15

EXPT NO: af DATE: ot,Dtt~

PREPARATION OF A STANDARD SOLUTION

AIM:To prepa re a ;;, standard solutio n of ferrou s ammo nium sulpha te(whe re J,,,
is the given molar ity).
weighing
APPARATUS: 100m l standa rd flask, funne l, butter paper, glass rod,
machine, pipett e.
.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED: Ferrous ammo nium sulphate , distiUed water
rd solutio n.
THEORY: A solutio n whose conce ntratio n is known is called a standa
n is called
The numb er of moles of solute prese nt in one liter of the solute.o
motar ity(M) .

using the
PROCEDURE:The amou nt of FAS neede d for prepa ring ;, is calculated
formu la H:: : J; ::: W,:-A! ~ IOOo
~fllllf 1;t.ltl 0

M= 2._ We ight of FAS • lOOO W,c-= I~ aqz. gt'f'll-'JtJM

2D molar mass of FAS • lOO 2DX t(JM
,. ,.ttt,q
nt is then
The above amou nt is weigh ed in a chemicaf balance. The weigh ed amou
little distiUed
carefu lly transf erred into a standa rd flask fitted with a funne l. A
5ml of dilute
water is added to wash down the salt in the standard flask. Then
ammo nium
sulphuric acid is added to preve nt the hydrolysis of ferrou s
d water. It is
sulpha te.The solutio n is then made u till the markin g using distille
then stoppe red tightly and shak

OBSERVATION :

ass of paper
b. Mass ty paper=
c. Mass of FAS=
M
~ . = __l .....'tit
soIut10n __ _g
d. Weigh t of FAS for prepa ring
 16

1 We igh t of fas •l0 00

ACTUAL MOLARITY CALCULA IiO
N. M

---
-,.. .,,o rm 4ss of fas •l0 0

PRECAUTION: Butter paper can

be used to weigh the salt. Tra
need to be done nsference of salt
carefully wi tho ut spillage. Th
e making up of solution can
carefully using a pipette. Stopp be done
er the standard flask tig htl y be
fore shaking.
RESULT: The solution of FAS of M
given molarity a, is prepared.

Teacher's signature:
 17

EXPT N0:02. DATE:t,8-t,L, ,24

REDOX TITRATION-I

ESTIMATION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE USING FAS

AIM: To prepare standard solution of FAS of approximately "'ho and using
that, determine the molarity and strength in g/l of the given KMn0 4 solution.

PRINCIPLE:

Oxidation half reaction: ft 2.t - ~7 Ft,,3+ ,- it..-

Reduction half reaction: IH_. + ~- + se,- + Mn 24- + 4 H,JJ

Net reaction: S#t,2~ + f.ttt\,- fr RH+ ~ 5F't:3+ + Mn2.r + J,H,,O

CALCULATION-1

a) AmountofFAStobeweighed= J_ x 3'l2.xl0o
U) 1000
::: l ,q6}

Mass aper=
Mass of FAS=
PRa>AAATil»J F &M.f1\1RD SOt onoN OF FAS:
FAS UK1A a,rig/wL tlll4 ~ lt011Jf!,Wl.
.l1l/1dl, U(1h /OD lfll u,i/lt alili/tkl 11rik

SIMPLE PROCEDURE
r
18

a) Surette so lut ion : KMnO4

b) Pipette solution: FAS
c) Medium: acidic (provided· by
~O l
2N sulphuri.c ac1'd) •
d) Temperature: Room tem pe rat
ure
e) Indicator: ~MnO 4 (self indica
tor)
f) End point: colourless to pale,
pe rm an en t pink.
PROCEDURE

a) Surette is washed wit h wa ter

, rinsed and the n fill ed wit h KM
b) Pipette is washed wit h wa ter n0 4 .
, rinsed wit h FAS So lut ion an d
the n 20 ml FAS
solution, is pip ett ed ou t int o con
ical flask. On e and ha lf tes t tub
es of 2N
sulphuric acid is added to flask to
provide acidic me diu m.
c) Perform titr ati on till con cor
da nt vol um e is ob tai ne d as ind
ica ted by pale,
pe rm an en t pin k colour.

