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The Routledge Handbook of Audiovisual Translation

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DOI: 10.4324/9781315717166

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 The Routledge Handbook of
Audiovisual Translation

The Routledge Handbook of Audiovisual Translation provides an accessible, authoritative

and comprehensive overview of both the key modalities of audiovisual translation and the
main theoretical frameworks, research methods and themes in this rapidly developing field.
This reference work, divided in four parts, consists of 32 state-of-the-art chapters from
leading international scholars. The first part focuses on established and emerging audio-
visual translation modalities, explores the changing contexts in which they have been and
continue to be used, and examines how cultural and technological changes are directing
their future trajectories. The second part explores the interface between audiovisual transla-
tion and a range of theoretical models that have proved particularly productive in steering
research in audiovisual translation studies. The third part surveys a range of methodological
approaches supporting traditional and innovative ways of interrogating audiovisual transla-
tion data. The final part addresses a range of themes pertaining to the place of audiovisual
translation in society. This Handbook gives audiovisual translation studies the platform it
needs to raise its profile within the Humanities research landscape.
This Handbook is key reading for all those engaged in the study and research of
Audiovisual Translation within Translation studies.

Luis Pérez-González is Professor of Translation Studies and Co-director of the Centre for
Translation and Intercultural Studies at the University of Manchester, UK. He is the author
of Audiovisual Translation: Theories, Methods and Issues (Routledge, 2014) and co-editor
of the Critical Perspectives on Citizen Media series.
The Routledge Handbook
of Audiovisual Translation

Edited by Luis Pérez-González

First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
 2019 selection and editorial matter, Luis Pérez-González; individual
chapters, the contributors
The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
[CIP data]

ISBN: 978-1-138-85952-4 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-31-571716-6 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK

Visit the Translation Studies portal: cw.routledge.com/textbooks/

translationstudies/
 Contents

List of illustrations ix
List of acronyms x
List of contributors xii

1 Rewiring the circuitry of audiovisual translation: introduction 1

Luis Pérez-González

PART I
Audiovisual translation in action 13

2 History of audiovisual translation 15

Carol O’Sullivan and Jean-François Cornu

3 Subtitling on the cusp of its futures 31

Marie-Noëlle Guillot

4 Investigating dubbing: learning from the past, looking to the future 48

Charlotte Bosseaux

5 Voice-over: practice, research and future prospects 64

Anna Matamala

6 Subtitling for deaf and hard-of-hearing audiences: moving forward 82

Josélia Neves

7 Respeaking: subtitling through speech recognition 96

Pablo Romero-Fresco

8 Audio description: evolving recommendations for usable,

effective and enjoyable practices 114
Elisa Perego

v
Contents

9 Surtitling and captioning for theatre and opera 130

Alina Secară

10 Game localization: a critical overview and implications

for audiovisual translation 145
Minako O’Hagan

11 Film remakes as a form of translation 160

Jonathan Evans

PART II
Theoretical perspectives in audiovisual
translation studies 175

12 Mediality and audiovisual translation 177

Henry Jones

13 Spoken discourse and conversational interaction in

audiovisual translation 192
Silvia Bruti

14 Psycholinguistics and perception in audiovisual translation 209

Louise Fryer

15 Narratology and audiovisual translation 225

Jeroen Vandaele

16 Pragmatics and audiovisual translation 242

Louisa Desilla

17 Multimodality and audiovisual translation: cohesion in

accessible films 260
Aline Remael and Nina Reviers

18 Sociolinguistics and linguistic variation in audiovisual translation 281

Wai-Ping Yau

19 Gender in audiovisual translation studies: advocating

for gender awareness 296
Luise von Flotow and Daniel E. Josephy-Hernández

vi
 Contents

PART III
Research methods in audiovisual translation studies 313

20 Corpus-based audiovisual translation studies:

ample room for development 315
Maria Pavesi

21 Multimodal corpora in audiovisual translation studies 334

Marcello Soffritti

22 Eye tracking in audiovisual translation research 350

Jan-Louis Kruger

23 Audiovisual translation and audience reception 367

David Orrego-Carmona

24 Ethnographic research in audiovisual translation 383

Dang Li

PART IV
Audiovisual translation in society 399

25 Minority languages, language planning and audiovisual

translation 401
Reglindis De Ridder and Eithne O’Connell

26 Audiovisual translation and popular music 418

Rebecca Johnson

27 Audiovisual translation and fandom 436

Tessa Dwyer

28 Audiovisual translation and activism 453

Mona Baker

29 Audiovisual translator training 468

Beatriz Cerezo Merchán

30 Audiovisual translation in language teaching and learning 483

Laura Incalcaterra McLoughlin

vii
Contents

31 Accessible filmmaking: translation and accessibility

from production 498
Pablo Romero-Fresco

32 Technologization of audiovisual translation 516

Panayota Georgakopoulou

Index 540

viii
 Illustrations

Figures
16.1 Text evokes Context 251
31.1 Subtitling production process in Cole’s film The Colours of the Alphabet 507

