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Logic MIDTERM Prep Sheet

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Irina Egic
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34 views7 pages

Logic MIDTERM Prep Sheet

Uploaded by

Irina Egic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MIDTERM PREP SHEET.

1.​ An argument is valid if and only if it is impossible for the premises to be true and the
conclusion be false.
2.​ Some sentences A, B tautologically entail C iff there is no valuation that makes A, B true
and C false.
3.​ Some sentences A, B are tautologically equivalent iff they have the same truth value on
every valuation.

1.​ It DEFINITELY HOLDS that A, B tautologically entail C. (because there is no valuation


where C is false)
2.​ It is a CONTRADICTION because ㄱA and B always have different TV.
3.​ It is NOT A CONTRADICTION since there is at least one valuation that makes them all
true together.
1.​ (ㄱA ㄱC) or ㄱ(A V C)
2.​ (B → D)
3.​ B → ㄱC
4.​ (A V D) ㄱ(A D)
5.​ B ↔ (A ↔V C)
6.​ ㄱD → ㄱB
1.​
((F ↔ C G) V (H V ㄱ F)

T F F T T T T F T

T T T F T T T F T

F T F T T T T T F

F F T F T T T T F

T F F T F F F F T

T T T F T F F F T

F T F T T F T T F

F F T F T F T T F

This is NEITHER a CONTRADICTION (it is not false on every valuation) nor a TAUTOLOGY (it
is not true on every valuation)

2.​ NOT TAUTOLOGICALLY EQUIVALENT. (at least one valuation with different truth
value).

(ㄱ F V G) → H

T F T F F F

1.​ They are JOINTLY TAUTOLOGICALLY CONSISTENT, since at least one valuation
makes them all true together.
(O → ㄱ R) ㄱ (R O)

T F F T F T T T

T T T F T F F T

F T F T T T F F

F T T F T F F F

2.​ They are JOINTLY TAUTOLOGICALLY CONSISTENT, since at least one valuation
makes them all true together.

(T ↔ ㄱ W) → M ㄱ ((M V W) V T)

T F F T T T F T T T T T

T F F T T F F F T T T T

T T T F T T F T T F T T

T T T F F F F F F F T T

F T F T T T F T T T T F

F T F T F F F F T T T F

F F T F T T F T T F T F

F F T F T F T F F F F F
1.​ B1: The butler is lying.
C1: The cook is lying.
B2: The butler is guilty.
C2: The cook is guilty.

ㄱ(B1 C2)
C1 → B2
B1 → C2
∴ ㄱ B1 ↔ B2

ㄱ (B1 C2) C1 → B2 B1 → C2 ∴ ㄱ B1 ↔ B2

T F F F F T F F T T F F F

INVALID ARGUMENT!

(premises true and conclusion false)

2.​ A: Mira is angry


H: Mira is hungry

A → ㄱH
H → ㄱA
∴ (A V H) ㄱ(A H)

A H A → ㄱH H → ㄱA ∴ (A V H) ㄱ(A H)

F F T T F
INVALID ARGUMENT!

(premises true and conclusion false)


1.​ Ǝx(Vx Sx Txh)
2.​ ƎxƎy(Txi Tyi Sx Sy ㄱx = y)
3.​ ∀x ((Sx Txh) → Txi)
4.​ ㄱƎxƎyƎz(Vx Vy Vz ㄱSx ㄱSy ㄱSz ㄱx = y ㄱx = z ㄱy = z)
5.​ Ǝx (Sx Txi Vy ((Sy Tyi) → y = x) ㄱx = i)
6.​ ∀x(ㄱTxx → Thx)
7.​ ƎxƎy (Vx ∀z (Vz → x = z) Sy ∀z (Sz → y = z) x = z)
1.​
Ǝx(Fx ㄱGx)

NOT A LOGICAL TRUTH NOT A CONTRADICTION

Domain: a Domain: a
F: empty F: a
G: empty G: empty

2.​
NOT LOGICALLY EQUIVALENT

∀x(Fx ↔ Gx) ∀x(Fx → Gx)

Domain: a
F: empty
G: a

3.​

4.​ INVALID
Domain: a
G: a
F: empty
H: a

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