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07) Applied Geophysics - Electromagnetic

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36 views30 pages

07) Applied Geophysics - Electromagnetic

Uploaded by

spaceminer2k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electromagnetic Methods

Introduction
• EM methods induce and detect currents in the ground
• No direct contact needed
• Applications are in Civil/Geotechnical Engineering, Water
Resources, Mineral/Energy Resources
• Crustal level studies use Magneto-telluric EM
• Useful in areas where direct current applications are
impossible
• Ground, airborne, seaborne, downhole methods available
Introduction
• Specific applications of EM methods
– Mineral exploration
– Ground water contamination
– Salt water intrusion
– Mapping geology and soil
– Locating buried objects ( pipes, barrels, tanks, walls)
– Archeology
– Locating permafrost
– Locating Gravel
– Locating cavities (caves, abandoned mines)
EM Spectrum
EM Spectrum
• AC 60 Hz
• AM Radio 106 Hz
• FM Radio 108 Hz
• Cell Phones, WiFi, GPS ~ 109 Hz
EM Spectrum
• Most geophysical EM devices use radio wave (audio) range ~
1000-108 Hz
• Metal Detector ~ 1000 Hz-10000 Hz
• GPR ~108 – 109 Hz
• EM31 10000 Hz
• EM34 ~1000 Hz – 8000 Hz
• MT 10-4 Hz – 1000 Hz (covers IP and AC ranges also)
EM Spectrum
• Travels undisturbed in free space
• Radio waves travel many light years
• Conductive materials absorb EM signals (e.g. low signal
strength in building basements)
• Skin depth (δ) is the depth at which the electric amplitude is
decreased to 37% (=1/e)
EM Spectrum

2 2 
= =  500
 2f 4 .10 −7
f
ω Angular frequency (rad/s), μ Permittivity (F/m), σ
Conductivity (S/m), ρ Resistivity (Ωm)

Low frequencies penetrate deep (Skin depth


will be large)
EM Spectrum
• MT methods probe the ground for several km depths
• EM34, EM31 penetrate several hundred meters
• GPR can reach a few meters below the surface
Depth of Penetration
• The depth of penetration of an electromagnetic field depends
upon its frequency and the electrical conductivity of the
medium through which it is propagating

• Electromagnetic fields are attenuated during their passage


through the ground, their amplitude decreasing exponentially
with depth
EM Principles
• Faraday’s Law
• Lenz’s Law
• Ampere’s Law
• Biot-Savart Law
EM Principles
• Faraday’s Law

( BA)
V = −N
t
• The induced emf in any closed circuit is equal to the negative of the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the circuit
• V - Voltage generated, N - Number of turns in the coil, BA -
Magnetic moment (Magnetic induction x Cross sectional area
of the coil)
EM Principles
• Lenz’s Law

V =−
t

• When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to Faraday’s law,


the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic
field opposes the change which produces it
• ∂Φ – Change in magnetic flux
EM Principles
• How a magnetic field is produced by an electric current is
explained by Ampere’s Law
EM Principles
Biot-Savart Law
EM Surveying
• Inducing changes to the earth’s magnetic filed creates eddy
currents in the ground
• Measurements on the conductivity of the material of the
ground can be obtained
• Two approaches
– Frequency domain (FEM: measurements at one or more frequencies)
– Time domain (TEM: measurements as a function of time)
EM Surveying
• EM Systems
– Small loop : most FEM, e.g. EM 31 (two coils and pole), EM 34 (two
coils and wires), for environmental investigations
– Large loop: many TEM, airborne, for mineral exploration
– Plane wave: VLF, magnetotelluric, for crustal studies
EM Surveying
• Loop configurations
– Horizontal co-planar
– Vertical co-planar
– Vertical co-axial
EM Surveying
• Field procedure
– An AC is passed through transmitter coil
– The AC produces a sinusoidally alternating magnetic field
– Receiver coil “sees” the generated magnetic field
– Eddy currents are generated in conducting bodies in the ground
(creates larger emf)
– Receiver “sees” an induced (secondary) magnetic field generated by
eddy currents
EM Principles
EM Surveying
• Field procedure
– The resultant field is a combination of primary and secondary fields
– Secondary field differs from the primary in phase and amplitude
– The difference provides information about the geometry, size and
electrical properties of the subsurface conductor
EM Surveying
EM Surveying
EM Surveying
EM Surveying
EM Surveying
• Time-domain EM (TEM)
– The
EM Surveying
EM Surveying
EM Surveying
EM Surveying

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