectly displayed large loads when the

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double-acting restraint with friction (such as X) was split into individual directions (such
as +X and -X). (3537608)

• Added a note to stress and DNV reports to alert users that DNV-ST-F101 applies only to
submarine pipeline systems and not to onshore pipeline systems. (2215856)

• Fixed an issue where the controls of the Filters dialog > Line Numbers Tab of the Static
Output Processor were not available. (3900732)

• Fixed a B31J issue where a bend element reduced the length of the tee branch all the
way to the surface of the header element, causing no display of data in the reports.
(4089933)

• Fixed an issue with B31J flexibility calculations when the special execution option Print
Forces on Rigids and Expansion Joints is cleared, causing elements to be incorrectly
filtered out from the reports. (4087647)

External Interfaces

• Fixed an issue where .pcf file import did not correctly import non-English or Unicode text
on restraint tags. (TR-TX-33562)

• Fixed an issue where the CAESAR II Data Matrix was not importing restraint data from
a neutral file. (TR-TX-13985)

• Fixed a node formatting issue that could cause a bend internal node number to use the
To Node of the element after neutral file conversions into and then out of CAESAR II.
(TR-TX-39317)

• Fixed an issue with very small input forces or large negative input forces that caused the
software to end when importing an .frc dynamic input file. (TR-TX-8629, TR-TX-16591,
TR-TX-20875)

• Added an error message regarding high memory allocation when exporting load cases
to Excel in the Static Load Case Editor. (2737368)

• In Import PCF and Advanced PCF Import (APCF), fixed an issue with duplicate
elements from combined .pcf files creating large elements. (3244207)

• Fixed an issue with negative node numbers in Advanced PCF Import (APCF) when
importing a .pcf file into an existing CAESAR II model. (3675641)

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• Fixed issues with North, South, East, and West restraints related to the North Direction
setting in Import PCF and Advanced PCF Import (APCF). (2560516)

• Fixed an issue with incorrect mapping of direction cosines for Guide and LIM (limit stop)
restraints when using the Data Export Wizard to export to Microsoft Access database
files. (3577527)

• Fixed an issue with missing data attributes in the text file created by the Data Export
Wizard. (TR-TX-39307)

• Fixed naming and typographical issues with hanger and system units data when
exporting model input to a text file in the Data Export Wizard. (3431757)

• Fixed issues with missing data when exporting to a Microsoft Access file in the Data
Export Wizard. (3987681, 3748248)

Units

• Fixed a conversion error for custom nozzle stiffness units in the Input Echo. (TR-
TX-5184)

• Fixed an issue with Change Model Units causing incorrect model unit conversions if
more than one conversion was chosen without closing the dialog. (TR-TX-36629)

• Fixed a conversion error for the expansion coefficient of an API 650 flexible nozzle.
(3584480)

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Overview
The CAESAR II® Quick Reference Guide helps you quickly identify needed information,
answer common questions, and resolve common problems. You can copy it as needed.

CAESAR II is an advanced tool for designing and analyzing piping systems using input forms,
on-line help, graphics, and extensive error detection.

CAESAR II statically and dynamically analyzes large piping models, structural steel models,
or combined models. ASME, B31, WRC, and rotating equipment reports are created to
provide a complete description of piping system behavior under applied loading conditions.
Additional capabilities, such as out-of-core solvers, force spectrum analysis (for water
hammer and relief valve solutions), time history, and large rotation rod hangers provide you
with the most advanced computer-based piping software available today.

CAESAR II is continuously enhanced to add new functionality and to modify existing

procedures as piping codes are updated. For more information on the most recent changes to
CAESAR II, see What's New in CAESAR II.

VIDEO: An Overview of CAESAR II <https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=9Rr1xr9XUxs&feature=youtu.be>

Software and Hardware Requirements

Operating System

• Windows 11 21H2 or later Professional & Enterprise (64 bit)

• Windows 10 21H1 or later Professional & Enterprise (64 bit).

• Windows Server (all versions that support Microsoft .NET 4.8 or greater)

Processor

• Intel Pentium IV or higher. AMD Athlon dual-core processor or higher.

• 3.0 GHz or higher

Memory

• 4 GB RAM or higher

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Display

• Video card with at least 512 MB video RAM

• Video card support for OpenGL 1.1 or later and DirectX 9.0 or later

• Video card drivers updated with the latest manufacturer's drivers (Motherboard-
integrated video cards not recommended for desktop systems.)

• Motherboard-integrated video cards are not recommended for desktop systems.

• 1280 x 1024 minimum resolution or higher with True Color

Software

• Adobe Reader

• Microsoft .NET Framework 4.8 or greater

CAESAR II no longer includes .NET with the product installer due to corporate
security requirements.

• Intergraph Smart® Licensing 2019 or later

Seminars
Hexagon CAS periodically offers seminars to augment your knowledge of CAESAR II™ and
of pipe stress analysis. The general seminar is held in our Houston office and covers five
days of statics. Twice a year, we also cover five days of statics and three days of dynamics.
These seminars emphasize the piping codes, static analysis, dynamic analysis, and problem
solving.

Custom seminars held at client locations are also available. For additional seminar details,
please contact sales.cas.ppm@hexagon.com.

Additional Intergraph CAS Software

CADWorx Plant is AutoCAD-based plant design/drafting software with a bi-directional data
transfer link to CAESAR II. CADWorx allows models to be created in orthographic, isometric,
2D, or 3D modes. CADWorx template specifications contain built-in auto routing, auto iso,
stress iso, auto dimensioning, complete libraries, center of gravity calculations, and bill of
materials.

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PV Elite is comprehensive software for the design or analysis of vertical and horizontal
vessels. Pressure vessel codes include ASME VIII-1 and VIII-2, PD: 5500, and EN-13445.
PVElite includes CodeCalc. CodeCalc is software for the design or analysis of pressure
vessel components. CodeCalc capabilities include: analysis of tubesheets, rectangular
vessels, flanges, nozzles; Zick Analysis; and standard internal/external thickness and
pressure calculations on heads, shells, and cones. API 579 calculations are also included.

PV Fabricator automates the production of pressure vessel fabrication deliverables. When

linked to PV Elite, PV Fabricator improves the workflow and reduces errors.

TANK idesigns or rerates API-650/653 storage tanks. The software includes API 650
Appendices A, E, F, M, P, R, S, and V, and API 653 Appendix B. Calculations address winds
girders, conical roof design, allowed fluid heights, and remaining corrosion allowance.

Customer Support
For the latest support information for this product:

Technical Support Email: ppmcrm@intergraph.com

Phone: +1 281 671 1528

Fax: +1 281 671 1556

Web Sites: https://hexagonppm.com/ppm-support <https://

hexagonppm.com/ppm-support>

Address: Hexagon
5775 N. Sam Houston Pkwy. W.
W. Suite 500
Houston, TX 77086

Sales Email: sales.cas.ppm@hexagon.com

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Knowledge-Based Articles/Tutorials For the latest support information for this

(US & Canada only): product, go to the Hexagon Smart Community
<https://hexagon.com/support-success/asset-
lifecycle-intelligence/community> site.

You can submit any documentation comments or suggestions you might have by logging on
to our documentation web site at https://docs.hexagonali.com <https://docs.hexagonali.com> .

Shortcut Keys
The following shortcut keys are available in the software.

Key Command

File Commands

CTRL+N New

CTRL+O Open

CTRL+S Save

CTRL+E Error Check

CTRL+R Batch Run

CTRL+P Print

Edit Commands

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CTRL+X Cut

CTRL+C Copy

CTRL+V Paste

ALT+C Continue

CTRL+I Insert Element

CTRL+D Delete Element

CTRL+F Find Node

CTRL+G View/Set Coordinates

CTRL+M Distance

PAGE DOWN Next Element

PAGE UP Previous Element

CTRL+PAGE DOWN Alternate Next Element

(Only displays data that changed from the original element)

CTRL+PAGE UP Alternate Previous Element

(Only displays data that changed from the original element)

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CTRL+HOME First Element

CTRL+END Last Element

CTRL+Z Undo

CTRL+Y Redo

Model Commands

CTRL+B Break

CTRL+SHIFT+V Valve Flange Database

CTRL+J Expansion Joint

CTRL+T Title

CTRL+H Hanger Design Control Data

Options Commands (Graphic modules only)

CTRL+ALT+U Range

CTRL+ALT+R Restraints

CTRL+ALT+A Anchors

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CTRL+SHIFT+D Displacements

CTRL+ALT+H Hangers

CTRL+ALT+F Forces

ALT+SHIFT+P Axis (see )

CTRL+ALT+N Node Numbers

ALT+SHIFT+L Length

ALT+SHIFT+T Tees

CTRL+ALT+D Diameters

CTRL+ALT+W Wall Thickness

CTRL+ALT+M Materials

ALT+SHIFT+I Insulation Thickness

CTRL+1 Temperatures

CTRL+2 Temperatures

CTRL+3 Temperatures

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CTRL+4 Temperatures

CTRL+5 Temperatures

CTRL+6 Temperatures

CTRL+7 Temperatures

CTRL+8 Temperatures

CTRL+9 Temperatures

View Commands (Graphic modules only)

ALT+F9 Reset

ALT+Z Front View

(X-Y plane)

ALT+SHIFT+Z Back View

(Y-X plane)

ALT+Y Top View

(X-Z plane)

ALT+SHIFT+Y Bottom View

(Z-X plane)

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ALT+SHIFT+X Left-side View

(Y-Z plane)

ALT+X Right-side View

(Z-Y plane)

F10 Southeast ISO View

Miscellaneous Commands

F2 Jump to Node Numbers

F3 Jump to Deltas

F5 Jump to Operating Conditions

F4 Jump to Diameter

F6 Jump to Materials
You cannot jump to another field when Materials is
selected.

F7 Jump to Elastic Properties

F8 Jump to Densities

F9 Jump to Line Number

You cannot jump to another field when Line Number is
selected.

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ALT+1 Node Numbers

ALT+2 Deltas

ALT+3 Pipe Sizes

ALT+4 Operating Conditions

ALT+5 Materials

ALT+6 Elastic Properties

ALT+7 Densities

ALT+8 Aux Tools Toolbar

ALT+M View Animation

(Animation view only)

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Licensing
CAESAR II supports Intergraph Smart® Licensing. For complete installation and configuration
instructions, see the Smart Licensing documentation.

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Installation
Prior to installing CAESAR II, verify that your computer meets the required hardware and
software requirements. For more information, see Software and Hardware Requirements.

Inserting the CAESAR II installation DVD automatically opens a web page containing the
following options:

Install CAESAR II

Launches the CAESAR II installation process.