Tables
8.1 Key adjectives used to define AD 119
17.1 Multimodal transcription 264
20.1 Extract from the Pavia Corpus of Film Dialogue displaying
various types of data 320
20.2 Concordances of amico in the translational component of the
Pavia Corpus of Film Dialogue 321
20.3 Concordances of ‘smiles’ plus adverbs in –ly from the audio
description of The English Patient 321
20.4 Bilingual concordances for ‘sorry’ and ¿Qué pasa? from the
CORSUBIL corpus 322
21.1 Elements to be labelled in monolingual, dialogical multimodal
audiovisual material 343
29.1 Suggested sequencing of course materials in dubbing courses 474

ix
 Acronyms

AAE African American English

AAVE African American Vernacular English
AD Audio Description
ASR Automatic Speech Recognition
AVT Audiovisual Translation
CAT Computer-Assisted Translation
CBAVT(S) Corpus-based Audiovisual Translation (Studies)
CBTS Corpus-based Translation Studies
CC Closed Captioning
CORSUBIL Corpus de Subtítulos Bilingües Inglés-Español
CP Cooperative Principle
cps characters per second
ECR(s) Extralinguistic Cultural References
EEG Electroencephalogram
EFL English as a Foreign Language
ESA Entertainment Software Association
ESRB Entertainment Software Ratings Board
FPS First Person Shooter
FTA(s) Face-threatening Act(s)
GDC Game Developers Conference
GILT Globalization, Internationalization, Localization and Translation
HCI Human-Computer Interaction
L1 First language (mother tongue)
L2 Second language
LPP Language Planning and Policy
LSP(s) Language Service Provider(s)
MLM Minority Language Media
MMC Multimodal Corpora
ms milliseconds
MT Machine Translation
NES Nintendo Entertainment System
NMT Neural Machine Translation
PBSMT Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation
PCFD Pavia Corpus of Film Dialogue
QC Quality Control
RBMT Rule-Based Machine Translation

x
 List of acronyms

ROM Read Only Memory

RPG Role Playing Game
SDH Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-hearing
SEO Search Engine Optimization
SPA Software Publishers Association
TCS Truth Conditional Semantics
TIWO Television in Words
TM(s) Translation Memor(ies)
TMS(s) Translation Management System(s)
TQA Translation Quality Assessment
TTS Text to Speech
UCT User-centred Translation
VIP(s) Visually Impaired Person(s)
VoB Video Object
VoD Video on Demand
VR Virtual Reality
WMM Windows Movie Maker
wpm Words per minute

xi
 Contributors

Mona Baker is Professor Emerita of Translation Studies at the Centre for Translation and
Intercultural Studies, University of Manchester, author of Translation and Conflict: A
Narrative Account (Routledge 2006), editor of Translating Dissent: Voices from and with
the Egyptian Revolution (Routledge 2016) and co-editor of the series Critical Perspectives
on Citizen Media (Routledge).

Charlotte Bosseaux is Senior Lecturer in Translation Studies at the University of Edinburgh.

She has worked on literary translation and point of view, and her current focus is on voice,
performance and characterization in audiovisual material. She is the author of How does it
Feel: Point of View in Translation (2007) and Dubbing, Film and Performance: Uncanny
Encounters (2015).

Silvia Bruti is Associate Professor of English Language and Linguistics at the University of
Pisa, Italy. Her current research focuses on intercultural pragmatics and audiovisual transla-
tion, with particular emphasis on the translation of compliments, conversational routines and
terms of address in interlingual subtitles and dubbed interaction.

Beatriz Cerezo Merchán is Lecturer of Translation and English Language at the Department
of English and German Philology, Universitat de València, Spain. Her current research
focuses on audiovisual translation, the didactics of translation, and audiovisual translation as
a tool in foreign language acquisition.

Jean-François Cornu is a professional translator specializing in subtitling and the transla-

tion from English into French of books on cinema and art. A former Senior Lecturer at the
University of Rennes-2, France, he is also an independent film researcher. In 2014, he pub-
lished Le doublage et le sous-titrage: histoire et esthétique (Presses universitaires de Rennes).
He is a member of the Association des Traducteurs Adaptateurs de l’Audiovisuel (ATAA)
and co-editor of its e-journal L’Écran traduit.

