ICSE 2025

GEOGRAPHY
Including Case Based Questions

CLASS 10

Chapter-wise Question Bank

Based on Previous 20 Year 54 Papers

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ICSE Geography Question Bank Class 10
Edition December 2024
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 CONTENTS
CHAP 1. Interpretation of Topographical Maps 5-42

CHAP 2. Map of India 43-54

CHAP 3. Location, Extent and Physical Features 55-68

CHAP 4. Climate 69-106

CHAP 5. Soil Resources 107-132

CHAP 6. Natural Vegetation 133-161

CHAP 7. Water Resources 162-189

CHAP 8. Mineral Resources 190-201

CHAP 9. Energy Resources 202-222

CHAP 10. Agriculture 223-263

CHAP 11. Manufacturing Industries 264-290

CHAP 12. Transport 291-307

CHAP 13. Waste Management 308-328

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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 5

CHAPTER 1
INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

SUMMARY
A map is a partial or complete depiction
of the Earth’s surface, drawn to scale to
represent actual ground positions accurately.
Maps have been classified into:

A topographical map is typically created marshy area.

on a large scale and displays details of both 5. Confluence : The point where a tributary
natural and human-made features. Relief joins the main river.
features are represented using contour lines, 6. Conventional Signs : Symbols used on
while other elements are depicted through maps to depict various objects.
conventional symbols provided at the bottom 7. Depression : Found in sandy areas, these
of the survey sheet. are formed when wind blows away sand.
8. Embankment : Walls built around tanks
1. IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS
or canals to control flooding.
1. Aqueduct : A masonry channel constructed 9. Fireline : A cleared path around a forest
to carry water from one place to another. to prevent the spread of fire.
2. Brackish Water : Found in arid regions 10. Falls : Represents a waterfall, with its
where intense heat causes excessive depth noted in metres.
evaporation, leaving the water with a 11. Kiln : A large oven used for drying and
high salt content. baking materials like bricks, limestone
3. Broken Ground : Typically seen along and pottery.
river or stream banks in dry areas, caused 12. Meander : A pronounced bend in a river.
by gully erosion after heavy rainfall 13. Man-Made Features : Include surveyed
following a dry spell. trees, roads, causeways, mines, cart
4. Causeway : A raised, paved road built tracks, artificial lakes, post offices,
across a minor stream or a low-lying inspection bungalows, police stations and
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

mines. 2. GRID REFERENCE

14. Natural Features : Include rivers, streams, It refers to identifying the location of any
sand formations, trees, broken ground, feature on a map using grid lines. This can be
unlined wells, depressions, islands, hills, done using either a four-figure grid reference
waterfalls and river valleys. or a six-figure grid reference.
15. Shelving : A gentle slope along a
riverbank. 2.1 Four Figure Grid Reference
16. Vegetation : Depicted on maps using A Four-Figure Grid Reference is a system
terms like dense forest, open jungle, fairly used in maps to locate a specific area within
mixed jungle, dense mixed jungle and a grid square. The grid is divided into squares
bamboo forests. using vertical (eastings) and horizontal
17. Colours on the Toposheet : Various (northings) lines, each numbered. The first
colours are used on maps to represent two digits represent the easting (vertical grid
different features: line to the left of the square). The next two
digits represent the northing (horizontal grid
(a) Yellow – Cultivated areas.
line below the square).
(b) Green – Wooded and forested
areas. 2.2 Six Figure Grid Reference
A Six-Figure Grid Reference is a more
(c) Blue – All waterbodies which
precise method of locating a point within
are perennial (wells, river
a grid square on a map. It further divides
channels, tanks, reservoirs,
the 1 km x 1 km square identified by a four
etc.)
figure grid reference into smaller sections.
(d) Brown – It includes contour lines The first two digits represent the easting and
with their numerical the third digit specifies how far within the
labels, as well as stony square (1/10th divisions) the point lies to the
waste, gravel waste and right. The fourth and fifth digits represent
sand features.. the northing and the sixth digit specifies how
(e) White – Barren land, uncultivated far within the square (1/10th divisions) the
area, islands in a river. point lies upwards. This system pinpoints a
location within a 100-meter precision.
(f) Red – It represents grid lines,
metalled and unmetalled 3. HEIGHTS
roads, cart tracks, pack
1. Contours : Lines drawn on a map to
tracks, settlements, huts
connect all points of the same elevation
and buildings.
above mean sea level.:— (brown lines).
(g) Black – It is used to represent When contour lines are closely space the
surveyed trees marked slope is steep. When they are far apart it
with numbers on their shows that the slope is gradual.
trunks, along with 2. The Contour Interval is the vertical
riverbanks, broken ground, distance between two consecutive
dry streams, elevations, contour lines. On topographical maps, it
railway lines, telephone and is typically 20 meters and is mentioned
telegraph lines and lines of at the bottom of the map. Contour lines,
latitude and longitude. whether continuous or broken, connect
points of equal elevation above sea level.
3. Formlines : Sometimes accurate survey is
not possible in hilly areas so these are
used.:—
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 7