TABULAR CO LU MN
lltfn~ Vs FAS
SNO PIPETTE READING (m l)
BURE;r:TE READING (m l) CONCORDANT
VALUE (N IL)
INI TIA L FINAL

CALCU LATION-11

wh ere x= Nu mb er of ele ctr on

los t by FAS = 1 ele ctr on
M =M ola rity of FAS = _ _ _Y.
=--~_..;;,__ _M

V =V olu me of FAS= 20 ml

Y= Nu mb er of ele ctr on s gained

by KM n0 4 =5 ele ctr on s
 19

M = Molarity of KMn0 4 = M2

V= Volume mf KMn0 4 =_ _ _1_

9._.."3,,____ ml
-z. I .X ~M X kJ mL.
s .x 14 •.3 mt.

= o.O&Ot,M

CALCULATION-Ill

To fin~ the strength o~ KMn04 = ~ 5 8

= I- 6lt g/L

RESULT

a) Molarity of KMn0 4 = ~ M
___,.....t4--
b) Strength of KMn04 =_ _ M _ __~g/L
. ✓

L
 20

EXPT NO: a DATE:1,2..0ft .. 2Jt

REDOX TITRATION•II

ESTIMATION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE USING OXALIC ACID

AIM: To prepare standard solution of OXALIC ACID of approxima t ely

H/00 and using that, determine the molarity and strength in g/.L o( the given
KMn04 solution.

PRINCIPLE:

Oxidation half reaction:[fcoo.).{"- - --,,> 2.C02.. + ze..-] X 5

Reduction half reaction: lt1n (\,- +- BH-1- 1-se.- - - ~> K-,~+ -+-l,#12.~2..
..
Net reaction: 2.Mn0,.- -+ 5 c~-- +-16H t- ► 2l1rr-t + lf)L°'1"8H2.0
CALCULATION-I

•
a) Amount of (COOH)i to be weighed=:,-L (H) = W-•. , ..,. ,.,_.,J
50 uwa.
UJUU( ~ C' ~
b) 1-f~ Qt.id, fO O

Mass of pa per- l2'.

= 5cxlt> 0 O. f 5 2 S
Mass of OXALIC ACID= O. 'S2.j

'PREPlfRA1lON OF JTANi>AAf) ~0Llf11DN OF C"AALIC AtiD: '

o.u 'l- 8 f ~ it wt/. ~
t Jo'iio>tti ,f;laJ.. W ¥rUJJk / L weigl,d DN1. ~ ~ ird,
uJtlh tu.ilf/,d WQ."/th.
 21

SIMPLE PROCEDURE

g) Sure tte solution ; KMn 04

h) Pipe tte solut ion: OXALIC Aao
i) Medium: acidi c (provided by 2N sulph uric acid).
j) Tem pera ture: 60 -7o c
0
.
k) Indic ator: KMn 04 (self indic ator)
I) End poin t: colourless to pale, perm anen t pink4

PROCEDURE
with KMn 04 •
d) Sure tte is washed with wate r, rinse d and then filled
ACID solution and then
e) Pipe tte is washed with wate r, rinse d with OXALIC
flask. One and half
20ml OXALIC ACID solut ion is pipet ted out into conical
acidic medi um.
test tubes of 2N sulphuric acid is added to flask to provi de
f) The conical flask is heate d to 60-70°c. .,
as indic ated by pale,
g) Perfo rm titrat ion t ill conc orda nt value is obtai ned
perm anen t pink colou r.

TABULAR COLUMN
KHn
SNO PIPETTE READING (ml) SURETTE READING (ml) CONCORDANT
VALUE
INITI AL FINAL

CALCULATJON-11

ron
wher e x= Num ber of elect ron lost by oxalic acid =2 elect

M =Mol arity of OXALIC ACID =

V =Volume of OXALIC ACID = 20 ml

 22

Y= Number of electrons ga ined by KM n04

=5 e~ect ron

M = Mo lari ty of KM n04 = M2

V= Volume of KM n0 4 = lf,.5 ml
M2 = :LH, v, ~ 2.J< Y,d'ft 2' m i, = o.~ q M
'd V2- 6' X lb . 6 ML. /

