Differential equations of first order

Usually differential equations are relations among quantities that change over time and/or space
and therefore are relevant to the study of the evolving universe, the weather, stock market, etc.
Dfferential equations are fundamental in electronic engineering for modeling and analyzing various
systems. Here are some key applications:
1. Circuit Analysis:
- RLC Circuits: Differential equations describe the behavior of resistors (R), inductors (L), and
capacitors (C) in circuits. For example, the second-order differential equation for a series RLC
circuit can be derived from Kirchhoff's laws.
- Transient Analysis: Differential equations help determine how circuit voltages and currents
change over time when a circuit is powered on or off.

2. Signal Processing:
- Filters: The design of analog filters (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass) involves differential
equations that describe how the output signal relates to the input signal over time.
- Control Systems: Differential equations model the dynamic behavior of systems, which is
crucial in control theory to maintain desired output levels.

3. Electromagnetic Fields:
- Maxwell's Equations: These fundamental equations of electromagnetism are a set of partial
differential equations that describe how electric and magnetic fields interact. They are essential
for the design of antennas, transmission lines, and other RF components.

4. Communication Systems:
- Modulation and Demodulation: The analysis of modulated signals often involves differential
equations to understand how signals change over time and how to retrieve information from
them.

5. Semiconductor Physics:
- Carrier Transport: The behavior of charge carriers in semiconductor materials can be described
using differential equations, which are crucial for the design of transistors and diodes.

6. Stability Analysis:
- Dynamic Systems: In control systems and feedback loops, differential equations are used to
analyze system stability, response times, and oscillations.

7. Vibration Analysis:
- Mechanical Systems: In electromechanical systems, differential equations can model vibrations
and dynamic responses, critical for the design of devices like motors and sensors.

In Computer science Engineering:

1.Differential equations can be used as layers in neural networks, allowing neural networks to model
complex systems described by differential equations. 2. Recurrent neural networks can be viewed as
discrete approximations of differential equations, connecting deep learning and differential
equations. 3. Partial differential equations can be discretized using techniques like finite difference
 approximations, allowing them to be solved using neural networks. Differential equations are a
powerful tool for representing complex and dynamic systems in computer science. They can be used
to model and analyze complex systems, such as those found in robotics, artificial intelligence, and
machine learning.

In Civil Engineering: differential equations are useful in steady of

• Vibrating string.

• Wave equation.

• Heat equation.

• Bending of a beam.

• The deflection of the bridge.

• Hydrodynamic pressures on dams due to horizontal earthquake effects.

Formulas on integration:

• ∫ 1 dx = x + C

• ∫ a dx = ax+ C

• ∫ xn dx = ((xn+1)/(n+1))+C ; n≠1,

• ∫ sin x dx = – cos x + C , ∫ sin f(x) f’(x) dx = – cos f(x) + C

• ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C

• ∫ sec2x dx = tan x + C

• ∫ csc2x dx = -cot x + C

• ∫ sec x (tan x) dx = sec x + C, ∫ csc x ( cot x) dx = – csc x + C

• ∫ (1/x) dx = ln x + C , ∫ (1/f(x))f’(x) dx = ln f(x) + C

• ∫ ex dx = ex+ C , ∫ ef(x) f’(x)dx = ef(x) + C

• ∫ ax dx = (ax/ln a) + C ; a>0, a≠1

𝟏 𝟏
• ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝒙 +c , ∫ 𝒇′(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐√𝒇(𝒙) +c
√𝒙 √𝒇(𝒙)

Integration by parts: ∫ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − ∫(∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑥) 𝑢′𝑑𝑥

Bernoulli’s formula: ∫ 𝑢𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢′′ 𝑣3 − + ⋯ …

Where 𝑣1 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣2 = ∫ 𝑣1 𝑑𝑥, 𝑣3 = ∫ 𝑣2 𝑑𝑥 ….

This formula is useful when 𝑢 is a polynomial in 𝑥.

A differential equation is an equation involving an unknown function y=f(x) and one or more of its
derivatives.

Solution: A solution to a differential equation is a relation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) between the dependent variable 𝑦
and independent variable 𝑥 that satisfies the differential equation.

Ex: 1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is a solution of 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥.

2. 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 is a solution of 𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 − 6𝑥 − 11 = 0.

3. 𝑦 = 3𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 + 2 is a solution of 𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 + 18 = 0

Order : The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest order derivative occurs in the
equation.

1. 𝑥 2 𝑦′′′ − 3𝑥𝑦′′ + 𝑥𝑦′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is third order differential equation.

2. 𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 3 = 0 is a first order differential equation.

Degree: The degree of a differential equation is the degree(exponent) of the highest order derivative
occurs in the equation.
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4
1. The degree of ( 2 ) + ( ) + 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 is 3.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
2. The degree of 𝑑𝑥 2
+ (𝑑𝑥 ) + 4𝑦 3 = 0 is 1.

Note: solution of a Differential equation is not necessarily unique.

Ex: For 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is a solution, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5 is a solution, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3 is a solution.

For any constant 𝑐, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 is also a solution.

General solution:

A solution of a differential equation is said to be general solution if the number of arbitrary

constants present in the solution is equal to the order of the differential equation.

Ex: 1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 is the general solution for 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥, where C is a parameter.

2.𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 3𝑥 is the general solution of 𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 0.

Particular solution :

A solution obtained by putting particular values to the arbitrary constants present in the general
solution of a differential equation is said to be a particular solution.

1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5 Is a particular solution of 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥.

2. 𝑦 = 2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 5𝑒 3𝑥 is a particular solution of 𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 0.

Initial value problem: A differential equation together with a condition on the solution at a single point.

EX: 𝑦 ′ = 2𝑥, 𝑦(0) = 1

Boundary value problem: A differential equation together with a condition on the solution at more than
one point .

EX: 𝑦 ′′ − 9𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦′(0) = 2

First order differential equation:

𝑑𝑦
A first order differential is of the form 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) or 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0.

Different types of first order differential equation:

1. Variable Separable form: A differential equation of the form 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0.
The general solution of the equation obtained by integrating on both sides.
𝑑𝑦
Ex: 1. = 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑥 2 can be expressed as 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0. By integrating on both sides, we get
𝑑𝑥

𝑥3
𝑒𝑦 − = 𝐶 , which is the general solution.
3

2. Homogeneous Differential equation: A homogeneous differential equation is of the form 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 =
0, where 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) are homogeneous functions of same degree..
Note: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 if all the terms are of degree 𝑛 in 𝑥&𝑦.

Procedure to solve a homogenous differential equation 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)
The equation can be written as =− …..(1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥,𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑣𝑥)
Put 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 then = 𝑣+𝑥 . From (1) 𝑣 + 𝑥 =− ..(2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑣𝑥)

(2) can be transformed of the form 𝑀(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0, which can be solved to obtain solution ℎ(𝑥, 𝑣) = 𝑐 and
𝑦
so obtain solution ℎ (𝑥, ) = 𝑐 of (1).
𝑥

3. Linear differential equation:

A differential equation is said be linear differential equation if the dependent variable and all the
derivatives occurs in first degree and no product of them occurs in the equation.
𝑑𝑛𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑘1 +𝑘 + ⋯ … . +𝑘𝑛−1 + 𝑘𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
First order differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)

{ In general
derivative + P *dependent variable = Q , where P &Q are functions of independent variable}

𝑑𝑦
Remember in 𝑑𝑥
,𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡.
 𝑑𝑦
Solution of Linear differential equation 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)

Integrating factor : 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

General solution: 𝑦 ∗ 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 ∗ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

(Dependent variable )*IF =∫ 𝐼𝐹 ∗ (𝑅𝐻𝑆 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

In IF and in solution, integration must be with respect to independent variable.

𝒅𝒚
Pr 1. Solve 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙.
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given DE is 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = log 𝑥

[𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒]

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 log 𝑥
Dividing throughout by 𝑥, we get 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑥
….(1)

(1) is linear in 𝑦
1 log 𝑥
Here 𝑃(𝑥) = , 𝑄(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥
1
IF: 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥

Gen Sol: 𝑦 ∗ 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 ∗ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

log 𝑥
𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 = ∫𝑥 ∗ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 +𝑐

⟹ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 = ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

⟹ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 = ∫ (log 𝑥)(1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1
`𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 = (log 𝑥)(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑥 = (log 𝑥)(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝑫𝑬 𝒊𝒔 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒙 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝒄, where 𝒄 is a parameter.

𝒅𝒚
Pr 2. Solve (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 .
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given differential equation is (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥2

[𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒]

Dividing throughout by (1 + 𝑥 2 ), 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡

 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 4𝑥 2
+ 1+𝑥 2 = 1+𝑥 2 ….(1)
𝑑𝑥

(1) is a LDE in ‘y’

2𝑥 4𝑥2
Here 𝑃(𝑥) = , 𝑄(𝑥) =
1+𝑥2 1+𝑥2
2𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑(1+𝑥2 ) 2)
IF: 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1+𝑥2 =𝑒 1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 log(1+𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥2

Gen Sol: 𝑦 ∗ 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 ∗ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

4𝑥2
𝑦 ∗ (1 + 𝑥2 ) = ∫(1 + 𝑥2 ) ∗ 𝑑𝑥 +𝑐
1+𝑥2

⟹ 𝑦 ∗ (1 + 𝑥2 ) = ∫ 4𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

𝟒𝒙𝟑
The general solution of given equation is 𝒚(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) = + 𝒄 , where 𝒄 is a parameter.
𝟑

𝒅𝒚
Pr 3:Solve + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given DE is 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 2

[𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒]

the given DE is a LDE in ‘y’

2
Here 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥, 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥
2
IF: 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

Gen Sol: 𝑦 ∗ 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 ∗ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

2 2 2
𝑦 ∗ 𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 𝑒−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2
⟹ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑒 𝑥 = ∫(1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

2
⟹ 𝑦 ∗ 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

The general solution of given differential equation is 𝒚𝒆𝒙 𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝒄 , where C is a parameter.

 𝒅𝒚
Bernoulli’s Equation: 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑷(𝒙)𝒚 = 𝑸(𝒙)𝒚𝒏

Divide throughout by 𝑦 𝑛 , we get

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 −𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑄(𝑥)….(1)
𝑑𝑧
Put 𝑦 1−𝑛 = 𝑧 then 𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= . = (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑧
From (1) 1−𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑧 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑧
⟹ + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃(𝑥)𝑧 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑧 . 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑.
𝒅𝒚
Equation reducible to linear 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝑷(𝒙)𝒇(𝒚) = 𝑸(𝒙)𝒈(𝒚)

Divide throughout by 𝒈(𝒚), we get

𝑑𝑦
u(y)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑣(𝑦) = 𝑄(𝑥)….(1) for some functions u(y), v(y)

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑣(𝑦) = 𝑧 if = 𝑘𝑢(𝑦) , then = . = 𝑘𝑢(𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑧
From (1) 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑧 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑧
⟹ + 𝑘𝑃(𝑥)𝑧 = 𝑘𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑧 . 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑.

𝒅𝒚
Pr 4. solve + 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝒚
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given DE is + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 = 𝑥 3 cos2 𝑦…(1)
𝑑𝑥

[ Here 𝑥 is independent variable, 𝑦 is independent variable]

Dividing throughout by cos2 𝑦, we get
𝑑𝑦
sec 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦. sec 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
⟹ sec2 𝑦 + 𝑥(2 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦) = 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 cos2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
⟹ sec2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 tan 𝑦 = 𝑥3 …..(2)
 𝑑𝑧
Put tan 𝑦 = 𝑧 then = sec 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 = sec2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑧
From (2) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑧 = 𝑥 3 …(3), which is linear 𝑧.

𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥, 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 3

2
IF: 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

Gen Sol: 𝑍 ∗ 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 ∗ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

2 2
𝑧 ∗ 𝑒 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

2
To evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥

Put 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 then 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

2 1 2 1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2
= 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 [𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 (1)𝑑𝑡] = 2 [𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 ] = 2 [𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ]
2 1 2 2
Thus General solution of (3) is 𝑧 ∗ 𝑒 𝑥 = 2 [𝑥2 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ] + 𝐶

Hence General solution of given differential equation is

𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒆𝒙 𝟐 = 𝟐 [𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝒙 𝟐 − 𝒆𝒙 𝟐 ] + 𝒄

𝒅𝒚
Pr 5. Solve 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Ans : Given DE is 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥…(1)

[ Here 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 , y is dependent variable]