4. Spot Heights : These are dots marked 5. MEASURING DISTANCE ON THE MAP
on survey maps to indicate the exact 1. This is the shortest distance between
elevation of a specific point above sea two points and can be determined in
level. These are determined through two ways. One method is to measure
precise surveying of the area. the distance directly using a divider
5. Trigonometrical Stations : These are or ruler and then convert it using the
represented on survey maps in black. linear scale. Alternatively, the distance
They are marked with a small triangle can be calculated with the help of the
accompanied by the elevation of the map’s scale. For example, if 2 cm on the
point above mean sea level. These map represents 1 km and the measured
measurements are more precise than spot distance between two locations is 5 cm,
heights or contours., e.g.: – 180º the actual distance would be 2.5 km.
6. Bench Marks : These are markings
2. Measuring Distance Along a Curved
placed on buildings, bridges, pillars, or
Road, River, or Canal : This can be
other permanent structures, indicating
achieved using a paper strip or a piece
the height at that point. These heights
of thread. Place a knot at one end of the
are determined through actual surveys.
thread and position it at the starting
On maps, they are denoted by the letters
point of the curved path. Carefully follow
B.M., followed by the elevation in meters,
the path with the thread, marking the
e.g., B.M. 610.
endpoint with an ink dot. Then stretch
7. Gradient refers to slope of land.
the thread along the linear scale and
4. MARGINAL INFORMATION calculate the distance using the map’s
scale. The result is expressed in kilometers
1. The Number of the toposheet is given
or meters, depending on the requirement.
below the topographical map. The sheet
Ensure the correct unit (km or m) is used
numbers 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 show parts
as specified in the question.
of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
2. Eastings and Northings : These are vertical 6. MODES OF TRANSPORT
(Eastings) and horizontal (Northings)
lines drawn in red on toposheets, forming 1. Roads : Includes metalled and unmetalled
a grid pattern. Their values are marked roads, pack tracks and cart tracks,
along the margins. commonly found in plains or hilly areas.
3. Scale : The scale is provided below the 2. Railways : Indicate well-developed towns
survey sheet and is expressed in three and suggest active trade and connectivity.
forms: as a representative fraction, a 3. Air Communication : Reflects the
linear or graphical scale and a written presence of advanced transportation and
statement. communication networks.
4. True North and Magnetic North : The
7. OCCUPATION OF THE PEOPLE
True North, also known as Geographic
North, is the direction pointing toward 1. Agriculture : Represented by yellow
the Earth’s North Pole. The Magnetic shading on the map, indicating cultivated
North is the direction indicated by the areas and highlighting agriculture as the
Earth’s magnetic field. primary occupation.
5. Legend or Index : Located below the 2. Mining : Identified through symbols like
map, it explains the conventional signs lime kilns, brick kilns, limestone quarries,
and symbols used. rock outcrops, or stony waste, suggesting
mining as the main occupation.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

3. Forestry : Depicted in green on the map, 2. A six-figure grid reference on a map provides
indicating forests. Forestry involves what type of information?
gathering forest products like honey and (a) Approximate area location
herbs but does not include lumbering. (b) Exact location within a grid square
4. Fishing : Likely an occupation if water (c) Direction of flow of water
bodies are shown in blue. (d) Elevation of the area
5. Service : Includes working in public utility Ans : COMP 2012

offices such as post offices or dispensaries. Thus (b) is correct option.