CALCULATION -HI

To find the stre ngt h of KM n0 = M * 158

4

=
RESULT

(i) Mo lari ty of KM n0 4 = Q~~ M

(ii) Strength of KM n0 4 -:!_ ___..
~~t-.
~ .-- _g /l

TEACH.ER'S SIGN: p
 23

EXPT NO: j~

TEST FOR FOOD MATERIALS

I. TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

Experiment Observation Inferences

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES Red viol et ring is Presence of

1. MOLISCH'S TEST:AII produced carbohydrate
carb ohy dra tes ans wer I

this test. To the

aqueous solu tion of
the carb ohy dra te add
few drops of Molisch's
reagent. Add one ml I

of conc.sulpuric acid
to the sides of test
tub e.
silver Presence of reducing I

TEST FOR REDUCING SUGAR A shining

mir ror is form ed carb ohy dra te.
1. TOLLEN'S TEST: To
the aqueous solu tion I
,
of carb ohy dra te ,add
.1ri , ,, r.i l,. lJ
Tollen's rea gen t-an ...,, "i r; ;J.,fY1!. /
hea t in a wat er bath .
Reddish bro wn Presence of reducing
2. FEHLING'S TEST: To
1~ A- 2~P.b . n com pou n d , pre cipi tate of Cu 20 is sugar
,ale fjj t he give
~ u11 u..m add equal amo unts of formed.
1

:;-+Ji.&11~ p, -
{,,JJ,
l(~))..J.Ufn
ranhJraJ/ ehling A & B solution
rr:,~ :11/r' and hea t. Presence of reducing
TEST: To Reddish bro wn
~~ IJX_(l)f'~tf 3. BENEDICTS sugar
the given com pou nd, pre cipi tate of Cu 20 is
l -d; '.lit, u '10 Je,
)8,r ,le add Benedict solution form ed
lMJ. 1/J'. : ...
Hf) 0 and heat.
1rd ,) ., • ~ Blu e-b lack Presence of starch.
TEST FOR STARCH
1. IODINE TEST: To the colo ura tion due to
sample, add iodine the form atio n of the
solution . starch iodi ne
complex .
 24

I •

I ·"
J. 1.

TEST FOR PROTEINS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. XANTHOPROTEIN A ye llo w pre cip ita te Pre sen ce of pro tei n
TEST: To the
substance add a few
drops of cone. nit ric
acid and heat.
2. NtNHYDRIN TEST: To Int en se blu e co lou rat ion Presence of pro tei n
the sample add 2m l
of nin hyd rin so lut ion
and boil.
3. BIURET TEST: Mi x Vio let /M au ve co lou red
equal am ou nts of Presence of pro tei n.
pre dp ita te is ob tai ne d.
CuS04 sol uti on an d
NaOH sol uti on in a
tes t tub e.
Take on e ha lf of it in
an oth er tes t-tu be an d add
giv en com po u nd to it and
hea t. Th e oth er half ls ke pt
as a sta ndard to obs.er v,e
change in col ou r.

Equa tion:

Re sult:
 25

TEST FOR FATS

EXPERfMENT OBSERVATION .1 INFERENCE

1. Place a drop of Paper becomes Presence of fat s.
given comp ound in translucent. '
a piece of paper.
2. To the given Pungent smelling acrolien Presence of fats.
compo und, add is obtain ed.
KHS04 and heat.
3. To two drops of Two layers separa te out. Presence of fats.
given comp ound,
add ether and
shake. To the
above, add little
water and shake.
I' I J
Equation: CH2. OH t?
( K 1-{.5.0lf 11 ~
c...H z. 6 f-1 -- ~
--✓
I
Cr' .-I- 7 /,--12 0
-
c11120 H
Result : (~ee k{/)

TEACHER'S SIGN:
 26

ExP r No : vs DATE: 24 . Ob , 21.,

IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS
( ~IM : To identify the functional groups
in the given org ~n ic _compound
unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, ald (
ehydic , ket oni c , carboxyhc acid and
amino
group).
REQUIREMENTS: Test tubes, tes t
tub e stand, glass rod , dro pp er, bea
ker, wire
guage, Bunsen bu rne r, filt er paper.