Reglindis De Ridder conducted doctoral research at Dublin City University between 2011
and 2015. Her PhD investigates the use of marked Belgian Dutch and marked Netherlandic
Dutch lexis in subtitles produced by VRT, the Dutch-language public service broadcaster in
Belgium. She is currently pursuing a postdoctorate at Stockholm University. Her research
interests include audiovisual translation, sociolinguistics and corpus linguistics.

xii
 List of contributors

Louisa Desilla is a Teaching Fellow in Audiovisual Translation in the Centre for Translation
Studies, University College London (UCL). She has published in international academic
journals in the fields of pragmatics and translation studies about her main research interests:
pragmatics of intercultural communication and audiovisual translation. She is currently
co-investigator on the AHRC-funded networking project ‘Tapping the Power of Foreign
Films: Audiovisual Translation as Cross-cultural Mediation’.

Tessa Dwyer is Lecturer in Film and Screen Studies at Monash University, Melbourne and
president of Senses of Cinema journal. She has published widely on the language politics of
screen media, including her monograph Speaking in Subtitles: Revaluing Screen Translation
(2017). Tessa is also co-editor of Seeing into Screens: Eye Tracking the Moving Image (2018).

Jonathan Evans is Senior Lecturer in Translation Studies at the University of Portsmouth,

UK. He is the author of The Many Voices of Lydia Davis (2016) and co-editor of The
Routledge Handbook of Translation and Politics (forthcoming 2018).

Louise Fryer is one of the UK’s most experienced describers. As well as describing for the
UK’s National Theatre and for the audio description charity VocalEyes, she is a teaching
fellow at University College London (UCL) and a partner in the research project ADLAB
PRO (http://www.adlabproject.eu/).

Panayota (Yota) Georgakopoulou holds a PhD in translation and subtitling from the
University of Surrey. A seasoned operations executive with 20 years of experience in the sub-
titling industry, Yota is currently Senior Director, Research and International Development
at Deluxe Media, leading research on language technologies and tools, and their application
in subtitling workflows.

Marie-Noëlle Guillot is Professor of Intercultural Communication and Translation Studies

at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, UK). Her research has two strands, cross-
cultural pragmatics and translation studies, and two domains of application: FL interactional
pragmatic development, and cross-cultural representation through translation, in subtitling/
dubbing and museum translation specifically.

Laura Incalcaterra McLoughlin is Senior Lecturer in the School of Languages, Literatures,

and Cultures at the National University of Ireland, Galway. Her main research area is applied
linguistics, particularly in connection with audiovisual translation, language technologies
and e-learning. She has published widely in these fields and participated in many related
national and international projects.

Rebecca Johnson is an independent researcher. She holds a PhD in Translation and

Intercultural Studies from the University of Manchester. Her research concerns the interface
between protest and the arts in the post-9/11 context, with a particular focus on the genres
of hip hop and comedy.

Henry Jones is a Post-Doctoral Research Associate at the University of Manchester’s Centre

for Translation and Intercultural Studies. His research interests include online translation

xiii
List of contributors

communities, media theory and corpus-based translation studies. He is currently working as

part of a multi-disciplinary team on the Genealogies of Knowledge project (www.genealo
giesofknowledge.net/).

Daniel E. Josephy-Hernández holds a PhD in Translation Studies from the University of

Ottawa, where he teaches translation courses. His research concentrates mostly on gender
and audiovisual translation in anime, focusing on critical analyses of hegemonic gender por-
trayals in this medium, and the censorship and distribution of anime. He has published work
on video game translation, translation in Wales and film censorship in Iran.

Jan-Louis Kruger is Associate Professor and Head of Department in the Department of

Linguistics at Macquarie University. He also holds an extraordinary professorship in the
School of Languages at North-West University in South Africa. His current research focuses
on the cognitive processing of subtitles, including aspects such as psychological immersion
and cognitive effort.

Dang Li is a Post-doctoral Research Fellow at the School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai

Jiao Tong University, and a member of the Baker Centre for Translation and Intercultural
Studies. She holds a PhD in Translation and Intercultural Studies from the University of
Manchester. Her research interests lie mainly in audiovisual translation, non-professional
subtitling, and corpus-based translation studies.

Anna Matamala is Senior Lecturer at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Her current

research focuses on audiovisual translation and media accessibility, with a special interest in
dubbing, voice-over, audio description and audio subtitling, as well as translation technologies.

Josélia Neves is Full Professor in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hamad
bin Khalifa University, Qatar, where she teaches in the MA in Audiovisual Translation.
She is a member of the TransMedia Research Group and a board member of the European
Association for Studies in Screen Translation. She collaborates with various European
Universities both as a visiting professor and a researcher.

Eithne O’Connell was, until her retirement in 2016, Associate Professor in Translation
Studies in the Centre for Translation and Textual Studies at Dublin City University. Her
research interests include audiovisual translation and minority languages, with particular
reference to the Irish language, children’s literature and translation for children.