CAESAR II Information

Opens the CAESAR II Product Details page on the Hexagon PPM CAS web site.

ReadMe File

Describes the changes made to this new version of CAESAR II, training information, and
customer support information.

License Agreement

Opens the CAESAR II License Agreement.

Installation Instructions

Opens the CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide containing these instructions. This guide can
be opened directly from the DVD without installing the software.

DVD Content

In addition, the DVD contains the following items:

Additional Installs

Displays options for installing the Autodesk TrueView application.

Browse the DVD

Displays the DVD contents in Windows Explorer.

Additional Products

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Displays additional Hexagon PPM CAS products.

Contact Hexagon

Displays contact information for Hexagon PPM CAS Support.

Services & Support

Training

Opens the CAESAR II Training page on the Hexagon PPM CAS web site.

Smart Support

Opens the Smart Support web site.

Network Installations

The installation software treats a network drive like a local hard drive. Specify the target
installation drive and folder to install the software.

Some networks protect installation directories from subsequent modification by users. This
involves setting the access rights to the installation folder to read, share, and scan. Because
Hexagon PPM CAS software uses data files specific to the installation (such as accounting
files and material files) that you may need to modify, these files cannot be installed in a typical
write-protected installation folder.

Therefore, CAESAR II installs these data files in a System subfolder, located in the following
location of your root folder based on your platform.

\Program Data\Intergraph CAS\CAESAR II\Version Number\System

• While you can revise the name of the software's installation folder when you install the
software, the CAESAR II SYSTEM subfolder name is fixed because it is automatically
created by the software. If you rename the CAESAR II SYSTEM subfolder, the software
does not run and generates an error report.

• The CAESAR II SYSTEM subfolder is not the primary, top-level SYSTEM folder that
contains the network operating system. Consult your system administrator for further
clarification.

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After the software has been installed on the network drive, the installation software launches
the CAESAR II Configuration Editor, which generates a default configuration file.

Install Prerequisites
Install the following prerequisite software before installing CAESAR II.

• Adobe Reader

• Microsoft .NET Framework 4.8 or greater

CAESAR II no longer includes .NET with the product installer due to corporate
security requirements.

• Intergraph Smart® Licensing 2019 or later

For complete installation and configuration instructions, see the documentation for each
product.

Install CAESAR II
Close all other software before running the CAESAR II installer. Most unsuccessful
installations are caused by other software running at the same time as the installer.

1. Open CD_Main.html and then select Install CAESAR II.

2. Select Start Setup.

3. On the Details and Features page, type information for User Name, Company, and
Serial Number. Hexagon provides the serial number to you in your product shipment. If
needed, change the Install Path. Click Next.

4. On the License Agreement screen, read the license agreement. Click I agree to the
license agreement and conditions, and then click Install.

5. On the User Account Control screen, click Yes to start the installation.

6. After installation completes, click Finish.

Install in Silent Mode

You can install and uninstall CAESAR II using a command line instead of the normal installer

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interface. You can then perform an unattended installation without dialog boxes, such as
when performing a network installation or a corporate repackaging. The following command
line arguments and parameters can be used to perform a silent installation.

1. Open a Command Prompt window.

2. Enter the drive letter where the CAESAR II DVD is located. For example, type:

E:

3. Type the installation command:

CII_Setup.exe -silent -install SLAACCEPT=YES COMPANYNAME=<Company

Name> USERNAME=<User Name> SERIALNUM=<serial number>
INSTALLFOLDER="C:\Program Files (x86)\Intergraph CAS"

Parameters for CII_Setup.exe

-silent – Sets silent installation mode.

-install – Installs the software.

SLAACCEPT=YES – Approves the license agreement.

COMPANYNAME=<Company Name> – Specifies the company name which is used in the

analysis report header.

USERNAME=<User Name> – Specifies a user name.

SERIALNUM=<serial number> – Specifies the product serial number provided to you by

Hexagon.

INSTALLFOLDER="<path>" – Specifies the installation location for the software.

For a complete list of command line arguments for CII_Setup.exe, type the
following in a Command Prompt window: CII_Setup.exe /?

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Getting Started
This section explains the CAESAR II basic operation, and steps you through a quick static
piping analysis.

The main steps required to perform a static analysis are:

1. Starting CAESAR II

2. Create a new job

3. Generate piping input

4. Check for errors in the model

5. Build load cases

6. Run a static analysis

7. Review static output

• The CAESAR II Applications Guide includes complete tutorials.

• The CAESAR II User's Guide provides complete command instructions.

• CAESAR II requires installation of Intergraph Smart Licensing, which obtains license

keys from a cloud server. If you are planning to work offline or otherwise suspect
internet access could be limited, such as when visiting a customer site, you must check
out a license while you have internet access. For more information, see Checkout in
Intergraph Smart Licensing Help.

Starting CAESAR II
1. Click CAESAR II on the Start menu.

The main CAESAR II window displays, from which you select jobs and analysis types,
start analysis, and review output.

2. Click File > Set Default Data Directory.

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The Default Data Directory Specification dialog box displays.

3. Define the folder to save your jobs and other CAESAR II data files. The default folder is
C:\ProgramData\Intergraph CAS\CAESAR II\version\Examples.

4. From the Language menu, select your language for the interface.

5. In Windows Explorer, go to C:\ProgramData\Intergraph CAS\CAESAR

II\version\System.

6. Using a text editor, open Company.txt and specify your company name on the first
line. This will place your company name is the header of CAESAR II calculations.

Understanding Jobs
All CAESAR II analyses require a job name for identification purposes. All subsequent input,
analysis, or output reviews reference the job specified. You create a new job by selecting File
> New or by clicking New on the main toolbar. You open an existing job by selecting File >
Open or by clicking Open on the main toolbar.

After you have created or opened a job, the job name displays in the title bar of the main
CAESAR II window. Use the commands on the Input, Analysis, and Output menus to
define, analyze, and review your data.

Basic Operation
To help you get familiar with CAESAR II, we will step through a basic piping analysis.

Create a new job

1. Click Start > All Programs > Intergraph ICAS > CAESAR II > CAESAR II .

The CAESAR II main window displays.

2. Click File > New.

The New Job Name Specification dialog box displays.

3. In the Enter the name for the NEW job file box, type MyFirstPipingModel.

4. Select the Piping Input option.

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5. In the Enter the data directory box, type C:\temp\CAESAR II.

You can put your job file in another folder if you want, just remember where and
substitute that folder for C:\temp\CAESAR II when needed.

6. Click OK.

The software creates the job, and the job name displays in the main window title bar.

Next, the Review Current Units dialog box displays.

7. Review the units listed in the dialog box, and then click OK.

The Piping Input window displays.

You can use Input > Piping to activate the Piping Input window.

Generate piping input

Model input generation consists of describing the piping elements and any external influences
(boundary conditions or loads) acting on those elements. Two node numbers identify each
pipe element end. Every pipe element also requires the specification of geometric, cross
sectional, and material data. One method of data entry is the Piping Spreadsheet.

You define a piping element on its own spreadsheet. Some data, when defined on a piping
element, is automatically duplicated by CAESAR II to subsequent piping spreadsheets. This
means that for many elements you only confirm the node numbers and type the delta-
dimensions. CAESAR II then automatically duplicates data from the previous element such as

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pipe diameter, operating temperatures, and material type. You can always type specific data
to override the duplicated data in the piping spreadsheet for an element.

The menus, toolbars, and accelerators offer additional commands to type auxiliary processors
or use special modelers or databases. The commands and general input instructions of the
piping spreadsheet are discussed in detail in Piping Input.

1. In the DX box, type 10-0 (which is 10 ft).

2. In the Diameter box, type 8 (8-in. nominal).

CAESAR II automatically converts this value to the actual diameter.

3. In the Wt/Sch box, type S (standard schedule pipe wall).

CAESAR II automatically converts this to wall thickness.

4. In the Temp 1 box, type 600 (degrees Fahrenheit).

5. In the Pressure 1 box, type 150 (psig).

6. Double-click the Bend check box.

The Bends tab displays. This adds a long radius bend at the end of the element, and
adds intermediate nodes 18 and 19 at the near weld and mid-points of the bend,
respectively (node 20 physically represents the far weld point of the bend).

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7. Double-click the Restraint check box.

The Restraint tab displays.

8. In the first Node box, type 10, and then select ANC from the first Type drop list.

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9. Select A106 B from the Material drop list.

This selection fills in the material parameters such as density and modulus elasticity.

10. Double-click the Allowable Stress check box.

The Allowable Stresses tab displays.

11. Select the B31.3 code from the Code drop list.

Allowable stresses for the given material, temperature, and code display automatically.

12. In the Fluid Den 1 box, type 0.85SG (0.85 specific gravity).

The software automatically converts this value to density.

13. After you finish defining the first element, you need to move to the next element. You
can do this by pressing Alt-C, by clicking Continue , or by selecting Edit > Continue

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from the menu.

Node numbers are automatically generated in the From and To boxes and data is
carried forward from the previous element.

14. In the DY box, type 10-0 (10 feet).

15. Double-click the Restraint check box.

16. In the first Node box, type 30, and then select ANC from the first Type drop list.

The two-element model (a well-defined configuration anchored at each end) is

complete.

The piping input preprocessor has an interactive graphics and a list view function to make
model editing and verification easier. You can verify your model using the Graphics or List
utilities, although a combination of both modes is recommended. By default, the graphics
screen displays to the right of the input spreadsheet. You can click the small pin in the upper-
left corner to collapse the input spreadsheet to provide maximum graphic space.

Check for errors in the model

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When you are finished modeling, you must run File > Error Check before you can run an
analysis.

The two main functions of this error check are to verify your input data by checking each
individual piping element for consistency and to build the execution data files used by the
analysis and review processes.

Errors that will prevent the analysis from running (such as a corrosion allowance greater than
the wall thickness) are flagged as fatal errors and display in red text. Unusual items (such as
a change of direction without a bend or intersection) are flagged as warnings and display in
green text. Other informational messages that may show intermediate calculations or general
notes display in blue text. All messages display in the Errors and Warnings tab next to the
model graphics.

When you double-click an error or warning message, CAESAR II displays the spreadsheet of
the associated element and highlights the element in the graphic display. You can sort error
messages by clicking the column titles. Use File > Print to print the entire error report or
selected sections. Use the options arrow on the Error Check icon to display only fatal errors
or all errors.

If there is a fatal error, you must return to the input module to make corrections. Click the
Classic Piping Input tab or double-click the row number for the error message.

If the error check process completes without fatal errors, a center of gravity report displays,
the analysis data files are generated, and the solution phase can commence. If fatal errors do
exist, the analysis data files are not generated, and the solution phase cannot begin. You
must make corrections and rerun the Error Checker until successful before analysis is
permitted.