FEATURES OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP

1. The physical and chemical pro

perties of com pou nd con tain ing
different
functional group are diff ere nt.
2. There exists a homologous series
of com pou nds con tain ing each typ
e of
functional group.
3. The study of large num ber
of kno wn org ani c com pou nds
become
systematic.
4. Identification of organic compou
nds have become easy on the bas
is of
functional group.
5. The properties and nature of
a new ly synthesized com pou nd
can be
established if the presence of fun ctio
nal gro up is established] / p~ l

TEST FOR UNSATURATION

TESTS OBSERVATION
-

INFERENCE
1. BROMINE TEST: Disappearance of orange Un sat ura tion is present.
Dissolve a litt le of red col our or bro wn
the given sample in colour.
a littl e carbon
tet rac hlo rid e and
add two dro ps of
bro min e solution.
 27

2. BAEYER'S TEST OR Decolourisation of pink Unsaturation is present.

PERMANGANATE colour.
TEST:
Dissolve a little of
the given sample in
wat er or acetone
and add a few
drops of alkaline
solu tion of
potassium
permanganate into
the test tube .

EQUATION:) (,~ c< +~n2.- c.CJ,.,~ :;: ;y -c< (De.wf..wnM,OJio-n)

Bn 1ba,
I') { K'
Md~
b· x- c <
>C ==C<. -1 Hz_ O r tD - Mn~ dH cJr
CJ) e_ c~-luuh/J o-h fJ1/)

OHOL
FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION- ALC

OBSERVATION INFERENCE
EXPERIMENT
A fruit y smelling ester is Presence of alcohol
1. ESTER TEST: To
the sample, add obtained
one ml of glacial
acetic acid and 2-3
drops of cone.
Sulphuric acid.
Warm
Appearance of pink or Presence of alcohol
2. CERIC
AM MO NIU M red colo ur
NITRATE TEST: To
the sample add a
few drops of eerie
amm oniu m
nitra te reagent
 28

and shake well.

11~
EQUATION: 'R - VH-f- R'coo~ ======-=t>
C1.,c.. Ji C OJid.)
rp-~ ~ .Ctt)ca ~

FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION- PHENOLIC GROUP

TESTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. LITMUS TEST: To Blue litmus turns red. Phenolic group is present.
the samp le, add
few drops of blue
litmus.
2. FERRIC CHLORIDE Green or reddish violet Phenolic group present.
TEST: colour.
To the samp le, add 4lun.8' ~d pllwtr! ")78'..1ft
5ml of ferric w 1 i~ :lidtll;wtf.ed .,: ·,
chloride solution. -a~ {I.l e_ - Jii11YJJ-
3. CERRIC -
Green or brown coloured Phenolic group is present.
AMM ON·IU M precipitate is forme d.
NITRATE TEST:
To the sample, add
eerie ammonium
nitrate solution and
'I warm .
 29

FU~CT IONAL GROU P IDENT IFICAT ION- CARBOXYLIC ACID.

TESTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.SOD IUM Brisk effervescence Presence of carboxylic
BICARBONATE TEST: To acid
the sample add a pinch
of sodium bicarb onate.
2. ESTER TEST: To the A fruity smelli ng Presence of carboxylic
sample, few drops of compo und acid.
ethyl alcoho l and cone
sulphu ric acid is added
and warm ed.
I) Rtoo~I + NaHCD 3 ➔ 7?.COONo. -i ffz,O + C.01, J
EQUA TION· i i ) 'R_ -oH --+ 'R 'C..?)Or-l z;;:.:_H ~ 7<..'Cl)ot. -t ~iJIPti ~ e)
• (QO he Cl ud_; ,~n lQilf--
[ <t 1.,~ birn l-u tim elhno
0 V ~
P,11tu:I w/fJ1.J7
~ ; CH.! C,...QQP r •- c) I

