Determinant+&+Matrices
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prateek.routray30DETERMINANT & MATRICES Rg.
2019 - 2021
IIT–JEE SYLLABUS
Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance of a
point from a plane.
Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and
product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a
square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-
symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.
CONTENTS
1 THEORY 279 – 316
2 SOLVED EXAMPLES 317 – 331
3 EXERCISE – 1(A) 332 – 338
4 EXERCISE – 1(B) 339 – 343
5 EXERCISE – 1(C) 344 – 351
6 WINDOW TO JEE – MAIN 352 – 355
7 EXERCISE – 2(A) 356 – 361
8 EXERCISE – 2(B) 362 – 363
9 EXERCISE – 3 364 – 373
10 WINDOW TO JEE - ADVANCED 374 – 379
11 ANSWERS KEY 380 – 384
DETERMINANT & MATRICES : Tentative Lecture Flow
(Board Syllabus & Booklet Discussion Included)
Lecture no.1 Expansion of determinant, minor, cofactors, properties of determinant.
Cramer's rule, types of matrices
Lecture no.2 Transpose, operations on matrices, addition, multiplication of matrices.
Adjoint, Inverse, transformations on matrix, simultaneous linear equations
Lecture no.3 Summation, conjugate of determinant, matrix polynomial, special square
matrices orthogonal matrices, properties of adjoint and inverse
Lecture no.4 Solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.
Lecture no. 5 Booklet discussion
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DETERMINANT
1. DEFINITION
Let us consider the equations a1x + b1y = 0, a2x + b2y = 0
a1 y a
– = =– 2
b1 x b2
a1 a2
=
b1 b2
a1b2 – a2b1 = 0
a1 b1
we express this eliminant as =0
a2 b2
a1 b1
The symbol is called the determinant of order two.
a2 b2
Its value is given by: D = a1 b2 a2 b1
2. EXPANSION OF DETERMINANT
a1 b1 c1
The symbol a 2 b 2 c 2 is called the determinant of order three.
a3 b3 c3
Its value can be found as:
b2 c 2 b1 c1 b1 c1
D = a1 a2 + a3 OR
b3 c 3 b3 c3 b2 c2
b2 c 2 a2 c2 a2 b2
D = a1 b1 + c1 ... & so on.
b3 c 3 a3 c3 a3 b3
In this manner we can expand a determinant in 6 ways using elements of ; R1, R2, R3 or
C 1, C 2, C 3.
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 1
1 1 3
3 1 2
1 The value of the determinant is
1 1 4
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) 0 (D) 5
a 1 1 1
1 1 1 4
2 If , then the value of a is
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) – 2 (D) 0
ANSWER KEY
1. B 2. D
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3. MINOR
The minor of a given element of a determinant is the determinant of the elements which remain after
deleting the row & the column in which the given element stands. For example, the minor of a1 in
a1 b1 c1 b2 c2 a1 c1
a2 b2 c2 is & the minor of b2 is .
b3 c3 a3 c3
a3 b3 c3
Hence a determinant of order two will have “4 minors” & a determinant of order three will have “9
minors”.
4. COFACTOR
Cofactor of the element aij is Cij = (1)i+j. Mij; Where i & j denotes the row & column in which the
particular element lies.
Note that the value of a determinant of order three in terms of ‘Minor’ & ‘Cofactor’ can be written as:
D = a11M11 a12M12 + a13M13
or D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 & so on.
5. TRANSPOSE OF A DETERMINANT
The transpose of a determinant is a determinant obtained after interchanging the rows & columns.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3
T
D = a2 b2 c 2 D b1 b 2 b3
a3 b3 c 3 c1 c 2 c3
6. SYMMETRIC, SKEW-SYMMETRIC, ASYMMETRIC DETERMINANTS
(i) A determinant is symmetric if it is identical to its transpose. Its ith row is identical to its ith column
i.e. aij = aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '
(ii) A determinant is skew-symmetric if it is identical to its transpose having sign of each element
inverted i.e. aij = – aji for all values of ' i ' and ' j '. A skew-symmetric determinant has all elements
zero in its principal diagonal.
(iii) A determinant is asymmetric if it is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric.
7. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
(i) The value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
a1 b1 c1 a1 a 2 a3
i.e. D = a2 b2 c 2 b1 b 2 b3 = D
a 3 b3 c3 c1 c 2 c3
(ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant
is changed in sign only. e.g.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c 2
Let D = 2 b 2 c 2
a & D = a1 b1 c1 Then D = D.
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c 3
NOTE : A skew-symmetric deteminant of odd order has value zero.
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(iii) If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column then its value is zero,
0 0 0
i.e. D = 2 b2
a c2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
(iv) If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical, then its value is zero,
a1 b1 c1
i.e. D = a1 b1 c1 = 0.
a3 b3 c 3
(v) If all the elements of any row (or column) be multiplied by the same number, then the determinant
is multiplied by that number, i.e.
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
D = a2 b2 c 2 and D = a 2 b 2 c 2 Then D= KD
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3
(vi) If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
a1x b1y c 1z a1 b1 c 1 x y z
a2 b2 c 2 a2 b2 c 2 a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(vii) The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or column)
a constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
a1 b1 c1 a1 ma 2 b1 mb 2 c1 mc 2
i.e. D = 2 b2 c 2
a and D = a 2 b2 c2 . Then D= D.
a3 b3 c 3 a 3 na1 b 3 nb1 c 3 nc1
EXAMPLES
a b c
1. Simplify b c a
c a b
Sol. Let R1 R1 + R2 + R3
abc abc abc 1 1 1
b c a = (a + b + c) b c a
c a b c a b
Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2 C2 – C3
0 0 1
= (a + b + c) b c c a a
ca ab b
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2 – c2)
= 3abc – a3 – b3 – c3
a b c
2. Simplify a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab
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Sol. Given detereminant is equal to
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
1 3 3 abc
= a b c3 = a3 b3 c3 , Apply C1 C1 – C2, C2 C2 – C3
abc abc
abc abc abc 1 1 1
a2 b2 b 2 c 2 c2 ab bc c2
2 2 2 2
= a3 b 3 b 3 c 3 c3 = (a – b) (b – c) a ab b b bc c c3
0 0 1 0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2C + bc2 – a2b – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
= (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
USE OF FACTOR THEOREM TO FIND THE VALUE OF DETERMINANT
If by putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x a) is a factor of the determinant.
Example
a b c
1. Prove that a 2 b 2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca) by using factor theorem.
bc ca ab
a b c
2 2 2
Sol. Let a = b D= a b c =0
bc ac ab
Hence (a – b) is a factor of determinant
Similarly, let b = c, D = 0 , c = a, D = 0
Hence, (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) is factor of determinant. But the given determinant is
a b c
2
having degree five so a b2 c 2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) ( (a2 + b2 + c2) + µ (ab + bc + ca))
bc ca ab
Since this is an identity so in order to find the values of and µ. Let
a = 0, b = 1, c = – 1 – 2 = (2) (2 – µ)
(2 – µ) = – 1. ........(i)
Let a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
1 2 0
1 4 0 = (–1) 2 (– 1) (5 + 2µ)
0 0 2
5 + 2µ = 2 .......(ii)
from (i) and (ii) = 0 and µ = 1
a b c
Hence a 2 b2 c2 = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca).
bc ca ab
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IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 2
a1 ma 1 b1
a ma 2 b2
1 The value of the determinant 2 is
a3 ma 3 b3
(A) 0 (B) ma1a2a3 (C) ma1b2a2 (D) mb1b2b3
a ma nx x
b mb ny y
2 The value of is
c mc nz z
(A) a + b + c (B) x + y + z
(C) m(a + b + c) + n(x + y + z) (D) 0
ax ax ax
3 If a x a x a x 0 , then value of x are
ax ax ax
(A) 0, a (B) 0, – a (C) a, – a (D) 0, 3a
a a2 1 a3
b b 2 1 b3
4 One factor of is
c c 2 1 c3
(A) a b c (B) a + b (C) 1 + a b c (D) 1 – a b c
ka k 2 a 2 1
kb k 2 b 2 1
5 The value of the determinant is
kc k 2 c 2 1
(A) k (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (B) k abc (a2 + b2 + c2)
(C) k (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (D) k (a + b – c) (b + c – a) (c + a – b)
x x2 1 x3
y y 2 1 y3 0
6 If x y z and , then the value of xyz will be
z z2 1 z3
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) None of these
0 ba c a
7 Find the value of = a b 0 cb .
ac bc 0
b 2 ab b c bc ac
8 Simplify ab a 2 a b b 2 ab .
bc ac c a ab a 2
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abc 2a 2a
2b bc a 2b
9 Prove that = (a + b + c)3.
2c 2c c a b
1 a bc
10 Show that 1 b ca = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) by using factor theorem .
1 c ab
ANSWER KEY
1. A 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. C 6. C
7. 0 8. 0
8. MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANTS
a1 b1 1 m1 a1 1b1 2 a1m1b1m2
a2 b2 2 m2 a 2 1b 2 2 a 2 m1b 2 m 2
a1 b1 c1 1 m1 n1 a1 1 b1 2 c1 3 a1m1 b1m2 c1m3 a1n1 b1n2 c1n3
a2 b2 c 2 × 2 m2 n2 = a2 1 b2 2 c 2 3 a 2m1 b 2m2 c 2m3 a 2n1 b 2n 2 c 2n3
a3 b3 c 3 3 m3 n3 a 3 1 b3 2 c 3 3 a3 m1 b3 m2 c 3m3 a3 n1 b3n 2 c 3n3
We have multiplied here rows by columns but we can also multiply rows by rows, columns by rows
and columns by columns.
If = |aij| is a detereminant of order n, then the value of the determinant |Aij| = n – 1. This is also known
as power cofactor formula.
EXAMPLES
1 2 3 0 1 8
1. Find the value of × and prove that it is equal to .
1 3 1 4 6 12
1 2 3 0 1 3 2 1 1 0 2 4 1 8
Sol. × = 1 3 3 ( 1) 1 0 3 4 = 6 12 = 60
1 3 1 4
a1x1 b1y1 a1x 2 b1y 2 a1x 3 b1y 3
2. Prove that a 2 x1 b 2 y1 a 2 x 2 b 2 y 2 a2 x3 b2 y 3 = 0
a 3 x1 b 3 y1 a 3 x 2 b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3 b3 y 3
Sol. Given determinant can be splitted into product of two determinants
a1x1 b1y1 a1x 2 b1y 2 a1x 3 b1y 3 a1 b1 c1 x1 x 2 x3
i.e. a 2 x1 b 2 y1 a 2 x 2 b 2 y 2 a 2 x 3 b 2 y 3 = a 2 b 2 c 2 × y1 y 2 y3 = 0
a 3 x1 b 3 y1 a 3 x 2 b 3 y 2 a 3 x 3 b3 y 3 a3 b3 c 3 0 0 0
(a1 b1 )2 (a1 b 2 )2 (a1 b 3 )2
3. Prove that (a 2 b1 )2 (a 2 b 2 )2 (a 2 b 3 )2 = 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1).
(a 3 b1 )2 (a 3 b 2 )2 (a 3 b 3 )2
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(a1 b1 )2 (a1 b 2 )2 (a1 b 3 )2
Sol. (a 2 b1 )2 (a 2 b 2 )2 (a 2 b 3 )2
(a 3 b1 )2 (a 3 b 2 )2 (a 3 b 3 )2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a1 b1 2a1b1 a1 b 2 2a1b 2 a1 b 3 2a1b3
= a 2 2 b12 2a 2b1 a 2 2 b 2 2 2a 2b 2 2 2
a 2 b 3 2a 2b 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
a3 b1 2a 3b1 a 3 b 2 2a 3b 2 a 3 b 3 2a 3b 3
2 2 2
a1 1 2a1 1 1 1 1 a1 a1 1 b1 b1
2 2 2 2 2 2
= a 2 1 2a 2 b
× 1 b 2 b 3 = 2 1 a2 a2 × 1 b2 b2
a3 2 1 2a 3 b1 b 2 b 3 1 a3 2 a3 1 b3 2 b3
= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (b3 – b1) (Try using factor theorem)
cos( A P) cos( A Q) cos( A R )
4. Prove that cos(B P) cos(B Q) cos(B R) = 0
cos( C P) cos(C Q) cos( C R )
cos( A P) cos( A Q) cos( A R)
Sol. cos(B P) cos(B Q) cos(B R)
cos( C P) cos(C Q) cos( C R)
cos A cos P sin A sin P cos A cos Q sin A sin Q cos A cos R sin A sin R
= cos B cos P sin B sin P cos B cos Q sin B sin Q cos B cos R sin B sin R
cos C cos P sin C sin P cos C cos Q sin C sin Q cos C cos R sin C sin R
cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R
cos B sin B 0 sin P sin Q sin R
= ×
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0
= 0 × 0 = 0.
9. SUMMATION OF DETERMINANTS
f(r) g(r ) h(r )
Let (r) = a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b 2 b 3
where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are constants indepedent of r, then
n n n
n
r 1
f (r )
r 1
g(r ) h(r )
r 1
(r ) =
r 1
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
Here function of r can be the elements of only one row or column. None of the elements other then that
row or column should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have elements dependent on
r then first expand the determinant and then find the summation.
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EXAMPLES
2r 1 nCr 2r
n
x cos 2 y
1. Evaluate D r , if Dr =
2
r 2 n 2n 1 2n1 2
n n n
n (2r 1) nCr 2 r
n2 2n 1 2n1 2
Sol. D r = r 1
x
r 1
cos2 y
r 1
= x cos 2 y =0
r 1
n2 n n1
2 1 2 2
n2 n n1
2 1 2 2
n 2 n 2 n 2
C r 2 C r 1 Cr
2. Dr = 3 1 1
2 1 0
evaluate D
r 2
r
n 2 n 2 n 2
n n C r 2 C r 1 Cr
Sol. D
r 2
r = 3 1 1
r 2
2 1 0
n 2
C 0 n 2 C1 .... n 2 Cn 2 n 2
C1 n 2C 2 .... n2 Cn 2 n 2
C 2 n 2C 3 .... n 2 Cn 2
= 3 1 1
2 1 0
2 n 2 2 n 2 1 2 n 2 1 n
= 3 1 1
2 1 0
C1 C1 – 2 × C2
2n2 2n1 2 2n 2 1 2n 2 1 n
2n 2 2n 1 2 2n 2 1 n
= 1 1 1 = (–1)
0 1 0 1 1
= 2n – 1 – n – 3
r 1 1 0 n
3. If r = 2 r 3 r , find
r 1
r
r 1 1 2
Sol. On expansion of determinent, we get
Dr = (r –1) (3 – r) + 7 + r2 + 4r = 8r + 4
n
r 1
r = 4n (n + 2)
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10. CRAMER'S RULE: SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
(i) Two Variables
(a) Consistent Equations:Definite & unique solution. [ intersecting lines ]
(b) Inconsistent Equation:No solution. [ Parallel line ]
(c) Dependent equation: Infinite solutions. [ Identical lines ]
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then :
a1 b
1 Given equations are consistent
a2 b2
a1 b c
1 1 Given equations are inconsistent &
a2 b2 c2
a1 b c
1 1 Given equations are dependent
a2 b2 c2
(ii) Three Variables
Let, a1x + b1y + c1z = d1............ (I)
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2............ (II)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3............ (III)
D1 D D
Then, x = ,Y= 2 ,Z= 3 .
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Where D = a 2 b 2 c 2 ; D1 = d2 b 2 c 2 ; D2 = a 2 d2 c 2 & D3 = a 2 b 2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
(iii) Consistency of a system of Equations
(a) If D 0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique non trivial solution.
(b) If D 0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial
solution only.
(c) If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations have either infinite solutions or no
solution.
(Refer Example & Self Practice Problem with*)
(d) If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no
solution.
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Note : If a given system of linear equations have Only Zero as the Solution for all its variables then the
given equations are said to have TRIVIAL SOLUTION.
(iv) Three equation in two variables :
If x and y are not zero, then condition for a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ; a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 &
a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a
a3 b3 c 3
EXAMPLES
1. Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations.
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
3x + 4y + 5z = 0
1 2 3
Sol. Let D = 2 3 4
3 4 5
apply C1 C1 – C2 , C2 C2 – C3
1 1 3
D= 1 1 4 =0 D=0
1 1 5
1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4
0 4 5
C3 C3 – C2
1 2 1
D1 = 3 3 1
0 4 1
R1 R1 – R2 ,R2 R2 – R3
2 1 0
D1 = 3 1 0 = 5
0 4 1
D = 0 But D1 0 Hence no solution
2. Solve the following system of equations
x+y+z=1
2x + 2y + 2z = 3
3x + 3y + 3z = 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol. D = 2 2 2 = 0 , D1 = 2 2 3 = 0
3 3 3 3 3 4
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D 0 ,
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2 3
cofactor of D1 1 0
3 4
hence no values of x,y,z hence there is no solution.
Alternate solution :-
Let z = t
x+y=1–t
2x + 2y = 3 – 2t
Since both the lines are parallel hence no value of x and y Hence there is no solution of the given
equation.
3. Solve the following system of equations
x+y+z=2
2x + 2y + 2z = 4
3x + 3y + 3z = 6
1 1 1
2 2 2
Sol. D= =0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the system will have infinite solutions.
Let z = t1, y = t2 x = 2 – t1 – t2
where t1, t2 R.
4. Consider the following system of equations
x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z =
Find values of and if such that sets of equation have
(i) unique solution
(ii) infinite solution
(iii) no solution
Sol. x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + 2y + z =
1 1 1
1 2 3
D=
1 2
Here for = 3 second and third rows are identical hence D = 0 for = 3.
6 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 6
10 2 3 1 10 3 1 2 10
D1 = , D2 = , D3 =
2 1 1 2
If = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for µ = 10
(i) For unique solution D 0
i.e. 3
(ii) For infinite solutions
D=0 =3
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 µ = 10.
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(iii) For no solution
D=0 =3
Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero µ 10.
11. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:
x1 y1 1
1 x2 y2 1
D= If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
2 x3 y3 1
x y 1
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0
x2 y2 1
(iii) The lines: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0........ (1)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0........ (2)
a3x + b3y + c3 = 0........ (3)
a1 b1 c1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c 2 = 0.
a3 b3 c3
Condition for the consistency of three simultaneous linear equations in 2 variables.