Build load cases

After the analysis data files have been created by the error checker, you can run a static
analysis. The first step of a static analysis is to define the load cases. For new jobs (there are
no previous solution files available), the static analysis module recommends load cases to
you based on the load types encountered in the input file. These recommended load cases
are usually enough to satisfy the piping code requirements for the Sustained and Expansion
load cases. If the recommended load cases are not satisfactory, you should modify them.

1. From the Piping Input window, select Edit > Edit Static Load Cases .

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The Static Analysis - Load Case Editor dialog box displays.

2. You can build loads two ways:

• Combine the load components defined in the input (weight, displacements,

temperatures, and so forth) into load cases (basic cases), or

• Combine pre-existing load cases into new load cases (combination cases).

3. Build the basic cases by selecting one or more load components in the Loads Defined
in Input list and then dragging and dropping them to the Load Cases list to the right.
You can also type on any of the individual load case lines. Stress types (indicating which
code equations should be used to calculate and check the stresses) are selected from
the Stress Type list.

Combination cases, if needed, must follow the basic cases. You can build combination
cases by selecting one or more load components and dragging and dropping the basic
load cases from either the Load Defined in Input primitives or from the other previous
load cases (by dragging the load case number) to combine cases (or create new load
cases) later in the list.

You can have a maximum of 999 static load cases. For more information, see Static
Analysis - Load Case Editor Dialog Box.

Run a static analysis

After the load cases are defined, you can run the analysis.

1. Select File > Batch Run to run the actual finite element solution.

The analysis creates the element stiffness matrices and load vectors and solves for
displacements, forces and moments, reactions, and stresses. The analysis also
performs the design and selection of spring hangers and iterative stiffness matrix
modifications for nonlinear restraints. Finally, the Static Output Processor window
displays.

Review static output

When the analysis is finished, you can review the results using the Static Output Processor
window.

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1. On the main CAESAR II window, select Output > Static.

The Static Output Processor window displays.

2. In the Load Case Analyzed list, select one or more load cases for which to review
results.

3. In the Standard Reports list, select one or more reports to review.

4. Click --> Add.

5. Select where you want to view the results: the screen, Microsoft Word or Excel, the
printer, or an ASCII file.

6. Click Finish to view the reports.

7. Click Options > Graphical Output to review the analytic results in graphics mode,
which can produce displaced shapes, stress distributions, and restraint actions.

The actual study of the results depends on the purpose of each load case and the reason for
the analysis. Usually the review checks that the system stresses are below their allowables,
restraint loads are acceptable, and displacements are not excessive. Additional post
processing (such as equipment, nozzle, and structural steel checks) might be required
depending on the model and type of analysis.

After you finish reviewing the output, return to the main window by exiting the output review
module.

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Technical Information
The following technical information and standards are delivered in CAESAR II.

External Interfaces
Tools > External Interfaces transfers data between CAESAR II and other software
packages. The following interfaces are available:

CAESAR II Data Interfaces Notes

CAESAR II Neutral File Bi-directional

Import geometry
CAESAR II Data Matrix
only

MDB (Microsoft
Access), TXT
Data Export Wizard (Microsoft Excel
compatible), and
XML

CAD Interfaces Notes

Intergraph CADWorx Plant Bi-directional

Import CADPIPE neutral

CADPIPE
.UDE file

Import Intergraph
Intergraph Smart3D PCF
Smart3D PCF file

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Import Intergraph PDS

Intergraph PDS
neutral .N file

Import PCF file in Alias

PCF
format

Analysis Interfaces Notes

Import dynamic pipe

LIQT
forces from LIQT (.frc)

Import dynamic pipe

AFT Impulse forces from AFT
Impulse (.frc)

Import dynamic pipe

PipeNet forces from PipeNet
(.frc)

Import PipePlus
PipePlus
neutral .PNF file

Import dynamic pipe

Flowmaster forces from
Flowmaster (.frc)

For more information, see External Interfaces in the CAESAR II User's Guide.

Piping Codes
CAESAR II supports the following piping codes:

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Code Edition Issuance Date Notes

ASME B31.1 - 2018 July 20, 2018

ASME B31.1 - 2020 September 30, 2020

ASME B31.1 - 2022 October 10, 2022

ASME B31.3 - 2018 August 30, 2019

ASME B31.3 - 2020 June 18, 2020

ASME B31.3 - 2022 January 31, 2023

ASME B31.3 Chapter IX - 2018 August 2019

ASME B31.3 Chapter IX - 2020 June 18, 2020

ASME B31.3 Chapter IX - 2022 January 31, 2023

Transportation
ASME B31.4 - 2019 November 1, 2019
code

Transportation
ASME B31.4 - 2022 December 8, 2022
code

ASME B31.4 Chapter IX - 2019 November 1, 2019 Offshore code

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ASME B31.4 Chapter IX - 2022 December 8, 2022 Offshore code

Transportation
ASME B31.4 Chapter XI - 2019 November 1, 2019
code

Transportation
ASME B31.4 Chapter XI - 2022 December 8, 2022
code

ASME B31.5 - 2016 June 29, 2016

ASME B31.5 - 2019 March 6, 2020

ASME B31.5 - 2022 January 20, 2023

Transportation
ASME B31.8 - 2018 August 3, 2018
code

Transportation
ASME B31.8 - 2020 May 31, 2021
code

Transportation
ASME B31.8 - 2022 December 22, 2022
code

ASME B31.8 Chapter VIII - 2018 August 3, 2018 Offshore code

ASME B31.8 Chapter VIII - 2020 May 31, 2021 Offshore code

ASME B31.8 Chapter VIII - 2022 December 22, 2022 Offshore code

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ASME B31.9 - 2017 December 29, 2017

ASME B31.9 - 2020 December 31, 2020

ASME B31.12 IP - 2019 December 20, 2019

Transportation
ASME B31.12 PL - 2019 December 20, 2019
code

ASME NC - 2009
(2007 ASME Boiler & Pressure
July 1, 2009
Vessel Code,
Subsection NC, Class 3)

ASME ND - 2009
(2007 ASME Boiler & Pressure
July 1, 2009
Vessel Code,
Subsection ND, Class 3)

U.S. Navy, Section 505 1984

Transportation
Canadian CSA Z662 - 2019 June 2019
code

Canadian CSA Z662 - 2019,

June 2019 Offshore code
Chapter 11

BS 806-1993 (Issue 1) September 1993

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Swedish Method 1, 2nd Edition 1979

Swedish Method 2, 2nd Edition 1979

ASME B31.1 - 1967 1967

Stoomwezen - 1989 1989

RCC-M C - 2007 2007

RCC-M D - 2007 2007

CODETI - 2016 November 2016

Norwegian TBK-6 - 1999

(Norwegian General Rules 1999
for Piping Systems)

FDBR - 1995 July 1995

BS 7159 - 1989 October 1989

UKOOA - 1994 1994

IGE/TD/12 - 2003 2003

DNV - 1996
1996 Offshore code
(DNV-OS-F101)

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DNV - 2017
December 2017 Offshore code
(DNV-ST-F101)

EN 13480 - 2017 June 2017

EN-13480-3:2017/A5:2022 December 2022

Transportation
GPTC/Z380 - 2009 January 2009
code

Transportation
BS PD 8010-1 - 2004 July 31, 2004
code

BS PD 8010-2 - 2004 July 31, 2004 Offshore code

ISO 14692 - 2005 2005

ISO 14692 - 2017 2017

HPGSL - 2012
(Seismic Design Guideline for 2012
High Pressure Gas Facilities)

JPI - 2010
(JPI-7S-77-10, Chemical Plant and 2010
Petroleum Refinery Piping)

Equipment Codes
CAESAR II supports the following equipment codes.

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Code Edition Description Issuance Date

AISC Code of Standard Practice 1989

for Structural Steel
Buildings and Bridges

API 560, 5th Edition Fired Heaters for General February 2016
Refinery Service

API 610, 12th Edition Centrifugal Pumps for January 2021

Petroleum, Petrochemical,
and Natural Gas Industries

API 617, 8th Edition Axial and Centrifugal September 2014

Compressors and
Expander-Compressors

API 661, 7th Edition Petroleum, Petrochemical, August 2013

and Natural Gas
Industries--Air-Cooled
Heat Exchangers

ASME B31G Manual for Determining the October 2012

Remaining Strength of
Corroded Pipelines

EN1591:2001+A1:2009 Design rules for gasketed March 2009

circular flange connections

HEI, 8th Edition Standards for Closed 2009

Feedwater Heaters

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NEMA SM 23 Steam Turbines for 1991

Mechanical Drive Service

PD 5500, 5th Edition Specification for Unfired September 2012

Fusion Welded Pressure
Vessels

WRC 107, Edition 2; WRC Local Stresses in Spherical February 2002, April 2011
537 Edition 10 and Cylindrical Shells Due
to External Loadings

WRC 297 Local Stresses in September 1987

Cylindrical Shells Due to
External Loadings on
Nozzles - Supplement to
WRC Bulletin No. 107
(Revision I)

Wind and Seismic Codes

CAESAR II supports the following wind codes.

Code Edition Description Issuance Dates

ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads 2022

for Buildings and Other 2016
Structures 2010
2005

IBC International Building 2018

Code 2012
2006

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NBC National Building Code of 2015

Canada 2010
2005

EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode 1: Actions on 2005

structures - Part 1-4:
General actions - Wind
actions

Mexico Complementary Technical 1993

Norms for Wind Resistant
Design

China GB 50009 Load Code for the Design 2012

of Building Structures 2002
(Code of China)

NBR 6123 Brazilian Wind Code: 1988

Forces Due to Wind
Buildings

IS 875(Part 3), 2nd Revision Code of Practice for 1998

Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings
and Structures - Part 3:
Wind Loads

As/Nzs 1170.0 Australian/New Zealand 2002

Standard - Structural
Design Actions - Part 0:
General Principals

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BS 6399-2:1997 Load for Buildings: Code 1997

of Practice for Wind Loads

UBC Uniform Building Code, 1997

Volume 2 - Structural
Engineering Design
Provisions

CAESAR II supports the following seismic codes.

Code Edition Description Issuance Date

ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for 2022

Buildings and Other 2016
Structures 2010
2005
2002

IBC International Building Code 2018

2012
2006
2000

NBC National Building Code of 2015

Canada 2010
2005

CFE Sismo Seismic Code of Mexico 1993

UBC Uniform Building Code 1997

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B31.1 App II Nonmandatory Appendix II 2001

- Rules for the Design of
Safety Valve Installations

KHK (HPGSL) KHK Seismic Level 1 and 2012

2 (Input Wizard)

Configuration Options
Main window ribbon: Home > Setup > Configuration Editor

Main window ribbon: Utilities > Tools > Configuration Editor

Main window ribbon: File > About > Configuration Editor

Piping Input menu: Environment > CAESAR II Configuration

CAESAR II Tools toolbar: CAESAR II Configuration

Opens the Configuration Editor dialog box where you set options in CAESAR III that control
how the software performs analysis. This section lists the available options and their default
values. For detailed information on the options, see Configuration Editor in the CAESAR II
User's Guide.

