Atomic Structure

Learning Outcomes

Chapter - 1
By the end of this chapter, you will understand
 Recap of Basic Concepts  Bohr’s Atomic Model
 Thomson’s Atomic Model  Modern Atomic Model
 Rutherford’s Atomic Model  Role of spectral study in building an atom
 Spectrum  Quantum Numbers
 Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiations  Rules involved in filling of electrons, Electronic Configuration
1 Recap of Basic Concepts Characteristics of the three fundamental
particles are:
John Dalton developed his atomic theory. Electron Proton Neutron
According to this theory the Atom is considered Discoverer J.J. Goldstein James
to be hard, dense and smallest particle of matter, Thompson Chadwick
which is indivisible, the atoms belonging to a Symbol P+ n0
e or e –1
particular element, is unique. The properties of
elements differ because of the uniqueness of the Approxim 1/1836 1 1
ate relative
atoms belonging to particular elements. This mass
theory provides a satisfactory basis for the laws
Approxim –1 +1 No charge
of chemical combination. The atom can neither ate relative
be created nor be destroyed i.e., it is charge
indestructible. Mass in kg 9.109  10 –31 1.673 10 –27 1.675 10 –27

Drawbacks: It fails to explain why atoms of 1.007 1.008

Mass in 5.485 10 –4
different kinds should differ in mass and valency, amu
etc,. Actual – + 0
The discovery of isotopes and isobars showed charge 1.602  10 –19 1.602  10 –19
that atoms of same elements may have different (coulomb)
atomic masses (isotopes) and atoms of different Actual + 0
– 4.8  10 –10
kinds may have same atomic masses (isobars). charge 4.8  10 –10
(e.s.u.)
Sub atomic Particles The atomic mass unit (amu) is 1/12 of the mass
The discovery of various sub-atomic particles like
of an individual atom of 6 C12 , i.e., 1.660 ×
electrons, protons etc. during late 19th century led
to the idea that the atom was no longer an indivisible 10 kg.
–27

and the smallest particle of the matter. The neutron and proton have approximately
However, the researches done by various eminent equal masses of 1 amu and the electron is about
scientists and the discovery of radioactivity have 1836 times lighter, its mass can sometimes be
established beyond doubt, that atom is not the neglected as an approximation.
smallest indivisible particle but had a complex The electron and proton have equal, but
structure of its own and was made up of still smaller opposite, electric charge while the neutron is not
particles like electrons, protons, neutrons etc. At charged.
present about 35 different subatomic particles are
known but the three particles namely electron, proton Formative Worksheet
and neutron are regarded as the fundamental 1. Which of the following has highest e/m ratio?
particles. 1) He+2 2) H+ 3) He+ 4) H
We shall now take up the brief study of these 2. What is the ratio of specific charge (e/m) of an
fundamental particles. electron to that of a hydrogen ion ?
3. What is the mass of one mole (6.023 × 1023) of
electrons ?
2 10th Class Chemistry

3. Rutherford’s Atomic Model

Conceptive Worksheet After Thomson, it was Rutherford who gave the
1. What is the mass of a neutron and a proton in amu? first successful atomic model. His atomic model
2. What is the ratio of mass of lightest nucleus to the can be understood from the following headings.
mass of an electron ? i) Experimental set up:  -particle emitted by
3 What is the ratio of e/m ratio for positive rays in radioactive substance were shown to be
comparison to cathode rays is _________. dipositive Helium ions (He++) having a mass of
4. Write the increasing order for the values of e/m for 4 units and 2 units of positive charge.
an electron (e), proton (p), neutron (n) and alpha Rutherford allowed a narrow beam of  -
(  ) particles. particles to fall on a very thin gold foil of
5. Name the element in which neutrons are absent. thickness of the order of 4 × 10 –4 cm and
6. Find the total number of neutrons in dipositive zinc determined the subsequent path of these
ion with mass number 70 . particles with the help of a zinc sulphide
7. What will happen if a neutron is introduced into the fluorescent screen. The zinc sulphide screen
nucleus of an atom ? gives off a visible flash of light when struck by
8. Give the reason why most elements have fractional an   particle, as ZnS has the remarkable
atomic masses. property of converting kinetic energy of
particle into visible light. [For this experiment,
Rutherford specifically used   particles
2 Thomson’s Atomic Model because they are relatively heavy resulting in
Observations obtained from the experiments high momentum].
mentioned in the previous sections have suggested
that Dalton’s indivisible atom is composed of sub-
atomic particles carrying positive and negative
charges.
Different atomic models were proposed to explain
the distributions of these charged particles in an
atom.
J. J. Thomson, in 1898, proposed that an atom ii) Observations:
possesses a spherical shape (radius approximately
10–10m) in which the positive charge is uniformly
-particles
distributed. The electrons are embedded into it in
such a manner as to give the most stable electrostatic
arrangement. Many different names are given to
this model, for example, plum pudding, raisin
pudding or watermelon. This model can be
visualised as a pudding or watermelon of positive
charge with plums or seeds (electrons) embedded
into it. An important feature of this model is that the
mass of the atom is assumed to be uniformly Rutherford’s explanation of -particle scattering
on the basis of his nuclear model
distributed over the atom. Although this model was 1. Majority of the  -particles pass straight
able to explain the overall neutrality of the atom, but through the gold strip with little or no
was not consistent with the results of later deflection.
experiments. Thomson was awarded Nobel Prize 2. Some  -particles are deflected from their
for physics in 1906, for his theoretical and path and diverge.
experimental investigations on the conduction of 3. Very few  -particles are deflected
electricity by gases. backwards through angles greater than
90°.
4. Some were even scattered in the opposite
direction at an angle of 180°.
Atomic Structure 3

iii) Conclusions: v) Defects :