FUNC TIONA L GROU P IDENl lFICA TION- ALDEHYDE

TESTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. TOLLEN'S TEST: To Shining silver mirror is Presence of aldehydic

the sample add a obtain ed. group.
few drops of Tollen 's
reage nt and heat.
2. FEHLING TEST: To A red precip itate Confirms the presence of
the sample add a aldehyde
few drops of Fehling
reage nt and heat.
3. 2,4-DN P TEST: To the Yellow orange Aldehyde group is
sample, add 2,4-DNP precip itate presen t.
reagent and shake 1

well. 2..-f( dJ.nj.hrr -f'U!U½J ~cff?afj iAe_

4. SCHIFF'S REAGENT Appearance of pink Aldehyde group is
TEST: colour present.
To the sampl e, add
/ lit tle Schiff' s reagen t
./
 30

EQUATIONS>R ~u -10-+ t [Ab UJ H3) i.--J -\ -r 30n - - -~:> 'Rcco- + 2-A.8,J; t-i NHJ+H2,~
(.A hi n.ru'ne ~ U,"tJt ffUiJ<.t
1
RCoD - ~- Cu2.0 -l, -+. 3fl10
{;BJrswt7 ffl f]
FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION- KETONE

TESTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. m-DINITROBENZENE Appearance of violet Presence of ketone.
TEST: To the sample, colour which slowly
add a pinch of m- fades.
dinitrobenz ene, 1ml
of sodium hydroxide
solution and shake.
2. SODIUM Red colouration Presence of ketone.
NITROPRUSSIDE
TEST:
To the sample, add
sodium nitroprusside
solution. Shake well
and add sodium
hydroxide solution
dropwise.

EQUATION
 31

FUNCTIONAL GROUP IDENTIFICATION- AMINES

TESTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. SOLUBILITY TEST: The sample of Presence of amfne.
Amines are basic so soluble.
they dissolve in mineral
acids (dil HCI).
.
2. LITMUS TEST: Place a Changes to blue Presence of amine,, ..
drop of the sample on
moist red litmus paper. ..
-
3. AZO-DYE TEST: Orange or red Confirms the pr~sence of
Dissolve the sample in precipitate primary amine.
2 ml of Conc.HCI and
cool in ice. L61f!}...ine n Aa crlJf
Add a pinch of NaN02
dissolved in ice-cold
water and then add a
cold solution of 13-
Naphthol in NaOH
solution to it.

EQUATION:

TEACHER'S SIGN: ~
 33

EXPT NO: DATE:

PREPARATION OF ANILINE YELLOW

AIM: To prepar e aniline yellow in lab.

PRINCIPLE: Aniline yellow is an azo dye, prepar ed by treatin g aniline with NaN0 2
,

dilute HCI at cold conditions.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Dilute HCI, NaN0 2 , aniline, beaker, test-tu be, ice.

PROCEDURE:

a) Dissolve 3g of finely powde red diazo amino benzene in 7ml of aniline in a

100 ml conical flask.
b) Add 1.Sg of finely powde red aniline hydroc hloride to the above mixture .
c) Warm the mixtur e with occasional shaking on a water bath at about 45 °C ,
for a period of 1 hour.
d) Remove the flask from the water bath and allow the reaction mixture to
stand at room tempe rature for about 30 minutes.
e) Add 9 ml of glacial acetic acid diluted w ith an equal volume of wate r and
shake the reactio n mixture thorou ghly to conver t excess aniline to its
acetate, which is water- soluble.
f) All the mixture to stand for 15 minutes with occasional stirring.
g) Filter p-aminoazobenzene, wash with a little cold water and dry between
the folds of a filter paper.

RESULT: Aniline yellow is prepared from aniline.

TEACHER'S SIGN:
 35

EXPT NO: S,
DATE: 05 .08.24

STUDY OF EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF

REACTION

Aim: To study the effect of change in concentration and temperature for the
reaction for the reaction between hypo and HCI.

Principle: Hypo is the common name for sodium thiosulphate( Na 2S2O3). This
reaction is choosen for kinetic study because it is moderately paced and
formation of colloidal sulphur is easily observable.

Reaction : Na2S2O3 +2HCI ➔ 2NaCI +H 2 O +SO 2 +S (colloid)

Apparatus and Chemicals required: Hypo solution, conical flasks, thermometer,

test tube, stop watch.