Computational Control

Convergence Tolerances Value

Decomposition Singularity Tolerance 1.00e+10

Friction Angle Variation 15.000

Friction Normal Force Variation 0.150

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Friction Slide Multiplier 1.000

Friction Stiffness 1.00e+6

Rod Increment 2.000

Rod Tolerance 1.000

Input Spreadsheet Defaults Values

Alpha Tolerance 0.050

Coefficient of Friction 0.000

Default Rotational Restraint Stiffness 1.00e+12

Default Translational Restraint Stiffness 1.00e+12

Hanger Default Restraint Stiffness 1.00e+12

Minimum Wall Tolerance (%) 12.500

New Job Ambient Temperature 70

New Job Bourdon Pressure None

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Miscellaneous Value

Bend Axial Shape True

Ignore Spring Hanger Stiffness False

Include Insulation in Hydrotest False

Include Spring Hanger Stiffness in Hanger OPE Travel Cases False

Incore Numerical Check False

Missing Mass ZPA Extracted

Use Pressure Stiffening on Bends Default

WRC-107 Interpolation Method Last Value

WRC-107 Version Mar '79 1B1/2B1

Database Definitions

Databases Value

Alternate CAESAR II Distributed Data Path <none>

Default Spring Hanger Table Anvil

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Expansion Joints FLEXPATH.JHD

Load Case Template LOAD.TPL

Piping Size Specification ANSI

Structural Database AISC89

Units File Name ENGLISH.FIL

User Material Database Filename UMAT1.UMD

Valve/Flange Files Location Specs in CII, Data in CW

Valves and Flanges CADWORX.VHD

ODBC Settings Value

Append re-runs to existing data False

Enable data export to ODBC compliant databases False

ODBC Database File Name <none>

FRP Properties

Material Properties Value

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Axial Modulus of Elasticity 3200000.000

Axial Strain: Hoop Stress (Ea/Eh*Vh/a) 0.1527

FRP Alpha 12.0000

FRP Density 0.0600

FRP Laminate Type CSM and Multi-

filament

FRP Property Data File CAESAR.FRP

Ratio Shear Modulus: Elastic Modulus 0.2500

Settings Value

BS 7159 Pressure Stiffening Design_Strain

Exclude F2 from UKOOA Bending Stress False

Use FRP Flexibilities True

Use FRP Sif True

Geometry Directives

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Bends Values

Bend Length Attachment Percent 1.000

Maximum Allowable Bend Angle 95.000

Minimum Allowable Bend Angle 5.000

Minimum Angle to Adjacent Bend Point 5.000

Input Items Value

Auto Node Number Increment 10

Connect Geometry Through CNodes True

Horizontal Thermal Bowing Tolerance 0.0001

Loop Closure Tolerance 1.0000 in.

New Job Z-Axis Vertical False

Graphic Settings
The following are examples of the graphic color settings:

Advanced Options

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Backplane Culling False

Culling Maximum Extent 5

Use Culling Frustrum True

Background Colors

Bottom Light Yellow (255, 255, 230)

Top Light Yellow (255,255, 230)

Use Uniform Background Color False

CADWorx Options

Color - Ambient White (255, 255, 255)

Color - Face Dark Gray (95, 95, 95)

Color - Line Med Gray (160, 160, 160)

Color - Specular White (255, 255, 255)

Color - Transmission Black (17, 17, 17)

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Gloss Value 1

Show Lines False

Show Model True

Use AutoCAD Colors False

Use Keyboard for Walkthrough False

Component Colors

Anchor CNode Orange (255, 192, 87)

Anchors Red (255, 0, 0)

Expansion Joints Lime (0, 255, 0)

Flange Magenta (255, 0 ,255)

Hanger CNode Orange (255, 192, 87)

Hangers Purple (128, 0, 128)

Nozzle Limit Color 1 Red (255, 0, 0)

Nozzle Limit Color 2 White (255, 255, 255)

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Nozzles Magenta (255, 0 ,255)

Pipes Light Blue (166, 202, 240)

Restraint CNode Orange (255, 192, 87)

Restraints Lime (0, 255, 0)

Rigids Lime (0, 255, 0)

Selection Yellow (255, 249, 0)

SIFs/Tees Magenta (255, 0, 255)

Steel Light Gray (192, 192, 192)

Marker Options

Marker Color Red (255, 0, 0)

Marker Size 25

Miscellaneous Options

Default Operator Zoom to Window

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Default Project Mode Orthographic

Default Render Mode Phong Shaded

Default View SE Isometric

Disable Graphic Tooltip Bubble False

Force Black and White Printing True

Idle Processing Count 50

Optimal Frame Rate 10

Restore Previous Anchor Size True

Restore Previous Hanger Size True

Restore Previous Operator True

Restore Previous Projection Mode True

Restore Previous Render Mode True

Restore Previous Restraint Size True

Restore Previous View True

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Video Driver OpenGL

Output Colors

Actual Stress Settings

Level 1 Light Blue (166, 202, 240)

Level 2 Light Cyan (192, 220, 192)

Level 3 Green (0, 128, 0)

Level 4 Yellow (255, 255, 0)

Level 5 Maroon (255, 0, 0)

Level 6 Red (255, 0, 0)

Displaced Shape Olive (128, 128, 0)

Percent Stress Settings

Level 1 Light Blue (166, 202, 240)

Level 2 Light Cyan (192, 220, 192)

Level 3 Green (0, 128, 0)

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Level 4 Yellow (255, 255, 0)

Level 5 Maroon (255, 0, 0)

Level 6 Red (255, 0, 0)

Text Options

Annotation Text Arial;18;(255, 0, 0)

Color Red (255, 0, 0)

Font Arial, 18 pt.

Legend Text Arial;12;(255, 0, 0)

Color Red (255, 0, 0)

Font Arial, 12 pt.

Node Text Arial;28;(255, 0, 0)

Color Red (255, 0, 0)

Font Arial, 28 pt.

Output Text Arial;12; (128, 0, 0)

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Color Maroon (128, 0, 0)

Font Arial, 12 pt.

Rendered Mode Text Always Visible False

Silhouette Mode Text Always Visible True

Visual Options

Always Use System Colors True

Always Use System Fonts True

Axis Mode On

Fixed Size Restraint Size 6

Shadow Mode None

Show Bounding Box True

Smooth Transitions False

Used Fixed Size Restraints False

Visibility 50

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Miscellaneous Options
The following are examples of miscellaneous settings:

Input Items Value

Autosave Time Interval 30

Disable 'File/Open' Graphic Thumbnail False

Disable Undo/Redo Ability False

Dynamic Example Input Text Max

Enable Autosave True

Prompted Autosave True

Output Items Value

Displacement Reports Sorted by Nodes True

Output Reports by Load Case True

Output Table of Contents True

Time History Animation True

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System Level Items Value

Compress CAESAR II Files True

Memory Allocated (Mb) 32

User ID <none>

SIFs and STRESSES

Advanced Settings Value

Apply B31J SIFs and Flexibilities Default

Enforce B31J SIFs Only False

Verified Welding and Contour Tees per B16.9 False

Code-Specific Settings Value

EN-13480/CODETI use In-Plane/Out-Plane SIF False

Ignore B31.1/B31.3 Wc Factor True

Occasional Load Factor 0.000

Pressure Variation in EXP Case Default

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General Settings Value

Add F/A in Stresses Default

Add Torsion in SL Stress Default

All Cases Corroded False

Allow User's SIF at Bend False

Base Hoop Stress On ID

Default Piping Code B31.3-2022

New Job Liberal Expansion Stress Allowable True

Use PD/4t False

Yield Stress Criterion Max3DShear

Legacy Settings Value

B31.1 Reduced Z Fix True

B31.3 Use SL Formulation Para 320 (2010) True

Class 1 Branch Flexibility False

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Include Axial Force in Expansion Stress Default

No Rft/Wlt in Reduced Fitting SIFs False

Reduced Intersection B31.1 (Post 1980)

SIF Multiplier for Sustained Stress Index 0.000

Use Alternative Rules for Stress Range Evaluation False

Use Schneider False

Use WRC 329 False

List of Materials
The CAESAR II Material Table contains the following isotropic materials:

Material Material Elastic Poisson's Pipe Density lb./ Temp. Range

No. Name Modulus Ratio cu.in ºF

1 Low Carbon 29.5 E6 0.292 0.28993 -325 to 1400

Steel

2 High Carbon 29.3 E6 0.289 0.28009 -325 to 1400

Steel

3 Carbon Moly 29.2 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 to 1400

Steel

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4 Low Chrome 29.7 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 to 1400

Moly Steel

5 Med Chrome 30.9 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 to 1400

Moly Steel

6 Austenitic 28.3 E6 0.292 0.28930 -325 to 1400

Stainless

7 Straight 29.2 E6 0.305 0.28010 -325 to 1400

Chromium

8 Type 310 28.3 E6 0.305 0.28990 -325 to 1400

Stainless

9 Wrought Iron 29.5 E6 0.300 0.28070 -325 to 1400

10 Grey Cast 13.4 E6 0.211 0.25580 70 to 1000

Iron

11 Monel 67% 26.0 E6 0.315 0.31870 -325 to 1400

Ni/30% Cu

12 K-Monel 26.0 E6 0.315 0.30610 -325 to 1400

13 Copper 22.0 E6 0.330 0.33850 -325 to 1400

Nickel

14 Aluminum 10.2 E6 0.330 0.10130 -325 to 600

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15 Copper 16.0 E6 0.355 0.32270 70 to 400

99.8% Cu

16 Commercial 17.0 E6 0.331 0.30610 -325 to 1200

Brass

17 Leaded Tin 14.0 E6 0.330 0.31890 -325 to 1200

Bronze 1

18 Cut short cold spring elements

19 Cut long cold spring elements

20 CAESAR II orthotropic material model (fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe)

Default coefficient of expansion = 12.0 E-6 in./in./ºF

21 User-defined properties

100 and From the Material Database and include the allowable stress and other piping
above code data.

Restraints
CAESAR II stores information on the following restraints:

Restraint Type Abbreviation

Anchor A

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Translational Double Acting X,Y, or Z

Rotational Double Acting RX, RY, or RZ

Guide, Double Acting GUI

Double Acting Limit Stop LIM

Translational Double Acting Snubber XSNB, YSNB, ZSNB

Translational Directional +X, -X, +Y, -Y, +Z, -Z

Rotational Directional +RX, -RX, +RY, -RY, +RZ, -RZ

Directional Limit Stop +LIM, -LIM

Large Rotation Rod XROD, YROD, ZROD

Translational Double Acting Bilinear X2, Y2, Z2

Rotational Double Acting Bilinear RX2, RY2, RZ2

Translational Directional Bilinear +X2, -X2, +Y2, -Y2, +Z2, -Z2

Rotational Directional Bilinear -RX2, +RY2, - RY2, etc.

Bottom Out Spring XSPR, YSPR, ZSPR

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Directional Snubber +XSNB, -XSNB, +YSNB, etc.

Intersection Types
CAESAR II uses the following intersection types:

Type B31J Type B31.3 Type Notes Sketch

1 Reinforced Fabricated Reinforced Fabricated Used to

Reinforced Tee Tee lower SIFs

Sketch 2.2 Not a fitting

Modified pipe

2 Fabricated Tee Unreinforced Fabricated Routine

Fabricated Tee intersection
Sketch 2.3
Not a fitting

Modified pipe

Usually the
cheapest

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3 Welding Welding Tee Welding Tee Usually size-

on-size
Sketch 2.1
Governed by
B16.9

Usually the
lowest SIF

Usually
expensive

4 Welded-in Contour Welded-in Contour "Sit-in" fitting

Sweepolet Insert Insert
Forged
Sketch 2.5 fittings on a
pipe

5 Weldolet Integrally Reinforced Branch Welded-on "Sit-on" fitting

Branch Welded-on Fitting
Forged
Fitting
fittings on a
Sketch 2.6 pipe

6 Extruded Extruded Outlet Extruded Welding Tee Seldom used

Sketch 2.4 Used for

thick wall
manifolds

Extruded
from straight
pipe

Node Locations on Bends

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Bends are defined by the element entering the bend and the element leaving the bend. The
actual bend curvature is always physically at the TO end of the element entering the bend.

• The element leaving a bend must appear immediately after the element defining
(entering) the bend.

• The default bend radius is 1.5 times the pipe nominal OD.

• For stress and displacement output, the TO node of the element entering the bend is
located geometrically at the FAR point on the bend. The FAR point is at the weld line of
the bend and adjacent to the straight element leaving the bend.

• The NEAR point on the bend is at the weld line of the bend and adjacent to the straight
element entering the bend.

• The FROM point on the element is located at the NEAR point of the bend if the total
length of the element as specified in the DX, DY and DZ fields is equal to:

Radius � tan( Beta / 2 )

where Beta is the bend angle and Radius is the bend radius of curvature to the bend
centerline.

• Nodes defined in the Angle # and Node # fields are placed at the given angle on the
bend curvature. The angle starts with zero degrees at the NEAR point on the bend and
goes to “Beta” degrees at the FAR point of the bend.

• Angles are always entered in degrees.

By default, nodes on the bend curvature cannot be specified within five (5) degrees of
one another or within five degrees of the nearest end point. This and other bend settings
may be changed in the Configuration Editor. Click Configure or Tools >
Configure/Setup. For more information, see Configuration Options and Geometry
Directives.

• When the FROM node on the element entering the bend is not at the bend NEAR point,
a node may be placed at the NEAR point of the bend by entering an Angle # equal to
0.0 degrees. For more information, see the graphic below.

When defining a bend element for the first time in the pipe spreadsheet, nodes are
automatically placed at the near and midpoint of the bend. The generated midpoint node

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number is one less than the TO node number on the element, and the generated near
point node number is two less than the TO node number on the element. A near point
should always be included in the model in tight, highly formed piping systems. The top-
left figure below shows the points on the bend as they would be input. The top-right
figure shows the actual geometric location of the points on the bend. The bottom-left
figure shows the same geometry except that two nodes are defined on the bend
curvature at angles of zero and forty-five degrees.

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Code Stresses
CAESAR II supports many United States and international codes. This section contains the
stress values used by the software.

US Code Stresses

International Code Stresses

Nomenclature

Use the nomenclature definitions that follow unless a code section specifically provides a
different definition.

Am - Cross-sectional metal area in the pipe.

B1 - Primary stress index (component specific)

B2 - Primary stress index (component specific)

Di - Internal diameter

Dm - Mean diameter

Do - Outer diameter

dT - Change in temperature

E - Elastic modulus

f - Cyclic stress range reduction factor

F1 - Hoop stress design factor

Fax - Axial force

FAC - A unitless factor used for a number of purposes depending on the piping code. For
more information, see the CAESAR II User's Guide.

i - Stress intensification factor

ii - In-plane stress intensification factor

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io - Out-of-plane stress intensification factor

ia - Axial stress intensification factor

it -Torsional stress intensification factor

I - Sustained moment index

Ii - Sustained in-plane moment index

Io - Sustained out-of-plane moment index

Ia - Sustained axial force index

It - Sustained torsional moment index

k - Occasional load factor

Ma - Resultant moment due to weight and other sustained loadings

Mb - Resultant moment due to occasional loadings

Mc - Range of resultant moments due to expansion and displacement loadings

Mi - In-plane moment

Mo - Out-of-plane moment

Pi - Internal pressure

Pe - External pressure

R - Radius of pipe or bend

Sa - Axial stress

Sb - Bending stress

Sc - Cold allowable stress (ambient or reference temperature)

Se - Expansion stress

Seq - Equivalent combined stress (von Mises or Tresca)

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Sh - Hot allowable stress

Shoop - Hoop stress

Sl or SL - Longitudinal stress

Slp - Longitudinal pressure stress

Ss - Tangential shear stress

St - Torsion stress

SU - Ultimate tensile strength

Sy - Yield stress

T - Temperature derating factor

tn - Nominal wall thickness

Z - Pipe section modulus

Ze - Effective section modulus for branch

� - Coefficient of thermal expansion

� - Poisson’s ratio

US Code Stresses
The US code-based stress equations and load case labels used by CAESAR II for actual and
allowable stresses are shown below.

The load case recommendations made by CAESAR II are usually sufficient for code
compliance. CAESAR II does not recommend occasional load cases. Occasional loads are
unknown in origin, and you must specify them.

Code Equation Allowable Load Type

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Longitudinal Pressure Stress - Slp

Slp = PDo / 4tn Code approximation

Slp = PDi2 / (Do2 - Di2) Code exact equation

(CAESAR II Default)

Operating Stress – unless otherwise specified

S = Slp + Fax/Am + Sb N/A

B31.1 (2018 Edition)

Sl = Slp + 0.75iMa / Z < Sh SUS

Se = iMc / Z < f[1.25(Sc + Sh) - Sl] EXP

Slp + 0.75iMa / Z + 0.75iMb / Z < kSh OCC

B31.1 (2020 and 2022 Editions) (Requires B31J)

Sl = [(|Slp + IaFax / Am| + Sb)2 + ≤ Sh and ≤ kSh SUS

4St2]1/2 (2020 Edition)
≤ Sh and ≤ kSh OCC
Sl = [(Ia|Slp + Fax / Am| + Sb)2 +
4St2]1/2 (2022 Edition)

Where:
Sb = [(IiMi)2 + (IoMo)2]1/2 / Z
St = ItMt / 2Z

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Z is the nominal section modulus

Se = [(|iaFax / Am| + Sb)2 + 4St2 ]1/2 ≤ f [1.25(Sc + Sh) - Sl] EXP

Where:
Sb = [(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2 / Z
St = itMt / 2Z
Z is the nominal section modulus

B31.3

See the B31.3 technical discussion in the CAESAR II User's Guide for information
on using B31J.

SL = [(Ia (|Slp + Fax / Ap|) +Sb)2 + < Sh SUS

4St2]1/2
< 1.33Sh OCC
Where:
Sb = [(liMi)2 + (loMo)2]1/2 / Z
Z is the corroded section modulus

For reduced outlet

connections, use Ze instead of Z
if you do not specify bending in/out-
plane SIFs (ii and io) or
index (li and lo). Use Z if you specify
bending in/out-of-plane
SIFs or index.

St = ltMt / 2Z

Se = [(|iaFax/Ap| +Sb)2 + 4St2]1/2 < f [1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL] EXP

Where:

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Sb = [(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2 / Z

Z is the section modulus computed

from nominal dimensions (not
corroded).

For reduced outlet

connections, use Ze instead of Z
if you do not specify bending in/out-
plane SIFs (ii and io) or
index (li and lo). Use Z if you specify
bending in/out-of-plane
SIFs or index.

St = itMt / 2Z

B31.3 Chapter IX

See the B31.3 Chapter IX technical discussion in the CAESAR II User's Guide for
information on using B31J.

SL = [(Ia (|Slp + Fax / Ap|) +Sb)2 + < Sh SUS

4St2]1/2
< 1.2Sh OCC
Where:
Sb = [(liMi)2 + (loMo)2]1/2 / Z
Z is the corroded section modulus

For reduced outlet

connections, use Ze instead of Z
if you do not specify bending in/out-
plane SIFs (ii and io) or
index (li and lo). Use Z if you specify
bending in/out-of-plane
SIFs or index.

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St = ltMt / 2Z

Se = [(ia (|Slp + Fax / Ap|) +Sb)2 + < 1.25Sc + 0.25 Sh EXP

4St2]1/2

Sb = [(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2 / Z

Where:
Z is the section modulus computed
from nominal dimensions (not
corroded).

For reduced outlet

connections, use Ze instead of Z
if you do not specify bending in/out-
plane SIFs (ii and io) or
index (li and lo). Use Z if you specify
bending in/out-of-plane
SIFs or index.

St = itMt / 2Z

B31.4

Fully Restrained Pipe (B31.4/R)

Hoop: < 0.72 ESy SUS, OPE, OCC

Shoop = Pi D/2t (for D/t � 20) (where E is the weld joint
factor)
or

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Shoop = Pi (D-t)/2t (for D/t < 20)

Expansion: Se = E�(T1 − T2) < 0.9 Sy EXP

Longitudinal: < 0.9 Sy SUS, OPE, OCC

SL = �SH + Sb+ Fa/A
where
Sb = [(Mi2 + Mo2)1/2]/Z

CAESAR II includes the

thermal effect in Sb

Equivalent Combined: < 0.9 Sy SUS, OCC, OPE

Seq = [(SL − SH)2 + 4St2]1/2

or

Seq = (SH2 − SHSL + SL2 + 3St2)1/2

where
St = Mt/2Z

Fully Above Ground, Unrestrained Pipe (B31.4/U)

Hoop: < 0.72 ESy SUS, OCC, HYD

Shoop = Pi D/2t (for D/t � 20) (where E is the weld joint
factor)
or
<0.90Sy when defined as
Shoop = Pi (D-t)/2t (for D/t < 20)
Hydro (HYD)

Expansion: ≤ f[1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL] EXP

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Se = (Sb2 + 4St2)1/2
where
Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2}/Z • 2019 edition: Sc
St = Mt/2Z and Sh = 2/3Sy

• 2022 edition: Sc
and Sh = min(2/3Sy,
1/3Su), with
maximum of 20 Ksi

Longitudinal: < .75Sy SUS, OCC, HYD

SL = PiD/4t + Sb + Fa/A
< .80Sy when defined as
where
Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2}/Z Occasional (OCC)

Equivalent Combined Not used

Riser and Platform for Inland Waterways (B31.4/W)

Hoop: < 0.6 ESy SUS, OCC, HYD

Shoop = Pi D/2t (for D/t � 20) (where E is the weld joint
factor)
or
<0.90Sy when defined as
Shoop = Pi (D-t)/2t (for D/t < 20)
Hydro (HYD)

Expansion: < 0.8 Sy EXP

Se = (Sb2 + 4St2)1/2
where
Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2}/Z
St = Mt/2Z

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Longitudinal: < 0.8 Sy SUS, OCC, HYD

SL = PiD/4t + Sb + Fa/A
where < 0.90Sy when defined

Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2}/Z as Occasional (OCC)

Equivalent Combined Not used

When more than one stress evaluation is used, such as checking both hoop stress
and longitudinal stress, CAESAR II reports the stress pair producing the largest calculated
stress/allowable stress ratio.

B31.4 Chapter IX (Offshore)

Hoop: < F1Sy OPE, SUS, OCC

Shoop = (Pi – Pe )D/2t (for D/t � 30)

or < 0.9Sy HYD

Shoop = (Pi – Pe )(D-t)/2t (for D/t < 30)

Longitudinal: < 0.8Sy OPE, SUS, OCC

SL = Slp + Sb +Fa/A

where < 0.9Sy HYD

Slp = (PiRi2 - PeRo2)/(Ro2 - Ri2)
Sb = [(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2/Z

Equivalent Combined: < 0.9Sy OPE, SUS, OCC, HYD

Seq = [(SL – SH)2 + 4St2]1/2

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or

Seq = (SH2 - SHSL + SL2 + 3St2)1/2

where
St = Mt/2Z

When more than one stress evaluation is used, such as checking both hoop stress
and longitudinal stress, CAESAR II reports the stress pair producing the largest calculated
stress/allowable stress ratio.

B31.4 Chapter XI (Slurry Pipes)

Fully Restrained Pipe (B31.4 Ch XI/R)

Hoop: < 0.80 ESy SUS, OCC, OPE

Shoop = Pi D/2t (for D/t � 20) (where E is the weld joint
factor)
or

Shoop = Pi (D-t)/2t (for D/t < 20)

Expansion: < 0.9 Sy EXP

Se = E�(T1 − T2)

Longitudinal: < 0.9 Sy SUS, OPE, OCC

SL = �SH + Sb+ Fa/A
< 0.88 Sy when defined
where
Sb = [(Mi2 + Mo2)1/2]/Z as Occasional (OCC)

CAESAR II includes the

thermal effect in Sb

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Equivalent Combined: < 0.9 Sy SUS, OCC, OPE

Seq = [(SL − SH )2 + 4St2]1/2

or

Seq = (SH2 − SHSL + SL2 + 3St2)1/2

where
St = Mt/2Z

Fully Above Ground, Unrestrained Pipe (B31.4 Ch XI/U)

Hoop: < 0.80 ESy SUS, OCC, HYD

Shoop = Pi D/2t (for D/t � 20) (where E is the weld joint
factor)
or
<0.90Sy when defined as
Shoop = Pi (D-t)/2t (for D/t < 20)
Hydro (HYD)

Expansion: ≤ f[1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL] EXP

Se = (Sb2 + 4St2)1/2
where
Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2}/Z • 2019 edition: Sc
St = Mt/2Z and Sh = 2/3Sy

• 2022 edition: Sc
and Sh = min(2/3Sy,
1/3Su), with
maximum of 20 Ksi

Longitudinal: < .75Sy SUS, OCC, HYD

SL = PiD/4t + Sb + Fa/A
where < .88Sy when defined as

Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2}/Z occasional (OCC)

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Equivalent Combined Not used

When more than one stress evaluation is used, such as checking both hoop stress
and longitudinal stress, CAESAR II reports the stress pair producing the largest calculated
stress/allowable stress ratio.

B31.5

Sl = Slp + Fax/Am +Sb < Sh SUS

(Sb2 + 4St2)1/2 < f[1.25(Sc + Sh) – Sl] EXP

Fax/Am + Sb + Slp < kSh OCC

Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2} / Z

B31.8 (2018, 2020, and 2022 Editions)

Restrained Pipe

Longitudinal:

SL = Slp + Sb + Sa < 0.9TSy SUS, OPE, OCC

CAESAR II includes the

thermal effect in Sa

Equivalent Combined:

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Seq = max[ |Shoop - SL| , |Shoop| , |SL| ] < 0.9TSy SUS, OPE

< kTSy OCC

or

Seq = (SL2 - SLShoop + Shoop2)1/2 < 0.9TSy SUS, OPE

< kTSy OCC

The equivalent combined stress is valid only for straight

sections of pipe.

Unrestrained Pipe

Longitudinal:

SL = Slp + Sb + Sa < 0.75TSy SUS, OCC

< 0.75Sy HYD

Expansion:

Se = ME/Z < f[1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL] EXP

where
Sc = 0.33SU
Sh = 0.33TSU

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Where:

Shoop = PDo/2t

Slp = 0.3Shoop Restrained Pipe

Slp = 0.5Shoop Unrestrained Pipe

Sa = Fax/Am

Mb = [(0.75iiMi)2+(0.75ioMo)2]1/2

MR = [(0.75iiMi)2+(0.75ioMo)2 +
Mt2]1/2

Sb = Mb/Z Straight pipe

Sb = MR/Z Fittings and components

ME = [(iiMi)2+(ioMo)2 + Mt2]1/2

B31.8 Chapter VIII (Offshore) (2018, 2020, and 2022 Editions)

Hoop Stress: < F1SyT OPE, SUS, OCC

Sh = (Pi – Pe)D/2t, when D/t � 30

Sh = (Pi – Pe)(D – t)/2t, when D/t < 30

Longitudinal Stress: |SL| < 0.8Sy OPE, SUS, OCC

SL = Slp + Fax/Am � Sb

Where:

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Slp = (Pi * Ri2 - Pe * Ro2) / (Ro2 - Ri2)

Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2}/Z

Equivalent Combined Stress (Tresca) < 0.9Sy OPE, SUS, OCC

(2018 edition):

Seq = 2{[(SL – Sh)/2]2 + St2}1/2

Equivalent Combined (Tresca) (2020 < 0.9Sy OPE, SUS, OCC

and 2022 editions):

Seq = Maximum of absolute values of:

2{[(SL - Sh)/2]2 + St2}1/2

(SL + Sh)/2 - {[(SL - Sh)/2]2 + St2}1/2
(SL + Sh)/2 + {[(SL - Sh)/2]2 + St2}1/2

Alternative Combined Stress (Von < 0.9Sy

Mises)
(2018 and 2020 editions):

Seq = (Sh2 – SLSh + SL2 + 3St2)1/2

Where:

F1 = Hoop Stress Design Factor

(Table A842.2.2-1)
T = Temperature Derating Factor
(Table 841.1.8-1)
Sy = Specified Minimum Yield
Strength

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• For information on F1, T, and Sy, see Operating, sustained, and occasional load cases
in the B31.8 Chapter VIII (Offshore) technical discussion.

• For the equivalent combined stress on platform piping and risers, B31.8 Chapter VIII
bases the calculation of the stress components on the minimum corroded wall
thickness. Pipelines use the nominal wall thickness.

B31.9

Paragraph 919.4.1.b states that analysis uses the equations of B31.1.

B31.12 IP

SL = [(Ia (|Slp + Fax / Ap|) +Sb)2 + < Mf Sh SUS

4St2]1/2
< 1.33 Mf Sh OCC

Se = [Sb2 + 4St2]1/2 < f [1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL] EXP

Where:

Sb = [(liMi)2 + (loMo)2]1/2 / Z

Z = Corroded section modulus (SUS,

OCC)

Z = Nominal section modulus (not

corroded) (EXP)

For reduced outlet

connections, use Ze instead of Z.

St = ltMt / 2Z

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When using Appendix B by selecting

Use Alternative Rules for Stress
Range Evaluation in the Configuration
Editor:

So = Se = [(ia (|Slp + Fax / Ap|) +Sb)2 + < 1.25f (Sc + Sh) OPE, EXP
4St2]1/2

Where:

Sb = [(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2 / Z

Z = Nominal section modulus (not

corroded)

For reduced outlet

connections, use Ze instead of Z.

St = itMt / 2Z

B31.12 PL

Restrained Pipe

Longitudinal:

SL = Slp + Sb + Sa < 0.9TSy SUS, OPE, OCC

CAESAR II includes the

thermal effect in Sa

Equivalent Combined:

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Seq = |Shoop - SL| < 0.9TSy SUS, OPE

< kTSy OCC

Or, when Yield Stress Criterion is set

to VonMises in the Configuration
Editor:

Seq = (SL2 - SLShoop + Shoop2)1/2 < 0.9TSy SUS, OPE

< kTSy OCC

The equivalent combined stress is valid only for straight

sections of pipe.

Unrestrained Pipe

Longitudinal:

SL = Slp + Sa + Sb < 0.75TSy SUS, OCC

< 0.75Sy HYD

Expansion:

Se = According to PL-2.6.7, < f[1.25(Sc + Sh) - SL] EXP

expansion stress for unrestrained
pipe is taken from Part IP

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Appendix B alternative equations are < f1.25(Sc + Sh) EXP, OPE

also applicable
where:
Sc and Sh = Values from
Allowable Stress Table
IX-1A

Or,

when EXP allowable: Sc

& Sh use 0.33 SuT is
selected:

Sc = 0.33SU
Sh = 0.33TSU

Where:

Shoop = PDo/2t

Slp = 0.3Shoop Restrained Pipe

Slp = 0.5Shoop Unrestrained Pipe

Sa = Fax/Am

Mb = [(0.75iiMi)2+(0.75ioMo)2]1/2

MR = [(0.75iiMi)2+(0.75ioMo)2 +
Mt2]1/2

Sb = Mb/Z Straight pipe

Sb = MR/Z Fittings and components

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For restrained and unrestrained pipe, Z is the nominal section modulus (not
corroded).

ASME SECT III CLASS 2 & 3

Sl =[B1PmaxDo / 2tn] + B2Ma / Z < 1.5Sh SUS

Se =iMc/Z < f(1.25Sc + 0.25Sh) + EXP

(Sh - Sl)

B1Slpmax + B2(Ma + Mb) / Z < 1.8Sh and < 1.5Sy OCC

B31.1 (1967) and Navy Section 505

Sl = Slp + (Sb2 + 4St2)1/2 < Sh SUS

Se = (Sb2 + 4St2)1/2 < f[1.25Sc + 0.25Sh +(Sh EXP

– Sl)]

Slp + (Sb2 + 4St2)1/2 < kSh OCC

GPTC

Slp + 0.75iMa / Z < Sy OPE

Slp + Sb < 0.75SyFt SUS

(Sb2 + 4St2)1/2 < 0.72Sy EXP

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International Code Stresses

The international code-based stress equations and load case labels used by CAESAR II for
actual and allowable stresses are shown below.

The load case recommendations made by CAESAR II are usually sufficient for code
compliance. CAESAR II does not recommend occasional load cases. Occasional loads are
unknown in origin, and you must specify them.

Code Equation Allowable Load Type

Stoomwezen

Slp + 0.75iMa / Z <f SUS

iMC / Z < fe EXP

Slp + 0.75i(Ma + Mb) / Z < 1.2f OCC

CODETI

Sl = Slp + 0.75iMA / Z < Sh SUS

iMC / Z < f[1.25Sc + 0.25Sh]Eh/Ec EXP

Slp + 0.75iMA / Z + 0.75iMB / Z < kSh OCC

Alternate Method: (Configuration switch set to TRUE)

Sl = Slp + Fax/Am + Sb < Sh SUS

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(Sb2 + 4St2)1/2 < f[1.25(Sl + Sh) – Sl EXP

Slp + Fax/Am + Sb < kSh OCC

Sb = {[(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2} / Z

Click Configuration Editor to select the method.

Canadian Z662

Fully restrained pipe (FAC = 1.0)

Sh - SL < 0.9ST OPE

This only applies if SL is

negative (compression)

Where:

S = specified minimum yield strength

T = temperature factor (Table 4.4)

Sh = PDo/2tcor hoop stress

Where:
P = design pressure
Do = outside diameter of pipe
tcor = corroded pipe wall thickness

SL = �Sh - EC�(T2-T1) longitudinal stress

Where:
��= Poisson’s ratio

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EC = elastic modulus at ambient temperature

� = thermal expansion coefficient
T2-T1 = temperature range between cold and hot conditions

Buried pipe with soil restraints modeled (FAC = 0.001)

Sh – SL + SB < ST OPE

Where:

SB = iMb/Z bending stress

Where:
i = stress intensification factor
Mb = resultant bending moment
Z = (�/64)(Do4-Di4)/0.5Do section
modulus
Di = inside pipe diameter (nominal)

Fully above ground (FAC = 0.0)

|Slp+Fax/Am|+SB+Sh < ST OPE

Where:

Slp = PDi2/(Do2 – Di2) longitudinal

pressure stress

Fax = axial force

Am = metal cross-sectional area

SE = (SB2 + 4St2)1/2 < 0.72ST EXP

Where:
St = Mt/2Z torsion stress

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Mt is the torsion moment

0.5Sh + Sb < SFLT OCC

Where:

Sb = bending stress due to sustained and occasional loading combined

F = design factor (0.800)

L = location factor (Table 4.2)

Canadian Z662 Chapter 11

�h = (Pi – Pe)Do/2tmin < SyFAT OPE, SUS, OCC

Seq = (�h2 + Sl2 - �hSl + 3�2)1/2 < SyFBT OPE, SUS, OCC

CAESAR II reports the

largest
of the above two stresses only.

Where:

Seq = Equivalent Stress (commonly referred to as Von Mises stress)

�h = Hoop stress

Sl = (Pi * Ri2 - Pe * Ro2) / (Ro2 - Ri2)

The hoop stress used in the equivalent stress equation is based on nominal pipe
wall thickness, but the hoop stress used in the separate code stress comparison is based on
minimum wall thickness.

Pi = Internal pressure

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Pe = External hydrostatic pressure

Do = Outside pipe diameter

tmin = Minimum pipe wall thickness accounting for corrosion allowance and manufacturing
tolerances

Sy = Specified minimum yield strength

FA = Design factor (Table 11.1, column A)

FB = Design factor (Table 11.1, column B)

T = Temperature factor (Table 4.4)

Sl = �ax ± �b longitudinal stress

Both resultant Sl values must be considered in the equivalent stress formula and the
largest resultant equivalent stress used.

Where:

�ax = (Pi * Ri2 - Pe * Ro2) / (Ro2 - Ri2) axial stress

The software subtracts the Fax / Am term if the evaluation is being done on the
From node and adds the term if the evaluation is being performed on the To node. Retain
the sign of the term prior to adding or subtracting it.

Where:

Di = inside diameter of the pipe (not corroded)

Fax = axial force due to all operating loads

Am = metal cross sectional area

�b = SIF(Mb/Z) bending stress

Where:

SIF = stress intensification factor

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Mb = resultant bending moment

Z = (�/64)(Do4 – Di4)/Ro pipe section modulus

� = Mt/2Z torsion stress

Where:

Mt = torsion moment

Norwegian

SI = PDi2/Eff(Do2 – Di2) + 0.75Ma/Z < Sh SUS

iMC / Z < Sh + S r - S l EXP

PmaxDi2/(Eff(Do2 – Di2) + 0.75i(Ma + < 1.2Sh OCC

Mb) / Z

Where: The latter applies to temps > 370 C;

425 C for Austenitic stainless steel
Sr = min(1.25Sc + .25Sh, FrRs – F2)

or

Fr(1.25R1 + 0.25R2)

Fr = Cyclic stress range reduction

factor

Rs = Permissible stress for 7000

cycles

R1 = Min(Sc, 0.267Rm)

R2 = Min(Sh, 0.367Rm)

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Rm = Ultimate tensile strength at room

temp

FDBR

Sl = Slp + 0.75iMA / Z < Sh SUS

iMC / Z < f[1.25(Sc + Sh) – Sl] EXP

Slp + 0.75iMA / Z + 0.75iMB / Z < kSh OCC

BS 806

Straight Pipe

fc= (F2 + 4fs2)1/2 < SAOPE

< SASUS
< SAEXP

fs = Mt(d + 2t) / 4I

F = max (ft, fL)

ft= pd/2t + 0.5p

fL= pd2/[4t(d + t)] + (d + 2t)[(mi2 +

mo2)1/2] / 2I

Bends

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fc= (F2 + 4fs2)1/2 < SAOPE

< SASUS
< SAEXP

fs = Mt (d + 2t) /4I

F = max (ft, fL)

ft = r/I * [(miFTi)2 + (moFTo)2]1/2

fs = r/I * [(miFLi)2 + (moFLo)2]1/2

Branch Junctions

fcb = q * [fb2 + 4fsb2]1/2 < SAOPE

< SASUS
< SAEXP

fb = (d + t)*p*m/(2t) + r/I*sqrt[(miFTL)2
+ (moFTO)2]

Fsb = Mt (d + 2t) / 4I

q = 1.0 except for operating cases

q = 5 or .44 bases on d2/d1 ratio in
operating cases

m = geometric parameter

SA = min[(H*Sproof ambient + H*Sproof EXP

design)
-or-
(H*Sproof ambient + F)]

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SA = Savg rupture at design OPE

temperature

SA = min[.8*Sproof, Screep rupture] SUS

BS 7159

If Sx is tensile:

(Sx2 + 4Ss2)1/2 < Sh OPE

(S�2+ 4Ss2)1/2 < EffSh OPE

If Sx is compressive:

< EffSh OPE

|Sx| < 1.25Sh OPE

Where: For Straight Pipe

Sx = PDm / 4t + [(ixiMi)2 + (ixoMo)2]1/2 / For Bends

Z
For Tees
Ss = Sx – Fx / A

If Fx / A > PDm / 4t, and it is

compressive:

S�= MPDm / 2t

S� = MPDm / 2t + [(i�iMi)2 +

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(i�oMo)2]1/2 / Z

S�= MPDm / 2t + [(ixiMi)2 +

(ixoMo)2]1/2 / Z

Dm and t are always for the run pipe

Eff = E�/ Exff

UKOOA

�ab(f2/r) + PDm / 4t < f1f2LTHS / 2.0 OPE

Where:

�ab = Axial Bending Stress due to mechanical loads

f1 = Factor of Safety for 97.5% confidence limit, usually 0.85

f2 = System factor of safety, usually 0.67

r = �a(0:1) / �a(2:1)

�a(0:1) = Long-term Axial Tensile Strength in absence of pressure load

�a(2:1) = Long-term Axial Strength under only pressure loading

LTHS = Long-term Hydrostatic Strength (hoop stress allowable)

Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

Hoop Stress: Sh < nsSMYS OPE, SUS, OCC

Hoop Stress: Sh < nuSMTS OPE, SUS, OCC

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Longitudinal Stress: SL < nSMYS OPE, SUS, OCC

Equivalent Stress: Se < nSMYS OPE, SUS, OCC

Where:

Sh = (Pi – Pe)(D-t)/2t

ns = Hoop Stress Usage Factor (Tables C1 and C2)

nu = Hoop Stress Bursting Factor (Tables C1 and C2)

SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Stress at Operating Temp.

SMTS = Specified Minimum Tensile Strength at Operating Temp.

SL = Max. Longitudinal Stress

SL = SLP + Fax / Am ± Sb

SLP = (Pi * Ri2 - Pe * Ro2) / (Ro2 - Ri2)

Sb = iMb/Z

Mb - Resultant bending moment

n = Equiv. Stress Usage Factor (Table C4)

Se = [Sh2 + SL2 – ShSL + 3t2]1/2

t = Shear stress + Torsion stress

EN-13480-3-2017

�1 = Pcdo/4en + 0.75iMA/Z < ff SUS

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�3 = iMc/Z < fa EXP

�2 = Pcdo/4en + 0.75iMA/Z + 0.75iMB/ < kff OCC

Z

�5 = Pcdo/4en + 0.75iMA/Z + 0.75iMC/ < fCR CRP

3Z

Alternate Option:

�1 = Pcdo/4en + SbA < ff SUS

�3 = (SbC2 + 4StC2)1/2 < fa EXP

�2 = Pcdo/4en + SbA + SbB < kff OCC

�5 = Pcdo/4en + SbA + [(SbC2 + < fCR CRP

4StC2)1/2]/3

Where:

SbA = [(iiMi)2+(ioMo)2]1/2 / Z, due to

primary loads

SbC is defined as SbA, except that it uses the range of resultant moments due to thermal
expansion.

SbB is defined as SbA, except that it uses moments due only to occasional loading.

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StC = MtC/2Z, the torsional stress due to the range of resultant moments from thermal
expansion.

en = Nominal wall thickness.

ff, fCR = Hot allowable stress.

fa = Allowable stress range.

MA = Resultant moment from weight and other sustained mechanical loads (SUS)

MB = Resultant moment from occasional or exceptional loads (OCC)

MC = Range of resultant moments from thermal expansion and alternating loads (EXP)

You can use �4 when the conditions of �3 are not met. See the technical discussion
EN-13480.

EN-13480-3:2017/A5:2022

�1 = SaA + 0.75iMA/ZC < ff SUS

�2 = Sa(A+B) + 0.75i[(MA + MB)/ZC] < kff OCC

�3 = ia|FaxC|/Am + iMC/Z < fa EXP

�5 = �1 + ia|FaxC|/3Am + 0.75iMC/3Z < fCR CRP

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Alternate Option:

�1 = [(SaA + SbA)2 + 4S2tA]1/2 < ff SUS

�2 = [(Sa(A+B) + Sb(A+B))2 + < kff OCC

4S2t(A+B)]1/2

�3 = [(ia|FaxC|/Am + SbC)2 + 4S2tC]1/2 < fa EXP

�5 = �1 + {[(ia|FaxC|/Am + < fCR CRP

[(0.75SbC)2]1/2/Z)2 + 4S2tC]1/2}/3

Where:

SaA = iamax(|FaxA/AmC|, |FaxA/AmC + Slp|), the maximal total axial stress due to SUS

Sa(A+B) = iamax(|FaxA/AmC|, |FaxA/AmC + Slp|, |(FaxA +FaxB)/AmC|, |(FaxA +FaxB)/AmC +Slp|),

the maximal total axial stress due to SUS+OCC

SbA = [(0.75iiMi)2 + (0.75ioMo)2]1/2/ZC, due to primary loads

SbC = [(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2/Z, due to thermal expansion

Sb(A+B) is defined as SbA, except that it uses combined weight and occasional moments

StA = itMtA/(2ZC), the torsional stress due to SUS

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St(A+B) = itMt(A+B)/(2ZC), the torsional stress due to SUS+OCC

StC = itMtC /(2Z), the torsional stress due to EXP

Z = uncorroded section modulus

ZC = corroded section modulus

Am = uncorroded cross-sectional area

AmC = corroded cross-sectional area

ff , fCR = Hot allowable stress

fa = Allowable stress range

MA = Resultant moment from weight and other sustained mechanical loads (SUS)

MB = Resultant moment from occasional or exceptional loads (OCC)

MC = Range of resultant moments from thermal expansion and alternating loads (EXP)

You can use �4 when the conditions of �3 are not met. See the technical discussion
EN-13480.

HPGSL and JPI

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Sl = Slp + Sb + Fax/Am < Sh SUS

(Sb2 + 4St2)1/2 < f[1.25(Sc + Sh) – Sl] EXP

Slp + Sb + Fax/Am < kSh OCC

Sl = Sb + Fax/Am <S K1P

< 2S K2P

SE = [(iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2 + (Mt)2]1/2 / Z < 2 Sy K1SR, K2SA

< 4 Sy K2L, K2SR

S is defined by the following criteria:

For aluminum alloy and 9% nickel S is the minimum value of the following:
steel at or under room temperature
(1) 0.6SU

(2) 0.9Sy

For austenitic stainless steel and high S is the minimum value of the following:
nickel alloy steels at or over room
(1) 0.6SUo (3) 0.9Syo
temperature

(2) 0.6SU (4) Sy

For other materials or temperatures S is the minimum value of the following:

(1) 0.6SUo (3) 0.9Syo

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(2) 0.6SU (4) 0.9Sy

Unspecified S is 0

Where:

Sc = Ambient (cold) Allowable Stress, the minimum of 0.66Syc or 0.33Suc

Sh = Hot Allowable Stress, the minimum of 0.66Sy or 0.33Su

Sb = bending stress, defined as (iiMi)2 + (ioMo)2]1/2 / Z

SU = Tensile strength of material at design temperature

SUo = Minimum tensile strength at room temperature

Sy = Yield strength or 0.2% endurance strength at design temperature

Syo = Minimum yield strength or 0.2% endurance strength at room temperature

PD8010 Part 1

Hoop Stress: Sh < eSy OPE, SUS, OCC

Equivalent Stress: Se < 0.9Sy OPE, SUS, OCC

Where:

Sy = Specified min yield strength

e = Weld joint factor

Sh = P(Do2 + Di2)/(Do2 - Di2)

Se = [Sh2 + SL2 – ShSL + 3St2]1/2

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St = MT/2Z + 2Fs/A

MT= Torsional moment

Fs = Shear force

Unrestrained:

SL = Slp +iM/Z

Restrained:

FAC = 1.0 (fully restrained):

SL = �Sh - E�dT

FAC = 0.001 (Buried w/soil restraints):

SL = Fax/Am +Sh(1-�) + Sb

PD8010 Part 2

Hoop Stress: Sh < fdhSy OPE, SUS, OCC

Equivalent Stress: Se < fdeSy OPE, SUS, OCC

Where:

fdh = Hoop stress design factor per Table 2.

fde = Equivalent stress design factor per Table 2.

Sh = (Pe-Pi)(Do2 + Di2)/(Do2-Di2)

Se = [Sh2 + SL2 – ShSL + 3St2]1/2

St = Mt/2Z + iM/Z

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SL = Slp + iM/Z

RCC-M C&D

Slp + 0.75iMa/Z < Sh SUS

iMC/Z < f[1.25(Sc+Sh) – Sl] EXP

Slpmax + 0.75i(Ma+Mb)/Z < 1.2Sh OCC

ISO 14692 2005

ISO 14692 2005 requires that the sum of all hoop stresses (�h, sum) and the sum of all axial
stresses (�a, sum) be evaluated for all states of the piping system. CAESAR II evaluates
these stresses for stress types OPE, SUS, and OCC. If the hoop stress is exceeded, the
axial stress is not reported.

Pipe: (�hl(1,1) and �al(1,1) input)

Fully Measured Envelope:

If: � f2A1A2A3�hl(2,1)

�h,sum � f2A1A2A3�hl(1,1)

and if: � f2A1A2A3�al(0,1) + [(�al(1,1) – �al(0,1))/�hl(1,1)] (�h,sum

)
�h,sum

then use:

�a,sum

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If: � f2A1A2A3�hl(1,1)

�h,sum � f2A1A2A3�al(1,1)+{[�al(2,1) – �al(1,1)]/[�hl(2,1)-�hl(1,1)]}

[�h,sum–f2A1A2A3�hl(1,1)]
then use:

�a,sum

Simplified Envelope: (�hl(1,1) and �al(1,1) not input)

�h,sum � f2A1A2A3�hl(2,1)

and � f2A1A2A3�al(0,1) + [�al(2,1) – �al(0,1)]�h,sum/�hl(2,1)

�a,sum

Joints and Bends: � f2A1A2A3�qs

Simplified Envelope (r � 1): � f2A1A2A3r�qs / 2 + (1-r)�h,sum / 2

�h,sum

and

�a,sum

Joints and Bends: � f2A1A2A3�qs

Rectangular Envelope (r � 1): � f2A1A2A3r�qs / 2

�h,sum

and

�a,sum

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Tees: � f2A1A2A3�qs

Rectangular Envelope (r = 1): � f2A1A2A3�qs / 2

�h,sum

and

�a,sum

Where:

f2 = Part Factor for Loading (default values listed from Table 3)

0.89 for Occasional Short-Term Loads

0.83 for Sustained Loads Including Thermal Loads

0.67 for Sustained Loads Excluding Thermal Loads

A1 = Partial Factor for Temperature

A2 = Partial Factor for Chemical Resistance

A3 = Partial Factor for Cyclic Service

�qs = Qualified Stress (entered for bends, fittings, and joints)

�al(0,1) = Long-Term Axial Strength at 0:1 Stress Ratio

�al(1,1) = Long-Term Axial Strength at 1:1 Stress Ratio

�hl(1,1) = Long-Term Hoop Strength at 1:1 Stress Ratio

�al(2,1) = Long-Term Axial Strength at 2:1 Stress Ratio

�hl(2,1) = Long-Term Hoop Strength at 2:1 Stress Ratio

r = Bi-Axial Stress Ratio 2�al(0,1)/�qs (for simplified and rectangular envelopes)

�a,sum = Sum of All Axial Stresses {(�ap + �ab)2 + 4�2}1/2

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�h,sum = Sum of All Hoop Stresses [�h2 + 4�2]1/2

�ap = Axial Pressure Stress

�ab = Axial Bending Stress

����Torsion Stress

�h = Hoop Stress

ISO 14692 2017

Hoop stress:

�h,sum = �hp + �hu

�hp = PDm/2tn

�hu = rcDfEhb(�y/Dm)(tn/Dm) Ring bending. For buried pipe only.

Where:

rc = Rerounding coefficient

For P � 3: rc = 1 - P/3

For P > 3: rc = 0

Axial stress:

�a,sum = �ap � �ab + �af � �ac + �at

�ap = PDm/4tn For a closed, unrestrained pipe

�ap = �(P*Dm/2tn) For an axially restrained pipe

�ab = [(SIFaiMi)2 + (SIFaoMo)2]1/2/Zr

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Zr = ( �/32)[(D4o - D4i)/Do]

�af = Fax/Ar = Fax/[�/4)(D2o - D2i)]

�ac = (Do/2C)/E

where C = Curve radius

�at = �(Tinstall - Tdesign)E

Allowable stress:

See ISO-14692 and al(0:1) in the CAESAR II Users Guide.

The pipe dimensions are reinforced quantities. The subscript m refers to the
percentage variation.

CAESAR II Verification and Validation Guide

The CAESAR II Verification and Validation Guide is a publicly available verification document.
This manual briefly discusses current industry QA standards, the Hexagon CAS QA standard,
a series of benchmark tests, and instructions for implementing QA procedures on your own
hardware.

The benchmark test compares analysis results to published data by ASME and the NRC.
Additional tests compare CAESAR II results to other industry software.

For additional information on the manual, contact the sales department at

sales.cas.ppm@hexagon.com.

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Copyright Notice
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Updated June 2022

Document No. DDGL562C0

Copyright
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