1. The fact that most of the  particles 1. Position of electrons: The exact positions
passed straight through the metal foil of the electrons from the nucleus are not
indicates the most part of the atom is mentioned.
empty.
2. Stability of the atom: Neils Bohr pointed
2. The fact that few  particles are
out that Rutherford’s atom should be highly
deflected at large angles indicates the
unstable. According to the law of electro-
presence of a heavy positively charged
dynamics, the electron should therefore,
body i.e., for such large deflections to
continuously emit radiation and lose energy.
occur  -particles must have come closer
As a result of this a moving electron will
to or collided with a massive positively
come closer and closer to the nucleus and
charged body, and he named it nucleus.
after passing through a spiral path, it should
3. The fact that one in 20,000 have deflected
ultimately fall into the nucleus.
at 180° backwards indicates that volume
occupied by this heavy positively charged
body is very small in comparison to total e–
volume of the atom.
iv) Postulates:
On the basis of the above observation, and
having realized that the rebounding  -particles
had met something even more massive than +
themselves inside the gold atom, Rutherford
proposed an atomic model as follows.
i) All the protons (+ve charge) and the
neutrons (neutral charge) i.e. nearly the
total mass of an atom is present in a very It was calculated that the electron should
small region at the centre of the atom. The fall into the nucleus in less than 10–8 sec.
atom’s central core is called nucleus. But it is known that electrons keep moving
(Note: Rutherford first discovered nucleus out sided the nucleus.
and hence his model of atom is also called
Nucler model ) To solve this problem Neils Bohr proposed
ii) The size of the nucleus is very small in an improved form of Rutherford’s atomic
comparison to the size of the atom. model.
Diameter of the nucleus is about 10 –13
while the atom has a diameter of the order Conceptive Worksheet
10–8 of cm. So, the size of atom is 105
times more than that of nucleus. 9. What is the purpose of lead block and ZnS screen
iii) Most of the space outside the nucleus is in   ray scattering experiment?
empty. 10. Why Rutherford’s model of an atom is called a)
iv) The electrons, equal in number to the net Nuclear model b) Solar model ?
nuclear positive charge, revolve around the
nucleus just like planet round the sun. For 11. How Rutherford explained stability of an atom?
this reason that his model is also called
planetary model or solar model.
v) The centrifugal force arising due to the 4. Spectrum
high speed of an electron balances the The arrangement obtained by splitting of
columbic force of attraction of the nucleus electromagnetic radiation into its component
and the electron remains stable in its path. wavelengths when passed through a prism is
Thus, according to him atom consists of called spectrum. The apparatus used to record
two parts (a) nucleus and (b) extra nuclear the spectrum is called spectrometer or
part. spectrograph.
4 10th Class Chemistry
it is found that some isolated coloured lines are
obtained on a photographic plate separated from
each other by dark spaces. This spectrum is
called line spectrum. Each line in the spectrum
corresponds to a particular wavelength. Each
element gives its own characteristic spectrum.
Line spectra are given by atoms and is known
as atomic spectra. Band spectra are given by
molecules and therefore also known as molecular
spectra.
5. Wave Nature of Electromagnetic
Radiations
James Maxwell (1870) was the first to give a
comprehensive explanation about the interaction
i) Absorption spectrum: If the atom gains energy between the charged bodies and the behaviour of
the electron passes from a lower energy level to electrical and magnetic fields on macroscopic level.
a higher energy level, energy is absorbed that
means a specific wave length is absorbed.
Consequently, a dark line will appear in the
spectrum. This dark line constitutes the absorption
spectrum. Absorption spectrum is due to the
excitation of atoms or molecules by absorbing
energy.
ii) Emission spectrum: The spectrum formed by the
emission of energy in the form of light radiation is
called emission spectrum. Emission spectrum
consists of bright lines or bands on a dark He suggested that when an electrically charged
background. The spectrum formed by the absorption particle moves under acceleration, alternating
of energy in the form of light radiation is called electrical and magnetic fields are produced and
absorption spectrum. Absorption spectrum transmitted.
consists of dark lines or bands on a bright
background. Absorption spectrum is just opposite
to emission spectrum. Emission spectrum is due to
the emission of light by the excited atoms or
molecules.
Note: The dark lines in the absorption spectrum
and bright lines in the emission spectrum of a
particular substance appear at the same places
(same wavelengths).
iii) Continuous spectra: When white light from any
source such as sun or bulb is analysed by passing
through a prism, it splits up into seven different
wide bands of colour from violet to red (like These fields are transmitted in the forms of waves
rainbow). These colours are so continuous that called electromagnetic waves or
each of them merges into the next. Hence the electromagnetic radiation.
spectrum is called as continuous spectrum. The Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation
spectrum of incandescent white light obtained by i) The oscillating electric and magnetic fields
heating a solid to very high temperature is a produced by oscillating charged particles are
continuous spectrum. perpendicular to each other and both are
iv) Line spectra: When an electric discharge is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the
passed through a gas at low pressure light is wave.
emitted. If this light is resolved by a spectroscope,
Atomic Structure 5
ii) Unlike sound waves or water waves, 3. Velocity:
electromagnetic waves do not require any The distance travelled by the wave in one second
medium and can move in a vacuum. is called its velocity. It is denoted by c.
iii) It is now well established that there are many types Mathematically,
of electromagnetic radiations, which differ from one
another in wavelength (or frequency).These c c
c   or   or  
constitute electromagnetic spectrum. Different  
regions of the spectrum are identified by different All types of electromagnetic radiations travel
names. through space with the same velocity i.e. 3 × 1010
Wave & its Characteristics cm sec–1, 3 × 108 m sec–1 or 186,000 miles sec–
A wave consists of several peaks or crests and 1
, However, different types of radiations have
troughs. different wavelengths and, therefore, different
Crest Crest Crest frequencies.
4. Wave number:
It is defined as the number of wavelengths per
cm, and is equal to the invers of wavelength
expressed in centimeters. It is denoted by  and
is expressed in cm–1
Trough Trough
1
The important characteristics of a wave are 

wavelength, frequency, wave number, time period
and amplitude. c 
Now since   
1. Wavelength:  c
The distance between two neighbouring troughs 5. Amplitude:
or crests is known as wavelength. It is denoted It is the height of the crest or depth of trough of
by  and is expressed in cm., m, nanometers a wave and is denoted by a. It determines the
intensity or brightness of the beam of light.
(nm) or Angstrom  A  units (1 A = 10–1 nm=
o o

  Formative Worksheet
10 cm = 10 m). It determines the colour of
–8 –10
4. Calculate the frequency of radiations with
a beam of visible light. wavelength 480nm.
2. Frequency: 5. Yellow light emitted from a sodium lamp has a
The number of times a wave passes through a wavelength (  ) of 580 nm. Calculate frequency
given point in one second is called the frequency
of the wave. It is denoted by  (nu) and is ( ) and wave number (  ) of the yellow light.
expressed in cycles per second(cps) or hertz (Hz) 6. A radiostation is broadcasting programmes at 100
units (1 Hz = 1 cps). The frequency of a wave MHz frequency. If the distance between the
is inversely proportional to its wavelength, i.e. radiostation and the receiverset is 300 km, how long
would it take the signal to reach the set from the
1 radiostation ? Also calculate wavelength and

 wavenumber of these radiowaves.
Wavelength 7. The frequency of wave of light 1.0×106 sec–1. Find
 the wave length for this wave.
Crest Crest Crest _______________________________________
a a
Electromagnetic Spectrum
a
Electromagnetic wave or radiation is not a single
wavelength radiation, but a mixture of various
wavelength or frequencies. All the frequencies
a a have same speed.
If all the components of Electromagnetic
Trough Trough Radiation (EMR) are arranged in order of

