Jornalistic Discourse Past Papers Solved Short

Questions

Past Paper 2017

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 What is difference between sentence and utterance as units of discourse?

Explain with appropriate examples?

A: 1 The difference between a sentence and utterance is that while a sentence

conveys a complete meaning through a combination of clauses, an utterance
conveys a meaning through a few words that may not even compile a clause. A
sentence is in both written and spoken language, but an utterance is in spoken
language only.

Utterance: To utter means "to say." So when you're saying something,

you're making utterances. Saying "24" in math class is an utterance. A police
officer yelling "Stop!" is an utterance. Saying "Good boy!" to your dog is an
utterance.

Sentence: When we say ‘she left,’ even though it has just the subject and
verb it conveys a meaning. However, sentences are not always simple in
structure. There are a number of categories in sentences such as simple
sentences, compound sentences, complex sentences, and also compound-
complex sentences. Here are some examples that will highlight the nature of
different types of sentences.
• A cat drinks milk. (simple sentence)

• I was late already but I decided to wait a bit longer for my friends.
(compound sentence)

• I had to work on Saturday last week because there was a lot of work.
(complex sentence)

• Although she asked me to come, I just could not go because Jim was sick and
I was expecting a visitor. (compound-complex sentence).
Q: 2 What is Thematization as a term in Discourse Analysis?

A: 2 The mental act or process of selecting particular topics as themes in

discourse or words as themes in sentences.

For example:

 When we read a poem and it has got a ground on which this poem is
standing,
 What actually the poet wants to say, what does he want to convey to us.
 What is his message, the real point of view, the philosophy of the poem,
and any kind of text and writing, whatever his motives are, and what is
the main base of the poem? The basic and main idea and concept of the
poem.

Process of thematization: A process in which we find out the theme of any

text is called thematization.

When we start the process of thematization, firstly we read the text very
carefully and analytically or critically. Then we find out the basic ideas and
concepts related to that text and give it a suitable title and theme.
Q: 3 Write about any one of your favorite journalistic writer focusing upon
the characteristics of his style of writing?

A: 3 One of my favorite journalistic writer is Hamid Mir. He is one of the

most famous journalist and journalistic writer of Pakistan. In his writings, he
always writes non-fictions and such things which are related to the reality and
objectivity. He is also the first journalist who interviewed Usama Bin Laden.

Hamid Mir’s Writing styles characteristics: Followings are the

characteristics of Hamid Mir’s writing style:

 Objectivity: Hamid Mir always use objectivity in his all kinds of

journalistic writings, like; columns, articles etc…

 Short & Precise: Hamid Mir’s journalistic writing is also short and
precise and he doesn’t add unimportant and irrelevant things in his
writing. His writing is too the point.

 Use of easy vocabulary: He also use easy wordings and vocabulary in

his writings. Likewise; his famous column (Qalam Kuman).
 Past Paper 2018

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 What are the stylistics features and characteristics of Journalistic

writing?

A: 1 Followings are the stylistics features and characteristics of journalistic

writing:

 Simplicity and brevity: The journalistic writing should be brief and

simple. The simple language should be used and words and sentences
should attain and follow the brevity.

 Precision: The journalistic writing should be precise and short. It

should be too the point.

 Objectivity and factual: It should be objective and factual. The

information which include in it based on facts and figures.

 Fairness and Balance: Balance and fairness are classic buzzwords of

journalism ethics: In objective journalism, stories must be balanced in
the sense of attempting to present all sides of a story. Fairness means
that a journalist should strive for accuracy and truth in reporting, and
not slant a story so a reader draws the reporter’s desired conclusion.
 Some critics argue that journalists never succeed in being completely
balanced and fair — in telling all sides of a story. News coverage often
represents the voices of those only on both extremes of the spectrum or
voices of those who are the most powerful. Election coverage is a good
example of this. In many countries, candidates from non-mainstream
parties garner little news coverage. This, critics argue, leads to
candidates never building recognition and, therefore, never getting
elected.

 Inverted Pyramid: The journalistic discourse written in a

hierarchical manner. The most important thing is to put important
information first.
Q: 2 What is Thematization in Discourse Analysis?

A: 2 The mental act or process of selecting particular topics as themes in

discourse or words as themes in sentences.

For example:

 When we read a poem and it has got a ground on which this poem is
standing,
 What actually the poet wants to say, what does he want to convey to us.
 What is his message, the real point of view, the philosophy of the poem,
and any kind of text and writing, whatever his motives are, and what is
the main base of the poem? The basic and main idea and concept of the
poem.

Process of thematization: A process in which we find out the theme of any

text is called thematization.

When we start the process of thematization, firstly we read the text very
carefully and analytically or critically. Then we find out the basic ideas and
concepts related to that text and give it a suitable title and theme.
Q: 3 Differentiate between Journalistic discourse and Media discourse?

