Interactions with Shri Nilmadhab Prasad Sahi (Vedanjanam) and Shri Sarajit Poddar

Understanding the HINDU ASTRONOMICAL YEAR: A blend of Sidereal and Anomalistic

Calculations

For over 2000 years, the sidereal year has served as the primary reference in Hindu astronomy. The
emphasis on fixed stars provided a reliable anchor for tracking celestial movements.

However, the close alignment of many Siddhāntas with the anomalistic year demonstrates a
recognition of the Earth's more complex orbital dynamics.

The Hindu Siddhāntas, while primarily rooted in the sidereal year (based on Earth's position relative to
fixed stars), demonstrate a sophisticated understanding of the Earth's elliptical orbit.

Many texts calculate the year in a manner that year duration is close to the anomalistic year, the time
it takes for Earth to return to the same point relative to perihelion. This suggests a deeper awareness
of the Earth's orbital dynamics and the influence of apsides.

The year length in several Siddhāntas is slightly longer than the sidereal year, indicating that these
texts may have incorporated subtle corrections or adjustments to account for the Earth's elliptical
path.

Some Siddhāntas, while theoretically rooted in the sidereal system, have practically blended
concepts with the anomalistic year, leading to ambiguities in their calculations.

The lack of detailed commentaries on these texts makes it challenging to fully understand the
nuances of their calculations today.

The Hindu calendar today is primarily based on the year length defined in three texts: the present
Sūrya Siddhānta, the first Ārya Siddhānta, and the Rājāmṛigaṅka.

Sir, I have 2 questions related to ayanamsa. Firstly many astrologers in south follow Raman's
ayanamsa rather than lahiri. Whats your take on that. Secondly western astrology do not
consider precision of equinox so their chart is different with each planet differing in longitude by
ayanamsa value. Then how western astrologers are able to predict. I don't think they are always
wrong although as per Vedic system they are looking at wrong chart.

1. They often correct the time of birth through birth time tuning and then predict. Holds true certainly
for the best I know.

2. They are mostly wrong, except the psychology part if they predict without harmonics and a close
look at declination and speed. Predictive correctness can't come with Sayana longitudes. Some part
of their accuracy is because of the harmonic aspects they use and concepts like Kranti Samya. So,
some of the tools they have leads to correct answers even as the code tool is faulty.

What is ananta and purnamanta. How do they look . Why is it important.

The reckoning of months in the lunisolar calendar is done in two ways. One method starts the month
after Poornima (full moon), beginning with Krishna Paksha Pratipada (the first day of the waning
phase). When months are counted this way, it is called the Purnimanta method. This method is
followed in most of North and East India, and Panchangs are created based on this system.
In an alternate tradition, followed in parts of West and South India, the month begins after Amavasya
(new moon), starting with Shukla Paksha Pratipada (the first day of the waxing phase). This is known
as the Amanta method.

The convention in itself does not have much importance and it is purely a matter of what people have
been used to in those areas.

1. Is there a set location where equinox happens?

2. Can we calculate that in advance?

3. Why certain people consider Ujjain as an important location for static measurement of time?

1. The plane conjunction is known. That falls at a particular point in Pisces currently. The location of
Pisces in the sky is known.

2. All astrological calculations can be computed in advance. If you download the Swiss ephemeris,
you can yourself calculate with the help of a program for as many years as you want to.

3. In the modern times the centre from which time is measured is Greenwich in the UK that is the
point of zero longitude. in ancient times that point used to be Ujjain.

Ujjain was at one point in time was situated at tropic of cancer. But it has moved because of the axial
nod movement of the earth which of 41,000 year period. It is given in surya Siddhanth, that Avanti,
Ujjain, kurukshetra and lanka were all located on the madhyan rekha 0° longitude.

It is in early 19th century when Britishers took the 0° longitude to greenich!

Q. If I want to build a house, is choosing a fixed lagna for the muhurta enough?

A. Just choosing the fixed lagna is not sufficient. If you are going for muhurtha, do it carefully. The
muhurtha for house building is always done while considering the birth chart of the person who is
building the house.

Q. Is looking at muhurta alone sufficient for making such decisions?

A. If it is done with the proper appraisal of your birth chart, it is sufficient.

Q. Is it necessary to analyze directions and every detail in astrology, or is it excessive?

A. It is excessive in some aspects of life, but in the most important decisions, like building a house,
which is often a once-in-a-lifetime decision, it may make sense to do so.

Q. Do you think we often ignore our intuition about the right timing for actions due to our
education and conditioning?

A. Yes, we do ignore our intuition many times. However, sometimes what we think is intuition can
actually be faulty decision-making. People who are very spiritual tend to be able to access their
intuitive powers exceptionally well, but not everyone is able to do that.

Whether your intuition help you guide towards the right direction or not depends on the Dasabhukti,
Gochar and Deva Aradhana. If the Dasa and transit are bad, your intuition can lead you to wrong
direction! If you do your regular Sadhana, you can overcome the pitfall and the due to Devakripa, your
intuition will guide to the right direction.
Q. Does karma blind us from seeing what is obvious in certain situations?

A. It is not karma that blinds us from seeing what is obvious. It is the lack of yoga in our life. People
who are connected to their own selves can understand the unfolding of events in real time without
being blinded.

Q. Does astrology work like weather predictions, where some people avoid challenges while
others actively seek them?

A. Yes, astrology works effectively in weather predictions. It can predict not only weather but also
people's behavior and the reasons behind their actions.

Q. If there are several possible outcomes, does that imply we have free will?

A. No, there are not several possible outcomes. In Jataka astrology, situations and decisions can often
be predicted with a high degree of accuracy because grahas seize our minds. They influence our
thoughts and actions, and for most people, their behavior in specific situations is almost entirely
predictable because they are weak minds. To transcend that, we need to observe out mind through
meditation. That is when free will starts to show effect.

Q. If only one outcome is possible, does that mean we are bound to fatalism?

A. For most people, yes, as grahas control the mind. Only those with a very strong fourth house or
exceptional awareness can break free from the pre-determined outcomes. To understand free will,
you need to grasp the concept of karma, which is categorized into dhridha (fixed), adhridha
(changeable), and dhridhadhridha (mixed) karma. While some aspects of life are fixed, there is plenty
of room for free will in many other areas.