Wavelength decreasing or increasing wavelengths or
6 10th Class Chemistry
frequencies, the pattern obtained is known as
Electromagnetic Spectrum. The following table Conceptive Worksheet
shows all the components of light. 12. Which of the following is not an electromagnetic
S.No. Name Wavelength(A ) 0 radiation?
1) X-rays 2) Cosmic rays
1. Radio wave 3  1014 – 3 107 3) Anode rays 4) Cathode rays
2. Microwave 3  107 – 6 106 13. Which wavelength falls in X- rays’ region?
1) 10-9 m 2) 10-7m 3) 102m 4) 104m
3. Infrared (IR) 6  106 – 7600
14. If 1 and  2 are the wavelengths of characteristic
4. Visible 7600–3800
X -rays and gamma rays respectively, then the
5. Ultraviolet(UV) 3800–150 relation between them is :
6. X-Rays 150–0.1 2
7.  -Rays 0.1–0.01 1) 1  2) 1   2
2
8. Cosmic Rays 0.01–zero 3) 1   2 4) 1   2
15. Name the electromagnetic radiations with maximum
Frequency(Hz) Source wavelength.
1105 –1109 Alternating
current of high 6. Bohr’s Atomic Model
frequency Neil’s Bohr developed a model for hydrogen and
hydrogen like atoms one-electron species
1 10 – 5  10
9 11 Klystron tube
(hydrogenic species). He applied quantum theory
5  1011 – 3.95 1016 Incandescent in considering the energy of an electron bond to
objects the nucleus.
Electric bulbs, Planck’s Quantum Theory
3.95  1016 – 7.9 1014
sun rays When a black body is heated, it emits thermal
radiations of different wavelengths or frequency.
7.9 1014 – 2 1016 Sun rays, arc To explain these radiations, Max Planck put
lamps with forward a theory known as Planck’s quantum
mercury vapours theory. The main points of quantum theory are:
2  1016 – 3  1019 Cathode rays i) Substances radiate or absorb energy discontinuously
striking metal in the form of small packets or bundles of energy.
plate ii) The smallest packet of energy is called quantum.
In case of light the quantum is known as photon.
3  1019 – 3  1020 Secondary effect iii) The energy of a quantum is directly proportional to
of radioactive the frequency of the radiation.
decay E   (or) E = h  where ‘  ’ is the frequency of
3  1020 –Infinity Outer space radiation and h is Planck’s constant having the
value 6.626 × 10–27 erg-sec or 6.626 × 10–34J-sec.
Formative Worksheet iv) A body can radiate or absorb energy in whole
number multiples of a quantum i.e., h  , 2h  , 3h 
8. The vividh Bharati station of All India Radio, Delhi, …. nh  where ‘n’ is the positive integer..
broadcasts on a frequency of 1,368 kHz. Calculate Neil’s Bohr used this theory to explain the
the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation structure of atom.
emitted by transmitter. Which part of the Postulates of Bohr’s atomic model
electromagnetic spectrum does it belong? i) Circular Orbits: An atom consists of a dense
9. Energy of a photon is 1.6 × 10-19J. Identify the nucleus situated at the center with the electron
nature of electromagnetic radiation. revolving round in circular paths called circular
orbits
Atomic Structure 7

ii) Stationary Orbits: As long as an electron is II. Merits of Bohr’s theory

revolving in an orbit it neither loses nor gains i) The experimental value of radii and energies
energy. Hence these orbits are called stationary in hydrogen atom are in good agreement with that
orbits or stationary states. calculated on the basis of Bohr’s theory.
iii) Energies of the Orbits: Each stationary state ii) Bohr’s concept of stationary state of electron
is associated with a definite amount of energy and explains the emission and absorption spectra of
it is also known as energy levels. The greater hydrogen like atoms.
the distance of the energy level from the nucleus, iii) The experimental values of the spectral lines
the more is the energy associated with it. The of the hydrogen spectrum are in close agreement
different energy levels are numbered as 1, 2, 3, with the calculated by Bohr’s theory.
4, (from nucleus onwards) or K, L, M,N III. Limitations of Bohr’s Theory
etc. 1. Bohr’s model could not explain the spectra of
iv) Energy emissions or absorption: atoms containing more than one electron.
Ordinarily an electron continues to move in a Bohr’s model could not explain even hydrogen
particular stationary state without losing energy. spectrum obtained using high resolution
Such a stable state of the atom is called as spectroscopes.
ground state or normal state. If energy is Each spectral line, on high resolution was found
supplied to an electron, it may jump (excite) to consist of two closely spaced lines.
instantaneously from lower energy (say 1) to 2. It was observed that in the presence of a
higher energy level (say 2, 3, 4, etc) by absorbing magnetic field, each spectral line gets split up
one quantum of energy. This new state of into closely spaced lines. This phenomenon,
electron is called as excited state. The quantum known as Zeeman effect, could not be
of energy absorbed is equal to the difference in explained by Bohr’s model.
energies of the two concerned levels. 3. Similarly, the splitting of spectral line under the
v) Amount of energy emitted or absorbed: effect of applied electric field (Stark effect),
Since the excited state is less stable, atom will also could not be explained by Bohr’s model.
lose it’s energy and come back to the ground 4. In 1923, de Broglie, the French physicist,
state. suggested that electron, like light, has a dual
Energy absorbed or released in an electron jump, character.
It has particle as well as wave nature. Bohr had
 E  is given by treated electron only as a particle. Thus, Bohr’s
 E  E 2  E 1  h model ignored dual character of electron.
6. The main objection to Bohr’s theory was raised
Where E 2 and E1 are the energies of the by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
electron in the two different energy levels, and According to this principle, it is impossible to
 is the frequency of radiation absorbed or determine simultaneously the exact position and
emitted. the momentum of a small moving particle like an
electron. The postulate of Bohr that electrons
vi) Qualitative angular momentum:
move in well-defined orbits around the nucleus,
Of the finite number of circular orbits possible therefore, is not valid. Thus, Bohr’s model
around the nucleus, and electron can revolve only contradicts Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
in those orbits whose angular momentum (mvr) 7. Bohr’s model could not explain the ability of
is an integral multiple of factor h / 2 . atoms to form molecules and the geometry and
shapes of molecules.
nh
mvr  IV. Reasons for the Failure of the Bohr’s Model
2 i) In Bohr’s model, an electron is regarded as a
where, m = mass of the electron charged particle moving in well defined circular
v = velocity of the electron orbits about the nucleus. The wave character of
n = orbit number in which electron is present the electron is not considered in Bohr’s model.
r = radius of the orbit
8 10th Class Chemistry
y
15. Electron cannot occupy an intermediate orbit
between n = 3 and n = 4. Give reasons.

1s 2s
16. Find the angular momentum of first orbit of hydrogen
nucleus x atom. (Hint : Angular momentum (L) = mvr).
17. Find the momentum and kinetic energy of an
Z radial node electron revolving in the first orbit of hydrogen atom,
ii) An orbit is a clearly defined path and this path can whose radius is 0.529Ao.
completely be defined only if both the position and
18. The radii of first and second orbits of Helium atom
the velocity of the electron are known exactly at
are x and y respectively. Find the ratio of the
the same time. Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom,
velocities of the electrons revolving in their orbits.
therefore, not only ignores dual behaviour of matter
but also contradicts Heisenberg’s uncertainty
principle.
Conceptive Worksheet
Formative Worksheet 21. 1 S.I. unit of ‘h’ = ____________C.G.S. units of
‘h’ .
10. what is the ratio of energies of two radiations, one
22. What is the energy of ‘n’ quanta whose frequency
with a wavelength of 400 nm and the other with
is ‘ ’?
800 nm ?
23. If ‘n’ is the no. of photons needed to generate an
11. Find the number of photons of light with wavelength energy equivalent to ‘E’, then, find the wavelength
4000 pm that provide 1J of energy. of each photon.
12. How many microwave photons are needed to _______________________________________
generate energy equivalent to the smallest unit of 7. Modern Atomic Model
energy ? Wavelength of microwave is 1) Orbits : Atom consists of several stationary states
1.2 × 107 A0. (Hint: Smallest unit of energy is or stationary orbits. (as per Bohr’s theory)
electron volt (ev) = 1.6 ×10-19J) 2) Sub levels: Each orbit is further divided into sub-
13. 3 × 1018 photons of a certain light radiation are found states called sub levels (as per Sommerfeld’s
to produce 1.5 J of energy. Calculate the theory). Sub levels are given by l values, where l =
wavelength of light radiations. (h = 6.63 × 10 –34 0, 1, 2, 3, represented as s, p, d and f respectively.
Js). Note: The number of sub levels (l) in an orbit are
equal to the orbit number (n).
14. In a certain process, initial energy of the system is
3) Orbitals: Under the influence of magnetic field,
– 13.6 eV and final energy is –3.4 eV. The energy
these sub states (s, p, d, f) are further divided into
loss is due to the emission of a quantum of light by
orbitals.
the system. If the energy of the quantum of light is
s- sub level contains 1 orbital; p- sub level
given by E = h , where h is the Planck’s constant
contains 3 orbitals
and  is the frequency of light, find the wavelength
d- sub level contains 5 orbitals; f- sub level contains
of light emitted.
7 orbitals
Atomic Structure 9
Important points to note: 8. Role of spectral study in building
1. No. of orbits possible= 7 an atom
2. No. of sub levels in an orbit= ORBIT Number = n Apart from atomic models given by various
3. No. of orbitals in a sub level = 2l + 1 (l = Sub level scientists, spectral study plays an important role in
Address) unveiling the mystery of an atom and building up of
4. No. of orbitals in a sub level in an orbit = n2 (n = modern atomic model.
Orbit No.) i) During de-excitation, electron radiate
5. The maximum number of electrons in an orbital electromagnetic radiation which appear as bright
are two. lines in the spectrurm. So, the bright lines indicate
6. The maximum number of electrons in orbitals = 2 × the presence of orbits (Main energy levels).
no. of orbitals. ii) Finer lines were observed when a bright line was
7. The maximum number of electrons in a sublevel = seen under a spectroscope. These finger lines
2 (2l + 1). indicate the presence of sub energy levels (sub-
levels) within the main energy levels (orbits).
8. The maximum number of electrons in an orbit =
iii) When the source of spectrum is subjected to an
2n2.
electric or magnetic field, the fine lines further split
Formative Worksheet into very fine lines. These very fine lines indicate
the presence of orbitals, within a sub-level.
19. An orbit has ‘p’ number of sublevels, then find the Energy levels in an atom
number of electrons that it can accommodate. i) Orbits : The non-radiating energy paths around
20. Number of sublevels in an orbit which has the nucleus are called as Energy Levels of
maximum no. of 50 electrons is _________. Shells. These are specified by numbers having
21. How many sublevels are possible in n  3 energy values 1, 2, 3, 4, ... or K, L, M, N, ... in order
level? Name them. Find the no. of orbitals that of increasing energies. The energy of a
each one of them can accommodate. particular energy level is fixed.
22. The ratio of maximum number of orbitals in s, p, d Orbit no. n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 n = 5 n = 6 n = 7
& f sublevels respectively, is________ .
Name K L M N O P Q
23. The ratio of maximum number of orbitals in K, L,
M and N orbits, respectively, is __________. ii) Sub-energy Level: The phenomenon of splitting of
24. The subshell that arises after ‘f’ is called ‘g’ spectral lines in electric and magnetic fields reveals
subshell. that there must be extra energy levels within a defi-
a) How many ‘g’ orbitals are present in ‘g’ nite energy level. These were called as Sub-En-
subshell. ergy Levels or Sub-Shells. There are four types of
b) In which orbit would the ‘g’ subshell first occur sub-shells namely; s, p, d, f.
and what is the total number of orbitals in this orbit? First energy level (K or ) has one sub-shell desig-
nated as 1s, the second energy level (L or 2) has
two sub-shell as 2s & 2p, the third energy level (M
Conceptive Worksheet or 3) has three sub shell as 3s, 3p and 3d, and the
fourth energy level (N or 4) has four sub-shells as
54. Which orbit can accommodate 72 electrons? 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f. The energy of sub-shell increases
55. How many no. of sublevels present in 5th orbit ? roughly in the order: s < p < d <f.
56. Write the no. of electrons that can be accommodated
No. of orbits No. of sub – levels Representation
by s, p, d, f sublevels respectively.
57. The maximum no. of electrons in an orbit, sub level 1 1 s
and orbital are _____, _______ and ____ 2 2
s
p
respectively.
s
58. The no. of orbitals present in K,L,M,N shells 3 3 p
respectively are __________. d
4 4 s
p
d
f
10 10th Class Chemistry

iii) Orbital: Each sub-energy level (sub-shell) is com-

posed of one or more orbitals. These orbitals be-
longing to a particular sub-shell have equal energies
and are called as degenerate orbitals. s-sub-shell
has one orbital, p has three orbitals, d have five
orbitals and f has seven orbitals.
Sub – level No. of orbital Representation

s 1 s

p 3 p x , py , p z

dxy, dyz, dzx,

d 5
d x2 y 2 , d z2

f 7 Complex

Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

I. s-orbital: An electron in considered to be
immersed out in the form of a cloud. The shape
of the cloud is the shape of the orbital. The
cloud is not uniform but denser in the region III. d-orbitals: There are five d-orbitals. The
where the probability of finding the electron in shapes of four d-orbitals resemble four leaf
maximum. cloves. The fifth d-orbital loops different. the
The orbital with the lowest energy is the 1s shapes of these orbitals are given below.
orbital. It is a sphere with its center of the
nucleus of the atom. The s-orbital is said to
spherically symmetrical about the nucleus, so
that the electronic charge is not concentrated in
any particular direction. 2s orbital is also
spherically symmetrical about the nucleus, but it
is larger than (i.e., away from) the 1s orbit.

1s 2s
II. p-orbitals: There are three p-orbitals:
p x , p y and p z . they are dumb-bell shaped, the
two levels being separated by a nodal plane, i.e.,
a plane where there is no likely hood of finding
the electron. The p-orbitals have a marked
direction character, depending as whether px, py
and pz orbital is being considered. The p-orbitals
consist of two lobes with the atomic nucleus
lying between them. The axis of each p-orbital is
perpendicular to the other two. The px, py and pz
orbitals are equivalent except for their directional
property. They have same energy orbitals having The first four orbitals are double dumbell in shape,
the same energy are said to be degenerated. each having 4 lobes.
d z2 orbital is dumb bell in shape containing a ring
called torus, or collar or type of negative charge
surrounding the nucleus in xy plane.
Atomic Structure 11
Nodes and Nodal Planes: appearance of groups of closely packed spectral
The surface at which the probability of finding an lines in electric field.
electron is zero is called a node or nodal plane. It can assume all integral values from 0 to n–1.
The spherical ‘s’ orbitals do not have nodal planes The possible values of l are : 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., n–1.
but have nodal regions equal to n -1 which are present Each value of l describes a particular sub-shell
between spherical ‘s’ orbitals. The p-orbitals have in the main energy level and determines the
both nodal regions equal to n - 2 and nodal plane shape of the electron cloud.
equal to the value of l ie 1. When n = 1, l = 0, i.e., its energy level contains
The nodal plane for px, py and pz orbitals is YZ, XZ, one sub-shell which is called as a s-sub-shell. So
and XY respectively. for l = 0, the corresponding sub-shell is a s-sub-
Each d - orbital has nodal regions equal to n – 3 and shell. Similarly when l = 1, 2, 3, the sub-shells
nodal planes equal to the value of l ie 2. are called p, d, f sub-shells respectively.
Note: Shell Principal Azimuthal Name of
For any orbital, the number of nodal regions is equal Quantum quantum the sub-
to ‘n – l – 1’ and nodal planes is equal to ‘l’. no: (n) no. (l = 0 to level
For any orbital, the total number of nodal regions n – 1)
and nodal planes is equal to n – 1. K 1 0 1s
The nodal regions are known as radial nodes and 0 2s
L 2
1 2p
the nodal planes are known as angular nodes.
0 3s
M 3 1 3p
9. Quantum Numbers 2 3d
To describe or to characterize the electrons 0 4s
around the nucleus in an atom, a set of four 1 4p
N 4
numbers is used, called as Quantum Numbers. 2 4d
These are specified such that the states available 3 4f
to the electrons should follows the laws of The orbital Angular momentum of electron =
quantum mechanics or wave mechanics. h
I. Principal Quantum Number: l (l  1) .
This quantum number was given Neil’s Bohr and 2
is represented by ‘n’. Note: It is to be noted that the value of l does
This quantum number represents the main not depend upon value of n.
energy levels (principal energy levels) designated III. Magnetic Quantum Number:
as n = 1, 2, 3, ... or the corresponding shells are This quantum number was introduced by Lande.
named as K, L, M, N, ... respectively. It gives An electron with angular momentum can be
an idea of position and energy of an electron. thought as an electric current circulating in a
The energy level n = 1 corresponds to minimum loop. A magnetic field due to this current is
energy and subsequently n = 2, 3, 4, ..., are observed. This induced magnetism is determined
arranged in order of increasing energy. by the magnetic quantum number. Under the
Higher is the value of n, greater is its distance influence of magnetic field, the electrons in a
from the nucleus, greater is its size and also given sub-energy level prefer to orient
greater is its energy. themselves in certain specific regions in space
It also gives the total electrons that may be around the nucleus. The number of possible
accommodated in each shell, the capacity of orientations for a sub-energy level is determined
each shell is given by the formula 2n 2. The by possible values of m corresponds to the
maximum number of orbitals in an orbit is equal number of orbitals in a given sub-energy level).
to n2. m can have any integral values between –l to +l
II. Azimuthal Quantum Number: including 0, i.e., m = –l, 0 +, l,…We can say
It was proposed by Somerfeld and disgnated by l. that a total of (2l + 1) values of m are there for
This number determines the energy associated a given value of l.
with the angular momentum of the electron For a sub-level with l = 2, the values of m are
about the nucleus. It is also called as the angular –2, –1, 0, +1 , +2
momentum quantum number. It accounts for the
12 10th Class Chemistry
In s sub-shell there is only one orbital [l = 0,  The next least sub-energy level = 2p and so on.
m = (2l +1) = 1].
In p sub-shell there are three orbitals
corresponding to three values of m : –1, 0 +1. 1s
[l = 1  m = (2l +1) = 3]. These three orbitals
2s 2p
are represented as p x , p y , p z along X, Y, Z
axes perpendicular to each other. 3s 3p 3d
In d sub-shell, there are five orbitals
4s 4p 4d 4f
corresponding to –2, –1, 0 +1, +2,
[l = 2  m = ( 2  2  1)  5] . These five 5s 5p 5d
2
orbitals are represented as d xy , d zx ,d x 2 – y2 , dz . 6s 6p

In f sub-shell there are seven orbitals 7s

corresponding to –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3 [l = 3
 m = (2 × 3 + 1) = 7]. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f,
IV. Spin quantum Number: 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p.
This quantum number was introduced by Rule: Electron occupies that energy level first
Uhlenbeck and Goud Smith. which has the least energy.
So electrons fill sub-levels in the follwing order:
When an electron rotates around a nucleus it 1s  2s  2p  3s  3p  4s  3d
also spins about its axis. If the spin is clockwise,
Block representation of filling
its spin quantum number is +1/2 and is
represented as  . If the spin is anti-clockwise, 1s 2s 2p 3s

its value is –1/2 and is represented as  . If the

3p 4s 3d
value of s is +1/2, then by convention, we take
that electron as the first electron in that orbital
4p 5s 4d
and if the value of s is –1/2, it is taken as
second electron.
The other rule which explains the filling of
electrons in a sub-level is (n + l) rule.
10.Rules involved in filling of The electrons occupy that energy level, which
electrons has the least (n + l) value

1. Aufbau’s Rule Explanation: 4s n=4 l= 0 n+ l= 4

3d n=3 l= 2 n+ l= 5
This rule tells how, sublevels are filled by
electrons. 4s level has less (n + l) value. Therefore, the
electron enters 4s level.
i) Sub-levels in an atom have different energies.
If there is a tie between (n + l) value is same
ii) The increasing order of energies of sub-levels for two sub-levels, then the one having lower
is given by Moiler’s diagram. value of principle quantum number, has the
The increasing order of energies are as follows: least energy and electrons prefer that.
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < For example, the (n + l) value for 2p (2 + 1 =
4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s 3) and 3s (3 + 0 = 3) is same i.e., 3. Therefore,
the electron enters 2p, as its principle quantum
Sub-level with least energy = 1s number is less.
Sub-level with next least energy = 2s
Atomic Structure 13
1.2 Hund’s Rule of maximum Multiplicity 2Px2 2P y2 2P z2
The electronic configuration of ‘N’ is 1s2 2s2 2p3
The outer electronic configuration of ‘N’ is 2s2
2p3
1 4 2 5 3 6
The three electron of 2p sub-level can be Now, let us compare the quantum numbers of
adjusted in either of the two following ways: third and sixth electrons.
A B
n l m s

or Quantum Number of electrons no. 3 : =2 1 +1 +1/2

2p 2p Quantum Number of electrons no. 6 : =2 1 +1 1/2

Which is a valid arrangement A or B?
In arrangement A, two electrons are adjusted in It is seen, that they have three quantum
the same orbital, leading to more repulsion. numbers as the same, and they differ in the
Hence arrangement A is less stable. In fourth quantum number. Likewise, if we try to
arrangement B, as the electron occupy orbitals write the four quantum number values of any
singly, the repulsion is minimum and hence two electrons in an atom, we find that no two
arrangement B is more stable. electrons in an atom can have all the four
From the above example, we can conclude that, quantum numbers same. Atleast they differ in
one quantum number. This was observed by
Conclusion: Orbitals in a sub-level are occupied, Pauli’s and has given the following principle.
1st singly _________ (1) Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: No two electrons
Let us now consider the electronic configuration in an atom have all the four quantum numbers
of oxygen i.e., 1s2, 2s2, 2p4 as the same. Two electrons in an atom, can
The outer electronic configuration of ‘O’ is 2s2, have at the most three quantum numbers as the
2p4. same, but they differ atleast in the fourth
The four electrons of 2p sub-level can be quantum number.
adjusted in either of the two following ways: According to Pauli each fixed orbital could hold
A B no more than two electrons. When an orbital is
or filled, the next electron is excluded, and has to
2p 2p
pass into one of the other orbits in the shell.
In arrangement A, two electrons are adjusted in And if there are no orbits with a free space in
the same orbital leading to more repulsion . this shell, it is further excluded to occupy an
Hence, arrangement A is less stable. In empty orbit in the next outer shell. Not only did
arrangement B, as the electrons occupy orbitals Pauli’s exclusion principle show how the
singly the repulsion is minimum and hence electrons avoided cramming into the inner orbits,
arrangement B is more stable. but also explained the structure of the elements
From the above example, we can conclude that in the periodic table.
Conclusion: Pairing of electrons start in a sub-
level only after all the orbitals in it are singly 11. Electronic Configuration
filled _______ (2) Quantum numbers are used to characterize the
The above two conclusion are known as ‘Hund’s electrons in an atom. To describe the
Rule of maximum multiplicity’. Thus, pairing of arrangements and distribution of electrons for
electrons start in a sub-level, only after all the different elements, we use the rules discussed
orbitals in it are singly filled. earlier. The distributions of electrons in an atom
is known as the electronic configuration of that
3. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: element.
We know that, electronic configuration of Neon Method of writing electronic configuration
(Z = 10) is 1s2 2s2 2p6. i) While representing the electrons in a subshell, the
The six electrons of ‘2p’ are adjusted in the principal quantum number (n) is written before the
order 1 to 6, following Hund’s rule of maximum symbol.
multiplicity, as shown below:
14 10th Class Chemistry

ii) The number of electrons present in a subshell or orbital is written as superscript near the right hand side at the
top of the symbol.
For example, if we have two electrons in the s - orbital of first energy level, then it is written as

iii) If a subshell is completely filled, then electron enters next available sublevel.
iv) Some times electronic configuration is represented in a different way where an orbital is represented by a
square box and the electrons are represented by arrows. Such representation is known as Block
representation.

For example:
Examples:

i) Hydrogen  Z = 1: As it has only one electron, it must go to 1s orbital  E.C  1s1 or

ii) Lithium  Z = 3 : The first subshell can accommodate 2 electrons. Therefore, third electron goes to the

next lowest energy orbital of 2s subshell  E.C  1s2 2s1 or

iii) Nitrogen  Z = 7 : The first two electrons enter into 1s orbital, next 2 electrons into 2s orbital and the
remaining 3 electrons into orbitals of 2p subshell. (Hund’s rule should be applied)

 E.C  1s2 2 s2 2 p3 or
Exceptional configuration in chromium and copper:
There is an exceptional configuration in chromium and copper i.e., the configuration of
Chromium - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s 2 3p6 4s1 3d 5 instead of 1s2 2s 2 2p 6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d 4 and
Copper : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 6 4s1 3d10 instead of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 9 .
The reason for the above configuration is that half filled or completely filled orbitals are more stable.
Electronic configuration of elements up to zinc
Element Atomic Electronic configuration Valence
number Electronic
In terms of Orbitals In terms of configuration
inert gases
H 1 1s 1 1s 1 1s 1
He 2 2s 2 1s 2 1s 2
Li 3 1s 22s 1 [He]2s 1 2s 1
Be 4 1s 22s 2 [He]2s 2 2s 2
B 5 1s 22s 23p1 [He]2s 22p 1 2s 22p1
C 6 1s 22s 22p2 [He]2s 22p 2 2s 22p2
N 7 1s 22s 22p3 [He]2s 22p 3 2s 22p3
O 8 1s 22s 22p4 [He]2s 22p 4 2s 22p4
F 9 1s 22s 22p5 [He]2s 22p 5 2s 22p5
Ne 10 1s 22s 22p6 [He]2s 22p 6 2s 22p6
Atomic Structure 15

Element Atomic Electronic configuration Valence

number Electronic
In terms of Orbitals In terms of configuration
inert gases
Na 11 1s2 2s2 2p 63s1 [Ne]3s1 3s1
Mg 12 1s2 2s2 2p 63s2 [Ne]3s2 3s2
Al 13 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 1 [Ne]3s2 3p 1 3s2 3p 1
Si 14 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 2 [Ne]3s2 3p 2 3s2 3p 2
P 15 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 3 [Ne]3s2 3p 3 3s2 3p 3
S 16 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 4 [Ne]3s2 3p 4 3s2 3p 4
Cl 17 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 5 [Ne]3s2 3p 5 3s2 3p 5
Ar 18 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 6 [Ne]3s2 3p 6 3s2 3p 6
K 19 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s1 [Ar]4s1 4s1
Ca 20 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s2 [Ar]4s2 4s2
2 2 6 2 6 2 1 2 1 2 1
Sc 21 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d [Ar]4s 3d 4s 3d
Ti 22 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s23d2 [Ar]4s23d2 4s2 3d 2
V 23 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s23d3 [Ar]4s23d3 4s2 3d 3
Cr 24 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s13d5 [Ar]4s13d5 4s1 3d 5
Mn 25 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s23d5 [Ar]4s23d5 4s2 3d 5
Fe 26 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s23d6 [Ar]4s23d6 4s2 3d 6
Co 27 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s23d7 [Ar]4s23d7 4s2 3d 7
Ni 28 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s23d8 [Ar]4s23d8 4s2 3d 8
Cu 29 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s13d10 [Ar]4s13d10 4s1 3d 10
Zn 30 1s2 2s2 2p 63s23p 64s23d10 [Ar]4s23d10 4s2 3d 10

Formative Worksheet
25. Which of the following orbitals designation is not possible and why? 6 s , 2 d ,8 p , 4 f ,1 p ,3 f
26. Electrons, after filling 4p, enter ‘5s’ but not ‘4d’. Why? This is according to which rule ?
27. Write the electronic configuration of Titanium.
28. An element has 2 electrons in its K– shell, 8 electrons in L – shell, 13 electrons in M–shell and one electron in
N – shell. Identify the element.
29. The species X2+ has the electronic configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9. The atomic number of the X is ________ .
30. A neutral atom of an element has 2 K , 8 L , 11 M and 2 N electrons . The total number of s-electrons in the atom
are :
31. Find the number of ‘p’ electrons in Calcium and Zinc.
32. Find the number of electrons present in M shell of Titanium, Chromium and Zinc.
33. Which of the following elements has least number of electrons in its ‘M’ shell ?
a) K b) Mn c) Ni d) Sc
34. Write the electronic configuration of Fe3+ ion .
16 10th Class Chemistry
35. The electronic configuration of a di-positive ion, M2+ If spin quantum number of B and Z is + 1/2, then
is 2, 8, 14 and its mass number is 56. Find the number the group of electrons with three of quantum num-
of neutrons present in it. ber same is:
36. Identify the element from which pairing of ‘d’ 1) XYZ, AZ 2) AB, XYZ, BY
orbitals starts. 3) AB 4) AB, XYZ
37. Find the number of unpaired electrons in chromium 49. List - I List - II
(Z = 24). A) Principal quantum 1) Shape of orbital
38. Find the number of unpaired electrons present in number
Cr 3+. B) Magnetic quantum 2) Orientation of
39. Which of the following species is diamagnetic? number orbital
(Hint: The species in which all electrons are paired C) Azimuthal quantum 3) Spinning of
in their valence shell are diamagnetic in nature.) number electron
a) Ti2+ (Z = 22) b) Zn2+ (Z = 30) D) Spin quantum number 4) Size of orbit
c) Ni2+ (Z = 28) d) Cr3+ (Z = 24) 5) Wave nature of
40. Which of the following has maximum number of electron
unpaired d-electrons ? The correct match is:
a) Fe3+ b) Co3+ A B C D A B C D
c) Co 2+
d) Mn2+ 1) 4 1 2 3 2) 4 2 1 3
41. Give the possible correct set of quantum numbers 3) 1 2 4 5 4) 3 1 5 2
for the unpaired electron of Cl atom. 50. If the quantum numbers for the 5th electron in
42. Four quantum numbers for the differentiating carbon atoms are 2, 1, 1, + 1/2, then for the 6th
electron in the Manganese atom are ________. electron, these values would be_________.
43. The quantum numbers for the last electron present
in the valence shell of an element are given as: n =
2, l = 0, m = 0, s = + 1/2. Identify the atom. Conceptive Worksheet
44. Identify the element whose last e– address is n = 4, 71. The correct order of increasing energies of the or-
l = 0, m = 0, s = –1/2. bitals is:
45. Identify the element, the address of whose last 1) 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s, 4p 2) 3s, 3p, 4s, 4p, 3d
electron is n = 3, l = 2, m = 0, s = +1/2 3) 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p 4) 3s, 3p, 3d, 4p, 4s
46. Which of the following sets of quantum numbers 72. In Aufbau’s principle, what does the word
is(are) not permitted? “Aufbau” mean?
73. In the ground state of chromium atom [Z = 24], the
1) n = 3,l = 3, m = 0,s = + 1
2 total number of orbitals populated by one or more
electrons is __________.
2) n = 3,l = 2, m = +2,s = - 1 74. In which of the following electron distribution in
2 ground state, only Hund’s rule is violated?
1 2s 2p 2s 2p
3) n = 3,l = 1, m = 2,s =  1) 2) 3 )
2

4) n = 3,l = 0, m = 0,s = + 1
2s 2p 2s 2p
4)
2
47. Which set of quantum number represents 75. Wrire the correct set of four quantum number for
permissible values? valency (outermost) electron of rubidium (Z = 37)
1) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = +1/2 ?
2) n = 3, l = 1, m = 4, s = +1 76. Write the correct set of four quantum number of a
3) n = 3, l = 2, m = 4, s = +1/2 4 d - electron ?
4) n = 1, l = –1, m = –1, s = –1/2 77. In ground state of chromium atom (Z = 24), the
48. Five valence electrons of 15P are labelled as: total number of orbitals populated by one or more
electrons is__________
AB X Y Z
.
3s 3p
Atomic Structure 17

78. Which set of quantum numbers is wrong ? 9. The atomic number (Z) of an element is 25. How
n l m s many electrons are present in the ‘N’ shell in its
1) 2 1 0 +1/2 ground state?
2) 2 2 0 +1/2 1)13 2) 2 3) 15 4) 3
3) 3 2 0 +1/2 10. In the ground state, an element has 18 electrons in
4) 3 2 0 +1/2 its ‘M shell’.The element
79. An electron will have the highest energy in the set : is __________.
1) 3 , 2 , 1 , 1/2 2) 4 , 2 , –1 , 1/2 1) Copper 2) Chromium 3) Nickel 4) Iron
3) 4 , 1 , 0 , –1/2 4) 5 , 0 , 0 , 1/2 11. Which one of the following ions has same number
80. A neutral atom of an element has 2 K , 8 L , 11 M of unpaired electrons as that of V 3+ ion ?
and 2 N electrons . Total number of electrons with l 1) Cr3+ 2) Mn2+ 3) Ni2+ 4) Fe3+
= 2 will be: 12. Which one of the following set of quantum numbers
1) zero 2) 3 3) 6 4) 10 is not possible for a 4p electron?

Summative Worksheet 1) n = 4, l = 1, m = +1, ms = +

1
2
1. The value of four quantum numbers of valence
electron of an element n = 4,l = 0, m = 0 and 1
2) n = 4, l = 1, m = 0, ms = +
1 2
s = + . The element is
2 1
1) K 2) Fe 3) Na 4) Sc 3) n = 4, l = 1, m = 2, ms = +
2
2. An element has 2 electrons in its K– shell, 8 electrons
in L – shell, 13 electrons in M–shell and one electron 1
4) n = 4, l = 1, m = –1, ms = –
in N – shell. The element is 2
13. The rule that explains the reason for chromium to
1) Cr 2) Fe 3) V 4) Ti have [Ar] 3d54s1 configuration instead of [Ar] 3d4
3. Which of the following elements has least number 4s2 is
of electrons in its ‘M’ shell ? 1) Pauli’s exclusion principle
1)K 2)Mn 3) Ni 4) Sc 2) Aufbau principle
4. The maximum number of electrons in subshell with 3) Hund’s rule
l = 2 and n = 3 is 4) Heisenberg’s principle
1) 2 2) 6 3) 12 4) 10 14. The wavelength of light having wave number 4000
5. The atomic number of an element is 35. What is the cm–1 is
total number of electrons present in all the p – orbitals 1) 2.5 m 2) 250 m
of the ground state atom of that element?
1) 6 2) 11 3) 17 4) 23 3) 25 m 4) 25 nm
6. If the wavelength of an electromagnetic radiation is 15. Which one of the following has more number of
o
unpaired d-electrons ?
2000 A, what is its energy in ergs ? 1) Zn 2) Fe2+ 3) Ni3+ 4) Cu+
1) 9.94 × 10–12 2) 9.94 × 10–19 16. The maximum number of electrons that can be
3) 4.97 × 10–12 4) 4.97 × 10–19 accommodated in all the orbitals for which l = 3 is
7. The energy of an electromagnetic radiation is 3 × 1) 6 2) 10 3) 14 4) 18
10–12 ergs. What is its wavelength in nanometres? 17. When the 4p orbital in any atom are filled completely,
(h = 6.625 × 10–27 erg sec ; c = 3 × the next electron goes to
10 cm sec )
10 –1 1) 5s – orbital 2) 3d – orbital
1) 400 2) 228.3 3) 3000 4) 662.5 3) 4d – orbital 4) 4f – orbital
8. The energy of an electromagnetic radiation is 19.875 18. When the speed of the electron increases, the
× 10–13 ergs. What is its wave number in cm–1 ? (h specific charge
= 6.625 × 10 ergs sec ; c = 3
–27
× 10 cms
10 1) increases 2) remaining unchanged
sec –1 ) 3) decreases 4) increases then decrease
1) 1000 2) 106 3) 100 4) 10,000
18 10th Class Chemistry
19. The electronic configuration of a dipositive metal distance between them. The centripetal force acting
ion M+2 is 2,8,14 and its atomic weight is 56 a.m.u. 2
The number of neutrons in its nucleus would be on a body is given by: Fe  mv . Apply the above
r
1)30 2) 32 3) 34 4) 42
two formulae and derive an expression for radius
20. The electrons identified by quantum numbers n and of nth orbit of an atom whose atomic number is Z.
l Assume the mass of electron to be ‘m’ and its
(i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0 charge to be e– .
(iii) n = 3, l = 2 (iv) n = 3, l = 1 7. What is the speed and wavelength of an electron
can be placed in order of increasing energy, as that has been accelerated by a potential difference
1) (iv) < (ii) < (iii) < (i) 2) (ii) < (iv) < (i) < (iii) of 300V?
3) (i) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) 4) (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii). 8. Find i) the total number of electrons, protons,
neutrons and ii) total mass of electrons, protons
and neutrons present in 0.12 mg of carbon.
HOTS Worksheet 9. The energy of an electron in second and third orbit
of hydrogen atom is –5.42 × 10–12 erg and –2.41 ×
1. What would be the electronic configuration of
10–12 erg, respectively. Calculate the wavelength’s
cesium (Z = 55) in each of the following case?
of emitted radiation when the electron drops from
a) If there were three possibilities of electron spin. third to second orbit.
b) If the quantum number, l could have the value n, 10. Which of the following set of quantum numbers
and if all the rules governing electronic configuration belong to highest energy?
were other wise valid.
2. Imagine a universe in which magnetic quantum 1
1) n = 4, l = 0, m = 0, s  
number is only allowed positive values 2

 m  0,1, 2,3........l  for a sublevel whose value

2) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, s  
1
is ' l ' . Assuming that all other quantum numbers 2
are unaffected, the Pauli’s exclusion principle still 1
holds, and the name corresponding to an element 3) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s  
2
of a given atomic number is same, give the following:
a) The new electornic configuration for fluorine. 1
4) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s  
b) The electornic configuration for the element 2
below fluorine in the new periodic table. 11. Assume that the nucleus of the fluorine atom is a
3. A monoatomic ion has a charge of +3. The nucleus sphere with a radius of 5 × 10–18 cm; Calculate the
of the ion has a mass number of 45. The number density of matter in fluorine nucleus. The average
of neutrons in the nucleus is 1.14 times that of the mass of nucleon is 1.67 × 10–24 gm.
number of protons. How many electrons are there 12. The force of attraction between two charges q1
in the ion? What is the name of the element? and q2 separated by a distance ‘r’ is given by
4. If the nitrogen atom had electronic configuration k.q1.q 2 . ‘k’ is a constant with a value of 9 ×
1s7, it would have lower energy than that of the F
r2
normal ground state configuration 1s 22s 22p 3,
because, the electrons would be closer to the 109Nm2/c 2..
nucleus. Yet 1s7 is not observed. Explain. Two 1g carbon disks separated by a distance of 1
cm apart have equal and opposite charges. If force
3
5. Calculate the charge in coulomb on Fe . of attraction between them is 10–5 N, calculate the
6. The electrostatic force of attraction between any ratio of excess electrons to total atoms on negatively
charged disk.
K.q1q 2
two charged bodies is given by : Fe  , where
r2
q1, q2 are the charges of the two bodies and r is the
Atomic Structure 19

IIT JEE Worksheet 10. The correct set of quantum numbers for the unpaired
electron of chlorine atom is :
1. The quantum numbers + 1/2 and - 1/2 for the n l m
electron spin represent 1) 2 1 0 2) 2 1 1
1) rotation of electron in clockwise and anti 3) 3 1 1 4) 3 0 0
clockwise direction respectively. 11. The increasing order (lowest first) for the value of
2) rotation of electron in anti-clockwise and e/m (charge/mass) for:
clockwise direction respectively. 1) e, p, n,  2) n, p, e, 
3) magnetic moment of the electron pointing up and
3) n, p,  , e 4) n,  , p, e
down respectively.
12. Rutherford scattering experiment is related to the
4) two quantum mechanical spin states which have
size of:
no classical analogue.
1) atom 2) electron 3) neutron 4) nucleus
2. The electronic configuration of an element is 1s2
13. The hydride ion is isoelectronic with:
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1.
1) H+ 2) He+ 3) He 4) Be
This represents its:
14. Spectrum produced due to the transition of an
1) excited state 2) ground state
electron from M to L shell is:
3) cationic form 4) anionic form
1) absorption 2) emission
3. The electrons, identified by quantum numbers n and
3) X-rays 4) continuous
l (i) n = 4, l = 1 (ii) n = 4, l = 0 (iii) n = 3, l = 2 and
15. Substances having same number of electrons
(iv) n = 3, l = 1 can be placed in order of increasing
but different mass are:
energy, from the lowest to highest, as:
1) isotopes 2) isobars
1) (iv) < (ii) < (iii)< (i) 2) (ii) <(iv)<(i)<(iii)
3) isotones 4) allotropes
3) (i)<(iii)< (ii) < (iv) 4) (iii)< (i) < (iv) < (ii)
16. A neutral atom, with atomic number greater than
4. The first use of quantum theory to explain the
one consists of:
structure of atom was made by:
1) protons only
1) Heisenberg 2) Bohr 3) Planck 4) Einstein
2) protons and neutrons
5 The energy per quantum associated with light of
3) neutrons and electrons
wave length 250 × 10 -9m is:
4) neutrons, electrons and protons
1) 7.95 ×10-19 J 2) 7.95 × 10 -26 J
17. The electronic configuration 1s2 2s2 2px1 2py12pz1
3) 3.93 × 10 J -26
4) 3.93 × 10-19 J
is of :
6. Pick out the isoelectronic structure from the
1) N 2) O 3) Na 4) K
following :
18. According to Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom,
I : CH3+ II : H3O+ III : NH3 IV : CH3-
which of the following is quantised for an
1) I and II 2) III and IV
electron?
3) I and III 4) II, III and IV
1) acceleration 2) velocity
7. The correct set of quantum numbers for the
3) angular momentum 4) angular acceleration
unpaired electron of chlorine atom:
19. The magnetic quantum number specifies:
1) n = 2, l = 1, m = 0
1) size of orbitals 2) shape of orbital
2) n = 2, l = 1, m = –1
3) nuclear stability 4) orientation of orbitals
3) n = 3, l = 1, m = 0
4) n = 3, l = 0, m = 0 20. The number of electrons in [19 K 40 ]1 is
8. The species which are isoelectronic with CO is: 1) 18 2) 19 3) 20 4) 20
 21. Which of the following have same number of
1) CN– 2) OH– 3) CH 3 4) N2
electrons in outermost orbit ?
9. According to Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom: 1) Pb, Sb 2) N, O 3) As, Bi 4) P, Ca
1) there is only fixed set of allowed orbitals for 22. The difference in 17Cl35 and 17Cl37 is of:
the electron. 1) no. of protons 2) no. of neutrons
2) the allowed orbitals of the electrons are elliptical 3) no. of electrons 4) atomic number
in shape. 23. The energy of electromagnetic radiation depends
3) the moment of an electron from one allowed to on:
another allowed orbital is forbidden. 1) its wavelength 2) its amplitude
4) no light is emitted as long as the electron remains 3) both 1 and 2 4) temperature of medium
in an allowed orbital.
20 10th Class Chemistry

24. For a particular principal quantum number the 29. When the value of l = 1, m can have values:
energy will be maximum for the orbital: 1) -1 only 2) + 1 only
1) s 2) p 3) d 4) f 3) - 1 or + 1 4) - 1, 0 and + 1
25. The charge of the species with 17 protons, 18 30. A photon in the region 'X' is more energetic than in
neutrons and 18 electrons is: the visible region. Then 'X' is:
1) + 1 2) – 1 3) – 2 4) None 1) infrared 2) ultraviolet
26. The number of d-electrons in Fe2+ (Z = 26) is not 3) microwave 4) radiowave
equal to that of the: 31. According to Bohr's theory, the angular momentum
1) p- electrons in Ne (Z = 10) for an electron of 5th orbit is:
2) s-electrons in Mg (Z = 12) 1) 10h/  2) 5h / 2  3) 25h/  4) 5  /2h
3) d - electrons in Fe 32. The set of quantum numbers not possible to an
4) p - electrons in Cl- (Z = 17) electron is:
27. Which of the following explains the sequence of 1) 1, 1, 1, + 1/2 2) 1, 0, 0, + 1/2
filling electrons in different shells ? 3) 1, 0, 0, - 1/2 4) 2, 0, 0, + 1/2
1) Octet rule 2) Hund's rule 33. Which of the following has maximum number of
3) Aufbau rule 4) All unpaired electrons ?
28. Electronic configuration of Sc is : 1) Zn 2) Fe2+ 3) Ni3+ 4) Cu+
1) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 34. The charge on the atom having 17 protons, 18
2) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d2 neutrons and 18 electrons is : ( Kar-94)
3) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s0 3d1 1) +1 2) - 1 3) -2 4) zero
4) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2