Procedure:

I. Effect of change in concentration:

a. SO ml of hypo is taken in a beaker and 10ml of HCI is added to it, after
placing conical flask on a paper containing a mark on it.
b. Time required for mark to disappear when viewed through solution kept in
it is noted.
c. Same procedure is repeated for various volumes of hypo, diluted with
water, so that total volume is 50ml.
II. . Effect of change in temperature:
a. 25 ml of hypo is mixed with 25 ml of water in a beaker and placed on a
paper containing a mark on it.
b. 10 ml HCI is added to it at room temperature and time taken for mark to
disappear is noted.
c. Same procedure is repeated at three other higher temperatures.
 36

TABULAR COLUMN-

Effect of concentration on rate of reaction

SNO Volume of hypo Volume OF Cone of Time ( in 1/t (f1)

{ml) water (ml) hypo (M) seconds)
1. 10 40 J,oz M
2. 20 30
3. 30 20
4. 40 10
5. 50 0 0. 10 M
,
~ -MW 'X. - ,, ~
Graph - Plot 1/t on x axis and cone on y-a~is-
 37

Effect of temperature on rate of reaction

SNO Volume of Hypo+ water( Temperature ( 0 C) Time (ins) 1/t (s- 1 )

ml)
1. 25+25 0

2. 25+25 1:1,0
3. 25+25 0

4. 25+25 -,, o
5. 25+25 gJ

GRAPH: Plot 1/t on x-axi/ peratu re on y-axis

RESULT:

Rate of reaction is found to be directly proportion al to increase in concentra tion

and increase in temperat ure.

TEACHER'S SIG~
II

&>WWW
 10

EXPT NO: Cf, DATE: QJ. 07,~

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

.A'fM:
To separate the coloured components pres ent in the
given mixture by
ascending paper chromatography. The Rt values are comp
ared.
,APPARATUS: Bomng tube, a thin strip of chromatographic pape
r
..oiEMICALS REQUIRED: Mixt ure of coloured components, tap
wate r.
XHEORY: Chromatography is a separation , purif icatio n, isola
tion and
characterization technique. Paper chro mato grap hy is a
parti tion technique. The
mobile phase moves over the statio nary phase by adsorptio
n and capillary action
and separates the coloured components. The statio nary
phase consists of water
molecules on cellulose paper. The mob ile phase is
a solvent or mixture of
diffe rent solvents.

L . dista nce trave lled by the colou red comp onent

/FORMULA: Retention factor, Rt - dista nce trave lled by the solve nt front

/RoCEDURE:A Chromatographic paper strip of abou t 13cm

long and 2 cm wide is
taken . One end of it cut into trian gula r tip. A reference
line is drawn at that end.
Spotting of mixtu re is done using a thin capillary tube.
The strip is then lowered
into a boiling tube containing a little amo unt of tap wate
r. The triangular tip of
the paper is made to touc h the wate r present in the
boiling tube. Then the
solvent starts rising throu gh capillary action over
the strip. The setup is
undi sturb ed for some time till the coloured componen
ts present in the mixture
gets separated due to difference in the adsorption
.The paper is carefully
removed and the solvent front is marked. The paper
is dried and the distance
trave lled by each com pone nt is marked. Rt is calculated.
 11

OUTLINE THE CHROMATOGRAM HERE: (Mark the distances)

R • 'J)~1l11/u ~ ~ ~ ~ i i
~ · :t>tiMu ·-h td /Jy &/vmf
-~z.l
 12
I,} float . , tvtl J_
OBSERVATION TABLE
if\ll /1,Q~ l - L ' S
SNO COLOURED DISTANCE DISTANCE
COMPONENT TRAVELLED BY THE TRAVELLED BY
RF
COMPONENT ( UIYl) THE SOLVENT
FRONT Ccm)

1. ~ q cm ' '1!'5 cm o .tt5

i. w 6cm r.f,5 cm o. 63

ftsuLT: The colour ed compo nents are separated and their Rf values are
determ ined and compa red.

(i) The Rf of red compo nent= O.b3

(ii) The Rt of green compo nent= t,. ,5
(iii) The Rt ratios for colours= / . 51
Ri cpwz
7'. 4 nQd

TEACHER'S SIGN: