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Citations and Referencing

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mosquito.kiermichael.06072003
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22 views26 pages

Citations and Referencing

Uploaded by

mosquito.kiermichael.06072003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCES

WORKS CITED
PLAGIARISM
It happens when an author “presents the work of another
as if it is his own work” (Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, 2010, p.16)
SELF-PLAGIARISM

It happens when authors “present their own previously


published work as new” (Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, 2010, p.16)
WHAT DO WE CITE?
“Cite the work of those individuals whose ideas, theories,
or research have directly influenced your work”
(Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 2010, p.169)

You must have personally read the full article of the cited
work.
DIRECT QUOTATION OF SOURCES:
For fewer than 40 words or quotation that is incorporated in
the text:

* Use quotation marks “and” to mark the beginning and


ending of the quoted words.
* Use AUTHOR, YEAR, and PAGE NUMBER
DIRECT QUOTATION at the middle of
the sentence:
Interpreting these results, Castro et al. (2016) suggested that the
“therapists in dropout cases may have inadvertently validated
parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately
responding to the adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p.41).
DIRECT QUOTATION at the end of
the sentence:
Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in
palliative care, whereby “medical needs are met by those in the
medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by
anyone on the team” (Ramos & Rico, 2015, p.112).
DIRECT QUOTATION OF SOURCES:
For more than 40 words however,
* Display in a freestanding block of text.
* Omit the quotation marks.
* Start the block quotation on a new line.
* Indent the block about half an inch from the left
margin in the same position as the new paragraph.
* However, if there are additional paragraphs within the
quotation, indent the first line of each an additional half
inch.
DIRECT QUOTATION OF SOURCES:
For more than 40 words however,
that what many believes is likely to rule the minority and thus succeeds.
Others have contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all


group members. Consider large-scale social gatherings in which
hundreds or thousands of people gather in a location to
perform a ritual or celebrate an event.
In these instances, participants are able to see the visible
manifestation of the group, the physical gathering, yet their
ability to make direct, intimate connections with those around
them is limited. (Sucgang, 2012, pp.111-112)
DIRECT QUOTATION OF SOURCES:
For more than 40 words however,
that what many believes is likely to rule the minority and thus succeeds.
In 2012, Sucgang contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all


group members. Consider large-scale social gatherings in which
hundreds or thousands of people gather in a location to
perform a ritual or celebrate an event.
In these instances, participants are able to see the visible
manifestation of the group, the physical gathering, yet their
ability to make direct, intimate connections with those around
them is limited. (pp.111-112)
DIRECT QUOTATION OF SOURCES:
A FEW MORE NOTES ON DIRECT QUOTING
Direct quotation must be accurate.

It must follow the wording, spelling, and interior punctuation of the


original source even if the source is incorrect.

If such is the case, insert the word sic, italicized and bracketed immediately
after the error.
PARAPHRASING
PARAPHRASE
* Your own rendition of essential information and ideas
expressed by someone else.
* One legitimate way, (when accompanied by proper
documentation or citation) to borrow from a source.
* A more detailed restatement than a summary which
focuses concisely on a single main idea.
PARAPHRASING IS A VALUABLE
SKILL BECAUSE…
* It is better than quoting information from an
undistinguished source.
* It helps you to control from quoting too much.
* The mental process required to do it helps you grasp
the full meaning of the original.
Steps to follow if you want to
paraphrase:
1. Read and reread the original passage until you understand the
full meaning.
2. Set the original text aside and write the idea in your own
words.
3. Write down a few key words that would remind you how you
plan to use it in any part of your research (Intro, RRL, etc.) for
example, “compare to others” “in-favor findings”
Steps to follow if you want to
paraphrase:
4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your
version accurately expresses all the essential information in a
new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or
phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source including the page on your note card so
that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate it in your
paper.
PARAPHARSE EXAMPLE:
The original source
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,
and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]
paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should
appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to
limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while
taking notes. Lester, James D.Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed.,
1976, pp. 46-47.
The plagiarized version

Students often use too many direct quotations when they


take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final
research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the
final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it
is important to limit the amount of source material copied
while taking notes.
A legitimate paraphrase
Students frequently overuse

In research papers students often quote excessively,


failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level.
Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it
is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim
(Lester 46-47).
as a result they overuse quotations in the final
[research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.
A legitimate paraphrase

In research papers students often quote excessively,


failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level.
Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it
is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim
(Lester, 2010, 46-47).
limit the amount of exact transcribing of source
materials while taking notes
An acceptable summary:

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from


sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a
research paper (Lester 46-47).
Name of the author is part of the text
Parenthetical Format: Both Author’s name and Year in Parenthesis

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