The circumstances of our birth — such as when and where we are born, the condition of the place and
our parents, the nature of the household, and the people we will meet in this life — are considered
Prarabdha. These factors are pre-determined.

Our mental setup, upbringing, and influences are also shaped by Prarabdha to a large extent.
However, they are also affected by the efforts (Purushartha) of our parents and the values
(Sanskaaras) they instill in us.

When we encounter new situations in life, we are faced with making choices. The decisions we make
and the actions we take in response to these situations create new karma, known as Kriyamana
Karma.

If your Kriyamana Karma is stronger than your Prarabdha Karma, you have the power to change your
destiny.

Surojit: Well said! One must understand the types of Karma as that allows us better ability to
understand what is doable. Prarabha is what we are meant to be experienced in this life. Sanchita is
the storehouse of all Karmas stored in your karma bank. Prarabdha is planned for this life. But we have
the opportunity to modify our experiences due to Prarabdha based on your Kriyamana karma. To more
we spiritually evolve the more about ability to overcome Prarabdha increases! The more we have
kriyamana… it is like we are bound by pasha! The pasha becomes weaker and our ability to move or
break the Pasha becomes strong! Remember it’s all a matter of probabilities. Nothing is fixed until it
happens… if everything is fixed then the principle of Karma become defunct!
Good karma can help you overcome ill Prarabdha in this life and help improve your Sanchita and
therefore, improve your Prarabdha for the next life!

Karmas performed with selflessness and righteousness, with surrender to divinity are the best
Karmas… if you don’t desire anything from a karma (selflessness) that helps dissolve your past ill
Karmas and also help you evolve by giving you better ability to overcome your Prarabdha!

Prarabha has three kinds… things must happen, things that can be changed with lot of effort and
things which can be changed with less effort… they are Dridha, Dridhadridha and Adridha karmas.
With Kriyamana you can alter the latter two kinds of Karmas!

These new karm that we r creating Kriyamana karm. Is that not written in the rashi chart. That
this person will react like this only to a situation. How much ever he tries to behave differently it
is already written. And if he behaves differently that is also written?

Indications are clear: for most people, life treats them like a speck of sand on a beach—where they go,
how they move, all dictated by the waves. However, there are those who, through yoga, meditation, or
self-awareness, find a way to decide their course without being swayed by the tides of external
circumstances.

In the Gita, when Arjuna poses this dilemma to Sri Krishna, the response is profound. Krishna speaks
of viveka—the discernment between Shreya and Preya. He suggests a simple yet transformative
practice: delay your decisions by a few seconds and reflect. Is this decision driven by mere impulse,
or is it the right, principled choice? This applies to anything—from the words we speak, the actions we
take, or the commitments we make.

By cultivating this Shreya-Preya viveka, one can step out of the cycle where actions are ruled by
fleeting emotions and begin to shape a destiny that astonishes both others and oneself.

The Tithi prevailing at the moment is important. The Tithi at Suryodaya is important only for things
which are observed throughout the day! Like the Samvatsara commencement.
The true seasons seen from Rasis are applicable only in Tropical zodiac as that is season based!
Sidereal Zodiac is based on Karmaphala so the treatment is little different!

SHUDDHA TITHI: A tithi in which there is one sunrise is considered a Shuddha (pure) Tithi.

KSHAY TITHI: A tithi in which there is no sunrise is called Kshay Tithi.

ADHIK TITHI: A tithi in which there are two sunrises is called Adhik Tithi.

In a similar vein:

PURE LUNAR MONTH: A lunar month in which there is one solar transition (within two new moons) is
considered a pure month (Shuddha Chandra Maas)

KSHAY MAAS: A lunar month in which there are two solar transitions is called Kshaya Maas.

ADHIK MAAS: A lunar month in which there are no solar transitions is called Adhik Maas.

How is the lordship of signs decided?

We don't know the exact reason, but the kingdom archetype works as a learning heuristic. Sun and
Moon as King and Queen keep one houses each. All other get two. Their Son, Mercury keeps the
nearest houses to both sides. Then, the minister of worldly affairs, Venus, takes is stationed in the
next two houses so that he is available quickly for a contingency. Then come Mars, the commander-in-
chief. T [protect the king, the queen and the prince, he needs to be near. Then is Jupiter, who is at a
decent distance. He is the minister of spiritual affairs and likes to live in seclusion to be able to do his
rituals at peace. Lastly, we have the servant quarters of Saturn

The Rasi lordship is based on Tattva sequence. It is Akasha - Vayu - Agni - Jala - Prithvi. It commences
from Dhanu. Once you count the Tattva of the Rasi lord, you should skip it. This is the first principle.
The second principle if Symmetry based on an axis running between Karka-Simha and Makara-
Kumbha.

This is based on Rasi lord Tattva and not Rasi Tattva

Dhanu is Akasha, Makara is Vayu… skip Kumbha and Meen as their Tattva is taken. This is followed by
Mesh Agni, Vrshabh Jala and Mithuna Prthvi

Then every other Rasi is derived based on symmetry

Karka to Kumbha in reverse is governed by Mo Mother Shakti and Prakriti

Simha to Makara in forward is governed by Su father Shiva and Purusha… ardhanarisvara concept

Feminine is reverse and that’s why it is Cn to Aq in reverse

Masculine is toward and that’s why it’s Le to Cp in forward

Zodiac is a representation of Ardhanarisvara in the Cn-Le axis

Cn-Ar is Ratribali Rasis as they are governed by Mo - mother – night

Le-Sc are Dinabali Rasi as they are governed by Su-father-day

the last 2-2 sets of Rasis are switched - Sg-Cp are Ratribali and Aq-Pi are Dinabali...
the switch you can see when you are doing the counting from Sg to Ge... we count two Rasis and then
skip two Rasis...