A: 3 Media Discourse: It refers to interactions that take place through a

broadcast platform where spoken and written discourse is oriented to not
present reader, listener or viewer.

 It is high range.
 It is more far-reaching than journalism.
 It is more attractive and varies, as it attracts people belonging almost
all sections of society.

Journalistic Discourse: It is a communicative act of particular linguistic

phenomenon that requires some special norms and reflects on social, cultural,
political and ideological aspects.

 Journalistic discourse requires high linguistic proficiency.

 It is a part of media discourse.
 It has low range.
 It is limited.
 It is less attractive and as it relates to specific sections of society.
 Past Paper 2019

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Write a brief note on Discourse Analysis as a field of study?

A: 1 Discourse analysis is a blanket term for a range of qualitative research

approaches used in analyzing the use of language in social contexts.
Researchers employ these techniques to understand the world by investigating
the underlying meaning of what people say and how they say it, whether in
face-to-face conversation, documents, non-verbal interaction, or images.

In general, discourse analysis involves the examination of language beyond the

sentence to understand how it functions in a social context. Some of the
materials researchers use for discourse analysis include books, newspapers,
marketing materials, government documents, conversations, and interviews.

Followings are the different approaches to discourse analysis:

 Critical discourse analysis.

 Applied linguistics.
 Rhetorical analysis.
 Interactional sociolinguistics.
 Ethnography of communication.
 Speech act theory.
 Pragmatics.
 Variation analysis.
 Conversation analysis.
 Cognitive psychology.
Q: 2 Define two ways of approaching language as Contextual links and
Formal links?

A: 2 Formal Links: “The study of the language used to link a word, phrase
or sentence to another link.”

“A piece of language is said to be coherent (therefore discourse) if it has a

discernible, unified meaning”.

“A piece of discourse is said to be cohesive if its components (phrases / words /

sentences) are bound together linguistic and non-linguistic features to form a
unified whole.”

Some common Formal Links:

 Parallelism.
 Referring / Expression.
 Repetition.
 Lexical Chain.
 Substitution.
 Ellipsis.
 Connectives (Conjunctions, Adverbs, Prepositions).

Contextual Links: “These are the links referring to fact outside language
knowledge stored in the mind about the real world”.

There are four basic contextual links in discourse analysis:

1. Reference.
2. Presupposition.
3. Implicature.
4. Inference.
Q: 3 What are the stylistic features or characteristics of Journalistic writing?

A: 3 Followings are the stylistics features and characteristics of journalistic

writing:

 Simplicity and brevity: The journalistic writing should be brief and

simple. The simple language should be used and words and sentences
should attain and follow the brevity.

 Precision: The journalistic writing should be precise and short. It

should be too the point.

 Objectivity and factual: It should be objective and factual. The

information which include in it based on facts and figures.

 Fairness and Balance: Balance and fairness are classic buzzwords of

journalism ethics: In objective journalism, stories must be balanced in
the sense of attempting to present all sides of a story. Fairness means
that a journalist should strive for accuracy and truth in reporting, and
not slant a story so a reader draws the reporter’s desired conclusion.
Some critics argue that journalists never succeed in being completely
balanced and fair — in telling all sides of a story. News coverage often
represents the voices of those only on both extremes of the spectrum or
voices of those who are the most powerful. Election coverage is a good
example of this. In many countries, candidates from non-mainstream
parties garner little news coverage. This, critics argue, leads to
 candidates never building recognition and, therefore, never getting
elected.

 Inverted Pyramid: The journalistic discourse written in a

hierarchical manner. The most important thing is to put important
information first.
 Past Paper 2020

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Define and explain Journalistic Discourse as a sub field of Discourse

Analysis?

A: 1 Journalistic Discourse: The journalistic discourse is a communicative

act of particular linguistic phenomenon that requires some special norms and
reflects on social, cultural, political and ideological aspects.

Followings are the stylistics features and characteristics of journalistic writing

and discourse:

 Simplicity and brevity: The journalistic writing should be brief and

simple. The simple language should be used and words and sentences
should attain and follow the brevity.

 Precision: The journalistic writing should be precise and short. It

should be too the point.

 Objectivity and factual: It should be objective and factual. The

information which include in it based on facts and figures.
 Fairness and Balance: Balance and fairness are classic buzzwords of
journalism ethics: In objective journalism, stories must be balanced in
the sense of attempting to present all sides of a story. Fairness means
that a journalist should strive for accuracy and truth in reporting, and
not slant a story so a reader draws the reporter’s desired conclusion.
Some critics argue that journalists never succeed in being completely
balanced and fair — in telling all sides of a story. News coverage often
represents the voices of those only on both extremes of the spectrum or
voices of those who are the most powerful. Election coverage is a good
example of this. In many countries, candidates from non-mainstream
parties garner little news coverage. This, critics argue, leads to
candidates never building recognition and, therefore, never getting
elected.