Minako O’Hagan is Associate Professor in the School of Cultures, Languages and

Linguistics at the University of Auckland. Her main research interest lies in the intersection
between translation and technology with her current work focused on ethics of technologies
and research methodologies involving new technologies.

David Orrego-Carmona is Lecturer in Translation Studies at Aston University (UK) and a

Research Associate at the Department of Linguistics and Language Practice at the University
of the Free State (South Africa). His research explores the production and reception of pro-
fessional and non-professional translations, as well as the impact of the democratization of
technologies on the consumption of translations.

xiv
 List of contributors

Carol O’Sullivan is Director of Translation Studies in the School of Modern Languages at

the University of Bristol. Her research interests include audiovisual translation, translation
history and literary translation. She is the author of Translating Popular Film (2011). Her
current project is on the history of screen translation in the silent and early sound periods,
and she is the co-editor with Jean-François Cornu of a volume in preparation on this topic.
She is Editor-in-Chief of the journal Translation Studies.

Maria Pavesi is Professor of English Language and Translation at the Department of

Humanities, Section of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, of the University of Pavia. Her
current research interests include audiovisual translation with a focus on the language of
dubbing and audiovisual input in second language acquisition.

Elisa Perego is a Research Fellow in English Language and Translation in the Department
of Legal, Language, Translation and Interpreting Studies at the University of Trieste, Italy.
Her current research focuses on the reception of audiovisual translation (subtitles, dubbing
and audio description for the blind).

Luis Pérez-González is Professor of Translation Studies and Co-director of the Centre

for Translation and Intercultural Studies at the University of Manchester, UK. He is a
Co-investigator on the AHRC-funded project Genealogies of Knowledge: The Evolution
and Contestation of Concepts across Time and Space (2016–2020). Former editor of the
Interpreter and Translator Trainer, he is also author of Audiovisual Translation: Theories,
Methods and Issues (Routledge 2014) and co-editor of Routledge’s Critical Perspectives on
Citizen Media book series.

Aline Remael is Professor of Translation Theory, Interpreting and Audiovisual Translation

at the University of Antwerp (TricS research group). Her main research interests and publica-
tions are in AVT/media accessibility, including audio description, live subtitling with speech
recognition. She leads a national Flemish project on accessible theatre (2017–2019) and is
currently a partner in three Erasmus+ projects: ACT (Accessible Culture and Training),
ADLAB PRO and project ILSA (Interlingual Live Subtitling for Access).

Nina Reviers has recently completed her PhD research in the field of media accessibility at
the University of Antwerp (TricS research group). She helped develop Flemish guidelines
for the audio description of live-events as a member of the Transmedia Benelux Research
Group. She has collaborated in the European project ADLAB, ADLAB PRO and is a mem-
ber of the editorial board of the newly established Journal of Audiovisual Translation.

Pablo Romero-Fresco is a Ramón y Cajal grant holder at Universidade de Vigo (Spain) and
Honorary Professor of Translation and Filmmaking at the University of Roehampton (UK).
He is the author of the books Subtitling through Speech Recognition: Respeaking (2011) and
Accessible Filmmaking (forthcoming) and leader of the research centre GALMA (Galician
Observatory for Media Accessibility), for which he is coordinating the EU-funded projects
Media Accessibility Platform and ILSA (Interlingual Live Subtitling for Access).

Alina Secară is Lecturer in Translation Studies at the Centre for Translation Studies,
University of Leeds, and holds a PhD in Audiovisual Translation from the same institution.

xv
 List of contributors

Her research interests also include computer-assisted translation technology and translator
training. She is also a freelance theatre captioner.

Marcello Soffritti is Professor in German Linguistics and Translation at the Department of

Interpreting and Translation of the University of Bologna. His current research focuses on
multimedia translation, German for Special Purposes and language contact.

Jeroen Vandaele, previously Professor of Spanish at the University of Oslo, now teaches
Literary Translation, Hispanic Literatures, and Theory of Style in Translation at Ghent
University. His research focuses on translation, ideology, censorship, and comedy. In 2015
he published Estados de Gracia: Billy Wilder y la censura franquista.

Luise von Flotow is Director of the School of Translation and Interpretation at the University
of Ottawa. Her research interests include feminism and gender issues in translation, cultural
diplomacy and translation, transnational feminist interests in translation studies and audio-
visual translation. She is the author of Translation and Gender. Translation in The Era of
Feminism (1997) and co-editor and translator of a range of volumes.

Wai-Ping Yau is Associate Professor in the Department of English at Hong Kong Baptist
University. His research interests include audiovisual translation, film adaptation, literary
translation, and Chinese film and fiction. He is also a translator of Chinese fiction and poetry.

xvi

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