So, Sg-Cp and then Ar-Ge are Ratribali - include Cn here - governed by Mo

Prakriti - who manifest the universe

Shiva or Purusha is the symmetrical half of Prakriti

Take the lord of the Rasi - Dhanu is Agnirasi but the lord Ju is Akasha. Cp is Prthvi - but its lord is Vayu.
Similarly Ta is Prthvi Rasi but its lord is Jala. Ge is Vayu Rasi but its lord is Prthvi

so I am referring to the lord of the Rasis Sg-Cp-Ar-Ta-Ge for the Tattva order Akasha-Vayu-Agni-Jala-
Prthvi

Sir why there is this difference in lordship? Shouldn’t jal rashi be owned by jal tatva planet? And
so on

They are super imposed for different purposes

this happens quite often - for instance, Mo and Ve are feminine - but they are still "male" Devatas... so
two concepts are superimposed

same thing you see - in Kalapurusha where it starts from Ar to Pi but the Ardhanarisvara concept I
mentioned - it is two halves Cn-Aq and Le-Cp.

First there was nothing - everything was in a potential state - it was Akasha... then there was a bigbang
- which spread gaseous substances everywhere - from Gas - due to gravitation evolved stars (fire) - fire
cooled down by water like in the case of Prthvi (Earth) and from water emerged earth!

this is how the stars and planets are formed - our Maharishis knew about it from very ancient times -
that is the basis of evolution of Tattvas - which suppose to rise an set in this order.. but their durations
are different...

Recommended Vimashotri Dasha Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqbfFldbusA&list=PLH-K_iZo19fSQxtC5H8Z0os8g1aIurThU

The "Mean" vs "True" Node debate

The lunar nodes are two points where the Moon's orbit crosses the Sun's apparent path (ecliptic).
These are called Rahu (North Node) and Ketu (South Node).

Every 27.5 days, the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic plane:

- Rahu's Position: When the Moon crosses from the southern hemisphere to the northern hemisphere.

- Ketu's Position: Approximately two weeks later, when the Moon crosses from the northern
hemisphere back to the southern hemisphere.

Mean Nodes vs. True Nodes:

1. Mean Nodes:

- Traditional method used for centuries

- Calculated by interpolating between observed positions

 - Always move in a retrograde motion

- Simpler, consistent calculation

- Traditionally, the only calculation used in Vedic Astrology

2. True Nodes:

- Introduced by American astrologer Neil Michelsen in the late 20th century

- Uses advanced computing to account for complex factors like Earth's wobble

- Leads to direct, retrograde, and stationary motions of Nodes

- More complex calculation, but not necessarily more accurate

Points to remember:

1. The use of Mean Nodes aligns with established astrological principles and has proven effective in
interpretations and predictions.

2. The nodes are only truly observable when the Moon crosses the ecliptic. At all other times, their
positions are calculated estimates.

3. "True" nodes aren't necessarily more accurate; they're just calculated differently.

4. The difference between mean and true nodes can be up to 1.5 degrees, potentially placing them in
different zodiac signs.

5. The variable motion of true nodes renders traditional interpretations null and void, as they are
based on the nodes always being retrograde.

6. Despite the introduction of true nodes in some modern software and ephemerides, most
knowledgeable Vedic astrologers continue to use mean nodes.

7. Some modern Vedic astrologers have adopted true nodes without fully understanding the
implications. This invariably lead to incorrect results and bad predictions.

So, while true nodes might seem more precise due to complex calculations, they actually complicate
astrological interpretations and lead to inconsistencies with traditional Vedic astrological principles.

we need to experiment with True and Mundane - because, the mean will not give correct eclipse
timing which is exceedingly important for mundane.

The True nodes are important for computing accurate eclipse timing... I mostly use mean nodes for
everything else.

Mean positions can be computed from the mean revolution of the nodes as per the Siddhanta texts - it
only requires periodic beeja corrections - perhaps once in 100 years..

True nodes introduce the different motions of nodes, like direct and stationary.

That lends many difficulties in Chakras.

We don't know how to usem

In my Siddhanta book, I have used mean nodes as per the Siddhanta texts - you can't compute true
nodes without advance measurements. But you can estimate the true node from eclipses - i.e., the
moment of complete eclipse.

Agreed, sir. But even Mean positions are inferred and cross checked from actual position during
eclipses and then considering uniform retrograde motion

My recommendation - use Mean nodes for Jataka and use True nodes for mundane

The problem is if we consider wobble etc, we will also need to navigate the different motions.
Traditionally, once we find the true node at eclipses, we just approximate uniform motion over time.

yes, that I agree... we don't extend that to compute true positions for any other time

that is the only reason we need to find the true positions of the nodes - for eclipses... everywhere else,
mean node is applicable.

Some more details just so that it all makes more sense to our readers:

The Mean Node:

For centuries, astronomer-astrologers relied on mathematical interpolations to determine the nodes'

positions between these ecliptic crossings. They noted the zodiacal positions of the nodes during
observable crossings and calculated their positions on other dates by interpolating between the
nearest observed positions. This method produced what is known today as the "mean node".

The True Node:

With the advent of advanced computing, astrophysicists began factoring in intricate details such as
the Earth's nutation (wobble) and other perturbations in the Earth-Moon dynamic.

This led to a quest for more precise calculations of the nodes' hypothetical positions. American
astrologer Neil Michelsen introduced these calculated positions, termed the "true node", in his
planetary ephemeris in the late 20th century.

Misleading Nomenclature:

Calling it the "true node" can be misleading. The nodes have truly observable positions only during the
Moon's ecliptic crossings.

All other positions, even those of the "true node," are hypothetical, based on sophisticated
calculations.

A more accurate term might be "astrophysically-calculated hypothetical node."

Celestial Coordinate System

Namaste all, let me also try to explain the coordinate system. Because understanding this is critical in
astronomy or Siddhanta.

For marking any point in a two dimensional plane we need at least too coordinate, we call it horizontal
and vertical coordinates, normally called X and Y in Cartesian coordinate system.
But sometimes we use another coordinate system in which we use distance from the reference point
and the angle from a reference like - normally called X axis. It’s commonly called the polar coordinate
system!

For any measurement in two dimensional space or plane, we need a reference plane, a starting point
or the point of origin or the point of reference.

Also we need to axes called the X and Y axis.

Imagine you are referring to a point in a room. You will need your specify where it is located from at
least two walls… the walls can be imagined as the X and Y coordinates!

This is basics for many of us… but I hope this will clarify this to those who have difficulty in visualising!
This is not to point out that people don’t know about such basics!

Now for celestial measurements, we use a similar concept, but since it is 3 dimensional space, we
have X Y and Z coordinates… it’s the same concept, but applied to the 3 dimensional basis…

In the horizontal coordinate system we use X Y Z coordinates. But in Jyotish we use another
coordinate systems which is applicable in a circular plane.. like ecliptic or equatorial plane!

The ecliptic coordinate system is measured by two angles… called longitude and latitude… for the
measurement we have a reference point and a reference line…

The reference point is Earth as in Geocentric, that is what we are measuring everything from!

The reference line is an imaginary line connecting Earth and Meshadi… the Ar zero degree!

Suppose we like to see where is Budha is in today… we should check the angular distance Budha has
travelled… how do we do it? We draw an imagine like from Ea to Me and see the angle this line has
made with regard to the reference line!

This is the longitude of Me.

But since Me need not be on ecliptic, we must identify how much above or below Me is from the
ecliptic… we do it by measuring the angle of the line connecting Ea to Me made with regards to the
ecliptic plane… this is the latitude! The max latitude of a body is 90. When a body is 90 latitude, it is
not possible to measure the longitude… it become indefinite!

When you become good with stargazing, you can roughly estimate the longitude because you can see
the star in the backdrop in the night sky! But latitude is difficult to measure because you will need to
know where (how high or low) in the star the palnet is… that is difficult!

The same two angles are measured on the surface of the earth… called terrestrial longitude and
terrestrial latitude! Just apply the knowledge to the celestial sphere!

When the equator becomes the reference plane and the centre of earth as the reference point… and
the line touching centre of Earth and Vernal equinox (zero declination point) become the reference
line, we have something called the equatorial coordinate system! Here longitude is replaced by Right
Ascension (RA) and Latitude is replaced by declination (DECL)!

I forgot to mention above the the two angle coordinate system is called Spherical coordinate system.
XYZ coordinate system is called horizontal coordinate system…
XYZ coordinate system is called horizontal coordinate system…

In a 3 dimensional space we always need 3 coordinates to pinpoint something! We know lon and lat!
What did we miss? What is the 3rd one?

The 3rd coordinate in a spherical coordinate system is distance… so the 3 coordinates are lon, lat and
r. Normally in astronomy distance is written as r.

The right ascension is sometimes measured in hours, but you can easily convert that into degrees by
multiplying with 15… it may confuse some people… but it is quite straightforward! It is the equatorial
equivalent of longitude!

Declination is the equatorial equivalent of latitude!

So how high or low something is from the equator is known from Declination!

Declination is super important for Graha Yuddha… so everyone should know about it!

Most Grahas are powerful in northern declination… cause that is the residence of Devas… the
spiritual forces!

The southern declination or the lower half of earth is the residence of the Asuras- the material forces!
It is like Sura and A-Sura!

Approximately 90% of the human population lives in the Northern Hemisphere, while only about 10%
resides in the Southern Hemisphere. This distribution is due to the larger landmasses and higher
density of habitable areas in the Northern Hemisphere, including continents like North America,
Europe, most of Asia, and the majority of Africa. THINK WHY THIS IS SO!

It is a philosophical concept… don’t apply literally and consider all people of southern hemisphere as
Asuras! That does not work…

The mathematical acumen required for understanding and measuring this is immense! Even if you do
PhDs and you are left on your own to figure this out… you will be lost… you will realise how advanced
the mathematical acumen of our ancestors could be that they could not only figure this out… but also
realized the effects of these factors on human life!

End of the day we all have a physiological drive to uncover something only when it matters to us… in
Hindi we say “Mujhe Kya” or “What is it in for me” or “why should I care.” Without the impulse to know
the effects of the stars, planets and their motion on human life… frankly no one is bothered! Millions
of things occur around us but only we are drawn to few— those affect us!

Jyotish is the most underrated and devalued part of our philosophy! Mathematics is the highest
philosophy and it developed because of our quest to discover how all these moving bodies affect us..
why should we be concerned about them! Jyotish is the mother of astronomy and advanced
mathematics! Trigonometry originated because of Jyotish!

Let me also illustrate what is meant by Longitude and Latitude... Created this a moment back - hope
this explains the concept.
These are rough diagrams only... They could have been better - but that would take even longer time!
But I hope these are good enough to understand!

WHY THE MOVEMENT OF LUNAR NODES (RAHU AND KETU) ALONG THE ECLIPTIC IS SO SLOW?

Note that the Moon orbits Earth in a tilted plane (about 5.1 degrees off from Earth's orbit around the
Sun)

Understand that the two main forces are constantly acting on the Moon's orbit:

1. The Sun's gravity tries to "flatten" the Moon's orbit to match Earth's orbital plane

2. Earth's equatorial bulge (our planet isn't perfectly spherical) creates a torque on the Moon's orbit

CONSEQUENTLY, these forces create a "wobbling" effect, similar to a spinning top that's slightly tilted.
Think of it like this:

- If you've ever spun a coin that's about to fall, you've seen how it wobbles before falling

- The Moon's orbit does something similar, but instead of falling, it keeps spinning because it's in a
stable orbit

- This wobbling motion is what makes the nodes (crossing points) move

So, BASICALLY the reason it's so slow (18.6 years for one cycle) is because:

1. The Moon is quite far from Earth (about 239,000 miles)

2. The forces acting on it are relatively weak compared to the Moon's orbital momentum

3. These small forces add up over time to create the slow precession

VISUALISE

It's similar to pushing a heavy merry-go-round - even with constant force, it moves slowly because
there's so much mass to move.
The Moon's orbital plane is like that heavy merry-go-round, requiring lots of time for these gravitational
forces to shift its orientation.

How important is the accuracy of time of birth for a Jataka (Horoscope)? Is time measured
according to western SI units or atomic clocks? How is this related to the Indian system of
Panchanga? Would it affect the Jataka?

The accuracy of birth time is extremely important in astrology because it directly influences the
calculation of the Lagna (Ascendant), which is crucial for generating an accurate horoscope. The time
is typically measured according to the Gregorian calendar and modern standard time formats, such
as SI units. This time is then converted into local mean time or adjusted for the local time of the
birthplace to get precise planetary positions.

In the traditional Indian system, time was measured using units like Ghati and Pal. One Ghati equals
24 minutes, and one Pal equals 24 seconds. For example, if someone was born 10 Ghatis and 5 Pals
after sunrise, this would mean 4 hours and 2 minutes after the local sunrise. This system was used to
determine the exact time for astrological calculations.

Today, we first calculate the standard time, then convert it to local mean time based on the
geographic location of birth, which helps in determining the accurate Lagna and Ascendant degree.
The Lagna influences the houses in the horoscope, and any minor error in time can significantly affect
the horoscope interpretation.

Therefore, while the planetary positions may remain largely the same across time zones, the
Ascendant and houses are sensitive to even minor deviations in time, making accuracy vital for a
correct Jataka.

Time should be as accurate as possible. But it is not the only determining factor in predicting
correctly. If you get the most accurate horoscope based on atomic clock measurement and the most
accurate ephemeris - it can't guarantee a good prediction. In ancient times, people used Ghatika
Yantras or water clock, where the measurement is little subjective. But the Daivajnas at that time such
as Bhaskara or Varahamihira were so astute, they could correct the inaccuracies with certain
observations of the personal traits - also based on omens. So, inaccurate birth time is not a show
stopper - there are ways to correct them through Jyotisha principles.

About birth time tuning:

In most cases that come to a skilled astrologer for consultation, it is assumed that the recorded birth
time may be off by approximately 15 minutes. In some cases, the difference maybe much larger.

This needs to be corrected using fine details from the past.

Typically, the astrologer starts by postulating periods in your life when certain significant events were
likely to have occurred, and cross-verifies those with the dates you provide.

This is how astrologers ensure that they have the correct birth time.

In some cases, the exact time may be unknown. To handle this, astrologers examine different
ascendant possibilities and predict how life events would have unfolded under each. By matching
these predictions with actual events in the individual's life, they can accurately determine the correct
birth time.
There are also master astrologers who, by simply observing a person's face and body, can identify the
correct Lagna and even the corresponding Navamsha.

Normally (if birth time is recorded by someone at birth), the recorded time is 5-15 min after the birth.
That is because, the newborn infant is taken for cleaning up the body and preforming vital medical
examination. After that the medical staffs record the birth time - there is always some approximation
involved, because, from the medical staffs standpoint, it is ok to record the birthtime near the actual
birth - but they don't have any compulsion to record it as accurate as the very moment. If someone
else who is present to record the birth time at the moment - then it can be more precise. Like I was
present during the birth of my both children, and I kept the watch accurate enough to record the time
till the seconds... I can't vouch for the accuracy in seconds but they are accurate till the last minute.
Also, the definition of childbirth has differences in opinion. I consider the cutting of umbilicus as the
birth moment, but there are other definitions as well... Its covered in my Lagna book... If you are
interested, you can read that.

While referring to Muhurta and Chaughadiya for buying a vehicle, should the date and time of
payment be considered, or the date and time of delivery, or both?

Chaughadiya, while traditionally considered a last-resort method for those without access to detailed
Panchangas or expert guidance, can still be useful. Ideally, when buying a vehicle, both the time of
payment and time of delivery should be considered, but they may require different Chaughadiyas.

For the payment (financial transaction), you should choose a Chaughadiya that is suitable for
financial dealings and prosperity.

For the delivery, or when you bring the vehicle home, a different Chaughadiya might be preferred, one
that aligns with auspiciousness related to possessions and protection.

If you opt for a more comprehensive approach using Muhurta, it's best to find the most auspicious
moments for both the payment and delivery, as each action carries different significances and
deserves individual attention.

Does Śara Parivartana (शर पररवर्तन) mean the transition of a planet from one Nakṣatra Pada to
another Nakṣatra? And does Krānti Parivartana (क्रांतर् पररवर्तन) mean a shift of ±9 degrees from
the ecliptic?

Śara Parivartana (शर पररवर्तन) refers to the change in ecliptic latitude of a planet. This happens when a
planet moves from north latitude to south latitude or vice versa. Essentially, the planet transitions
from being north of the ecliptic to south of the ecliptic, or from south to north. This transition is
significant in understanding how planetary positions shift in relation to the ecliptic plane.

In the context of your question, this change refers to the planet's position relative to the ecliptic, not
Nakṣatra Padas. The transition described is more about the latitude crossing rather than a Nakṣatra-
based transition.

As for Krānti Parivartana (क्रांतर् पररवर्तन), there is no such concept in this context. "Krānti" refers to
declination, which is the angular distance of a planet from the celestial equator, not the ecliptic.
Declination, measured from the equator, can vary between ±23.6 degrees. Earlier, the declination of
planets (referred to as "currency of a planet") was thought to be ±24 degrees, but due to the
precession of the equinoxes (which is called Ayana Chalana and will be discussed this Saturday), this
axial tilt has been gradually decreasing over time. We account for this reduction using the concept of
Ayanaamsha.

Currently, the tilt is approximately 23.6 degrees, but this continues to slowly shift over time. Hence,
Krānti is not constrained to ±9 degrees from the ecliptic, and is instead measured from the equator
with a maximum tilt near 23.6 degrees.

शर पररवर्तन, therefore refers to the planet's position relative to the ecliptic, not Nakṣatra Padas.

What is the significance of Tithi Devata?

The significance of Tithi Devata is an essential aspect of Muhurtha (the selection of auspicious timing
for an action so that the desired results are achieved).

When determining the Muhurtha for any specific event, attention must be paid to the Tithi Devata (the
deity associated with the lunar day), as well as the Nakṣatra Devata (deity of the Nakṣatra), and the
Hora Devata (deity of the Hora or planetary hour).

In some cases, we also consider the Devata (primary deity) as well as the Adhi Devata (the governing
deity) to gain deeper insights into the quality of the time.

These deities influence the energy and outcome of the activity being undertaken at that time. A proper
understanding of the Tithi Devata helps ensure that the activity aligns with the state of divine forces,
enhancing the chances of success in an endeavour.

For more detailed information, one can refer to classical texts on Muhurtha, such as Muhurtha
Chintamani, which provide extensive guidelines on how to work with these devatas in timing
important events.

If you wish to learn the subtle qualities of the Tithis and the Nakshatras - you must learn about the
Devatas. The Devatas embodies the qualities that we ascribe to various mundane things like the Tithis
and Nakshatras. Here Grahas must also be understood as Devatas - embodying certain qualities.

Why is Mercury considered closer to Earth than Venus in Vedic astrology when in actual physical
terms, Venus is closer?

In Vedic Astrology, Mercury is not considered closer to Earth than Venus. Mercury is understood to be
closer to the Sun than Venus, exactly as it is in astronomy. There is no concept in Vedic astrology that
contradicts basic astronomical facts. Astrology relies on a proper understanding of astronomy, and all
interpretations in astrology are aligned with this.

Here are the exact mean distances of Mercury and Venus from both Earth and the Sun:

Mean distance of Mercury from Earth: approximately 77 million kilometers

Mean distance of Venus from Earth: approximately 41 million kilometers

Mean distance of Mercury from Sun: approximately 57.9 million kilometers

Mean distance of Venus from Sun: approximately 108.2 million kilometers

These distances clearly show that while Venus is closer to Earth than Mercury, both are correctly
understood in their relation to the Sun in Vedic astrology.
Scientifically, how are planets supposed to affect us?

It is scientifically well-established that the Sun and the Moon are critical to life on Earth. The Sun
provides energy, drives photosynthesis, and influences the Earth’s climate and seasons. The Moon
affects the tides, and its gravitational pull has been linked to biological rhythms, particularly in plants
and animals.

The Sun and the Moon play undeniable roles in maintaining both animate and inanimate aspects of
Earth. As for other planets, modern science has yet to conclusively prove their direct impact on life.

While there have been some studies, notably from Russian researchers in the 1970s and European
scientists between the 1970s and 1990s, exploring the gravitational, magnetic, and subtle energetic
influences of planets on Earth, these remain speculative without firm scientific backing. Researchers
like Vladimir P. Kaznacheyev in Russia explored bio-information transfer (like how celestial radiation
might influence living cells), but much of this research is still considered outside mainstream
scientific consensus. If more credible studies become accessible, they may help bridge gaps between
traditional knowledge and modern science.

From a Vedic science perspective, planets are referred to as Grahas (ग्रह), a term which means "that
which seizes" or influences, rather than simply "planets." Both the Sun and the Moon are classified as
Grahas, along with other celestial bodies. Grahas are believed to influence both the mind and body,
shaping human actions, thoughts, and destiny. This influence comes through the emission of
Rashmis (रश्मि), or rays, which interact with the Earth’s atmosphere and organisms. These Rashmis
are said to convey the cosmic energies of the Grahas to influence earthly life.

Thus, while modern science recognizes the physical impacts of the Sun and Moon, the broader
concept of planetary influence, as understood in Vedic astrology, delves into subtle, non-physical
effects that go beyond what has been scientifically validated to date.

Do not always think about the physical effects of Grahas. We are governed by psychological, mental
and spiritual forces much more than the physical forces. If you are a body builder but you are
depressed and given up on life - then despite your strength and fitness your winning chance in a duel
is zero... The modern sciences only teach about the physical forces - because they are measurable by
modern instruments. You see therefore it is. But Vedic sciences believe in both physical and spiritual
forces - so for us... If you believe - so you will be! We are governed by the same forces that govern the
universe - they are very subtle - and almost immeasurable - think about the quantum world of
particles. When you go into the quantum world, a particle (atomic or sub-atomic) can remain in
several quantum state at the same time - with different probabilities. The subtle forces which drive our
mind, desire, perception - guide us to behave in a certain way or react in a certain way. The same
forces also determine how the planets must behave (i.e., move in the zodiac). You can imagine that in
a place, the houses are falling apart -- in another place animals are running amok at the same time.
But it is not that animals are running amok because of the houses falling down. Both are behaving
because another force - which is earthquake. In summary, there is a subtle force - which govern the
quantum world (hopefully one day string theory or another theory can establish that), which affects
out consciousness - thereby affecting us. The day science can measure what is consciousness - we
will know how planets affect us! No, we only know that they do - but we do not know HOW.

Is there any significance in astrology of the changing distance of planets from Earth? If so, is
there a method to calculate this?

The changing distances of planets relative to Earth and the Sun result in various observational
phenomena, such as the rising and setting of planets, and retrogression (apparent backward motion).
These are perceived phenomena from Earth's vantage point due to its orbital motion and the relative
positions of other planets in their orbits. The distance between Earth and the planets also affects the
apparent size of the planetary disks as observed from Earth. Astrologically, these changing distances
influence the intensity or perceived strength of a planet’s effects. For instance:

Retrogression is important in astrology. When a planet appears to move backward (retrograde), it is

considered to have a stronger and altered influence on a person's life in areas represented by that
planet in his chart.

The rising and setting times of planets are important considerations in determining Muhurta for
important activities.

Combustion of Outer Planet Retrogration of Outer Planet

Combustion of Inner Planet Retrogration of Inner Planet

Comments on above charts:

When a planet is closer to the earth, it's effect is more pronounced. Also, it depends on the visibility of
the planet. A planet is hardly visible if the Sun is on its background. That obscures the planet. A planet
with low visibility also has less effect.

The red circle outside represent the zodiac belt, on which you measure for the longitude of a planet.

Drop in Temp of Moon during the Lockdown

https://www.businesstoday.in/visualstories/news/dropped-8-10-kelvin-moons-temperature-
decreased-due-to-lockdown-on-earth-177061-07-10-2024

During COVID lockdown, there was a reduction of temperature on Moon's surface.

They will try to explain using theories, but it certainly has something to do with how planets affect us
and how we affect the planets

On Skills and Divine blessings of an astrologer

Regarding @~Sarajit Poddar dada’s point on the skill and divine blessing of an astrologer, I'd like to
share a story from the time of the "Great Ayanamsa War," which revolved around the disagreement on
which Ayanamsa to use— between two great Astrologers, Shri B. V. Raman & Shri K. N. Rao

At a certain point, Shri K.N. Rao had a falling out with his mentor, Shri B. V. Raman

Shri B. V. Raman had previously supported Shri K.N. Rao by offering him opportunities to publish in his
magazine and recognizing his talent.

However, during a visit to America, Shri K.N. Rao met the American Indian astrologer James Braha,
who held a personal grudge against Shri B. V. Raman.
Braha had attended a conference in India but, unlike other attendees, had not received a medal of
recognition from Shri B. V. Raman, which led him to feel slighted.

Known for his tendency to be angered by perceived injustices, Rao, on returning to India confronted
Shri B. V. Raman, who, being elderly, genuinely did not remember the incident and explained that he
had simply given our award as per a list given to him at the event.

This sparked further agitation in Shri K.N. Rao, who began to harshly criticize Shri B. V. Raman in his
writings, particularly over the latter's use of a different Ayanamsa, based on the works of
Bhaskaracharya.

Despite the ongoing vitriol, Shri B. V. Raman and his daughter, Smt Gayatri Devi Vasudeva, refrained
from responding, maintaining their dignity.

Then, one day, Shri B .V. Raman decided to address the issue in his own congenial fashion.

He invited Rao and asked some of his students to present a random horoscope

Both Shri K.N. Rao and Shri V.V. Raman were asked to predict using the same horoscope, sitting in
different rooms.

The used announces which meant that the learning degree with be different and there for the higher
divisional charts would be different.

Shri K.N. Rao, who placed significant emphasis on higher divisional charts, spent five to six hours
preparing his predictions, while Shri V.V. Raman completed his in just 20 minutes, largely with the help
of just the Lagna chart.

When both sets of predictions were reviewed, Rao was asked to analyze the results and point out any
differences.

To Shri K.N. Rao’s astonishment, Shri B. V. Raman's predictions, were not only accurate but also as
rich and insightful as his own, covering both past and future events.

What is the difference between the Rashi system in traditional Indian astrology and the Western
zodiac system, which is based primarily on date ranges (e.g., Scorpio from Oct 23 to Nov 23)?

The key difference between the Rashi system in traditional Indian astrology and the Western zodiac
lies in how they measure the position of the Sun.

In Western astrology, the vernal equinox is always set at 0° Aries (the first degree of Aries), regardless
of the actual positions of the stars. This is known as the tropical zodiac, which moves with the
seasons.

On the other hand, Indian astrology uses the sidereal zodiac, which measures the Sun's position
against a fixed reference in the sky — specifically, the background of the Nakshatra Chitra (Spica).
Chitra has very low proper motion, meaning its position is almost constant and changes only over long
periods of time. This difference arises because of the phenomenon known as the precession of the
equinoxes or Ayanachalam.

Due to the precession of the equinoxes, the vernal equinox (which marks the beginning of the tropical
zodiac) shifts westwards against the backdrop of distant stars by about 1 degree every 72 years. This
shift means that over time, the tropical zodiac used in the Western system drifts away from the
sidereal zodiac used in the Indian system.

In the Indian system, we use 285 AD as the reference epoch, the point when the tropical and sidereal
zodiacs coincided. Since then, the position of the stars has been measured by fixing Chitra Nakshatra
as the reference, with the first degree of Aries (Meshadi) corresponding to Chitra 1°. This ensures the
Indian system maintains its alignment with the actual positions of stars, while the Western system
remains seasonally fixed.

Further details on the differences between these systems and their implications will be discussed in
the upcoming lecture this Saturday.

When you calculate the exact mathematics of precession, the Nakshatra Meshari point falls around
Chitra. If you do it more accurately, around Anuradha. Chitra has about half the proper motion of
Anuradha, so it makes sense to go with Chitra.

It will take approximately 25,772 years (often referred as ~26,000 years) for the Sun, as seen at the
onset of the vernal equinox, to return to the same position in the zodiac due to the precession of the
equinoxes.

Let's understand the calculation:

The precession of the equinoxes causes the position of the Sun, at the time of the vernal equinox, to
shift gradually along the ecliptic.

This shift occurs at a rate of approximately 50.29 arcseconds per year westward relative to the fixed
stars. As there are 360° in a full circle, we can calculate the time required for one full precession cycle
as follows:

Step 1: Convert 360° to arcseconds.

360°=360×3600=1,296,000arcseconds

Step 2: Determine the time to move 1,296,000 arcseconds.

To find the number of years for a full precession cycle, divide 1,296,000 arcseconds by 50.29
arcseconds per year.

Your answer is ≈25,772 years.

Is the Braj Panchang different from the regular Panchang? Can two different Panchangs create
different Kundalis for the same person using the same birth time?

I am not exactly familiar with the Braj Panchang, but in earlier times, there were often some
mathematical differences between different Panchangs. These variations could sometimes result in
differences in the calculation of planetary positions and, consequently, Kundalis.

If you know your accurate birth date and time, it is recommended to use the modern ephemeris based
on the Chitrapaksha Lahiri Ayanamsha. This is a standardized system that ensures more consistent
and accurate calculations.
Since your question involves differences in Lagna between Kundalis created using Braj Panchang and
other systems, it is possible that older regional Panchangs may have used slightly inaccurate
mathematics, leading to discrepancies in the final chart. To avoid confusion, it's advisable to stick
with a reliable, modern Panchang for accurate results.

Different Panchangas can have different planetary positions due to several reasons. One is the
Ayanamsa used can be different. The second one is that they may not be using Drk Ganita or modern
ephemeris and using other methods such as Vakya. The Vakyas are the source of quick calculation of
the planetary positions with certain aphorisms. However, they have not been adjusted over the to
account for the fluctuations in the orbital constants - which affect the Vakya values. If the planetary
positions in a Panchanga is different from a Drk Panchanga, then the planetary positions can be
different.

Why is the day divided into 8 Yāmas, and what is the significance of each Yāma?

The Vedic time measurement system divides the day and night into 8 Yāmas (अष्ट यरम) or Prahar (प्रहर)
purely as a practical method of timekeeping.

A Yāma is simply one-eighth of a full day-night cycle, each lasting approximately 3 hours. Here's a
breakdown of how the day is divided:

The daytime (sunrise to sunset) is divided into 4 Yāmas. The nighttime (sunset to sunrise) is also
divided into 4 Yāmas. Each Yāma is around 3 hours long, while a Yamardha (half Yāma) is about 1.5
hours. Purpose of the Yāma System:

This system was primarily used for time measurement, ensuring that each segment of the day and
night was consistently tracked. It helped structure the day for practical purposes, such as determining
the best time for specific activities, but it wasn’t inherently tied to spiritual significance.

Quality of time is measured with finer concepts like Hora and Muhurta along with other Panchanga
elements.

What is the significance of Uranus and Neptune in astrology when they are not part of the Vedic
system?
While Uranus and Neptune are not traditionally part of Vedic astrology, they have found relevance,
particularly in the field of mundane astrology (the astrology of world events and collective
experiences). Some ancient texts, such as the Narada Samhita, do contain terms and concepts that
can be seen as corresponding to the outer planets, although their usage wasn't widespread in earlier
times.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, mundane astrologers—both in India and the West—began to
notice that the outer planets had an influence on global events, large-scale changes, and societal
shifts. Western astrologers, who were studying these newly discovered planets, integrated them into
their astrological frameworks. In response, Indian mundane astrologers began incorporating Uranus
and Neptune into their own systems, finding a way to harmonize these outer planets with the already
existing principles from texts like the Narada Samhita.

Thus, Uranus and Neptune became valuable tools in mundane astrology, particularly for tracking the
influences on global transformations, revolutions, technological advancements, and collective
consciousness. They are not typically used for individual horoscopes in Vedic astrology, but their
significance in world astrology has been recognized and integrated.

Please read these conversations - the ancients knew about these Grahas, but they were not as much
used because of their slowness. Also, their computations were not given in the Siddhanta texts. So,
they would have been observed with spiritual vision or another way that we don’t know about.:
Based on the circular chart of zodiac signs and Nakṣatras: Since each zodiac corresponds to 30
degrees, and there are 2.25 Nakṣatras for every zodiac, does this mean the Moon stays in each
zodiac for 2.25 days (since the Moon resides in each Nakṣatra for 1 day)? Since the Moon has a
30-day cycle around Earth, does this mean a Nakṣatra could last for more than a day given there
are 27 Nakṣatras and 30/31 days?

Part one: You are correct. The Moon stays in each zodiac sign for approximately 2.25 days because
each zodiac sign covers 30 degrees, and the Moon takes about 27.3 days to complete one orbit
around the Earth (known as a sidereal month). Each Nakṣatra spans 13°20' (13 degrees and 20
minutes), and there are 2.25 Nakṣatras for each zodiac sign. Since the Moon moves roughly 13°20' per
day, it spends about 1 day in each Nakṣatra, and thus around 2.25 days in each zodiac sign.

Part two: The Moon's cycle around the Earth, while approximately 27.3 days (sidereal month), is not
aligned perfectly with the Earth-Sun system. This is because, during that time, the Earth is also moving
along its orbit around the Sun. Therefore, for the Moon to realign with the Sun to complete its phases
(for instance, from one Full Moon to the next), it takes about 29.5 days. This is called a synodic month,
which is the time between two similar lunar phases (e.g., Full Moon to Full Moon).

Because of this difference between the sidereal month (27.3 days) and the synodic month (29.5 days),
the time the Moon spends in a Nakṣatra and in a zodiac sign can vary slightly.

The concept of the synodic month explains why, even though there are 27 Nakṣatras, the lunar phases
do not perfectly align with the Nakṣatra cycle. The difference is due to the relative motion of the Earth
and the Moon and the need for the Moon to "catch up" with the Earth's movement around the Sun to
realign for the next phase.
This also accounts for the varying lengths of time the Moon appears to spend in each Nakṣatra and
zodiac sign when observed from Earth.

In the Valmiki Ramayana, it is mentioned that Raja Dashrath had an age of 60,000 years and Shri
Ram ruled for close to 11,000 years. If we try to date the existence of Shri Ram, would it not be
fair to say that it existed around 10,000 BCE? Or is the calculation different than the current
period, as mentioned that Shri Ram was around 3,000 BCE? How should I approach this
timeline?

In the Valmiki Ramayana itself, there are many instances where the age of an individual is stated as
100 years, which suggests that the time references need to be understood in the context of yuga
cycles. The ages and time periods mentioned are symbolic and refer to different scales of time.
Specifically, we need to differentiate between Deva Yugas, Brahma Yugas, and human Yugas to
correctly interpret these timelines.

The best work on this subject has been done by Dr. Jayashree Sarnathan, who provides a more in-
depth analysis of these references and the dating of events in the Ramayana. I would recommend
following her work for a clearer understanding of how to approach the timeline of Shri Ram's existence
in relation to the yuga cycles.

Any specific reason for starting the course when Saturn is in Shatabhisha Nakshatra (R) and
Jupiter is going retrograde from 9th October? Will we learn how to find personalized Muhurta
(rather than general ones)? Any tentative timeline for starting the Laghu Parashara Course?

There are two major Muhurtas associated with the start of this course. The first is the Muhurta when
the course was announced, and the second is the Muhurta when the decision was made to begin the
course. Both Muhurtas were carefully selected to ensure that the timing would generate a strong
interest in astrology among participants.

The energy of these Muhurtas is such that some of you will end up taking a keen interest in astrology
seriously and, with the grace of God, may eventually become astrologers.

Regarding personalized Muhurtas, yes, during the course, we will touch upon how to find specific
Muhurtas for individuals, but only at a very surface level.

As for the Laghu Parashara Course, I have not given it any thought. I am not even sure if I will ever
teach it formally.

With reference to the zodiac belt and Nakshatra chart, does this mean that the Nakshatras and
the zodiac are fixed, and only the planets are moving? Does it also mean that every zodiac sign
has its fixed group of Nakshatras, e.g., Aries will always have Ashwini, Bharani, and part of
Krittika?

It is fair to assume that Nakshatras are generally fixed in the sky, but they do exhibit a very small
movement called proper motion. This movement occurs over thousands of years and is so negligible
that, for practical purposes, Nakshatras are considered fixed.

You are correct in your assumption that the Nakshatras and the zodiac are mostly fixed, while the
planets move through them.
Additionally, every zodiac sign has a fixed group of Nakshatras. For example, Aries will always contain
Ashwini, Bharani, and Krittika (Charan 1).

This fixed relationship between zodiac signs and their corresponding Nakshatras remains consistent
across astrological calculations.

This image explains the distribution of rashis and nakshatras very well