 Inverted Pyramid: The journalistic discourse written in a

hierarchical manner. The most important thing is to put important
information first.
Q: 2 What is the difference between Cohesion and Coherence?

A: 2 Cohesion: Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical connection between

sentences, words and phrases.

 Grammar is important.
 Connection between words, sentences and phrases.
 The connection of ideas at the sentence level.
 Cohesive devices are used to connect the different ideas or sentences.

Cohesive Devices: Cohesive devices are words or phrases which use to

connect different sentence or ideas which used to connect different sentence or
ideas. It is also called linking devices, discourse makers, connectors and
transitional words.

Types of cohesive devices: According to Halliday and Hasan classify the

categories of grammatical; cohesion into four types.

 Reference.
 Conjunction.
 Substitution.
 Ellipses.

Coherence: The logical connection / relation between the sentences, words,

paragraphs is called coherence.
 Logical connection between sentence, words and paragraphs etc…
 A text is coherent if it makes sense.
 Connection of ideas at the idea level.
 Important in essay writing.
Q: 3 What is Thematic Development in Discourse Analysis?

A: 3 Thematic development is the way in which theme of a clause may pick up

or repeat a meaning from the previous theme or rheme. It gives significant
contribution to keep the text coherent. For example, in most of articles many
build by paragraphs certainly has a topic which will distribute. The topic in
each of paragraphs is usually mentioned and tends to the title on the article. It
is also identified by the sentence. The topic of sentence usually presented in
the beginning of sentence.

The thematic development can be seen from the patters of theme and rheme
used in the text. The study about theme and rheme is taken from systematic
functional linguistic that analyzes the language from the main function.
 Past Paper 2021

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Differentiate between Media Discourse and Journalistic Discourse as

field of studies?

A: 1 Media Discourse: It refers to interactions that take place through a

broadcast platform where spoken and written discourse is oriented to not
present reader, listener or viewer.

 It is high range.
 It is more far-reaching than journalism.
 It is more attractive and varies, as it attracts people belonging almost
all sections of society.

Journalistic Discourse: It is a communicative act of particular linguistic

phenomenon that requires some special norms and reflects on social, cultural,
political and ideological aspects.

 Journalistic discourse requires high linguistic proficiency.

 It is a part of media discourse.
 It has low range.
 It is limited.
 It is less attractive and as it relates to specific sections of society.
Q: 2 What is Thematization in Discourse Analysis?

A: 2 The mental act or process of selecting particular topics as themes in

discourse or words as themes in sentences.

For example:

 When we read a poem and it has got a ground on which this poem is
standing,
 What actually the poet wants to say, what does he want to convey to us.
 What is his message, the real point of view, the philosophy of the poem,
and any kind of text and writing, whatever his motives are, and what is
the main base of the poem? The basic and main idea and concept of the
poem.

Process of thematization: A process in which we find out the theme of any

text is called thematization.

When we start the process of thematization, firstly we read the text very
carefully and analytically or critically. Then we find out the basic ideas and
concepts related to that text and give it a suitable title and theme.
Q: 3 Write down three characteristics of Newspaper writing?

A: 3 A regularly published collection of fairly brief articles that provide

updates on current events and interests. Newspapers are generally published
daily, weekly, and bi-weekly, although they may have less regular publication
schedules. Most major newspapers publish daily, with expanded coverage on
the weekends. Newspapers can be national or international in focus or might
be targeted strictly to a particular community or locality. Newspaper articles
are written largely by newspaper staff and editors and often do not provide
authors' names. Many of the articles appearing in national, international, and
regional papers are written by various wire service writers and are nationally
or internationally syndicated. Examples of wire services are Reuters and the
Associated Press. Newspapers rely on advertising for a part of their income
and might also include photographs and even full color illustrations of photos.
A common feature of most newspapers is its editorial page, where the editors,
express opinions on timely topics and invite their readers to submit their
opinions. Examples of newspapers include New York Times, Times of
London, Florida Times-Union, Tampa Tribune, Denver Post, Guardian, and
USA Today.

Characteristics of newspaper writing:

Frequency: Newspapers can be published daily, weekly, bi-weekly, or even

just on weekends. Major national and regional newspapers typically publish
daily, with increased coverage on weekends.
Subject Focus: Newspaper articles typically report news on a wide variety
of topics. Anything is fair game for a newspaper, from politics to science to art
and music. Newspapers published in localities will typically have a section that
provides national and international news coverage and additional sections
that focus on local news and interests. Local papers also typically publish
obituaries.

Illustrations/Photographs: Newspapers make extensive use of

photographs. Photographs might come from syndicated sources or from the
paper's own staff photographers. Photos are typically in black and white,
however some sections of the paper, such as the weekend comics, might make
use of color.

Advertisements: Newspapers will include advertisements throughout the

paper and might even have full page and special insert advertisements.
Advertisements imbedded within the paper itself are typically black and
white. Those that are included as special inserts or supplements may be in
color and even on glossy paper.
 Past Paper 2022

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Write a note on Grimes’ concept of staging in text?

A: 1 The notion of 'staging' As I suggested in my introductory remark, the

notion of 'staging' used by Grimes has something to do with 'importance',
'prominence' or 'relevance' in discourse: "By staging I mean that component
of a text which reflects the prominence for the speaker of the different things
he is talking.
Q: 2 What is co-text? Give one example?

A: 2 The words surrounding a particular word or passage within a text that

provide context and help to determine meaning.

For example,

 A key to a door.
 A key on a keyboard.
 A key to solve the problem.

The words door, keyboard and the problem are co-text of the word “key”.

Co-text is an ambiguous concept because it encompasses so much linguistic

and contextual information. Co-text analysis can also be used to investigate
other communication phenomena, in addition to metaphor analysis. When
studying communication, it is critical to consider co-text because it
encompasses so much linguistic and contextual information. Co-text can be
useful in identifying the dimensions of a metaphor in the context of its
concept. It can thus be used to assist in the identification of the meaning of a
metaphor. Although co-text’s role in the identification and analysis of the
linguistic and conceptual dimensions of metaphor is more complex than its
role in the identification and analysis of metaphor as metaphor at the
communicative level, it is still essential.
Q: 3 Elaborate Halliday’s cataphoric and Anaphoric relations within text?

A: 3 Cataphoric Reference: It means a word or phrase in a text that refers

to another word or phrase later in the text.

For example:

 When he opened the door, I met Ali warmly. In this sentence, Ali is
the cataphoric reference of He.

 Umar and his class-fellow Ahmad are very intelligent. In this

sentence, his is the cataphoric reference of Umar and class-fellow is
the cataphoric reference of Ahmad.

Anaphoric Reference: It occurs when a word or phrase refers to something

mentioned earlier in the discourse or text.

For example:

 Ali went to the playground. He felt disturbed when he found it was

desolate. In this sentence, He is the anaphoric reference of Ali, and It
is the anaphoric reference of playground.

 When Mishal was writing a letter, she had to switch on more bulbs.
In this sentence, she is the anaphoric reference of Mishal and Bulb is
the anaphoric reference of writing.
 Past Paper 2023

Q: 1 Answer the following questions?

Q: 1 Write a note on Grimes’ concept of staging in text?

A: 1 The notion of 'staging' As I suggested in my introductory remark, the

notion of 'staging' used by Grimes has something to do with 'importance',
'prominence' or 'relevance' in discourse: "By staging I mean that component
of a text which reflects the prominence for the speaker of the different things
he is talking.
Q: 2 What is co-text? Give one example?

A: 2 The words surrounding a particular word or passage within a text that

provide context and help to determine meaning.

For example,

 A key to a door.
 A key on a keyboard.
 A key to solve the problem.

The words door, keyboard and the problem are co-text of the word “key”.

Co-text is an ambiguous concept because it encompasses so much linguistic

and contextual information. Co-text analysis can also be used to investigate
other communication phenomena, in addition to metaphor analysis. When
studying communication, it is critical to consider co-text because it
encompasses so much linguistic and contextual information. Co-text can be
useful in identifying the dimensions of a metaphor in the context of its
concept. It can thus be used to assist in the identification of the meaning of a
metaphor. Although co-text’s role in the identification and analysis of the
linguistic and conceptual dimensions of metaphor is more complex than its
role in the identification and analysis of metaphor as metaphor at the
communicative level, it is still essential.
Q: 3 Elaborate Halliday’s cataphoric and Anaphoric relations within text?

A: 3 Cataphoric Reference: It means a word or phrase in a text that refers

to another word or phrase later in the text.

For example:

 When he opened the door, I met Ali warmly. In this sentence, Ali is
the cataphoric reference of He.

 Umar and his class-fellow Ahmad are very intelligent. In this

sentence, his is the cataphoric reference of Umar and class-fellow is
the cataphoric reference of Ahmad.

Anaphoric Reference: It occurs when a word or phrase refers to something

mentioned earlier in the discourse or text.

For example:

 Ali went to the playground. He felt disturbed when he found it was

desolate. In this sentence, He is the anaphoric reference of Ali, and It
is the anaphoric reference of playground.

 When Mishal was writing a letter, she had to switch on more bulbs.
In this sentence, she is the anaphoric reference of Mishal and Bulb is
the anaphoric reference of writing.