Dividing throughout by 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Dividing throughout by 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 −1 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥….(2)
𝑑𝑧
Put 𝑦 −1 = 𝑧, then 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 −2
 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⟹ = . = −𝑦−2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
⟹ 𝑦−2 =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1
From (2) − 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 1
⟹
𝑑𝑥
−𝑥𝑧 = −𝑥 cos 𝑥…(3)

(2) is linear in 𝑧.
1
𝑃(𝑥) = − 𝑥 ,𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥 cos 𝑥
1
1
IF: 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 − log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log(1/ 𝑥) = 𝑥

Gen Sol: 𝑍 ∗ 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 ∗ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
𝑧∗ = ∫ ∗ (−𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑧∗ = ∫(− cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
1
⟹ 𝑧∗ = − sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝟏 𝟏
General solution of given differential equation 𝒚−𝟏 ∗ = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄 i.e𝒙𝒚 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙

𝒅𝒚
Pr 6: Solve (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given DE is (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥

Dividing throughout by 1 + 𝑥 2 , we get

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
− 1+𝑥 2 = 𝑥 ….(1)
𝑑𝑥

(1) Is Linear in 𝑦.
2𝑥
Here 𝑃(𝑥) = − 1+𝑥 2 , 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥

2𝑥 1 1
−∫ 𝑑𝑥 −∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 −∫ 𝑑(1+𝑥2 ) 2) 1
IF: 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 1+𝑥2 = =𝑒 1+𝑥2 =𝑒 1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 − log(1+𝑥 = 1+𝑥2

Gen Sol: 𝑍 ∗ 𝐼𝐹 = ∫ 𝐼𝐹 ∗ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

1 1
𝑦∗ = ∫𝑥 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
1 + 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥2
 1 1 1
⟹ 𝑦∗ = ∫ (2𝑥𝑑𝑥) + 𝑐
1 + 𝑥2 2 1 + 𝑥2
1 1 1
⟹ 𝑦∗ = ∫ 𝑑(1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑐
1 + 𝑥2 2 1 + 𝑥2
1 1
⟹ 𝑦∗ = log(1 + 𝑥2 ) + 𝑐
1+ 𝑥2 2
𝟏 𝟏
General solution of given differential equation is 𝒚 ∗ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒄

Exact Differential Equation:

A differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is said to be exact differential equation
if 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑(𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦)) for some function 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦)

i.e the equation can be expressed as 𝑑(𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦)) = 0.

If it exact then the general solution of the equation is 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐.

Ex : 1. 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 is exact as 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑(𝑥𝑦)and the solution is 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
2. 𝑥 2 cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0 is exact as 𝑥 2 cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑(𝑥 2 sin 𝑦) and the
solution is 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 = 𝑐.
𝑦2 𝑦2
3. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact as 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑(𝑦 2 log 𝑥)and the solution is
𝑥

𝑦 2 log 𝑥 = 𝑐.
Necessary and sufficient condition for the exact Differential equation:
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
A differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation iff = .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

The General solution of exact differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
∫𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐 , where 𝑁1 is some of the terms of 𝑁 not containing 𝑥.

Pr 1.Solve (𝒚𝒆𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝒆𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟓)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Sol: Given DE is (𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 + 5)𝑑𝑦 = 0…(1)
Equation (1) is of the form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Here 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 + 5
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑦, 𝜕𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 8𝑥𝑦
 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴ (1) is exact differential equation.

General solution∫𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑁1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

∫ (𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + ∫(−2𝑦 + 5)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐

𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑒 𝑥𝑦
⟹𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦

The general solution of given Differential equation is

𝒆𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝒚 = 𝒄, where 𝒄 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓.

Non exact differential equation: 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is non exact differential
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
equation if ≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Ex: 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

Integrating factor: A function 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)is said to be integrating factor of a non exact
differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 if 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)[𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] = 0 is
exact differential equation.
Ex: consider non exact differential equation 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 − − − (1)
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 1
1. 𝑦2
= 𝑑 (𝑦) , so 𝑦2
= 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 and 𝑦 2 is an IF of (1) and the
𝑥
solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 1
2. = 𝑑 (− 𝑥 ) , so = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 and 𝑥 2 is an IF of (1)and the
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑦
solution is − 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑥−𝑥𝑑𝑦 1
3. = − = 𝑑 (log 𝑦) , so = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡 and 𝑥𝑦 is an IF of
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
𝑥
(1)and the solution is log 𝑦 = 𝑐

Note: There may be more than one integrating factor of a non exact differential equation,
however we will get same general equation (may be in different form) by using any
integrating factor.
Types of Integrating factors:
1. By inspection
2. If a non exact differential equation is 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is a homogeneous
𝟏
differential equation then 𝑴𝒙+𝑵𝒚 is an integrating factor of the equation.
3. If a non exact differential equation is 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be expressed in
𝟏
the form 𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 then 𝑴𝒙−𝑵𝒚 is an integrating factor of the
equation.

Pr 1. Solve (𝒚𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Sol: Given DE is (𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0…..(1)
Equation (1) is of the form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Here 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 ), 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦, = −𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴ (1) is non exact differential equation.
Observe 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 ), 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 are homogeneous
functions of same degree and so (1) is a homogeneous differential equation.
𝑴𝒙 + 𝑵𝒚 = (𝑦 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑥 − (𝑥𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
𝟏 𝟏
An integrating factor of (1) is 𝑴𝒙+𝑵𝒚 = 𝑥2𝑦2

𝟏 3
⟹ 𝑥2 𝑦2 [(𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥𝑦2 − 3𝑥2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] = 0 is exact DE

𝒚 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
⟹(
𝑥2
− 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + (− 𝒙 + 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 is exact

𝒚 𝟐 𝟑
General solution: ∫𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑥 2 − 𝒙) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝑐
𝒚
⟹ − − 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 + 𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚 = 𝒄
𝒙
𝒚
⟹− − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒄
𝒙
𝒚𝟑 𝒚
The general solution of given DE is 𝒍𝒐𝒈 − − 𝒙 = 𝒄 , where 𝒄 is a parameter.
𝒙𝟐
Pr 2 : Solve 𝑦(1 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Sol: Given DE is 𝑦(1 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0….(1)
Equation (1) is of the form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Here 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦(1 + 2𝑥𝑦) = 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 , 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥(1 − 3𝑥𝑦) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 1 + 4𝑥𝑦, = 1 − 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
≠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
∴ (1) is non exact differential equation.
Observe that (1) is expressed in the form 𝑦𝑓(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑔(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦=0
𝑀𝑥 − 𝑁𝑦 = (𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑥 − (𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2

1 1
An integrating factor of the equation (1) is 𝑀𝑥−𝑁𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2
1
⟹ 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝐹 𝑜𝑓 (1) { note that if 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is an IF then 𝑘𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) is also an IF.}

𝟏
⟹ 𝑥2 𝑦2 [𝑦(1 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(1 − 3𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦] = 0 is exact DE

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
⟹(
𝑥2 𝑦
+ 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝑦2 − 𝒚) 𝒅𝒚 ∝= 𝟎 is exact

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
General solution: ∫𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝒙) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝑐

𝟏
⟹− + 𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚 = 𝒄
𝒙𝒚

𝟏
⟹− + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒄
𝒙𝒚
𝒙𝟑 𝟏
The general solution of given DE is 𝒍𝒐𝒈 − − 𝒙𝒚 = 𝒄 , where 𝒄 is a parameter.
𝒚𝟐

1. Solve (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 3 +sin y)dy

2. Solve (𝑒 𝑦 + 1) cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

3. Solve : 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦=0

 4. Solve 𝑦(𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
5. Show that 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑦 is the solution obtained from
(𝑦 3 − 𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
6. Solve 𝑦 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦
7. Solve (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Applications of Differential equations:

Newton’s law of cooling: The rate of change of a hot body placed in a medium proportional
to the difference between the temperature of the body and the surrounding temperature
Let 𝜃 be the temperature of the body at time 𝑡. Let 𝜃0 be the temperature of the
surrounding medium,
𝑑𝜃
By newton’s law of cooling 𝑑𝑡 ∝ 𝜃 − 𝜃0
𝑑𝜃
⟹
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 𝜃0 )

𝑑𝜃
⟹ = −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝜃 − 𝜃0
By integrating on both sides log( 𝜃 − 𝜃0 ) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝜃 − 𝜃0 = 𝑒−𝑘𝑡+𝑐

⟹ 𝜃 = 𝜃0 + 𝐵𝑒−𝑘𝑡 by taking 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐵

The temperature of the body at any time 𝑡 is given by 𝜃 = 𝜃0 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 where 𝐵 &k are
arbitrary constants, whose values can be calculated by applying two conditions.
Law of natural growth: Population grows at a rate proportional to te number present at any
time
Let 𝑁 be the number present at any time 𝑡.
𝑑𝑁
By Law of natural growth: ∝𝑁
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁
⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘𝑁

𝑑𝑁
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑁
By integrating on both sides log 𝑁 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝑁 = 𝑒𝑘𝑡+𝑐

⟹ 𝑁 = 𝐵𝑒𝑘𝑡 by taking 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐵
 The population in number at any time 𝑡 is given by𝑁 = 𝐵𝑒 𝑘𝑡 b where 𝐵 &k are arbitrary
constants, whose values can be calculated by applying two conditions.

Law of Decay(Decomposition): Radioactive material decomposes at a rate proportional to

the number present at any time
Let 𝑀 be the amount present at any time 𝑡.
𝑑𝑀
By Law of decomposition: ∝𝑀
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑀
⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= − 𝑘𝑀

𝑑𝑀
⟹ = −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑀
By integrating on both sides log 𝑀 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝑀 = 𝑒−𝑘𝑡+𝑐

⟹ 𝑀 = 𝐵𝑒−𝑘𝑡 by taking 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐵

The amount at any time 𝑡 is given by 𝑀 = 𝐵𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 b where 𝐵 &k are arbitrary constants,
whose values can be calculated by applying two conditions.
Pr: The temperature of the body drops from 1000 𝐶 to 750 𝐶 in 10 min. when the surrounding
air is at 200 𝐶 temp. (i) Show that temperature is 460 𝐶of the body after 30 mins . (ii) Show
that the time is74 mins when the temperature will be 250 𝐶.

Sol: Let 𝜃 be the temperature of the body at time 𝑡. Let be

The temperature of the surrounding medium 𝜃0 = 20
𝑑𝜃
By newton’s law of cooling ∝ 𝜃 − 20
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 20)

𝑑𝜃
⟹ = −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝜃 − 20
By integrating on both sides log( 𝜃 − 20) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝜃 − 20 = 𝑒−𝑘𝑡+𝑐

⟹ 𝜃 = 20 + 𝐵𝑒−𝑘𝑡 …..(1) by taking 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐵

Initial temperature of the body is 1000 𝐶 i.e 𝜃 = 100 at 𝑡 = 0

 100 = 20 + 𝐵𝑒 −(0)𝑡
⟹ 𝐵 = 100 − 20 = 80

From (1) 𝜃 = 20 + 80𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 …(2)

Given 𝜃 = 75 at 𝑡 = 10
From (2) 75 = 20 +80𝑒−10𝑘
⟹ 75 = 20 + 80𝑒−10𝑘 …

⟹ 80𝑒−10𝑘 =55
55 11 11 1 11
⟹ 𝑒−10𝑘 = 80 = 16 0r −10𝑘 = ln ( ) so 𝑘 = − ln (16)
16 10

1 11 11
𝜃 = 20 + 80𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 .(3) where 𝑘 = − 10 ln (16) (𝑜𝑟 𝑒 −10𝑘 = 16 )

(i)The temperature of the body after 30 minutes I s 𝜃 = 20 + 80𝑒 −30𝑘

= 20 + 80(𝑒 −10𝑘 )3 = 20 + 80(11/16 )3 = 46 (approximately)
The temperature of the body after 30 minutes is 460 𝐶.
(ii) Let 𝑡1 be the time by which the temperature will be 250 𝐶.
25 = 20 + 80𝑒 −𝑘𝑡1
5 1
⟹ 𝑒−𝑘𝑡1 = =
80 16
1
⟹ − 𝑘𝑡1 = ln ( )
16
1
1 1 10 ln(16) 10 ln(16)
⟹ 𝑡1 = − 𝑘 ln (16) = 11 = 16 = 74 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 approximately.
ln(16) ln(11)

3. The number 𝑁 of bacteria in a culture grow at a rate proportional to 𝑁. The value of

1
𝑁 was Initially 100 and increased to 332 in one hour. Find the value of 𝑁 after 1 2.

Sol: Let 𝑁 be the number present at any time 𝑡.

𝑑𝑁
By Law of natural growth: ∝𝑁
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁
⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘𝑁

𝑑𝑁
⟹ = 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑁
By integrating on both sides log 𝑁 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
 ⟹ 𝑁 = 𝑒𝑘𝑡+𝑐

⟹ 𝑁 = 𝐵𝑒𝑘𝑡 (by taking 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐵)----(1)

Initial number is 100 i.e 𝑁 = 100 at 𝑡 = 0

100 = 𝐵𝑒 (0)𝑡 ⟹ 𝐵 = 100
⟹ 𝑁 = 100𝑒𝑘𝑡 …(2)

Given 𝑁 = 332 at 𝑡 = 1
From(2) , 332=100𝑒 𝑘
⟹ 𝑒𝑘 = 3.32 and so 𝑘 = ln (3.32)
3𝑘
The value of N after 1 ½ hr will be 𝑁 = 100𝑒 2 = 100(3.32)3/2 = 605 approximately.

4. The rate at which a certain substance decomposes in a certain solution at any instance
is proportional to the amount present in the solution at that instant. Initially the
substance weighted 25 grams and two hours later the weight came down to 10 grams.
Apply the procedure to find the amount of substance will be after one more hour?

Sol: Let 𝑀 be the amount present at any time 𝑡.

𝑑𝑀
By Law of decomposition: ∝𝑀
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑀
⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= − 𝑘𝑀

𝑑𝑀
⟹ = −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑀
By integrating on both sides log 𝑀 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝑀 = 𝑒−𝑘𝑡+𝑐

⟹ 𝑀 = 𝐵𝑒−𝑘𝑡 (by taking 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐵)…(1)

Initial amount is 25 grams i.e 𝑀 = 25 at 𝑡 = 0

From (1) 25 = 𝐵𝑒 −𝑘(0) = 𝐵
∴ 𝑀 = 25𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 …(2)
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑀 = 10 at 𝑡 = 2
From (2) 10 = 25𝑒 −2𝑘
10 1
⟹ 𝑒−2𝑘 = = 0.4 and so 𝑘 = − 2 ln (0.4)
25
3
3
−2𝑘 2
The amount of the substance at 𝑡 = 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑀 = 25𝑒−3𝑘 = 25(𝑒 ) = 25(0.4)2 = 6.32grams
5. By constructing a differential equation for the radioactive carbon-14 has a half - life
of 3000 years. Estimate the amount of carbon will remain of two grams after12000
years.
Ans: Let 𝑀 be the amount present at any time 𝑡.
𝑑𝑀
By Law of decay : ∝𝑀
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑀
⟹
𝑑𝑡
= − 𝑘𝑀
𝑑𝑀
⟹ = −𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑀
By integrating on both sides log 𝑀 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝑀 = 𝑒−𝑘𝑡+𝑐

⟹ 𝑀 = 𝐵𝑒−𝑘𝑡 (by taking 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐵)…(1)

Initial amount is 2 grams i.e 𝑀 = 2 at 𝑡 = 0

From (1) 2 = 𝐵𝑒 −𝑘(0) = 𝐵
∴ 𝑀 = 2𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 …(2)
𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 − 14 𝑖𝑠 3000𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑀 = 1 at 𝑡 = 3000
From (2) 1 = 2𝑒 −3000𝑘
1 1
⟹ 𝑒−3000𝑘 = 2 = 0.5 and so 𝑘 = − ln (0.5)
3000
The amount of the substance at 𝑡 = 12000 𝑖𝑠
𝑀 = 2𝑒 −12000𝑘 = 2(𝑒 −3000𝑘 )4 = 2(0.5)4 = 0.12 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠.

1. The rate at which the ice melts at any instance is proportional to the amount present
at that instant. Initially the ice weighted 25 grams and two minutes later the weight
came down to 10 grams. Apply the procedure to find the amount of substance will be
after one more minute?
2. The rate at which a body cools is proportional to the difference between the
temperature of the body and that of the surrounding air. if a body in air at 25 0c will
 cool from 1000c to 750c in one minute. Find the temperature at the end of three
minutes.
3. A body kept in air with temperature 250 𝐶 cools from 1400 𝐶 to 800 𝐶 in 20
minutes.Apply the Newton’s law of cooling to find the temperature of the body after
40 min and find the time when the temperature will be 350 𝐶.