(iv) ax² + 2 hxy + by² + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2 fgh af² bg² ch² = 0 = h b f
g f c
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 3
r x n n 1 / 2 n
1 If Dr 2r 1 y n2 , then D
r 1
r is equal to
3r 2 z n 3n 1 / 2
1 1 2 2
(A) n n 1 2n 1 (B) n n 1
6 4
(C) 0 (D) None of these
n r 1 x 6
2 Evaluate r 1
Dr , if Dr = (r 1) 2 y 4n 2
(r 1)3 z 3n2 3n
3 Solve the following system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 2
3x + 4y + 5z = 3
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4 Solve the following system of equations
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
x–y–z=0
5 Solve: (b + c) (y + z) ax = b c, (c + a) (z + x) by = c a, (a + b) (x + y) cz = a b
where a + b + c 0.
6 Let 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 ; 3x + 5y + 6 = 0, 2x2 + Rxy + 5y2 + 8x + Sy + 1 + T = 0, if the system of equations in
x and y are consistent then find the value of R + S + T is
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. 0 3. x = 1 + t ; y = –2t ; z = t ; where t R
4. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
c b ac b a
5. x = a+b+c , y = a+b+c , z = a+b+c
6. 26
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MATRICES
1. DEFINITION
2 3 7
Rectangular array of m n numbers enclosed by a pair of brackets e.g. A = 1 1 5 . Unlike determinants it
has no value and are subjected to certain rules of operations..
a11 a12 ...... a1n a11 a12 ...... a1n
a
21 a 22 ...... a 2n a 21 a 22 ...... a 2n
A = or
: : : : : : : :
a a m2 ...... a mn a a m2 ...... a mn
m1 m1
Abbreviated as : A = [ai j ] 1 i m ; 1 j n, i denotes the row and j denotes the column is called
a matrix of order m × n. The elements of a matrix may be real or complex numbers. If all the elements of a matrix are
real, the matrix is called real matrix.
NOTE : A m × n matrix has mn elements.
2. SPECIAL TYPE OF MATRICES
(a) Row Matrix : A = [ a11 , a12 , ...... a1n ] having one row . (1 × n) matrix.
(or row vectors)
a 11
a
A = : having one column. (m × 1) matrix
21
(b) Column Matrix :
(or column vectors)
a m1
(c) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Om n )
An m n matrix all whose entries are zero.
0 0 0 0 0
A = 0 0 is a 3 2 null matrix & B = 0 0 0 is 3 3 null matrix
0 0 0 0 0
(d) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
1 2 3 4
2 5 1 1
(e) Verical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n.
2 5
1 1
Example : 3 6
2 4
NOTE : Every row matrix is also a Horizontal but not the converse.
similarly every column matrix is also a vertical matrix but not the converse.
(f) Square Matrix : (Order n)
If number of rows = number of columns a square matrix. A real square matrix all whose elements are
positive is called a positive matrix. Such matrices have application in mechanics and economics.
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NOTE :
(i) In a square matrix the pair of elements aij & aji are called Conjugate Elements.
a 11 a 12
e.g. in the matrix , a and a12 are conjugate elements.
a 21 a 22 21
(ii) The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... ann are called Diagonal Elements . The line along which the diagonal elements
lie is called " Principal or Leading " diagonal.
The quantity aii = trace of the matrix written as, ( tr ) A = tr (A)
NOTE :
(i) Minimum number of zeros in an upper or lower triangular matrix of order n
n (n 1)
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + (n – 1) =
2
(ii) Minimum number of cyphers (zeros) in a diagonal/scalar/unit matrix of order
n = n(n – 1) and maximum number of cyphers = n2 – 1.
"It is to be noted that with every square matrix there is a corresponding determinant formed by the elements of A
in the same order." If |A| = 0 then A is called a singular matrix and if |A| 0 then A is called a non singular
matrix.
0 0
NOTE : If A = 0 0 then det. A = 0 but not conversely..
3. EQUALITY OF MATRICES
The matrices A = a i j & B = b i j are equal if ,
(i) both have the same order.
(ii)ai j = b i j for each pair of i & j .
Hence two matrices are equal if and only if one is a duplicate of the other.
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4. ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
Addition : A + B = [ai j + b i j ] where A & B are of the same type . (same order)
If A and B are square matrices of the same type then, tr (A + B) = tr (A) + tr (B), where t r A sum of diagonal
elements of A .
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative .
i.e. A + B = B + A where A and B must have the same order
(b) Addition of matrices is associative :
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) Provided A , B & C have the same order.
(c) Additive inverse : If A + B = O = B + A [ A = m n ]
and both A and B have the same order then A and B are said to be the to be the additive inverse of each other
where O is the null matrix of the same order as that of A and B. 'O' is the additive identity element.
If A B A C B C
cancellation laws hold good.
and If B A C A B C
5. MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR
a b c ka kb kc
If A = b c a ; k A = kb kc ka i.e. k(A + B) = kA + kB
c a b kc ka kb
NOTE : If A is a square matrix then tr (kA) = k[tr (A)]
6. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES : (ROW BY COLUMN)
AB exists if , A = m n & B = n p
23 33
A B is matrix of 2 × 3
Note that, AB exists , but BA does not AB BA
(number of columns in the pre multiplier = number of rows in post multiplier)
A pre factor
Note : In the product AB ,
B post factor
b1
b2
A = (a1 , a2 , ...... an) & B= :
bn
1n n1
A B = [a1b1 + a2b2 + ...... anbn]
If A = [a i j] be an m n matrix & B = [bij ] be an n p matrix,
n
then (A B)i j = ai r . br j is a matrix of order m × p.
r 1
PROOF :
Let A = [aij] be an m x n matrix and B = [bij] be an n x p matrix. Then the m x p matrix
C = [cij] is called the product if Cij = AiBj
where Ai is the ith row of A and Bj is the jth column of B. Thus the product AB is obtained as follows :
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C1 C2 Cj Cp
b11 b12 ...........b1j ...........b1p
R1 a11 a12 a13 ...........a1j ...........a1n
b21 b22 ...........b2 j ...........b2p
R2 a21 a22 a23 ...........a2 j ...........a2n
X ................................................
Ri ai1 ai2 ai3 ...........aij ...........ain
bi1 bi2 ...........bij ...........bip
Rm am1 am2 am3 ...........amj ...........amn
bn1 bn2 ...........bnj ...........bnp
R 1C 1 R1C 2 ........ R 1C j ........ R 1C p
R 2 C1 R 2C2 ........ R 2C j ........ R 2C p
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
= Thus (AB)ij = AiBj
R iC1 R iC 2 ........ R iC j ........ R iC p
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
R C RmC2 ........ R m C j ........ R m C p
m 1
b1 j
b
2j
.
(AB) i j = [ai1 ai2 ............. ain] . = [ai1b1j + ai2b2j + .............+ainbnj]
.
.
b
nj
n
(AB)ij = a
r 1
ir
b rj
7. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
1. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION IS NOT COMMUTATIVE
i.e. AB BA (in general)
In fact if AB is defined it is possible that BA may be not defined or have different order
A B
(1) 3 × 2 2×3 then AB is of order 3 × 3 and BA is of order 2 × 2
(2) 2 × 2 2×3 then AB is of order 2 × 2 and BA is not defined
NOTE :
If AB = 0
that one of the matrices is zero however if any one of either A or B is null matrix then
AB = 0 provided the product exists.
A and B are two square matrix of the same order such that AB = 0
1 2 a b 0 0
3 4 c d = 0 0 and det. A 0 then B must be a null matrix.
1 2 a b
Verification: det 3 4 det c d = 0
a b
at least one of | A | or | B | must be if det. (A) 0 det c d = 0
a 2c 0
b 0 b 2d 0 a 0 c 0
d 0 3 a 4 c 0
3b 4d 0
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(2) If AB = AC
B = C but if B = C AB = AC
(3) If AB = BA matrices A and B are said to be commutative
If AB = – BA then they are said to be anticommutative
a 0 c 0
e.g. A = 0 b and B = 0 d [AB = BA]
Note that multiplication of diagonal matrices of the same order will be commutative.
(4) For every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of the same order such that
IA = AI = A where I is the unit matrix of the same order.
(5) If A = 0 then det. A = 0, however if det A = 0
A= 0
2. MATRIX MULTIPLICATION IS ASSOCIATIVE
If A , B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC , then
(AB) C = A (BC)
A = [ai j] is m n ; B = [bi j] is n p ; C = [ci j ] is p q
NOTE :
(A B)C & A (BC) have the same order comparable
p
(AB)C ]ij = (AB)i r Cr j
r 1
p n p n
= a is bsr c = (ai s bs r) cr j
rj
r 1 s 1 r 1 s1
p n
= ai s (bs r cr j) (associativity in R)
r 1 s1
n p n
= ai s bs r cr j = ai s (BC)s j
s1 r 1 s1
= [ A (B C)]i j
[ (AB)C]i j = [ A(BC)]i j
(AB)C = A(BC)
3. DISTRIBUTIVITY
A ( B C) A B A C
Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products
(A B) C A C BC
A=m×n ;B=n×p;c=n×p
n n
[ A (B + C)]ij = a
r 1
ir
(B + C)r j = a
r 1
ir
(br j + cr j)
n n
=
r 1
ai r br j +
r 1
ai r cr j
= (A B)i j + (A C)i j
= (AB + AC)i j
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4. POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX
For a square matrix A ,A2 A = (A A) A = A (A A) = A3 .
NOTE :
For a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m N .
It can be easily seen that Am. An = Am+n and (Am)n = Amn.
In particular we define, A0 = In, n being the order of A.
MATRIX POLYNOMIAL
If f (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0 then we define a matrix polynomial
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ..... + anIn
where A is the given square matrix. If f (A) is the null matrix then A is called the zero or root of the matrix
polynomial f (x).
Note that (A)0 is not defined if A is a null matrix.
DEFINITIONS
(a) Idempotent Matrix :
A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A. For an idempotent matrix A,
An = A n > 2 , n N An = A, n 2.
(b) Nilpotent Matrix :
A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of index p, (p N), if Ap = O , Ap–1 O
i.e. if p is the least positive integer for which Ap = O, then A is said to be nilpotent of index p.
e.g.
1 1 3
(1) A = 5 2 6 Note that A3 = 0 but A2 0 index of nilpotency = 3
2 1 3
ab b2
(2) A = a 2 ab is a nilpotent matrix of index 2.
(c) Periodic Matrix :
A square matrix which satisfies the relation AK+1 = A, for some positive integer K then A is periodic with period
K i.e. if K is the least positive integer for which AK+1 = A then A is said to be periodic with period K. If K = 1
then A is called idempotent.
2 3 5
e.g. the matrix 1 4 5 has the period 1.
1 3 4
NOTE : (1) Period of a square null matrix is not defined.
(2) Period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(d) Involutary Matrix :
If A2 = I , the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix. An involutary matrix is its own inverse.
0 1 0 1 1 0
e.g. A = = ;
1 0 1 0 0 1
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8. THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX : (CHANGING ROWS & COLUMNS)
Let A be any matrix . Then , A = [ ai j ] of order m n
AT or A = [ aj i ] for 1 i n & 1 j m of order n m
Thus AT is obtained by changing its rows into column and columns into row.
Properties of Transpose :
If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B ,
(a) (AT)T = A
Proof : [(AT)T] i j = [AT] j i = A i j
(b) (A + B)T = AT + BT ; note that A & B have the same order .
Proof : [ (A + B)T ]i j = [ (A + B) ]j i = aj i + bj i = (AT)i j + (BT)i j= (AT + BT)i j
(c) (KA)T = KAT , K be any scalar (real or complex)
(d) (A B)T = BT AT A & B are conformable for matrix product AB
Proof : A = [ ai j ] is m n ;
B = [ bi j ] is n p
[ (AB)T ]i j = (AB)j i
n
= aj r · br i
r 1
n
= (AT)r j (BT)i r
r 1
n
= (BT)i r (AT)r j = (BT AT)i j
r 1
9. SPECIAL TYPES OF SQUARE MATRIX
1. SYMMETRIC & SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX
Symmetric: A square matrix A = a i j is said to be , symmetric if ,
3 1 1
5
ai j = aj i i & j, for e.g. 1 2
1 5 2
(A)ij = (AT)ij A = AT A – AT = O
Skew Symmetric: A square matrix A = [a i j] is said to be, Skew-Symmetric if,
ai j = aj i i & j
NOTE :
(i) The pair of conjugate elements of a skew symmetric matrix are additive inverse of
each other.
n (n 1)
(ii) Max. number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
n (n 1)
(1 + 2 + 3 + ...... + n) =
2
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(iii) The diagonal elements of a skew square matrix are all zero , but not the converse.
(iv) For a skew symmetric matrix A of order (2p – 1), |A| = 0.
Since A is skew symmetric hence AT = – A then | AT | = | –A | = (–1)2p – 1 | A | = – | A |
but | AT | = | A |, hence | A | = – | A | | A | = O.
(v) If A is both symmetric as well skew symmetric matrix then A must be a null matrix.
2. PROPERTIES OF SYMMETRIC AND SKEW MATRIX
P–1 : If A be a square matrix then
(a) A + AT is a symmetric matrix.
(b) A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
(c) AAT and AT A are symmetric matrices.
Verify in each case.
P–2 : Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
1 1
Sol. A = (A + AT) + (A – AT) = P + Q (say),
2 2
1 1
where P = (A + AT) & Q = (A – AT)
2 2
T
1 T 1
Now, PT = (A A ) = (A + AT)T [ (kA)T = kAT]
2 2
1 1 1
= (A + (AT)T) = (AT + A) = (A + AT) = P P is symmetric matrix.
2 2 2
T
1 T 1 1
Also QT = (A A ) = (A – AT)T = (AT – (AT)T)
2 2 2
1 T 1
(A – A) = – (A – AT) = – Q
=
2 2
Q is a skew symmetric matrix.
Thus A = P + Q when P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew symmetric matrix. ]
IN CHAPTER EXERCISE - 4
1 If for any square matrix A = [a ij ] , a ij = 0, when i j, then A is
(A) unit matrix (B) scalar matrix
(C) diagonal matrix (D) none of these
6 4 0 2
2 If 2A + B = and A – B = , then A =
6 11 6 2
2 2 2 0
(A) (B)
4 3 4 3
2 2
(C) 4 3 (D) None of these
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cos sin
3 If A = , then A2 equals
sin cos
cos 2 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2
(A) (B)
sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2
sin 2 sin 2 1 0
(C) (D)
sin 2 cos 2
0 1
3 2 1 2
4 If A = and B = , then correct statement is
1 4 1 1
(A) AB = BA (B) AAT = A2 (C) AB = B2 (D) None of these
2 1
5 If A =
0 3 and f(x) = 2x2 – 3x, then f(A) equals
14 1 14 1 14 1 14 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9
6 If A – A = 0 then A is
(A) orthogonal matrix (C) symmetric matrix
(C) skew – symmetric matrix (D) triangular matrix
1 2 3
7 If A 2 1 2 , then A is
3 2 1
(A) A symmetric matrix (B) A skew symmetric matrix
(C) A singular matrix (D) Non singular matrix
cos sin
8 If A , then A.AT is equal to
sin cos
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
9 Every square matrix can be expressed as, the sum of
(A) Two symmetric matrices (B) Two skew symmetric matrices
(C) A symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix (D) A singular matrix and a nonsingular matrix
10 If A is symmetric matrix and B is a skew symmetric matrix, then for any n N , which of the followings is not
correct ?
(A) A n is symmetric (B) A n is symmetric if n is odd
(C) Bn is skew symmetric if n is odd (D) Bn is symmetric if n is even
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11 Solve the equation, [x 2 y 3 z] 2 [y z x] + 3 [ z x y] = [12 , 1 , 17]
1 2 0 1 2 2
2 1 3 2 3 1
12 If A = and B = then find 2A + 3B 5I
0 1 2 0 1 0
13 A matrix has 12 elements. Number of possible orders it can have.
ANSWER KEY
1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. C
7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. x = 1 , y = 2 , z = 3
0 2 6
+2 6 9
12. 13. 6
0 1 1
10. ORTHOGONAL MATRICES (NOT IN NCERT)
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix, if A AT = I = AT A
Note that :
a1 a 2 a3 a1 b1 c1
(a) A = b1 b 2 b3 then AT =
a
2
b2 c2
c1 c 2 c3 a 3 b3 c3
a2 a2 a2 a1b1 a 2 b 2 a 3b3 a1c1 a 2 c 2 a 3c3
1 2 3
T b a b
AA = 1 1 2 2 a b a
3 3
b12 b 22 b32 b1c1 b 2c 2 b3c3
c a c a c a c1b1 c 2 b 2 c 3b 3 c12 c 22 c32
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 1
comparing,
3
a i2 bi2 ci2 = 1 and
i 1
3
a i bi bi c i c i a i =0
i 1
NOTE :
All the 3 rows or 3 columns of an orthogonal matrix are pair wise orthogonal triad of 3 unit vectors.
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EXAMPLE
1. If li , mi , ni ; i = 1, 2, 3 denote the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular vectors in space, prove that
l1 m1 n1
l m2 n2
the matrix A = 2 is an orthogonal matrix.
l3 m3 n 3
Sol. Since l1, m1, n1 ; l2 , m2, n2 and l3, m3, n3 are the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular vectors.
Therefore, l12 + m12 + n12 = 1, l22 + m22 + n22 = 1, l32 + m32 + n32 = 1
l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = 0, l1l3 + m1m3 + n1n3 = 0
and l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = 0
l1 m1 n1 l1 l2 l3
n2 m m m3
Now, A AT = l2 m2
1 2
l3 m3 n 3 n1 n 2 n 3
l 2 m2 n 2 l1 l2 m1m 2 n1n 2 l1 l3 m1m 3 n1n 3
1 1 1
l l m m n 1n 2 l22 m 22 n 22 l2 l3 m 2 m 3 n 2 n 3
= 1 2 1 2
l l m m n n l2 l3 m 2 m 3 n 2 n 3 l32 m 32 n 32
1 3 1 3 1 3
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 = I
0 0 1
Similarly, it can be shown that AT A = I
11. ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
a11 a12 a13
Let A = a i j = a 21 a 22 a 23 be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the cofactors of
a 31 a 32 a 33
C11 C12 C13
[ai j ] in determinant A is = C 21 C 22 C 23 .
C 31 C 32 C 33
C11 C 21 C 31
Then (adj A) = C12 C 22 C32
C13 C 23 C 33
Hence the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A in det. A is called the adj A.
NOTE:
p q s q
(1) If A = r s then Adj A = r p
Hence adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements and
changing the signs of the off diagonal elements.
2 3 4 3
e.g. A = 1 4 then adj. A is 1 2
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(2) The adjoint of a scalar matrix is also a scalar matrix, adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix and adjoint
of a triangular matrix is a triangular matrix.
PROPERTIES OF ADJOINT
The following are some properties of adjoint of a square matrix which are stated as theorems.
Theorem-1 :
A (adj. A) = (adj. A).A = |A| In where A is any square matrix
a11 a12 a13 C11 C 21 C 31
Proof : A . (adj A) = a 21 a 22 a 23 C12 C 22 C32
a C
31 a 32 a 33 13 C 23 C 33
|A| 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 |A| 0 = | A | 0 1 0
0 0 |A| 0 0 1
A . (Adj A)= | A | I
(whatever may be the value only | A | will come out as a common element)
A . (adj . A)
If | A | 0, then = I = unit matrix of the same order as that of A.
|A |
Theorem-2 :
Let A be a non-singular matrix of order n. Then
| adj A | = | A | n – 1 (Note: in particular for n = 3 | adj. A | = | A |2 )
Proof : A (adj A) = | A | In
| A | 0 0 ... 0
0 |A| 0 ... 0
0
A (adj A) = 0 0 |A| ...
0 0 0 ... | A | n n
|A| 0 0 ... 0
0 |A| 0 ... 0
| A (adj A) | = 0 0 |A| ... 0 = | A |n
0 0 0 ... | A |
| A | | adj A | = | A | n
| adj A | = | A | n – 1 [ | AB | = | A | | B | ]
Theorem-3 : If A is a non singular square matrix, then
2
( n 1)
(a) adj (adj A) = | A | n – 2 A ; (b) | adj (adj A) | = | A |
Proof : We know that, B (adj B) = | B | In for every square matrix of order n.
Replacing B by adj A, we get , (adj A) [adj (adj A)] = | adj A | In
(adj A) [adj (adj A)] = | A |n – 1 In [ | adj A | = | A |n – 1]
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A . (adj A) (adj (adj A)] = A {| A |n – 1 In} [pre-multiplying both sides by A]
| A | In (adj adj A) = | A |n – 1 A [ = AIn = A and A adj A = | A | In]
| A | In (adj adj A) = | A |n–1 A
| A | adj (adj A) = | A |n–1 A
adj adj A = | A |n–2 A
2 2
n 2 n 1 ( n 1)
now, | adj (adj A)| = (|A|n – 2)n · | A | = | A | = |A|
12. INVERSE OF A MATRIX (RECIPROCAL MATRIX)
Definition :
A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that, A B = I = B A
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A1. Thus
A1 = B A B = I = B A.
NOTE : For an involutary matrix A2 = I A = A–1.
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE
For a non singular matrix
Property-1
(adj A)
A 1 =
|A |
We have , A . (adj A) = A In
A 1 A (adj A) = A 1 In
In (adj A) = A 1 A In
(adj A)
A1 =
|A |
Remark : (1) Note that A–1 exists if A is non singular.
NOTE :
(1) The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A| 0.
(2)
Inverse of a non singular diagonal matrix dia (k1 k2 k3 ...... kn) is the diagonal matrix diag k11, k 21 , k 31......., k n 1
d1 0 0 d 2 d3 0 0
0 ; | A | = d d d ; adj. A = 0 0 ;
[Explanation: A = 0 d 2 1 2 3
d 3d1
0 0 d 3 0 0 d1d 2
1 d1 0 0
adj. A 0 1 d 0 ]
A–1 = = 2
|A| 0 0 1 d 3
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Theorem–1 :
Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
Proof : Let A be an invertible matrix of order n. Let B and C be two inverse of A.
Then, AB = BA = In ....(i)
and AC = CA = In ....(ii)
Now, AB = In
C (AB) = C In [pre-multiplying by C]
(CA) B = C In [by associativity]
In B = C In [ CA = In from (ii)]
B=C [ In B = B, C In = C]
Hence an invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
Theorem-2 :
If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
Proof : Since A is invertible matrix. Therefore, | A | 0
| AT | 0 [ | AT| = | A | ]
AT is also invertible.
Now, AA–1 = In = A–1A
(AA–1)T = (In)T = (A–1A)T
(A–1)T (AT) = In = AT (A–1)T (as good as AB = I = BA A–1 = B)
(AT)–1 = (A–1)T
Theorem-3 :
If A is a non-singular matrix, then prove that
1
| A–1 | = | A |–1 i.e. | A–1 | =
|A|
Proof : Since | A | 0, therefore A–1 exists such that, AA–1 = I = A–1 A
| AA–1 | = | I |
| A | | A–1 | = 1 [ | AB | = | A | | B | and | I | = 1]
1
| A–1 | = [ | A | 0]
|A|
Theorem-4 :
If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order , then (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1.
Proof : A & B are invertible. (reversal law of inverse)
A 0 & B 0
AB 0
AB 0
AB is invertible .
Now, (AB)(AB)–1 = I
A–1(AB)(AB)–1 = A–1
(IB)(AB)–1 = A–1
B(AB)–1 = A–1
B–1B(AB)–1 = B1 A1
(AB)–1 = B1 A1
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NOTE :
(i) If A is invertible ,
(a) (A 1) 1 = A
(b) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k N
(ii) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .
(iii) (AB)–1 may be equal to A–1B–1.
EXPLANATION
(i) As A is invertible hence A A–1 = I = A–1A
Hence (A–1) and A are inverse of each other
(A–1)–1 = A
again Ak = A A A .......A
k times
(Ak)–1 = (A A ..... A)–1 = A–1 . A–1 . A–1 ....... k times = (A–1)k
hence (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k kN
(ii) Again if A is a square matrix and is orthogonal
then AAT = ATA = I
hence A and AT are inverse of each other
A–1 = AT
alternatively if A–1 = AT
A A 1 I AA T
A is orthogonal
or A 1A I A T A
cos sin 0 cos sin 0
(iii) Let A = sin cos 0 and B = sin cos 0
0 0
0 1 0 1
AB = I = BA
A = B–1 and B = A–1 also (AB)–1 = I–1 = I
EXTRA THEOREMS
Theorem-1 :
If A and B are non singular square matrix of the same order, then
adj AB = (adj B) (adj A)
Proof : Since A and B are non singular square matrices of the same order, therefore AB exists such that
| AB | = | A | | B | 0 ( | A | 0, | B | 0)
We know that, (AB) (adj AB) = | AB | In ....(i)
Also, (AB) (adj B adj A)
= ( A (B. adj B) adj A [By associativity]
= (A | B | In) adj A [ B adj B = | B | In]
= | B | (A adj A) [ A In = A]
= | B | (| A | In ) [ A adj A = | A | In]
= | A | | B | In
= | A B | In [ | A B | = | A | | B | ]
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Thus, (AB) (adj B adj A) = | A B | In ....(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get (AB) (adj. AB) = (AB) (adj B . adj A)
But | A B | 0, therefore (AB)–1 exists. By cancellation law, we have
adj (AB) = adj B . Adj A
Theorem-2 :
If A is an invertible square matrix, then, adj AT = (adj A)T
Proof : Since A is invertible matrix. Therefore, | A | 0
| AT | 0 [ | A | = | AT | ]
| AT | is invertible.
Now, A adj A = | A | In
(A adj A)T = (|A | In)T (adj A)T (AT) = | A | In .....(i)
Also, we have
(adj AT) (AT) = | AT | In (using (adj B) . B = |B| In)
(adj AT) (AT) = | A | In .....(ii) [ | A | = | AT | ]
From (i) and (ii), we get
(adj AT)(AT) = (adj A)T (AT)
Adj AT = (adj A)T [By right cancellation law]
Theorem-3 :
If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A is also a symmetric matrix.
Proof : Let A be a symmetric matrix. Then,
AT = A ....(i)
We know that
adj (AT) = (adj A)T [see theorem 4]
adj (A) = (adj A)T [Using (i)]
adj A is a symmetric matrix.
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SOLVED EXAMPLES(SUBJECTIVE)
Example 1 :
0 tan/2 cos sin
If A = and I is a 2 × 2 unit matrix, then prove that I A (I A)
tan/2 0 sin sin
Solution :
1 0 0 tan / 2
I and given A
0 1
tan / 2 0
1 tan / 2
IA ... (1)
tan / 2 1
cos sin
R.H.S. = (I – A)
sin cos
1 tan / 2 cos sin
tan / 2 1 sin cos
1 tan 2 / 2 2 tan / 2
1 tan / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
tan / 2 1 2 tan / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2 2 tan 2 / 2 2 tan / 2 tan / 2(1 tan 2 / 2)
2
1 tan / 2 1 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
tan / 2(1 tan 2 / 2 2 tan / 2 2 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
(1 tan 2 / 2) tan / 2(1 tan 2 / 2)
(1 tan 2 / 2 (1 tan 2 / 2
tan / 2 (1 tan 2 / 2) (1 tan 2 / 2)
(1 tan 2 / 2) 2
(1 tan / 2)
1 tan / 2
= I + A = L.H.S. {from (1)}
tan / 2 1
Example 2 :
0 1 0
If A 0 0 1 , show that A3 = pI + qA + rA2
p q r
Solution :
We have A2 = AA
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0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
p q r
p q r p q r pr p qr q r 2
0 0 1 0 1 0
3 2
A A .A p q r 0 0 1
pr p qr q r 2 p q r
p q r
pr p qr q r2
pq r p pr q 2 qr 2
2
p 2qr r 3
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
r
and pI + qA + rA = p 0 1 0 q 0 0 1 r p
2 q
0 0 1 p q r pr p qr q r 2
p 0 0 0 q 0 0 0 r
0 p 0 0 0 q pr qr r2
0 0 p pq q 2 qr pr 2 pr qr 2 qr r 3
p00 0q0 00r
0 0 pr p 0 qr 0 q r2
0 pq pr 2 0 q 2 pr qr 2 p qr qr r 3
p q r
pr p qr q r2
pq pr 2 q 2 pr qr 2 p 2qr r 3
Example 3 :
1 2 2
1
2 1 2
Verify that A = 3 is an orthogonal matrix.
2 2 1
Solution :
1 2 2
1
A 2 1 2
3
2 2 1
1 2 2
1
A 2 1 2
3
2 2 1
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1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1
AA 2 1 2 2 1 2
3 3
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 9 0 0 1 0 0
1 1
2 2 4 4 1 4 4 2 2 0 9 0 0 1 0
9 9 =I
2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 0 0 9
0 0 1
Hence A is an orthogoanl matrix.
Example 4 :
If A and B are two non-zero square matrices of the same order n such that AB = O, then
| A | = | B | = 0. Further show that | C | = 0 | adj C| = 0, for any square matrix C.
Solution :
If | A | 0, then A–1 exists. Hence AB = 0 A–1 (AB) = A–1O B = O, which is not the case.
Hence | A | = 0. Similarly | B | = 0.
If |C| = O, then C (adj C) = |C| I = 0 |adj C| = 0, as shown earlier conversily if |adj C| = 0 then C(adj C)
= |C| I |C|. |adj C| = |C|n |C| = 0 .
Example 5 :
In the equations x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay, where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that
(i) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
x2 y2 z2
(ii) .
1 a 2 1 b 2 1 c2
Solution :
(i) Since x, y and z are not all zero,
the given equations
x – cy – bz = 0 . . . (1)
cx – y + az = 0 . . . (2)
and bx + ay – z = 0 . . . (3)
have a nontrivial solution.
1 c b
0 i.e. c 1 a = 0
b a 1
or 1[1 – a2] + c[– c – ab] – b[ca + b] = 0 [expansing by R1]
2 2 2
or 1 – a – c – abc – abc – b = 0 . . . (4)
2 2 2
or a + b + c + 2abc = 1
(ii) By cross-multiplication (1) and (2), we have
x y z
ca b bc a 1 c2
x2 y2 z2
squaring [Using (4)]
c 2a 2 1 a 2 c 2 b 2 c2 1 b 2 c 2 2
1 c
2
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x2 y2 z2
or
1 a 2 1 c2 1 b2 1 c2 1 c2 2
x2 y2 z2
Hence .
1 a2 1 b2 1 c2
Example 6 :
n b(a n 1)
a b n a
Let A , where a 0. Show that for n N, A
(a 1)
0 1 0 1
Solution :
We have to show by mathematical induction
Step I For n = 1,
(a 1)
a b
1
A (a 1) a b
0 1
0 1
Hence the result is true for n = 1
Step II: Assume the result to be true for some k 0.
k (a k 1)
a b
A
k
(a 1)
0 1
Step III: For n = k + 1
k b(a k 1)
a a b
A =A .A
k+1 k
(a 1)
0 1
0 1
k k b(a k 1) k 1 a k 1 1
a .a 0 a .b .1 a b
(a 1) (a 1)
0 0 0 1.1 0 1
Hence the result is true for k + 1. Therefore by the principle of induction, the result is true for all n N .
Example 7 :
By the method of matrix inversion, solve the system.
1 1 1 x u 9 12
2 5 7 y v 52 15
2 1 1 z w 0 1
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Solution :
1 1 1 x y 9 2
2 5 7 y v 52 15
We have
2 1 1 z w 0 1
or AX = B or X = A–1 B . . . (i)
1 1 1 x u 9 2
A 2 5 7 , X y v and B 52 15
Where
2 1 1 z w 0 9
|A| = 1 (–5 – 7) –1 (–2 – 14) + 1 (2 – 10) = –12 + 16 – 8 = 4 0
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements of |A|.
5 7 2 7 2 5
1 1 2 1 2 1
C11 C12 C13 12 16 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1
C C21 C22 C23
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 3
C31 C32 C33
1 1
1 1 1 1
5 7 2 7 2 5
12 2 2 12 2 2
Adj.A 1
Adj A C 16 3 5 A 1
16 3 5
|A| 4
8 1 3 8 1 3
4 4 1 1
12 2 2 9 2 1
1 12 8 3 2
Now, A 1B 16 3 5 52 15 4
4 20 4 5 1
8 1 3 0 1
x u 1 1
y v 3 2
from (1) X = A–1B
z w 5 1
On equating the corresponding elements, we have
x = 1, u = –1
y = 3, v = 2
z = 5, w = 1
Example 8 :
a a 2 1 a3
If a, b and c are all different and if b b2 1 b3 0, prove that abc = –1.
Solution : c c 2 1 c3
a a2 1 a3 a a 2 1 a a 2 a3
D b b2 1 b3 b b 2 1 b b 2 b3
c c2 1 c3 c c 2 1 c c2 c3
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a a2 1 1 a a2
b b2 1 abc 1 b b2
c c2 1 1 c c2
1 a2 a 1 a a2
(1)1 1 b 2 b abc 1 b b 2 [C1 C 3 in 1st det .]
1 c2 c 1 c c2
1 a a2 1 a a2
(1)2 1 b b2 abc 1 b b 2 [C 2 C3 in 1st det .]
1 c c2 1 c c2
1 a a2
Thus (abc + 1). = 0 abc = – 1, as 1 b b 2 0 (a, b and c are all different).
1 c c2
Example 9 :
For what value of k the following system of equations :
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky - 2z = 0
2x + 3y – 4z = 0 possess a non-trivial solution. For that value of k, find all the solutions of the system.
Solution :
For the nontrivial solution
1 k 3
3 k 2 0 k = 33/2
2 3 4
Putting the value of k in the given equations, the equations become
33
x y 3z 0 ... (i)
2
33
3x y 2z 0 ... (ii)
2
2x + 3y - 4z = 0 ... (iii)
Multiply (i) by 3 and subtract from (ii) to get –33y – 11z = 0
or z = –3y ... (iv)
Now let y = , z = – 3
from (iii), 2x + 3 + 12 = 0
15
x , R
2
Example 10 :
Let x1 = 3y1 + 2y2– y3 , y1 = z1 – z2 + z3
x2 = –y1 + 4y2 + 5y3, y2 = z2 + 3z3
x3 = y1 – y2 + 3y3, y3 = 2z1 + z2.
Express x1, x2, x3 in terms of z1, z2 , z3.
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Solution :
x1 3 2 1 y1 3 2 1 1 1 1 z1
We have x 2 1 4 5 y2 1 4 5 0 1 3 z 2
x 1 1 3 y 1 1 3 2 1 0 z
3 3 3
x1 1 2 9 z1
x 2 9 10 11 z 2
x 7 1 2 z
3 3
x1 = z1 – 2z2 + 9z3, x2 = 9z1 + 10z2 + 11z3, x3 = 7z1 + z2 – 2z3
Example 11 :
x x x
If (x) x x x , show that (x) 0 and (x) (0) Sx, where S denote the sum of all
x x vx
the cofactors of all elements in (0) and dash denotes the derivative with respect to x.
Solution :
1 x x x 1 x x x 1
(x) 1 x x x 1 x x x 1
1 x vx x 1 vx vx x 1
Applying C2 C 2 xC1 and C3 C3 xC1 in first and C1 C1 xC2 , C3 C3 xC2 in second and
C1 C1 xC3 and C2 C2 xC3 in third to get
1 1 1
(x) 1 1 1
(x) 0 .
1 v 1 v 1
If S is the sum of all the cofactors of all elements in (0) , then it can be seen that (x) = S.
on integrating (x) Sx c
(0) 0 c
Hence (x) Sx (0).
Example 12 :
3 1 s1 1 s 2
If , are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and sn = n n , evaluate 1 s1 1 s 2 1 s3 in
1 s2 1 s3 1 s4
terms of a, b, and c only.
Solution :
1 1 1 1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 3 3
1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
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1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 2 1 2
= 1 1 2
= 1 2 2
2
b c b 2 4c
= 1 a a 2 a
a
a b c 2 b2 4ac
= .
a4
Example 13 :
Prove that
2a a b a c
b a 2b b c = 4(b + c)(c + a) (a + b)
c a c b 2c
Solution :
2a a b a c
Let b a 2b b c
c a c b 2c
Putting a+b=0
b=–a
2a 0 a c
then 0 2a c a
c a c a 2c
Expanding along R1
= – 2a{– 4ac – (c – a)2} – 0 + (a + c){0 – 2a (c + a)}
= 2a (c + a)2 – 2a (c + a)2
=0
Hence a + b is a factor of Similarly b + c and c + a are the factors of .
On expansion of determinant we can see that each term of the determinant is a homogeneous expression in a, b,
c of degree 3 and also R.H.S is a homogeneous expression of degree 3.
Let = k(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
2a a b a c
or b a 2b b c = k (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
c a c b 2c
If we choose a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, we get
0 – 1 (– 4 – 6) + 2( 3 + 4) = 6k
k=4
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2a a b a c
Hence a 2b b c = 4(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
b
c a c b 2c
Example 14 :
If f(x) is a polynomial of degree < 3, prove that
1 a f (a) /(x a) 1 a a2
f (x)
1 b f (b) /(x b) 1 b b 2
(x a) (x b) (x c)
1 c f (c) /(x c) 1 c c2
Solution :
f (x) A B C
... (1) (say)
(x a) (x b) (x c) (x a) (x b) (x c)
On comparing the various powers of x, we get
f (a)
A
(a b) (c a)
f (b)
B
(a b) (b c)
f (c)
C
(b c) (c a)
Now from (1) we have
f (a) f (b) f (c)
(c b) (a c) (b a)
f (x) (x a) xb (x c)
(x a) (x b) (x c) (a b) (b c) (c a)
1 a f (a) /(x a)
1 b f (b) /(x b)
1 c f (c) /(x c)
1 a a2
1 b b2
1 c c2
Example 15 :
If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, show that
sin 2A sin C sin B
(i) sin C sin 2B sin A 0
sin B sin A sin 2C
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1 cos B cos C cos B cos B
(ii) cos C cos A 1 cos A cos A 0
1 cos B 1 cos A 1
Solution :
sin 2A sin C sin B 2ka cos A kc kb
kb 2kb cos B ka
(i) L.H.S sin C sin 2B sin A (from sine rule)
sin B sin A sin 2C kb ka 2kc cos C
2a cos A c b
3
k c 2b cos B a
b a 2c cos c
a cos A a cos A a cos B b cos A a cos C c cos A
3
k a cos B b cos A b cos B b cos B b cos C c cos B
a cos C c cos A b cos C c cos B c cos C ccos C
cos A a 0 a cos A 0
3
k cos B b 0 b cos B 0
= 0 × 0 = 0 = R.H.S.
cos C c 0 c cos C 0
1 cos B cos C cos B cos B
cos C cos A 1 cos A cos A
(ii) L.H.S. =
1 cos B 1 cos A 1
Applying C1 C1 C3 :C2 C2 C3
1 cos C cos B a cos C cos B
1
cos C 1 cos A a cos C 1 cos A
a
cos B cos A 1 a cos B cos A 1
Applying C1 C1 bC2 cC3
0 cos C cos B
1
0 1 cos A 0 R.H.S.
a
0 cos A 1
SOLVED EXAMPLES (OBJECTIVE)
Example 1 :
x 2 4x x 2 3 1
If 2 3
, then x =
x x x 2 1
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) –2 (d) 3
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Solution :
x2 – 4x = –3 x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 x = 1, 3
x2 = 1 x = 1
x2 = –x + 2 x2 + x – 2 = 0 x = –2, 1
x3 = 1 x = 1, , 2
Common value of x is 1.
Hence (a) is correct.
Example 2 :
x 1 0 2 5
3 2
x 2 4 1
If the trace of the matrix A = is 0, then x is equal to
1 2 x 3 1
2 0 4 x 2 6
(a) –2, 3 (b) 2, –3 (c) –3, 2 (d) 3, –2
Solution :
n
Trace of matrix is defined as a ii 2x 2 2x 12 0
i 1
x = –3, 2
Hence (c) is correct
Example 3 :
If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then
(a) adj (AB) = –adjA + adj B (b) (A + B)–1 = A–1 + B–1
(c) AB = 0 |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 (d) AB = 0 |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
Solution :
If AB = 0, then at least one of A and B is necessarily singular.
Hence (c) is correct.
Example 4 :
If A and B are any two square matrices of the same order, then
(a) (AB) A B (b) adj(AB) = adj(A) adj(B)
(c) (AB) BA (d) AB = 0 A = O or B = O
Solution :
It is a known fact that AB BA .
Hence (c) is the correct answer.
Example 5 :
Let A be a square matrix of order n & k be a scalar. Then |kA| equals
(a) k |A| (b) |k| |A| (c) kn |A| (d) none of these
Solution :
KA is the matrix, in which all the entries of A are multiplied by K.
Hence |KA| = Kn |A|, taking K common from all the columns.
Hence (c) is correct.
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Example 6 :
1 tan x
If A = , then the value of A A 1 is
tan x 1
(a) cos4x (b) sec2x (c) –cos4x (d) 1
Solution :
1 tan x
A
tan x 1
1 1 tan x cos 2x sin 2x
A 1 tan x
1
, A A
1 tan 2 x 1 sin 2x cos 2x
| A A–1| = 1
Hence (d) is correct.
Example 7 :
The digits A, B and C are such that the three digit numbers A88, 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72 then the determi-
A 6 8
nant 8 B 6 is divisible by
8 8 C
(a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 288 (d) 216
Solution :
A 6 8 A 6 8
R3 100R1 10R 2 R 3 8 B 6 8 B 6
8 8 C A88 6BC 86C
which is divisible by 72. Hence (a) is correct.
Example 8 :
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x 4sin 2x
2 2
Maximum value of sin x 1 cos x sin 2x is
2 2
sin x cos x 1 4sin 2x
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) none of these
Solution :
Applying C1 C1 C2 we get
2 cos 2 x 4sin 2x
2
2 1 cos x 4sin 2x
2
1 cos x 1 4sin 2x
Applying R 2 R 2 R1 and R 3 R 3 R1 we get ,
2 cos 2 x 4sin 2x
0 1 0 2 4sin 2x 6
1 1 1
Hence maximum value is 6 and (b) is the correct answer.
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Example 9 :
m
2r 1 Cr 1
2 m m
If r m 1 2 m 1 then r is equal to
r 0
sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m 1)
(a) m2 – 1 (b) 2m (c) zero (d) none of these
Solution :
m
2r 1 Cr 1
2 m
r m 1 2 m 1
sin (m ) sin (m) sin 2 (m 1)
2 2 2
m m m
(2r 1) m Cr 1 m2 1 2m m 1
r 0 r 0 r 0
m 2 m
r m2 1 2 m
m 1 m 1 2 m 1 0
r0 2 2 2 2
sin 2 (m 2 ) sin 2 (m) sin 2 (m 1) sin (m ) sin (m) sin (m 1)
Hence (c) is correct.
Example 10 :
The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2, 2x + y – z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution if
(a) k 0 (b) –1 < k < 1 (c) – 2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0
Solution :
The sytem of equations has a unique solution if
1 1 1
2 1 1 0 k 0
3 2 k
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
Example 11 :
If A, B and C are the angles of a non-right angled triangle ABC, then the value of
tan A 1 1
1 tan B 1
is equal to
1 1 tan C
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) –2
Solution :
Given determinant is equal to; tanA (tanB. tanC – 1) – 1 (tanC – 1) + 1 (1 – tanB)
= tanA. tanB. tanC – tanA – tanB – tanC + 2 = 2(as tanA = tan A)
Hence (b) is correct.
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Example 12 :
1
x2 yz
x
1
If x, y, z are non zero real numbers, then the values of y2 zx depends upon
y
1
z2 xy
z
(a) x only (b) y only (c) z only (d) none of these
Solution :
Multiplication of R1 by x, R2 by y and R3 by z, reduces the given determinant to,
1 x3 xyz 1 x 3 1
1
1 y3 xyz 1 y3 1 0
xyz
1 z3 xyz 1 z3 1
Hence (d) is the correct answer.
Example 13 :
cos x x 1
f (x)
Let f(x) = 2sin x x2 2x . The value of lim is equal to
x 0 x
tan x x 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) none of these
Solution :
f (x) f (x) f (0)
lim lim f (0)
x 0 x x 0 x 0
sin x 1 0 cos x x 1 cos x x 1
f (x) 2 sin x x2 2x 2 cos x 2x 2 2 sin x x2 2x
tan x x 1 tan x x 1 sin 2 x 1 0
0 1 0 cos x x 1 1 0 1
f (x) 2
Thus lim x = f (0) 0 0 0 2sin x x 2x 0 0 0 = 0
x 0
0 0 1 sin 2 x 1 0 1 1 0
Hence (c) is correct.
Example 14 :
p b c
p q r
If a p, b q, c r and a q c 0 then the value of is equal to
pa qb rc
a b r
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) –2 (d) 2
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Solution :
R1 R1 R 2 , R 2 R 3 reduces the determinant to,
pa bq 0
0 q b c r 0
a b r
(p – a) (q – b) r + (r – c)b) + (q – b) ((r – c)a) = 0
(p – a)((q – b)(r - c) – (r–c)a) = 0
(p – a)((q – b)(r–c + c) – – c)(q – b– q)) – (q – b) (r – c) (p – a – p) = 0
( p – a) (q – b) (r – c) + c(p – a) (q – b) – (p – a) q – b) (r – c) + q(p – a) (r – c)
–(p – a) (q – b) (r – c) + p(q – b) (r – c) = 0
Dividing through out by (p – a) (q – b) (r – c) we get,
c q p
1
r c qb pa
c q p r q p
1 2 2
r c q b pa r c qb pa
Hence (d) is correct.
Example 15 :
Let a, b and c be positive real numbers. The following system of equations in x, y and z
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
1, 1, 1 has
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) finitely many solutions
Solution :
x2 y2 z2
Let X, Y and
Z , then the given system of equations is
a2 b2 c2
X + Y – Z = 1, X – Y + Z = 1, – X + Y + Z = 1
1 1 1
The coefficient of matrix A = 1 1 1 | A | 0
1 1 1
On solving, we get X = Y = Z = 1
Hence x = a, y = b, z = c
Thus (d) is the correct answer.
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EXERCISE – 1(A)
1 n 2n
1. If n 3k and 1, , 2 are the cube roots of unity, then 2n 1 n has the value
n 2n 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) 2 (d) 1
1 x 1 1
2. 1 1 y 1
1 1 1 z
1 1 1
(a) xyz1 (b) xyz
x y z
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 1 (d)
x y z x y z
10 10 11
C4 C5 Cm
11 11 12
3. The value of C 6 C7 C m 2 is equal to zero, where m is
12 12 13
C8 C9 C m4
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) None of these
4. If a1 , a 2 , a 3 , ......., a n , ...... are in G.P. then the value of the determinant
log an log an 1 log an 2
log an 3 log an 4 log an 5 is
log an 6 log an 7 log an 8
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
1 1 1
x x 2 x x 2
5. The value of ( 2 2 ) (3 3 ) (5 5 x ) 2
x
( 2 x 2 x ) 2 (3 x 3 x ) 2 (5 x 5 x ) 2
(a) 0 (b) 30 x (c) 30 x (d) None of these
6. If x, y, z are integers in A.P. lying between 1 and 9 and x51, y41 and z31 are three digit numbers then
5 4 3
the value of x 51 y 41 z 31 is
x y z
(a) x yz (b) x yz (c) 0 (d) None of these
0 xa xb
7. If a b c , the value of x which satisfies the equation x a 0 x c 0 is
xb xc 0
(a) x=0 (b) x=a (c) x=b (d) x=c
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sin x cos x cos x
8. The number of distinct real roots of cos x sin x cos x 0 in the interval x
4 4
cos x cos x sin x
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3
2 3 1 3
9. If p 4 q 3 r 2 s t 1 2 4 , then value of t is
3 4 3
(a) 16 (b) 18 (c) 17 (d) 19
1 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 0 0
10. The value of 4 4 3 0 0 is
5 5 5 4 0
6 6 6 6 5
(a) 6! (b) 5! (c) 1.2 2. 3.4 3. 5 4.6 4 (d) None of these
1 3 5 1
2 3 4 2
11. The cofactor of the element 4 in the determinant is
8 0 1 1
0 2 1 1
(a) 4 (b) 10 (c) –10 (d) –4
a1 b1 c1
12. If a 2 b2 c2 and A1 , B1 , C1 denote the cofactors of a1 , b1 , c1 respectively, then the value of
a3 b3 c3
A1 B1 C1
the determinant A2 B2 C 2 is
A3 B3 C3
(a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
13. If the value of a third order determinant is 11, then the value of the square of the determinant formed
by the cofactors will be
(a) 11 (b) 121 (c) 1331 (d) 14641
log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log 8 3
14.
log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4
(a) 7 (b) 10 (c) 13 (d) 17
p 15 8
2
15. If D p p 35 9 , then D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
p3 25 10
(a) 0 (b) 25 (c) 625 (d) None of these
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N
n 1 5
16. The value of U n , if U n n 2 2 N 1 2 N 1 is
n 1
n3 3N 2 3N
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None of these
x b b
x b
17. If 1 a x b and 2 are the given determinants, then
a x
a a x
d d
(a) 1 3( 2 ) 2 (b) ( 1 ) 3 2 (c) ( 1 ) 2( 2 ) 2 (d) 1 332/ 2
dx dx
y y1 y2
dny
18. If y sin mx , then the value of the determinant y 3 y4 y 5 , where y n is
dx n
y6 y7 y8
(a) m9 (b) m2 (c) m3 (d) None of these
1 cos x 1 cos x
/2
19. If ( x) 1 sin x cos x 1 sin x cos x , then ( x) dx is equal to
0
sin x sin x 1
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) –1/2
20. If the system of linear equations x 2ay az 0, x 3 by bz 0, x 4cy cz 0 has a non-
zero solution, then a, b, c
(a) Are in A.P. (b) Are in G.P.
(c) Are in H.P. (d) Satisfy a 2b 3c 0
21. If the system of equations x ay 0, az y 0 and ax z 0 has infinite solutions, then the value
of a is
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) No real values
22. If the system of equations x 2 y 3z 1, (k 3) z 3, (2k 1) x z 0 is inconsistent, then the
value of k is
1
(a) –3 (b) (c) 0 (d) 2
2
23. The equations x y z 6, x 2 y 3z 10, x 2 y mz n give infinite number of values of
the triplet (x, y, z) if
(a) m 3, n R (b) m 3, n 10 (c) m 3, n 10 (d) None of these
24. The value of for which the system of equations 2 x y z 12 , x 2 y z 4, x y z 4 has
no solution is
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 2 (d) –2
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0 i 100 i 500
25. 100 i 0 1000 i is equal to
500 i i 1000 0
(a) 100 (b) 500 (c) 1000 (d) 0
1 a a2
26. 1 b b2
1 c c2
(a) a2 b2 c2 (b) (a b)(b c)(c a )
(c) ( a b )(b c)(c a ) (d) None of these
1 1 1
27. If a b c (a b )(b c)(c a )(a b c) Where a, b, c are all different, then the determinant
3 3
a b c3
1 1 1
2 2
( x a) ( x b) ( x c) 2 vanishes when
( x b )( x c) ( x c)( x a ) ( x a )( x b)
1 1
(a) a b c 0 (b) x (a b c) (c) x (a b c) (d) x a b c
3 2
28. If , and are the roots of the equations x 3 px q 0 then value of the determinant
is
(a) p (b) q (c) p 2 2q (d) 0
x 1 x2 2 x( x 1)
29. If x( x 1) x 1 x( x 2 2) p 0 x 6 p1 x 5 p 2 x 4 p 3 x 3 p 4 x 2 p 5 x p 6 ,then
x 2 2 x( x 1) x 1
( p5 , p6 )
(a) (–3, –9) (b) (–5, –9) (c) (–3, –5) (d) (3, –9)
30. A square matrix A [aij ] in which a ij 0 for i j and a ij k (constant) for i j is called a
(a) Unit matrix (b) Scalar matrix (c) Null matrix (d) Diagonal matrix
31. If A, Bare square matrix of order 3, A is non-singular and AB 0, then B is a
(a) Null matrix (b) Singular matrix
(c) Unit matrix (d) Non-singular matrix
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2 5 7
32. The matrix 0 3 11 is known as
0 0 9
(a) Symmetric matrix (b) Diagonal matrix
(c) Upper triangular matrix (d) Skew symmetric matrix
33. Inan uppertriangular matrix n×n, minimum number of zeros is
n( n 1) n( n 1) 2 n( n 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
2 2 2
34. If A [ a ij ] is a scalar matrix then trace of A is
(a) a
i j
ij (b) a
i
ij (c) a
j
ij (d) a
i
ii
cos sin 2
35. If A , then A
sin cos
cos sin cos sin
(a) sin cos (b) sin
cos
cos sin cos sin
(c) sin cos (d) sin
cos
a b
36. If A and A2 then
b a
(a) a 2 b 2 , ab (b) a 2 b 2 , 2 ab
(c) a 2 b2 , a 2 b2 (d) 2ab, a 2 b 2
i 0
37. If A , n N , then A 4n equals
0 i
1 0 i 0 0 i 0 0
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
1 0 i
i 0
0 0
1 1 a 1
38. If A , B and ( A B ) 2 A2 B 2 then value of a and b are
2 1 b 1
(a) a 4 , b 1 (b) a 1 , b 4 (c) a 0, b 4 (d) a 2 , b 4
a h g x
39. The order of [ x y z ] h b f y is
g f c z
(a) 3×1 (b) 1×1 (c) 1×3 (d) 3×3
cos sin 0
40. Let F ( ) sin cos 0 . Then F ( ).F ( ' ) is equal to
0 0 1
(a) F ( ' ) (b) F ( / ' ) (c) F ( ' ) (d) F ( ' )
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1 1 0
41. For the matrix A 1 2 1 , which of the following is correct
2 1 0
3 2
(a) A 3 A I 0 (b) A 3 3 A 2 I 0 (c) A3 2 A2 I 0 (d) A 3 A 2 I 0
42. If A and B are square matrices of same order then
(a) ( AB) AB (b) ( AB ) BA
(c) AB 0, if | A | 0 or | B | 0 (d) AB 0, if | A | I or B I
43. If A,B are 3×2 order matrices and C is a 2×3 order matrix, then which of the following matrices not
defined
(a) At B (b) B Ct (c) At C (d) At B t
0 5 7
44.
The matrix 5 0 11 is known as
7 11 0
(a) Upper triangular matrix (b) Skew-symmetric matrix
(c) Symmetric matrix (d) Diagonal matrix
2 4
45. The matrix is non-singular if
1 3 4
1 2 3
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 3
1 2 2
1
46. The matrix A 2 1 2 is
3
2 2 1
(a) Orthogonal (b) Involutary (c) Idempotent (d) Nilpotent
4 x 2
47. If A is symmetric, then x =
2 x 3 x 1
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 4
48. If A and B are square matrices of order n×n, then ( A B ) 2 is equal to
(a) A2 B 2 (b) A2 2 AB B 2 (c) A2 2 AB B 2 (d) A2 AB BA B 2
cos sin
49. If A , then which of the following statement is not correct
sin cos
(a) A is orthogonal matrix (b) A T is orthogonal matrix
(c) Determinant A 1 (d) A is not invertible
50. Matrix A is such that A2 2 A I , where I is the identity matrix. Then for n 2, A n
(a) nA ( n 1) I (b) nA I (c) 2n 1 A (n 1) I (d) 2 n 1 A I
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0 0 1
51. Let A 0 1 0 , the only correct statement about the matrix A is
1 0 0
(a) A2 I (b) A (1) I , where I is unit matrix
1
(c) A does not exist (d) A is zero matrix
4 2
52. If A , then | adj A | is equal to
3 4
(a) 16 (b) 10 (c) 6 (d) None of these
53. If 3, – 2 are the Eigen values of non-singular matrix A and |A| = 4 . Then Eigen values of
Adj(A) are
(a) 3/4, –1/2 (b) 4/3, –2 (c) 12, –8 (d) –12, 8
3 2 4
1
54. If matrix A 1 2 1 and A1 adj ( A) , then K is
K
0 1 1
(a) 7 (b) –7 (c) 1/7 (d) 11
a b
55. The inverse of matrix A is
c d
d b 1 d b
(a) c a (b)
ad bc c a
1 1 0 b a
(c) (d)
| A | 0 1 d c
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EXERCISE - 1 (B)
1 1
1 If A =
1 1 and n N, then An is equal to
(A) 2nA (B) 2n–1A (C) nA (D) None of these
cos sin
2 If E() = then E() E() is equal to
sin cos
(A) E(00) (B) E() (C) E( + ) (D) E( – )
3 If A = [aij] is scalar matrix of order n x n such that aij = k for all i, then | A | equals
(A) nk (B) n + k (C) nk (D) kn
3 4
4 If A =
1 1 , then for every positive integer n, An is equal to
1 2n 4n 1 2n 4n 1 2n 4n
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
n 1 2n n 1 2n n 1 2n
5 If D = diag (d1, d2, ……., dn), then Dn equals
(A) D (B) diag (d1n–1, d2n–1, …….., dnn–1)
(C) diag (d1n, d2n, …….., dnn) (D) None of these
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
6 If A = , then
0 0 1
(A) adj A = A (B) adj A = A–1 (C) A–1 = – A (D) None of these
7 How many matrices can be obtained by using one or more numbers from four given numbers
(A) 76 (B) 148 (C) 124 (D) None of these
8 The total number of matrices formed with the help of 6 different numbers are
(A) 6 (B) 6! (C) 2(6!) (D) 4(6!)
cos sin
9 If A = , then which of the following statement is true
sin cos
n cos n sin n
(A) A . A A and ( A ) n
sin cos n
n cos n sin n
(B) A . A A and ( A )
sin n cos n
n cos n sin n
(C) A . A A and ( A ) n
sin cos n
n cos n sin n
(D) A . A A and ( A )
sin n cos n
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10 If A is orthogonal matrix, then | A | equals
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) 1
11 If A is any skew – symmetric matrix of odd orders, then | A | equals
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these
12 If A and B are square matrices such that AB = B and BA = A, the A2 + B2 is equal to
(A) 2AB (B) 2BA (C) A + B (D) AB
13 If D = diag (d1, d2, d3,……., dn), where d1 0 for all i = 1, 2,……., n then D–1 is equal to
(A) D (B) In
(C) diag (d1–1, d2–1, …….., dn–1) (D) None of these
1 2
14 If A be a matrix s.t. inverse of 7A is the matrix , then A equals
4 7
1 2 1 4 / 7 1 4 1 2 / 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 1 2 / 7 1 / 7 2 1 4 / 7 1 / 7
15 If A is invertible matrix, then det (A–1) equals
(A) det A (B) 1/det A (C) 1 (D) None of these
16 If A and B are non – zero square matrices of the same order such that AB = 0, then
(A) adj A = 0 or adj B = 0 (B) adj A = 0 and adj B = 0
(C) | A | = 0 or | B | = 0 (D) None of these
0 1
17 If A = and (aI2 + bA)2 = A, then
1 0
(A) a = b = 2 (B) a = b = 1 / 2 (C) a = b = 3 (D) a = b = 1 / 3
0 c b a 2 ab ac
c 0
a ab b 2 bc
18 If A = and B = , then AB is equal to
b a 0 ac bc c 2
(A) A (B) B (C) I (D) 0
1
1 tan 1 tan a b
19 If , then
tan 1 tan 1 b a
(A) a = 1, b = 1 (C) a = cos 2, b = sin 2
(C) a = sin 2, b = cos 2 (D) None of these
1 2
20 If M = and M2 – M – I2 = 0, then equals
2 3
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) – 4 (D) 4
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a 0 0 0
0 b 0 0
21 A= . If tr(A) = 60, a, b, c, d N & a = b < c = d, then the number of such A is
0 0 c 0
0 0 0 d
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 20
22 If a, b, c {1, 2, ...., 9 } such that a, b, c are in AP and if a51, b41, c31 are three digit numbers, then the matrix
5 4 3
1 1 1
a51 b41 c31
(A) is singular (B) is non-singular (C) has rank 3 (D) is orthogonal
1 a 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 b 1
23 If a,b, c are different non-zero real numbers such that = 0, then the matrix is
a b c 1 1 1 c
(A) non-singular (B) skew symmetric (C) singular (D) none of these
24 If A and B are matrices such that AB = A and BA = B, then necessarily.
(A) A2 = A (B) B2 = AB (C) A = I (D) B = I
a 2 b2
c c
c
b 2 c2
25 a a is equal to
a
c2 a 2
b b
b
(A) abc (B) 2 abc (C) 4 abc (D) 0
23 33 3 .2 2 3 .2 1
26 33 43 3.3 2 3.3 1 is equal to
43 53 3 .4 2 3 .4 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 92 (D) None of these
a b bc ca a b c
bc ca a b b c a
27 If then is equal to
ca ab bc c a b
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
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a b c y b q
x y z and 2 x a p
28 If 1 then 1 is equal to
p q r z c r
(A) 22 (B) 2 (C) – 2 (D) None of these
x-y-z 2x 2x x y 2z x y
2y y- z - x 2y and 2 z y z 2x y
29 If 1 then
2z 2z z-x-y z x z x 2y
(A) 1 = 22 (B) 2 = 21 (C) 1 = 2 (D) None of these
1 1 1 1 1
30 If , are imaginary cube roots of unity and 1 1
2
2
and 2 1 1 2 , then 1 is equal to
2
1 2 2 1
(A) 3 (B) 3 i (C) 1 (D) – 1
a b c
31 If b c a , then 2 is equal to
c a b
bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2
ca b 2 ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2 bc a 2
(A) (B)
ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2
a 2 bc b 2 ca c 2 ab
b 2 ca c 2 ab a 2 bc
(C) 2 (D) None of these
c ab a 2 bc b 2 ca
x y z a b c
z x y c a b
32 If ax + by + cz = 1, bx + cy + az = 0 = cx + ay + bz, then is equal to
y z x b c a
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) 2
ax by cz
33 The determinant x 2 y 2 z 2 is equal to
1 1 1
1 1 1 a b c 1 1 1
a b c x y z x y z
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
x2 y2 z2 yz zx xy a2 b2 c2
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x x3 x4 1
y y3 y4 1
34 If x y z and = 0, then the value of xy + yz + zx is
z z3 z4 1
xyz xyz
(A) x + y + z (B) xyz (C) (D)
xyz xyz
2 a bcd ab cd
a bcd 2(a b)(c d) ab(c d) cd(a b)
35 The value of is
ab cd ab(c d) cd(a b) 2abcd
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) None of these
p 15 8
D p2 35 9
36 If p , then D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 is equal to
p3 25 10
(A) 0 (B) 25 (C) 625 (D) None of these
1 3
log e 3 5
37 equals
log 10 10 3 e
(A) 1 (B) e (C) (D) 0
log a n log a n 2 log a n 4
log a n 6 log a n 8 log a n 10
38 If a1, a2, a3,……, an……. are in GP and a1 > 0 for each i, then is equal to
log a n 12 log a n 14 log a n 16
(A) 0 (B) n log an (C) n(n + 1) log an (D) None of these
b-c ca ab a b c
b c c a a b a b c
39 If the determinant is expressible as m , then the value of m is
b c c a a b a b c
(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
sin 2 A cos A sin A cos 2 A
sin 2 B sin B cos B cos 2 B
40 If A + B + C = then the value of Determinant is equal to
sin 2 C cos C sin C cos 2 C
(A) 2 sin (A + B) sin (B – C) sin (C – A) (B) 2 sin (A – B) cos (B – C) cos (C – A)
(C) sin (A – B) sin (B – C) sin (A – C) (D) cos (A – B) cos (B – C) cos (C – A)
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EXERCISE - 1(C)
0 1 1 A
1 A is an involutary matrix given by A = 4 3 4 then the inverse of will be
3 3 4 2
A 1 A
(A) 2A (B) (C) (D) A2
2 2
2 If A and B are symmetric matrices, then ABA is
(A) symmetric matrix (B) skew symmetric (C) diagonal matrix (D) scalar matrix
LMcos OP
sin
3 If A =
Nsin cos Q, A–1 is given by
(A) –A (B) AT (C) –AT (D) A
4 6 1 2 4 3
4 Consider the matrices A = 3 0 2 ,B= 0 1 , C = 1 . Out of the given matrix products
1 2 5 1 2 2
(i) (AB)TC (ii) CTC(AB)T (iii) CTAB and (iv) ATABBTC
(A) exactly one is defined (B) exactly two are defined
(C) exactly three are defined (D) all four are defined
LM3 4 OP and B = LM2 5OP then X such that A + 2X = B equals
5 If A =
N1 6Q N 6 1Q
L 2 3OP
(A) M
L 3 5OP
(B) M (C) M
L 5 2OP
N1 0Q N 1 0 Q N 1 0 Q (D) none of these
6 If A and B are invertible matrices, which one of the following statements is not correct
(A) Adj. A = |A| A–1 (B) det (A–1) = |det (A)|–1
–1
(C) (A + B) = B + A –1 –1 (D) (AB)–1 = B–1A–1
FG a bIJ satisfies the equation x – (a + d)x + k = 0, then
7 If A =
H c dK 2
(A) k = bc (B) k = ad
(C) k = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 (D) ad–bc
8 Identify the incorrect statement in respect of two square matrices A and B conformable for sum and product.
(A) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (B) tr(A) = tr(A), R
(C) tr(AT) = tr(A) (D) tr(AB) tr(BA)
9 If A and B are non singular Matrices of same order then Adj. (AB) is
(A) Adj. (A) (Adj. B) (B) (Adj. B) (Adj. A) (C) Adj. A + Adj. B (D) none of these
10 Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix
6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7 3/ 7
(A) 2 / 7 3 / 7 6/7 (B) 2 / 7 3 / 7 6/7
3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7
6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 6/ 7 2/ 7 3/ 7
(C) 2 / 7 3/ 7 6/7 (D) 2 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7
3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7
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11 Which of the following statements is incorrect for a square matrix A. ( | A | 0)
(A) If A is a diagonal matrix, A–1 will also be a diagonal matrix
(B) If A is a symmetric matrix, A–1 will also be a symmetric matrix
(C) If A–1 = A A is an idempotent matrix
(D) If A–1 = A A is an involutary matrix
12 Which of the following is a nilpotent matrix
1 0 cos sin 0 0 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
0 1 sin cos 1 0 1 1
13 Identify the correct statement :
(A) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is singular
(B) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is non singular
(C) If A–1 exists , (adjA)–1 may or may not exist
cos x sin x 0
(D) F(x) = sin x cos x 0 , then F(x) . F(y) = F(x – y)
0 0 0
14 A and B are two given matrices such that the order of A is 3×4 , if A B and BA are both defined then
(A) order of B is 3 × 4 (B) order of BA is 4 × 4
(C) order of BA is 3 × 3 (D) BA is undefined
cos 2 sin cos cos 2 sin cos
15 If A = ; B=
sin cos sin 2 sin cos sin 2
are such that, AB is a null matrix, then which of the following should necessarily be an odd integral multiple of .
2
(A) (B) (C) – (D) +
cos sin
16 For a given matrix A = which of the following statement holds good?
sin cos
(A) A = A–1 R (B) A is symmetric, for = (2n + 1) , n I
2
(C) A is an orthogonal matrix for R (D) A is a skew symmetric, for = n ; n I
x 3 2
17 Matrix A = 1 y 4 , if x y z = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z = 20 , then A (adj A) is equal to
2 2 z
64 0 0 88 0 0 68 0 0 34 0 0
(A) 0 64 0 (B) 0 88 0 (C) 0 68 0 (D) 0 34 0
0 0 64 0 0 88 0 0 68 0 0 34
18 If A is matrix such that A2 + A + 2I = O, then which of the following is INCORRECT ?
1
(A) A is non-singular (B) A O (C) A is symmetric (D) A–1 = – (A + I)
2
(Where I is unit matrix of order 2 and O is null matrix of order 2 )
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1 2 0 2 1 5
19 Let A + 2B = 6 3 3 and 2A – B = 2 1 6
5 3 1 0 1 2
then Tr (A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none
1 3 1 0
20 Given A = 2 2 ; I = 0 1 . If A – I is a singular matrix then
(A) (B) 2 – 3 – 4 = 0 (C) 2 + 3 + 4 = 0 (D) 2 – 3 – 6 = 0
0 1 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
21 If A = 1 2 3 , A–1 = 4 3 c , then
3 a 1 5 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2
1 1 1
(A) a = 1, c = – 1 (B) a = 2, c = – (C) a = – 1, c = 1 (D) a = ,c=
2 2 2
22 D is a 3 x 3 diagonal matrix. Which of the following statements is not true?
(A) D = D (B) AD = DA for every matrix A of order 3 x 3
–1
(C) D if exists is a scalar matrix (D) none of these
n
23 If A1, A3, ..... A2n – 1 are n skew symmetric matrices of same order then B = (2r 1)(A 2r1 ) 2r 1 will be
r 1
(A) symmetric (B) skew symmetric
(C) neither symmetric nor skew symmetric (D) data is adequate
1 1
24 Number of real values of for which the matrix A = 2 1 3 has no inverse
3 2 7
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
25 If every element of a square non singular matrix A is multiplied by k and the new matrix is denoted by B then | A–1|
and | B–1| are related as
1 –1
(A) | A–1| = k | B–1| (B) | A–1| = |B | (C) | A–1| = kn | B–1| (D) | A–1| = k–n | B–1|
k
where n is order of matrices.
1 1 1 4 2 2
26 Let A = 2 1 3 and 10B = 5 0 . If B is the inverse of matrix A, then is
1 1 1 1 2 3
(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 2 (D) 5
27 Matrix A satisfies A2 = 2A – I where I is the identity matrix then for n 2, An is equal to (n N)
(A) nA – I (B) 2n – 1A – (n – 1)I (C) nA – (n – 1)I (D) 2n – 1A – I
1 2 3 0
28 Let A = 2 0 5 and b = 3 . Which of the following is true?
0 2 1 1
(A) Ax = b has a unique solution. (B) Ax = b has exactly three solutions.
(C) Ax = b has infinitely many solutions. (D) Ax = b is inconsistent.
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29 If A, B and C are n × n matrices and det(A) = 2, det(B) = 3 and det(C) = 5, then the value of the det(A2BC–1)
is equal to
6 12 18 24
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
2 1 3 4 3 4
30 Let three matrices A = 4 1 ; B = 2 3 and C = 2 3 then
ABC A( BC) 2 A( BC)3
tr(A) + tr +t + ....... + =
2 r 4 + tr 8
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) none
31 P is an orthogonal matrix and A is a periodic matrix with period 4 and Q = PAPT then X = PTQ2005P will be
equal to
(A) A (B) A2 (C) A3 (D) A4
1 1 1 1
32 A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that A 1 = 2 and A2 1 = 0 . The sum of the elements of A, is
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 5
0 2
33 If the matrix is orthogonal, then
1 1 1
(A) = ± (B) = ± (C) = ± (D) all of these
2 6 3
34 Let A be a matrix of rank r. Then
(A) rank (AT) = r (B) rank (AT) < r (C) rank (AT) > r (D) none of these
35 If A = dig (2, 1, 3), B = dig ( 1, 3, 2), then A2B =
(A) dig (5, 4, 11) (B) dig ( 4, 3, 18) (C) dig (3, 1, 8) (D) B
36 If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0,. x + by + z = 0 and x + y + cz = 0, where a, b, c 1, has a non-trivial
1 1 1
solution, then the value of + + is:
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) None of these
3 0 0 a1 a 2 a3
b b b3
37 If A = 0 3 0 and B = 1 2 then AB is equal to
0 0 3 c1 c 2 c3
(A) B (B) 3B (C) B3 (D) A + B
x x x
x x x –1
38 Let A = , then A exists if
x x x
(A) x 0 (B) 0 (C) 3x + ¹ 0, ¹ 0 (D) x 0, 0
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39 Identity the correct statement
(A) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is singular
(B) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique solution, then coefficient matrix is non singular
(C) If A–1 exists, (adj A)–1 may or may not exist
cos x sin x 0
sin x cos x 0
(D) F(x) = , then F(x) . F(y) = F(x – y)
0 0 0
3 1
2 2 1 1
40 If P = ,A= AP1 and x = P1Q2005P, then x is equal to
0 1 and Q = PAP
1 3
2 2
1 2005 4 2005 3 6015
(A) (B)
0 1 2005 4 2005 3
1 2 3 1 1 2005 2 3
(C) (D)
4 1 2 3 4 2 3 2005
a2 a 1
41 The value of the determinant cos( nx) cos( n 1) x cos( n 2) x is independent of :
sin ( nx ) sin( n 1) x sin ( n 2) x
(A) n (B) a (C) x (D) a , n and x
1 a 1 1
42 If a, b, c are all different from zero & 1 1 b 1 = 0 , then the value of a1 + b1 + c1 is
1 1 1 c
(A) abc (B) a1 b1 c1 (C) a b c (D) 1
1 cos( ) cos( )
43 If , & are real numbers , then D = cos( ) 1 cos( ) =
cos( ) cos( ) 1
(A) 1 (B) cos cos cos
(C) cos + cos + cos (D) zero
44 If the system of equations ax + y + z = 0 , x + by + z = 0 & x + y + cz = 0 (a, b, c 1) has a non-trivial solution,
1 1 1
then the value of is :
1 a 1 b 1 c
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these
45 The value of a for which the system of equations ; a3x + (a +1)3 y + (a + 2)3 z = 0 ,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0 & x + y + z = 0 has a non-zero solution is :
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these
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1 sin 2 x cos2 x 4 sin 2x
46 Let f (x) = sin x 1 cos x 4 sin 2x , then the maximum value of f (x) =
2 2
sin 2 x cos2 x 1 4 sin 2x
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8
x 2 3x x 1 x 3
47 If px4 + qx3 + rx2 + sx + t x 1 2 x x 3 then t =
x 3 x 4 3x
(A) 33 (B) 0 (C) 21 (D) none
a2 1 ab ac
48 If D = ba b 2 1 bc then D =
ca cb c2 1
(A) 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 (B) a2 + b2 + c2 (C) (a + b + c)2 (D) none
2 2
a a a a
x x x x
1
2 2
49 If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z R , then the determinant b b b b
y y y y
1 =
2 2
c c c c
z z z z
1
(A) axbycz (B) axbycz (C) a2xb2yc2z (D) zero
a 1 a 2 a p
50 If a 2 a 3 a q = 0 , then p, q, r are in :
a 3 a 4 a r
(A) AP (B) GP (C) HP (D) none
LMx x x OP
Let A = M x x
PP
x , then A–1 exists if
51
MN x x x Q
(A) x 0 (B) 0 (C) 3x + 0, 0 (D) x 0, 0
1 log x y log x z
52 For positive numbers x, y & z the numerical value of the determinant logy x 1 log y z is
log z x log z y 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) none
b1 c1 c1 a 1 a 1 b1
53 The determinant b 2 c2 c2 a 2 a 2 b2 =
b 3 c3 c3 a 3 a 3 b3
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(A) a 2 b2 c2 (B) 2 a 2 b2 c2 (C) 3 a 2 b2 c2 (D) 4 a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
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1 a x a y az
54 The determinant b x 1 b y b z =
c x c y 1 c z
(A) (1 + a + b + c) (1 + x + y + z) 3 (ax + by + cz)
(B) a (x + y) + b (y + z) + c (z + x) (xy + yz + zx)
(C) x (a + b) + y (b + c) + z (c + a) (ab + bc + ca)
(D) none of these
x x x
C1 C2 C3
55 The determinant C1
y y
C2 y
C3 =
z z z
C1 C2 C3
1 1
(A) xyz (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) (B) xyz (x + y z) (y + z x)
3 4
1
(C) xyz (x y) (y z) (z x) (D) none
12
a a3 a 4 1
56 If a, b, c are all different and b b 3 b 4 1 = 0 , then :
c c3 c4 1
(A) abc (ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c (B) (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) = abc
(C) abc (a + b + c) = ab + bc + ca (D) none of these
a p 1 x u f
57 If the determinant b q m y v g splits into exactly K determinants of order 3, each element of which
c r n z w h
contains only one term, then the value of K, is
(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 12
58 If the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4 , x + py + 2z = 3 , x + 4y + z = 3 has an infinite number of solutions ,
then :
(A) p = 2 , = 3 (B) p = 2 , = 4 (C) 3 p = 2 (D) none of these
a b ab a c ac D1
59 Let D 1 = c d c d and D 2 = b d bd then the value of where b 0 and
a b a b a c abc D2
ad bc, is
(A) – 2 (B) 0 (C) – 2b (D) 2b
1 a 2 x (1 b 2 ) x (1 c 2 ) x
2 2 2
60 If a2 + b2 + c2 = – 2 and f (x) = (1 a ) x 1 b x (1 c ) x then f (x) is a polynomial of degree
(1 a ) x (1 b ) x 1 c 2 x
2 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
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61 The values of for which the following equations sinx – cosy + (+1)z = 0; cosx + siny – z = 0; x +
( + 1)y + cos z = 0 have non trivial solution, is
(A) = n, R – {0} (B) = 2n, is any rational number
(C) = (2n + 1), R+, n I (D) = (2n + 1) , R, n I
2
62 The system of equations :
2x cos2 + y sin2 – 2sin = 0
x sin2 + 2y sin2 = – 2 cos
x sin – y cos = 0 , for all values of , can
(A) have a unique non - trivial solution (B) not have a solution
(C) have infinite solutions (D) have a trivial solution
63 If x, y, z are not all simultaneously equal to zero, satisfying the system of equations
(sin 3 ) x y + z = 0
(cos 2 ) x + 4 y + 3 z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
then the number of principal values of is
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
a 2 b2
c c
c
b2 c2
64 For a non - zero, real a, b and c a a = abc, then the values of is
a
c2 a 2
b b
b
(A) – 4 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 4
65 Number of triplets of a, b & c for which the system of equations,
ax by = 2a b and (c + 1) x + cy = 10 a + 3 b
has infinitely many solutions and x = 1, y = 3 is one of the solutions, is :
(A) exactly one (B) exactly two (C) exactly three (D) infinitely many
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WINDOW TO JEE – MAIN
a b ax b
2
1. If a > 0 and discriminant of ax + 2bx + c is – ve, b c bx c then is
ax b bx c 0
2 2
(a) + ve (b) (ac – b ) (ax + 2bx + c)
(c) –ve (d) 0 (2002)
log l p 1
th th th
2. If l, m, n are the p , q and r term of a GP, all positive, then log m q 1 equals
log n r 1
(a) – 1 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0 (2002)
n 2n
1
2
3. If 1, , are the cube roots of unity, then n 2n 1 is equal to
2n 1 n
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d) 0 (2003)
a b
4. If A and A 2 , then
b a
(a) = a 2 + b 2 , = 2ab (b) = a2 + b 2, a2 – b2
(c) = 2ab, a2 + b 2 (d) = a2 + b2, = ab
0 0 1
5. Let A = A 0 1 0 . The only correct statement about the matrix A is
1 0 0
–1
(a) A does not exist (b) A = (– 1)I, where I is a unit matrix
(c) A is a zero matrix (d) A2 = I. (2004)
1 1 1 4 2 2
6. Let A 2 1 3 and 10(B) 5 0 . If B is the inverse of matrix A, then is
1 1 1 1 2 3
(a) 2 (b) – 1 (c) – 2 (d) 5 (2004)
7. If a1, a2, a3, ……, an,….. are G.P., then the value of the determinant
log a n log a n 1 log a n 2
log a n 3 log a n 4 log a n 5 , is
log a n 6 log a n 7 log a n 8
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) – 2 (2004)
8. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is
(a) A (b) A + I (c) I – A (d) A – I (2005)
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1 0 1 0
9. If A and I , then which one of the following holds for all n 1, by the principle
1 1 0 1
of mathematical induction
(a) An = 2n – 1 A – (n – 1)I (b) An= nA – (n – 1)I
n n–1
(c) A = 2 A + (n – 1)I (d) An = nA + (n – 1)I (2005)
10. If a 2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and
1 a 2 x (1 b 2 )x (1 c 2 )x
Then f(x) (1 a 2 )x 1 b 2 x (1 c2 )x then f (x) is a polynomial of degree
(1 a 2 )x (1 b 2 )x 1 c2 x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (2005)
11. The system of equations x + y + z = –1, x + y + z = –1, x + y + z = –1 has no solutions,
if is
(a) either–2or1 (b)–2 (c)1 (d) not–2 (2005)
2 2
12. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n such that A – B = (A–B) (A+B), then which of the
following will be always true?
(a) A = B (b) AB = BA
(c) either A or B is a zero matrix (d) either A or B is an identity matrix. (2006)
1 2 a 0
13. Let A and B , a , b N. Then
3 4 0 b
(a) there cannot exist any B such that AB=BA
(b) there exist more than one but finite number B’s such that AB = BA
(c) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
(d) there exist in finitely many B’ s such that AB = BA (2006)
1 1 1
14. If D 1 1 x 1 for x 0, y 0 then D is
1 1 1 y
(a) divisible by x but not y (b) divisible by y but not x
(c) divisible by neither x nor y (d) divisible by both x and y (2007)
5 5
15. Let A = 0 5 . If A 2 25, then equals
0 0 0
1
(a) (b) 5 (c) 52 (d) 1 (2007)
5
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Directions: Question number 16 is Assertion –Reason type. This question n contains two statements :
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement -2 (Reason). Each of these questions also has four
alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select the correct choice.
(a) Statement – 1 is true, Statement – 2 is false
(b) Statement – 1 is false, Statement – 2 is true
(c) Statement – 1 is true, Statement – 2 is true; Statement – 2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1
(d) Statement – 1 is true, Statement – 2 is true; Statement – 2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1
16. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denote by tr(A), the
sum of diagonal entries of A. Assume that A2 = I.
Statement – 1: If A I and A –I, then det A = –1.
Statement – 2: If A I and A –I, then tr(A)0 (2008)
17. Let a, b, c be any real numbers. Suppose that there are real numbers x, y, z not all zero such that
x = cy + bz, y = az + cx and z = bx + ay. Then a2 + b 2 + c2 + 2 abc is equal to
(a)1 (b)2 (c)–1 (d)0
(2008)
18. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers. Then which one of the following is true?
–
(a) If det A = ±1, then A 1 need not exist
–1
(b) If det A = ±1, then A exists but all its entries are not necessarily integers
–1
(c) If det A ±1, then A exists and all its entries are non-integers
–1
(d) If det A = ±1, then A exists and all its entries are integers (2008)
19. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix
Statement-1 : adj (adj A) = A
Statement-2 : |adj A| = |A|
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(2009)
20. Consider the system of linear equations:
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
The system has
(a) Infinite number of solutions (b) Exactly 3 solutions
(c) A unique solutions (d) No solution (2010)
21. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is
(a) Less than 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) At least 7 (2010)
22. The number of values of k for which the linear equations
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0
possess a non-zero solution is
(a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 (2011)
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23. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.
Statement–1: A (BA) and (AB) A are symmetric matrices.
Statement–2: AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
(a) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true
(b) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1
(c) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for Statement–1
(d) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false (2011)
1 0 0 1 0
24. Let A 2 1 0 . If U1 and U2 are column matrices such that AU1 0 & AU 2 1 , then
3 2 1 0 0
U1 U 2
1 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1 (2012)
0 1 0 1
25. Let P and Q be 3 3 matrices P Q. If P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2) is
equal to
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 1 (2012)
26. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations
(k + 1) x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has no solution, is
(a) Infinite (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (2013)
1 3
27. If P 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3×3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then α is equal to
2 4 4
(a) 4 (b) 11 (c) 5 (d) 0 (2013)
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EXERCISE - 2 (A)
MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS MAY BE CORRECT
1 2 2
1 Let A 2 1 2 , then
2 2 1
1
(A) A 2 4A 5I3 0 (B) A 1 A 4I3
5
(C) A3 is not invertible (D) A 2 is invertible
2 If A and B are invertible square matrices of the same order, then which of the following is correct?
(A) adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(B) (adj A)’ = (adj A’)
(C) |adj A| = |A|n-1, where n is the order of matrix A
(D) adj(adj B) = |B|n-1B, where n is the order of matrix B
3 The set of equations x – y + 3z = 2 , 2x – y + z = 4 , x – 2y + z = 3 has
(A) unique solution only for = 0 (B) unique solution for 8
(C) infinite number of solutions for = 8 (D) no solution for = 8
3 3 4
4 If A 2 3 4 , then
0 1 1
(A) adj(adj A) = A (B) |adj(adjA)| = 1 (C) |adj A| = 1 (D) none of these
5 Suppose a1, a2, ....... real numbers, with a1 0. If a1, a2, a3, ..........are in A.P. then
LMa 1 a2 a3 OP
(A) A = Ma a5
PP
a 6 is singular
NMa
4
5 a6 a7 Q
(B) the system of equations a1x + a2y + a3z = 0, a4x + a5y + a6z = 0, a7x + a8y + a9z = 0 has infinite number of
solutions
LM a 1 ia 2 OP
(C) B =
Nia 2 a1 Q
is non singular ; where i = 1
(D) none of these
6 System of equation x 3y 2z 6
x y 2z 7
x 3y 2z has
(A) unique solution if 2, 6 (B) infinitely many solution if 4, 6
(C) no solution if 5, 7 (D) no solution if 3, 5
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a2 a 2 ( b c) 2 bc
7 The determinant b 2 b 2 ( c a ) 2 ca is divisible by :
c2 c 2 (a b ) 2 ab
(A) a + b + c (B) (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(C) a2 + b2 + c2 (D) (a b) (b c) (c a)
8 If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices and | A | 0, then which of the following are true?
(A) | AB | = 0 | B | = 0 (B) | AB | = 0 B = 0
(C) | A–1 | = | A |–1 (D) | A + A | = 2 | A |
9 Which of the following statement is always true
(A) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
(B) Adjoint of a unit matrix is unit matrix
(C) A(adjA) = (adjA)A
(D) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is diagonal matrix
10 Which of the following is/are true :
(A) If A and B are two singular matrix then their product AB is null matrix.
(B) If AB is null matrix, where A & B are non-zero matrices then A and B are singular matrices.
2
(C) A is a non-singular square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar, then |adj kA| = k n n
|A|n-1.
n 2 1
(D) adjadj A A
x 1 1
11 If 0 x 1 and f (x) = 1 x 1 ,then
1 1 x
(A) least value of f (x) is 0 (B) greatest value of f (x) is 4
(C) f (x) has a local maximum at x = 2/3 (D) f (x) has a local minimum at x = 1/3
12 The value of lying between & and 0 A and satisfying the equation
4 2 2
1 sin 2 A cos2 A 2 sin 4
2
sin A 1 cos A2
2 sin 4 = 0 are :
sin 2 A cos2 A 1 2 sin 4
3 3
(A) A = , = (B) A = = (C) A = , = (D) A = , =
4 8 8 5 8 6 8
a 1 b1 a1 b 2 a1 b 3
13 Suppose a1, a2, a3 are in A.P. and b1, b2 , b3 are in H.P. and let = a 2 b1 a 2 b2 a 2 b 3 , then :
a 3 b1 a 3 b2 a 3 b3
(A) is independent of a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3 (B) a1 , a2 2 , a3 3 are in A.P.
(C) b1 + , b2 + 2, b3 + are in H.P. (D) none of these
14 If AB = A and BA = B, then
(A) A2B = A2 (B) B2A = B2 (C) ABA = A (D) BAB = B
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x a b
15 The solution(s) of the equation a x a = 0 is/are :
b b x
(A) x = (a + b) (B) x = a (C) x = b (D) x = b
16 If D1 and D2 are two 3 x 3 diagonal matrices, then
(A) D1D2 is a diagonal matrix (B) D1D2 = D2D1
(C) D12 + D22 is a diagonal matrix (D) none of these
1 a a2
17 If 1 x x 2 = 0 , then :
b2 ab a 2
1 a
(A) x = a (B) x = b (C) x = (D) x =
a b
LMa bOP (where bc 0) satisfies the equations x + k = 0, then
Nc d Q
18 If A = 2
(A) a + d = 0 (B) k = –|A| (C) k = |A| (D) none of these
19 The value of lying between = 0 & = /2 & satisfying the equation :
1sin 2 cos 2 4sin 4
2 2
sin 1cos 4sin 4
= 0 are :
sin 2 cos 2 14sin 4
7 5 11
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 24 24 24
1 a a2
20 The singularity of matrix cos (p d) x cos px cos (p d) x depends upon which of the following parameter
sin (p d ) x sin px sin (p d) x
(A) a (B) p (C) x (D) d
PARAGRAPH TYPE
PASSAGE 1
1 0 0 1 2 2
2 1 0 0 3 3
A= , U1, U2 and U3 are column matrices satisfying. AU1 = ; AU2 = , AU3 = and U is
3 2 1 0 0 1
3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following questions
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21 The value of |U| is
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2
22 The sum of elements of U–1 is
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3
3
23 The value of [3 2 0] U 2 is
0
(A) [5] (B) [5/2] (C) [4] (D) [3/2]
PASSAGE 2
A square matrix P of order ‘n’ is such that P = A–1XA and ATA = I.where X is a nonsingular matrix which satisfies
XTX = X.
24 Matrix PTP is equal to
(A) X (B) P2 (C) P (D) A
25 |P| is equal to
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) none of these
26 If P
LMa a OP ; a > 0 then A–1X–2A is equal to
Na a Q
LM 0 1 OP LM 0 2OP LM0 2 OP LM2 0 OP
(A)
N 1 0 Q (B)
N 2 0 Q (C)
N2 0 Q (D)
N0 2 Q
PASSAGE 3
Let A be a n × n matrix given by
a11 a12 a13 a1n
a 21 a 22 a 23 a 2n
A=
a a a n 3 a nn
n1 n2
such that each horizontal row is an arithmetic progression and each vertical column is a geometrical progression.
It is known that each column in geometric progression have the same common ratio.
1 3
Given that a24 = 1, a42 = and a43 = .
8 16
n
Sn
27 Let Sn = a 4 j , then Lim is equal to
j1 n n2
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 16 32
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n
28 Let di be the common difference of the elements in ith row, then d i
i 1
1 1 1 n 1
(A) n (B) n 1 (C) 1 (D)
2 2 2n 2n
n
29 The value of Lim
n
ai i is equal to
i 1
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 2
PASSAGE 4
Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix given by A = [ai j] such that the vector Ax is orthogonal to x for every non zero
x in R3.
30 The matrix A is
(A) singular (B) non singular (C) symmetric (D) skew symmetric
31 If a13 = – 2, a32 = 5 then which of the following alternative(s) is/are correct?
(A) a23 = – 5 (B) a23 = 5 (C) a31 = – 2 (D) a31 = 2
32 Which of the following statement is/are hold(s) good?
(A) Sum of all the elements of matrix A is zero, although matrix A cannot be uniquely determined.
(B) Maximum number of distinct entries in matrix A is 6.
(C) Trace of matrix A must be equal to zero.
(D) The pair of conjugate elements of matrix A are additive inverse of each other.
ASSERTION REASON TYPE
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
33 Statement-1: If A and B are 2 × 2 matrices such that det. (A – B) = 0, then A = B.
Statement-2: If A and B are square matrices of same order such that AB = O and B is not a null matrix, then
A must be singular.
34 Statement 1: The determinants of a matrix A a ij 55 where a ij a ji 0 for i and j is zero
Statement 2 : The determinants of a skew symmetric of odd order is zero
35 Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entires such that A2 = I, where I is a 2 × 2 identity matrix.Define
Tr(A) = Sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A.
Statement-1: Tr (A) = 0
Statement-2: | A | = 1
36 Statement 1: For a singular square matrix A, if AB = AC B = C
Statement 2 : If |A| = 0 then A-1 does not exist
37 Statement 1: a 11 , a 22 ,.......a nn is a diagonal matrix then A 1 dia a 111 , a 22 1 ,.........a nn 1
Statement 2: If A dia 2,1, 3 and B dia 1,1, 2 then det AB 1 3
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MATRIX MATCH TYPE
38 Column I Column II
1 2 3
5 13 –6
(A) The value of determinant is (P) 0
cos tan sin
3 4 3
i i4 i7
2
(B) The Value of determinant i i5 i8 is (Q) 1
i3 i6 i9
1 1 1
2 2 2
(C) The value of 2 x
2 x 3 x
3 x 5 x
5 x is (R) 2
x 2 x 2 x 2
2 x
2 3 x
3 5 x
5
(S) 3
39 Column–I Column–II
0 c b
(A) If c 0 a = k, then k + 2 = (P) abc
b a 0
x 1 1 2
(B) If 1 x 1 2 = 0, then x may take the value (Q) 2
1 1 x2
(C) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers,where A is symmetric, (R) 3
B is skew-symmetric, and (A + B) (A – B) = (A – B) (A + B).
If (AB)t = (–1)kAB, where (AB)t is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the (S) 4
possible value of k is/are
40 Column I Column II
(A) If A is an idempotent matrix and I is an idenitiy matrix (P) 9
n
of the same order, then the value of n, such that A I I 127 is
1
(B) If I A I A A 2 ... A 7 , then A n 0 where n is (Q) 10
(C) If A is matrix such that a ij i j i j , then A is singular if (R) 7
order of matrix is (S) 8
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EXERCISE - 2 (B)
INTEGER TYPE
1 2
1 Let A = – 1 3 . If A6 – 4A5 + 8A4 – 12A3 + 14A2 = A + I ( & are integers). Find + .
2
2 If for the matrix A = 2 ; |A3| = 125, then find the value of 2 .
1 x x x2
2
3 If x 1 x x px5 + qx4 + rx3 + sx2 + t x + w, then find the value of t.
x2 x 1 x
bc ca ab
4 Find the value of the determinant p q r where a, b and c are respectively the pth, qth and rth terms of
1 1 1
a harmonic progression
5 If matrices A and B satisfy AB = A, BA = B, A2 = kA, B2 = B and (A + B)3 = m(A + B) , then find the
value of k + + m.
(x – a)4 (x – a)3 1 (x – a)4 (x – a) 2 1
4
6 If f x = (x – b) (x – b) 3 1 and f ' x = (x – b)4 (x – b) 2 1 . Find the value of .
(x – c)4 (x – c)3 1 (x – c)4 (x – c) 2 1
n(sec x )
7 Let n a = xlim (xx – 1), b = xlim (cot x)sinx , c = xlim (sec x)cosecx , d = xlim & matrix A =
0 0 0 0 x2
a b
. Find |Adj(Adj A)|.
c 2d
3 r ·3r 2r
1 4 3
8 Let A = 2 , B = 2 2 and Cr = be given matrices.
1 2 0 (r 1)3r
50
If tr. (AB) C = 3 + a · 3b
r 1
r
r where tr.(A) denotes trace of matrix A,
a b
then find the value of [Where a and b are relatively prime.]
25
2 0 7 x 14x 7 x
9 If A = 0 1 0 and B = 0 1 0 are two matrices such that AB = (AB) –1 and
1 2 1
x 4x 2x
AB (AB) 2 (AB) 3 ........ (AB)100
AB I then find the value of tr 100
.
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cos sin
10 Let A = sin cos and matrix B is defined such that B = A + 4A2 + 6A3 + 4A4 + A5.
If det (B) = 1, then find the number of values of in [– 2, 2].
a 360
11 Let M = b c
, where a, b and c are integers. Find the smallest positive value of 3b/5 such that
M2 = O, where O denotes 2 × 2 null matrix.
1 2 2
12 If M and M M I2 0, then must be
2 3
2 4 5
10 the rank of A is
13 If A 4 8
6 12 15
4a 6b
14 Suppose a matrix A satisfies A 2 5A 7I 0 . If A5 aA bI, then the value of must be
1453
15 Let A be a 3 3 matrix and if for every column vector X ' AX 0 and if a12 145, a 23 2008,
a 32
a 31 182, then must be
1004
3
10 0 A
16 For any 2 2 matrix A, if A adjA , then the value of must be
0 10 200
1 2 a b
17 Let A and B be two matrices such that they are commutative and c 3b, then the value of
3 4 c d
ad
is
3b c
1 2 2
18 If A 2 1 2 is a matrix satisfying AA T 9I3 , then the value of a b is
a 2 b
1 1 1 4 2 2
19 Let A 2 1 3 and 10 B 5 0 . If B is the inverse of A, then the value of is
1 1 1 1 2 3
1 1 1 x1 y1 9 2
2 5 7 x y 2 52 15
20 If 2 , then the value of x1 x 2 x 3 y1 y 2 y3 is
2 1 1 x 3 y3 0 1
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EXERCISE - 3
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 If, E = 0 0 1 and F = 1 0 0 calculate the matrix product EF & FE and show that E2F + FE2 = E .
0 0 0 0 1 0
2 Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying
(i) aij is 1 or –1 ; 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 2 ; (iii) a a + a a = 0
(ii) a11 a12 a 21 a 22 11 21 12 22
3 2 3 3
y y
3 Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations. 3 0 = 3y 3y
2 4 x x 10 10
a b p 0
4 Let A = c d and B = q 0 . Such that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value of (ad – bc).
0 1 0
5 Define A = 3 0 . Find a vertical vector V such that (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V = 11
(where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix and vertical vector is a column matrix).
1 0 2
6 If, A = 0 2 1 , then show that the maxtrix A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 2.
2 0 3
7 For a non zero , use induction to prove that :
n n 1 n (n 1) n 2
n n 2
1 0
(a) 0 1 = 0 n nn 1 , for every n N
0 0 n
0 0
(b) If, A = 0 1 , then (aI + bA)n = anI + nan 1 b A, where I is a unit matrix of order 2, n N.
0 0
1 2 a b
8 If the matrices A = 3 4 and B = c d
db
(a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show that the matrix which
a cb
2 3
commutes with A is of the form .
a b
9 If c 1 a is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of f(a), where f(x) = x– x2, when bc = 1/4.
Hence/otherwise evaluate a.
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1 1 1 1
10 If the matrix A is involutary, show that (I + A) and (I – A) are idempotent and (I + A)· (I – A) = O.
2 2 2 2
1 0
11 Show that the matrix A = 2 1 can be decomposed as a sum of a unit and a nilpotent marix.
2007
1 0
Hence evaluate the matrix 2 1 .
1 x 1 3 3 z
12 Given matrices A = x 2 y ; B = 3 2 3 . Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is symmetric.
1 y 3 z 3 1
0 1 1
13 Let X be the solution set of the equation A = I, where A = 4 3 4 and I is the corresponding unit matrix
x
3 3 4
and x N then find the minimum value of (cos x sin x ) , R.
3 a 1 d 3 a
14 A = 2 5 c is Symmetric and B = b a e 2b c is Skew Symmetric, then find AB.
b 8 2 2 6 f
Is AB a symmetric, Skew Symmetric or neither of them. Justify your answer.
1 2 5
15 Express the matrix 2 3 6 as a sum of a lower triangular matrix & an upper triangular matrix with zero in its
1 0 4
leading diagonal. Also Express the matrix as a sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric matrix.
16 A is a square matrix of order n.
l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.
1 2 5
17 Consider the two matrices A and B where A = 4 3 ; B = 3 . If n(A) denotes the number of elements in
A such that n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X and Y are not conformable for multiplication. If C = (AB)(B'A);
n ( C) | D |2 n ( D )
D = (B'A)(AB) then, find the value of n (A ) n (B) .
a b 2
18 If A then prove that value of f and g satisfying the maxtrix equation A + fA + gI = O
c d
are equal to – tr (A) and determinant of A respectively. Given a, b, c, d are non zero reals and
1 0 0 0
I ;O
0 1 0 0
7 5 3i 2 / 3 4i
19 (a) Prove that the value of the determinant 5 3i 8 4 5i is real.
2 / 3 4i 4 5i 9
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(b) On which one of the parameter out of a, p, d or x, the value of the determinant
1 a a2
cos ( p d ) x cos px cos ( p d ) x does not depend.
sin ( p d ) x sin px sin ( p d ) x
20 Without expanding as far as possible, prove that
a 2 2a 2a 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2a 1 a 2 1 = (a 1)3 (b) x y z = [(xy) (yz) (zx) (x+y+z)]
3 3 1 x3 y3 z3
x3 1 x 2 x
21 If y3 1 y 2 y = 0 and x , y , z are all different then , prove that xyz = 1.
z3 1 z 2 z
18 40 89
22 Using properties of determinants or otherwise evaluate 40 89 198 .
89 198 440
a bc 2a 2a
23 Prove that 2b bca 2b = (a + b + c)3 .
2c 2c c a b
a b c bc ca ab
24 If D = c a b and D = a b b c c a then prove that D= 2 D.
b c a ca a b bc
1 a 2 b2 2ab 2b
25 Prove that 2ab 1 a 2 b2 2a = (1 + a² + b²)3.
2 2
2b 2a 1 a b
a bc c b
26 Prove that ac b c a = (a + b + c) (a² + b² + c²).
ab ba c
4 2 1
27 Prove that 4 2 1 = 64( )( )( )( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 1
n! (n 1)! (n 2)! D
28 For a fixed positive integer n, if D= ( n 1)! (n 2)! (n 3)! then show that 3 4 is divisible by n.
(n 2)! (n 3)! (n 4)! (n!)
29 Solve for x
x 2 2 x 3 3x 4 x 2 2 x 3 3x 4
(a) 2x 3 3x 4 4 x 5 = 0. (b) x 4 2 x 9 3x 16 = 0.
3x 5 5x 8 10x 17 x 8 2 x 27 3x 64
30 Given x = cy + bz ; y = az + cx ; z = bx + ay where x , y , z are not all zero , prove that
a² + b² + c² + 2 abc = 1.
x y z
31 Given a = ;b= ;c= where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that: 1 + ab + bc + ca = 0.
yz zx xy
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32 If sin q cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations
x cos p – y sin p + z = cos q + 1
x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 – sin q
x cos(p + q) – y sin (p + q) + z = 2
then find the value of x2 + y2 + z2.
33 Investigate for what values of , the simultaneous equations x + y + z = 6;
x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y + z = have;
(a) A unique solution.
(b) An infinite number of solutions.
(c) No solution.
34 For what values of p , the equations : x + y + z = 1 ; x + 2 y + 4 z = p & x + 4y + 10z = p2 have a solution?
Solve them completely in each case.
35 Solve the equations : K x + 2 y 2 z = 1, 4 x + 2 K y z = 2, 6 x + 6 y + K z = 3 considering specially the
case when K = 2.
ap a p
36 If bc + qr = ca + rp = ab + pq = 1 show that bq b q = 0.
cr c r
37 If the following system of equations (a t)x + by + cz = 0 , bx + (c t)y + az = 0 and
cx + ay + (b t)z = 0 has nontrivial solutions for different values of t , then show that we can express product
of these values of t in the form of determinant.
38 Show that the system of equations 3x – y + 4z = 3 , x + 2y – 3z = –2 and 6x + 5y + z = – 3 has atleast one
solution for any real number . Find the set of solutions of = –5.
z ay a 2 x a 3 0
39 Solve the system of equations ; z by b 2 x b3 0
z cy c2 x c3 0
ax c b
40 If a + b + c = 0 , solve for x : c bx a = 0.
b a cx
41 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 then show that the value of the determinant
a 2 (b 2 c 2 ) cos ba (1 cos ) ca (1 cos )
2 2 2
ab(1 cos ) b (c a ) cos cb(1 cos ) simplifies to cos 2
ac(1 cos ) bc(1 cos ) c (a 2 b 2 ) cos
2
pa qb rc a b c
42 If p + q + r = 0 , prove that qc ra pb = pqr c a b .
rb pc qa b c a
a a3 a 4 1
43 If a , b , c are all different & b b3 b 4 1 = 0, then prove that, abc(ab + bc + ca) = a + b + c.
c c3 c4 1
a2 ab ac
2
ab b bc
44 Show that, 2
is divisible by 2 and find the other factor..
ac bc c
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(a p) 2 (a q ) 2 (a r ) 2 (1 ap) 2 (1 aq) 2 (1 ar) 2
2
45 Prove that : (b p) (b q) 2 ( b r) 2 (1 bp) 2 (1 bq) 2 (1 br) 2
( c p) 2 ( c q) 2 (c r) 2 (1 cp) 2 (1 cq) 2 (1 cr) 2
46 If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P is a non singular matrix then show that the matrix
PB–1 is also orthogonal.
2
47 Prove that 2( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = 0.
( ) ( ) 2
48 If ax1² + by1² + cz12 = ax22 + by22 + cz22 = ax32 + by32 + cz32 = d and
ax2x3 + by2y3 + cz2z3 = ax3x1 + by3y1 + cz3z1 = ax1x2 + by1y2 + cz1z2 = f,
x1 y1 z1 1/ 2
d 2f
then prove that x 2 y2 z 2 = (d f) (a , b , c 0)
x3 y3 z3 abc
f a
1 a
x a
1 a a2
f b f x
1 b 1 b b2
49 If f(x) is a polynomial of degree < 3, prove that x b 1 c c 2 x a x b x c
f c
1 c
x c
1 1 1
x
a x
b x
c
1 1 1 P
50 , where Q is the product of denominators,
a y b y c y Q
1 1 1
a z b z c z
prove that P b c c a a b y z z x x y .
51 If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, show that
sin 2A sin C sin B 1 cos B cos C cos B cos B
sin C sin 2B sin A 0 cos C cos A 1 cos A cos A 0
(i) (ii)
sin B sin A sin 2C 1 cos B 1 cos A 1
1 a1 b1 a1 b 2 a1 b 3
3
Show that a 2 b1 1 a 2 b 2 a 2 b3 1 a b a a b b
52 i i
1i j3
i j j i
a 3 b1 a 3 b2 1 a 3 b3 i 1
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ah bg g ab ch ah bg a h
53 Prove, without expanding that bf ba f hb bc a bf ba h b
af bc c bg fc af bc g f
' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
54 Prove that
' ' ' '
13 3 2 5 5
55 Find the value of the determinant 15 26 5 10
3 65 15 5
x x x x x 1 x 2
Cr C r 1 Cr 2 Cr Cr 1 Cr 2
y y y y y 1 y 2
56 Prove that Cr C r 1 Cr 2 Cr Cr 1 Cr 2
z z z z z 1 z 2
Cr C r 1 Cr 2 Cr Cr 1 Cr 2
bc a 2 ca b2 ab c 2 2 2 2
2
57 Prove that ca b ab c 2 bc a 2 2 2 2 where 2 2
a 2 b 2 c2 and ab bc ca
ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2 2 2 2
2
u v 0
u 3 d y
58 If y , where u and v are function of x, show that v u' v' v .
v dx 2
u '' v '' 2v '
f g h
59 If f,g and h are differentiable functions of x and xf ' xg ' xh ' then prove that
x f " x g " x h "
2 2 2
f g h
' f' g' h'
x f " ' x g " ' x
3 3 3
h " '
ap bq cr
60 If bc qr ca rp ab pq 1, Show that a b c 0
p q r
a1 b1 2 a 1 b 2 2 a1 b 3 2 a 1 b 4 2
2 2 2 2
a 2 b1 a 2 b2 a 2 b3 a 2 b4
61 Prove that 2 2 2 2
0
a 3 b1 a3 b2 a 3 b3 a 3 b4
a 4 b1 2 a 4 b 2 2 a 4 b 3 2 a 4 b 4 2
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x 1 1 .......
1 x 1 ....... n 1
62 Prove that x 1 x n 1 , the determinant being of the nth order
1 1 x .......
.... .... .... ....
a1 1 0 0 ... ... 0
1 a 2 1 0 ... ... 0
0 1 a 3 1 ... ... ...
63 If u n , Prove that u n a n u n 4 u n 2
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 ... ... 1 a n 1 1
0 0 ... ... 0 1 an
a b c d
b c d a
64 If is a root of x 4 1, show that a b c2 d3 is factor of ,
c d a b
d a b c
Hence show that the determinant is equal to a b c d a b c d a c b d
2 2
65 Let be a repeated root of the quadratic equation f x 0 and A x , B x ,C x be polynomials of
A x Bx C x
A B C
degree 3,4 and 5 respectively, then show that is divisible by f(x), where dash denotes
A ' B ' C '
the dirivatives.
X Y Z
s t1
X1 Y1 Z1 X 3 1
66 If Y sX and Z tX all the variables beings functions of x, prove that s2 t 2 where
X2 Y2 Z2
suffixes denote the order fo differentiation with respect to x.
ax by cz ay bc cx az
ay bx by cz ax bz cy a 2 b 2 c2 x 2 y2 z 2 az by cz .
67 Prove that
cx az bz cy cz ax by
68 For what values of p and q the system of equations
2x py 6z 8
x 2y qz 5
x y 3z 4
has (i) no solution
(ii) a unique solution
(iii) an infinitely many solution
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69 Find the matrices of transformations T1T2 and T2 T1 , when T1 is rotation through an angle 60 and T2 is the
reflection in the y-axis. Also verify that T1T2 T2T1.
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 i
0 0 1 0 0 0 i 0
70 Given A1 A2
0 1 0 0 0 i 0 0
1 0 0 0 i 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0
0
0 1 0
A3 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 and A4
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
Show that Ai A k A k Ai 2I or 0 for i k or i k and I is the unit matrix of order 4 and i, k 1, 2,3, 4
1 1 1
2 3 1 0 1
71 Given A 2 4 1 , B Find P such that BPA
3 4 0 1 0
2 3 1
72 By the method of matrix inversion, solve the systerm.
1 1 1 x u 9 2
2 5 7 y v 52 15
2 1 1 z w 0 1
73 Show that the equations
2x 6y 11
6x 2y 6z 3
6y 18z 1 Y
are not consistent (Using rank method). x
C
74 Write down 2 2 matrix A which corresponds to
x 2 2 unit x
a counterclokwise rotation of 60 about the origin.
In the diagram tha square OABC has its diagonal OB
of 2 2 units in length. The square is rotated counter- O x
X
Y'
clokwise about O through 60. Find the co-ordinates
of the vertices of the square after rotating
12 22 32 42
2
2 32 42 52
75 Find tha rank of the matrix A 2
3 42 52 62
2
4 52 62 72
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2 5 3
76 Find the inverse of the matrix of A 3 1 2 and apply the results to solve the equations
1 2 1
2x 5y 3z 9, 3x y 2z 3, x 2y z 6
0 c b
c 0
77 Find the rank of the matrix b a 0 where a,b,c are all positive numbers and a b c 0.
0
0 1 1
78 Find the reciprocal (or inverse) of the matrix M 1 0 1 and show that the transform of the matrix
1 1 0
b c c a b a
1
A c b c a a b by M i.e. MAM 1 is a diagonal matrix
2
b c a c a b
79 If square matrices A and B are such that AA A A, BB BB, AB B A then prove that
AB AB AB AB.
a b c
80 If abc p, and A c a b , prove that AA ' I if and only if a,b,c are the roots of equation
b c a
x3 x 2 p 0
81 A3 × 3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A) such that | B | = b. Find the value of (ab2 + a2b + 1)S
1 a a 2 a3
where S = 3 5 ...... up to , and a = 3.
2 b b b
cos x sin x 0
82 If F(x) = sin x cos x 0 then show that F(x). F(y) = F(x + y) . Hence prove that [ F(x) ]–1 = F(– x).
0 0 1
83 If A is a skew symmetric matrix and I + A is non singular, then prove that the matrix B = (I – A)(I + A)–1 is an
0 5
orthogonal matrix. Use this to find a matrix B given A = 5 0 .
84 Use matrix to solve the following system of equations.
x yz3 x y z6 x y z3 x y z3
(i) x 2 y3z4 (ii) x y z2 (iii) x 2 y3z 4 (iv) x 2 y3z4
x 4 y9z6 2 x yz 1 2x 3y 4z7 2x 3y 4z9
85 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1.
Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then find the value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.
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1 2 2 2 1 1 10
86 Given that A= 2 2 3 , C= 2 2 1 , D= 13 and that Cb=D. Solve the matrix equation Ax = b.
1 1 3 1 1 1 9
2 1 3 2 2 4
87 Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation, 3 2 . A . 5 3 = 3 1 .
k m
88 If A = and kn lm ; then show that A2 – (k + n)A + (kn – lm) I = O. Hence find A–1.
l n
2 1 9 3
89 Given A= 2 1 ; B= 3 1 . I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the following cases.
(i) AX = A (ii) XA = I (iii) XB = O but BX O.
5 1 3 1 1 2
90 Find the product of two matrices A & B, where A = 7 1 5 & B = 3 2 1 and use it to solve the
1 1 1 2 1 3
following system of linear equations,
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7 ; 2x + y + 3z = 2 .
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WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED
Q.1 If the system of equations x – Ky – z = 0, Kx – y – z = 0 and x + y – z = 0 has a non zero solution, then the
possible values of K are
(A) –1, 2 (B) 1, 2 (C) 0, 1 (D) –1, 1
[JEE 2000]
sin cos sin 2
Q.2 Prove that for all values of ,
sin 23
cos 23
sin 2 43 =0
sin 23 cos 23 sin 2 43
[JEE 2000]
Q.3 Find the real values of r for which the following system of linear equations has a non-trivial solution. Also find the
non-trivial solutions :
2 rx 2y + 3z = 0
x + ry + 2z = 0
2x + rz = 0 [REE 2000]
Q.4 Solve for x the equation
a2 a 1
sin( n 1)x sin nx sin(n 1)x
=0 [REE 2001]
cos(n 1)x cos nx cos(n 1)x
Q.5 Test the consistency and solve them when consistent, the following system of equations for all values of
x+y+z =1
x + 3y – 2z =
3x + ( + 2)y – 3z = 2 + 1 [REE 2000]
Q.6 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 . Show that the equation
ax by c bx ay cx a
bx ay ax by c cy b
= 0
cx a cy b ax by c
represents a straight line. [JEE 2001]
Q.7 The number of values of k for which the system of equations
(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k
kx + (k + 3)y = 3k – 1
has infinitely many solutions is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) inifinite [JEE 2002]
Q.8 The value of for which the system of equations 2x – y – z = 12, x – 2y + z = –4, x + y + z = 4 has no solution
is
(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 2 (D) –2 [JEE 2004]
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Q.9
(a) Consider three points P = sin( ), cos , Q = cos( ), sin and
R = cos( ), sin( ) , where 0 < , , < /4
(A) P lies on the line segment RQ (B) Q lies on the line segment PR
(C) R lies on the line segment QP (D) P, Q, R are non collinear [JEE 2008]
(b) Consider the system of equations
x – 2y + 3z = –1
– x + y – 2z = k
x – 3y + 4z = 1
STATEMENT-1 : The system of equations has no solution for k 3.
1 3 1
STATEMENT-2 : The determinant 1 2 k 0, for k 3.
1 4 1
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008]
Q.10 The number of all possible values of , where 0 < < , for which the system of equations
(y + z)cos 3 = (xyz) sin 3
2 cos 3 2 sin 3
x sin 3 =
y z
(xyz) sin 3 = (y + 2z) cos 3 + y sin 3
have a solution (x0, y0, z0) with y0z0 0, is [JEE 2010]
a b c
Q.11 If matrix A = b c a where a, b, c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then find the value of
c a b
a3 + b3 + c3 . [JEE 2003]
Q.12 If A = 2 and then =
2
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 0 [JEE 2004]
Q.13 If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M – I) = 0.
[JEE 2004]
a 1 0 a 1 1 f a 2 x
Q.14 A = 1 b d , B = 0 d c , U = g , V = 0 , X = y .
0 z
1 b c f g h h
If AX = U has infinitely many solution, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If further
afd 0, then prove that BX = V has no solution. [JEE 2004]
1 0 0 1 0 0
Q.15 A = 0 1 1 , I = 0 1 0 and A–1 = 1 (A 2 cA dI) , then the value of c and d are
0 2 4 0 0 1 6
(A) –6, –11 (B) 6, 11 (C) –6, 11 (D) 6, – 11
[JEE 2005]
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3 1
2
Q.16 If P =
2 , A = 1 1 and Q = PAP
APT and x = PTQ2005 P, then x is equal to
0 1
1 3
2 2
1 2005 4 2005 3 6015
(A) 0 1 (B) 2005 4 2005 3
1 2 3 1 1 2005 2 3
(C) 2 3 (D) [JEE 2005]
4 1 4 2 3 2005
Q.17 Match the statements / Expression in Column-I with the statements / Expressions in Column-II and indicate
your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in OMR.
Column-I Column-II
x 2 2x 4
(A) The minimum value of is (P) 0
x2
(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers, (Q) 1
where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric, and
(A + B)(A – B) = (A – B)(A + B). If (AB)t = (–1)kAB, where (AB)t
is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
a
(C) Let a = log3 log32. An integer k satisfying 1 < 2 ( k 3 )
< 2, must be(R) 2
less than
1
(D) If sin = cos , then the possible values of are (S) 3
2
[JEE 2008]
Q.18 Comprehension
Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these entries are
1 and four of them are 0.
(a) The number of matrices in A is
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3
(b) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
x 1
A y 0 has a unique solution, is
z 0
(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7
(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10
(c) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
x 1
A y 0
z 0
is inconsistent, is
(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1 [JEE 2009]
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Q.19
x 1
(a) The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system A y = 0 has
z 0
exactly two distinct solutions, is
(A) 0 (B) 29 – 1 (C) 168 (D) 2
(b) Let k be a positive real number and let
2 k 1 2 k 2 k 0 2k 1 k
A 2 k 1 2k and B 1 2k 0 2 k
2 k 2k 1 k 2 k 0
If det (adj A) + det(adj B) =106, then [k] is equal to
[Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k].
[JEE 2010]
(c) Comprehension
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices.
a b
Tp = A c a : a , b, c {0,1, 2,......, p 1}
(i) The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det(A) divisible by p is
(A) (p – 1)2 (B) 2(p – 1) (C) (p – 1)2 + 1 (D) 2p – 1
(ii) The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]
(A) (p – 1)(p2 – p + 1) (B) p3 – (p – 1)2
(C) (p – 1)2 (D) (p – 1)(p2 – 2)
(iii) The number of A in Tp such that det(A) is not divisible by p is
(A) 2p2 (B) p3 – 5p (C) p3 – 3p (D) p3 – p2
[JEE 2010]
Q.20 Let M and N be two 3X3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the
transpose of P, then M2 N2 (MT N)-1 (MN-1)T is equal to
(A) M2 (B) – N2 (D) – M2 (D) MN
[JEE 2011]
Paragraph for Questions Nos. 21 to 23
Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying
1 9 7
a b c 8 2 7 0 0 0 ...(E)
7 3 7
[JEE 2011]
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Q.21 If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of 7a + b + c is
(A) 0 (B) 12 (C) 7 (D) 6
Q.22 Let be a solution of x3 1 = 0 with Im( ) > 0. if a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value of
3 1 3
a
b c is equal to
(A) - 2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) - 3
Q.23 Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If and are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
n
1 1
is
n 0
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 6/7 (D)
1 a b
1 c
Q.24 Let 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form where
2 1
each of a, b and c is either or 2 . Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8
[JEE 2011]
Q.25 Let M be a 3X3 matrix satisfying
0 1 1 1 1 0
M 1 2 , M 1 1 & M 1 0
0 3 0 1 1 12
Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is? [JEE 2011]
Q.26 Let P = [aij] be a 3X3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2i+j aij for 1 i, j 3 . If the determinant of P is 2, then
the determinant of the matrix Q is
(A) 210 (B) 211 (C) 212 (D) 213
[JEE 2012]
Q.27 If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then
x 0
there exists a column matrix X y 0 such that
z 0
0
(A) PX 0 (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = X
0
[JEE 2012]
1 4 4
Q.28 If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7 , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is (are)
1 1 3
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2
[JEE 2012]
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Q.29 For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
(A) NTMN is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(B) MN NM is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(C) MN is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(D) (adj M) (adj N) = adj(MN) for all invertible matrices M and N
[JEE 2013]
Q.30 Let be a complex cube root of unity not equal to 1 and P = [pij] be a n × n matrix with pij = i j . Then
P 2 0 , when n =
(A) 57 (B) 55 (C) 58 (D) 56
[JEE 2013]
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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 (A)
1 (a) 2 (a) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 (a) 6 (c)
7 (a) 8 (c) 9 (b) 10 (b) 11 (b) 12 (b)
13 (d) 14 (b) 15 (d) 16 (a) 17 (b) 18 (d)
19 (d) 20 (c) 21 (a) 22 (a) 23 (c) 24 (d)
25 (d) 26 (c) 27 (b) 28 (d) 29 (b) 30 (b)
31 (a) 32 (c) 33 (a) 34 (d) 35 (c) 36 (b)
37 (a) 38 (b) 39 (b) 40 (c) 41 (b) 42 (b)
43 (a) 44 (b) 45 (a) 46 (a) 47 (b) 48 (d)
49 (d) 50 (a) 51 (a) 52 (b) 53 (b) 54 (d)
55 (b)
EXERCISE - 1 (B)
1 B 2 C 3 D 4 B 5 C 6 B 7 B 8 D 9 D
10 D 11 B 12 C 13 C 14 D 15 B 16 D 17 B 18 D
19 B 20 D 21 A 22 A 23 A 24 A 25 C 26 A 27 B
28 B 29 B 30 B 31 A 32 B 33 B 34 D 35 A 36 D
37 D 38 A 39 B 40 C
EXERCISE - 1(C)
1 A 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 C 7 D 8 D 9 B
10 A 11 C 12 C 13 B 14 B 15 C 16 C 17 C 18 C
19 C 20 B 21 A 22 C 23 B 24 D 25 C 26 D 27 C
28 A 29 B 30 A 31 A 32 D 33 D 34 A 35 B 36 C
37 B 38 C 39 B 40 A 41 A 42 D 43 D 44 C 45 C
46 C 47 C 48 A 49 D 50 A 51 A 52 A 53 B 54 A
COLLEGES :Andheri/ Borivali/ Chembur/ Dadar/ Kalyan/ Kharghar/ Nerul/ Powai/ Thane # 380
DETERMINANT & MATRICES Rg. 2019 - 2021
55 C 56 A 57 B 58 D 59 A 60 C 61 D 62 B 63 C
64 D 65 B 66 B 67 C 68 A
WINDOW TO JEE MAIN
1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (d) 6 (d) 7 (c) 8 (c) 9 (b)
10 (c) 11 (b) 12 (b) 13 (d) 14 (d) 15 (a) 16 (a) 17 (a) 18 (d)
19 (a) 20 (d) 21 (d) 22 (c) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25 (c) 26 (b) 27 (b)
EXERCISE - 2 (A)
1 A,D 2 A,B,C,D 3 B,D 4 A,B,C 5 A,B,C
6 B,C,D 7 A,C,D 8 A,C 9 A,B,C,D 10 B,C 11 A,B
12 A,B,C,D 13 A,B,C 14 A,B,C,D 15 A,B,C 16 A,B,C 17 A,D
18 A,C 19 A,C 20 A,C,D 21 A 22 B 23 A
24 C 25 C 26 A 27 D 28 C 29 D
30 A,D 31 A,D 32 A,C,D 33 D 34 A 35 C
36 D 37 C 38 (A)-(P) , (B)-(P) , (C)-(P)
39 (A)-(Q) , (B)-(S) , (C)-(R) 40 (A)-(R) , (B)-(S) , (C)-(P,R)
EXERCISE - 2 (B)
1. 1 2. 9 3. 3 4. 0 5. 6 6. 3 7. 2 8. 4 9. 3
10. 4 11. 6 12. 4 13. 1 14. 2 15. 2 16. 5 17. 1 18. 3
19. 5 20. 7
EXERCISE - 3
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 EF = , FE = 2 8
0 0 0 0 0 1
3
3 x= , y=2 4 5049
2
COLLEGES :Andheri/ Borivali/ Chembur/ Dadar/ Kalyan/ Kharghar/ Nerul/ Powai/ Thane # 381
DETERMINANT & MATRICES Rg. 2019 - 2021
0
5 V = 1 8 1
11
1 0
9 f (a) = 1/4, a = 1/2 11
4014 1
4 2 2 4 2 2
12 - , , 2 2 , , , - 2 2 ,(3,3, –1) 13 2
3 3 3 3
14 AB is neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
1 0 0 0 2 5 1 2 2 0 0 3
2 3 0 0 0 - 6 2 3 -3 0 0 -3
15 + ; +
-1 0 4 0 0 0 2 -3 4 -3 3 0
16 4 17 650 19 (b) p
22 -1 28 (ab' - a'b) (bc' - b'c) (ca' - c'a)
29 (a) x = - 1 or x = - 2; (b) x = 4
32. 2 33. (a) 3 (b) = 3, =10 (c) = 3, 10
34. x = 1 + 2K , y = 3K , z = K, when p = 1 ; x = 2K, y = 1 3K , z = K when p = 2 ; where K R
x y z 1
35. If K2, 2(K6) 2K3 6(K2) 2
,
2 K 2K15
1 2
If K= 2, then x = , y = and z = 0 where R
2
4 9
38. If –5 then x = ; y = – and z = 0 ;
7 7
4 5K 13K 9
If = –5 then x = ;y= and z = K where K R
7 7
39. x = (a + b + c) , y = ab + bc + ca , z = abc
3 2 2 ( a2 + b2 + c2 + )
40. x = 0 or x = ±
2
a b 2 c2 44.
55. 15 2 25 3
COLLEGES :Andheri/ Borivali/ Chembur/ Dadar/ Kalyan/ Kharghar/ Nerul/ Powai/ Thane # 382
DETERMINANT & MATRICES Rg. 2019 - 2021
68. (i) p 2 & q 3 , (ii) 0, p 2, q 3 , (iii) p 2
1 3 1 3
4 7 7
69. 2 2 , 2 2
71. 3 5 5
3 1 3 1
2 2 2 2
72. x 1, u 1 74.
C 0, 2 C ' 3,1
y 3, v 2
z 5, w 1
75. p(A) = 3
5 11 7
30 30 30
1 1 1
76. A
1
, x 1, y 2, z 1
6 6 6
5 1 13
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
30 30 30 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
77. 2 78.
1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
1 12 5
81. 225 54.
13 5 12
84. (i) x = 2, y = 1, z = 0 ; (ii) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 ;
(iii) x = 2 + k, y = 1 2k, z = k where k R ; (iv) inconsistent, hence no solution
85. 1 86. x1 = 1, x2 = – 1, x3 = 1
1 48 25 1 n m
87. 88. l k
19 70 42 kn lm
a b
89. (i) X = 2 2a 1 2b for a, b R ; (ii) X does not exist ;
a 3a
(iii) X = c 3c a, c R and 3a + c 0; 3b + d 0
90. x = 2, y = 1, z = 1
WINDOW TO JEE ADVANCED
k
1. D 3. r = 2 ; x = k; y = ; z = k where k R {0}
2
4. x = n, n I
5. If = 5, system is consistent with infinite solution given by z = K,
1 1
y = (3K + 4) and x = – (5K + 2) where K R
2 2
1 1
If 5, system is consistent with unique solution given by z = (1 – ); x = ( + 2)
3 3
and y = 0.
COLLEGES :Andheri/ Borivali/ Chembur/ Dadar/ Kalyan/ Kharghar/ Nerul/ Powai/ Thane # 383
DETERMINANT & MATRICES Rg. 2019 - 2021
7. B 8. D 9. (a) D; (b) A 10. 3
11. 4 12. A 15. C 16. A
17. (A) R (B) Q,S (C) R,S (D) P,R 18. (a) A, (b) B, (b) B
19. (a) A, (b) 4 ; (c) (i) D, (ii) C, (iii) D
20. C 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. A 25. 9 26. D
27. D 28. A,D 29. C,D 30. B,C,D
COLLEGES :Andheri/ Borivali/ Chembur/ Dadar/ Kalyan/ Kharghar/ Nerul/ Powai/ Thane # 384
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