8. SCALE 3. In a six-figure grid reference, how many parts
It represents the ratio or proportion between does the number get divided into?
the distance shown on a map and the actual (a) 2 (b) 4
distance on the Earth’s surface, expressed as (c) 6 (d) 8
a fraction. On topographical maps, scales are Ans : MAIN 2001
indicated in three different ways.
Thus (c) is correct option.
1. Statement of Scale : This method
expresses the relationship between the 4. What does the first two digits of a grid
map and the ground in words, e.g., “2 cm reference indicate?
equals 1 km,” or simply, 2 cm = 1 km. (a) The vertical and horizontal divisions
2. Representative Fraction (R.F.) : This is (b) The Easting and Northing coordinates
a ratio indicating the proportion between (c) The exact location of a hill
the map distance and the actual ground (d) The distance in kilometers
distance, e.g., 1:50,000. This means 1 cm Ans : SQP 2003
on the map corresponds to 50,000 cm on Thus (b) is correct option.
the ground. The numerator represents
the map distance, while the denominator 5. What is the definition of a contour line on a
represents the actual ground distance. topographical map?
3. Linear or Graphic Scale : Shown below (a) A line that connects areas of equal
the map, it consists of primary and population
secondary divisions. Using dividers, the (b) A line that connects points of equal
distance between two points on the map elevation
is measured and converted into the actual (c) A line representing rivers
ground distance using the linear scale. (d) A line that marks forest areas
Ans : MAIN 2023

Thus (b) is correct option.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
6. What is meant by the term ‘contour interval’ ?
(a) The difference in height between two
1. What does a four-figure grid reference consecutive contour lines
represent on a topographical map? (b) The distance between the base and the
(a) Precise location using latitude and summit of a mountain
longitude (c) The total elevation of the landform
(b) A broad location within a grid square (d) The distance between the map and the
(c) Elevation of a landform real-world location
(d) Distance between two points Ans : MAIN 2021
Ans : SQP 2008
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 9

7. Which landform is indicated by closely spaced 12. What is the term used to describe a
contour lines? permanently marked point for measuring
(a) Gentle slope elevation?
(b) Steep slope (a) Spot height
(c) Hill (b) Bench mark
(d) Valley (c) Triangulated height
Ans : COMP 2017
(d) Contour interval
Ans : COMB 2011
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
8. Which landform is indicated by widely spaced
contour lines? 13. What is the term used for the height of a
(a) Steep slope point relative to the surrounding area on a
(b) Gentle slope map?
(c) Escarpment (a) Triangulated height
(d) Ridge (b) Spot height
(c) Relative height
Ans : SQP 2018
(d) Contour interval
Thus (b) is correct option. Ans : COMB 2019

9. Which landform is marked by contours Thus (c) is correct option.

forming closed circles?
14. What is the purpose of colour tints on
(a) Hill
topographical maps?
(b) Valley
(a) To indicate different population densities
(c) Ridge
(b) To distinguish between different types of
(d) Water divide
vegetation
Ans : COMP 2008 (c) To represent elevation and landform
Thus (a) is correct option. features
(d) To show land use patterns
10. What does an escarpment look like on a Ans : MAIN 2000
topographical map?
Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) Steep slope with widely spaced contours
(b) A sharp drop or steep slope between two 15. Which of the following represents water
flat areas bodies on topographical maps?
(c) A continuous flat plain (a) Black lines
(d) A series of circular contours (b) Blue shading
Ans : MAIN 2001 (c) Green lines
(d) Red shading
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2005
11. Which term is used for the height of land
Thus (b) is correct option.
marked by a triangulated point on a map?
(a) Spot height 16. What does a solid black line typically
(b) Bench mark represent on a topographical map?
(c) Triangulated height (a) Roads
(d) Relative height (b) Buildings
Ans : SQP 2010 (c) Contour lines
(d) Boundaries
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2007

Thus (a) is correct option.

CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

17. What is indicated by a dashed line on a map? Ans : MAIN 2001

(a) A river Thus (a) is correct option.

(b) A footpath or track
(c) A boundary 22. Which of the following is the correct order of
(d) A bridge cardinal points on a map?
(a) North, East, South, West
Ans : MAIN 2008
(b) East, South, North, West
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) North, South, East, West
(d) North, West, East, South
18. What is a linear scale on a map?
Ans : SQP 2008
(a) A line that measures the exact distance
between two points Thus (a) is correct option.
(b) A system that calculates distances based
23. Which of the following would likely be
on grid coordinates
identified as a settlement pattern?
(c) A symbol indicating elevation
(a) Forest areas
(d) A scale for calculating area
(b) River direction
Ans : SQP 2013 (c) Population density
Thus (a) is correct option. (d) Distribution of roads
Ans : COMP 2016
19. Which type of scale uses ratios like 1:50000?
(a) Linear scale Thus (c) is correct option.
(b) Statement scale 24. What type of settlement pattern is typically
(c) Representative fraction scale found in areas with irregular terrain?
(d) Verbal scale (a) Nucleated
Ans : MAIN 2004 (b) Linear
Thus (c) is correct option. (c) Dispersed
(d) Circular
20. What does a scale of 1:50000 mean on a map? Ans : MAIN 2022
(a) 1 cm on the map represents 50,000 cm on
Thus (c) is correct option.
the ground
(b) 1 km on the map represents 50,000 km on 25. What is the direction of flow for a river
the ground indicated by contour lines?
(c) 1 meter on the map represents 50,000 (a) Upstream
meters on the ground (b) Downstream
(d) 1 cm on the map represents 500,000 cm (c) Parallel to the contours
on the ground (d) It cannot be determined from the contours
Ans : SQP 2001 Ans : COMP 2017

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.

21. How do you measure the distance between 26. Which of the following drainage patterns is
two points using the scale? characterized by rivers flowing in a branching
(a) Use a ruler to measure the straight-line manner like tree branches?
distance, then multiply by the scale factor (a) Dendritic pattern
(b) Use the grid reference to measure distance (b) Radial pattern
(c) Use the scale directly to estimate the (c) Trellis pattern
distance (d) Rectangular pattern
(d) Estimate the distance based on the Ans : SQP 2014
contour interval
Thus (a) is correct option.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 11

27. What does a “V-shaped” contour indicate on North, South, East and West.
a map?
(a) A hill 32. How are Bench marks shown on the map ?
(b) A river valley Ans : MAIN 2012

(c) A ridge On a map, these are represented by the letters

(d) A flat plain BM, followed by the height in feet or meters,
Ans : SQP 2004 e.g., BM 610.
Thus (b) is correct option. 33. Name two methods by which relief is shown
28. Which type of drainage pattern is most likely on the map.
to occur in areas with alternating hard and Ans : SQP 2006

soft rock layers? (i) Contour lines

(a) Dendritic (ii) Spot height
(b) Radial
(c) Trellis 34. What is cartography ?
(d) Rectangular Ans : COMP 2005

Ans : MAIN 2007 Cartography is the art and science of creating

Thus (c) is correct option. maps, diagrams and charts.

29. Which of the following is a natural feature 35. Classify the maps on the basis of scale.
that can be identified on a topographical Ans : SQP 2022
map?
Maps are classified by scale into large-scale
(a) Roads
maps (detailed, small areas) and small-scale
(b) Railway tracks
maps (less detail, large areas).
(c) Forests
(d) Bridges 36. What do you understand by ‘scale’ of a map?
Ans : COMP 2012 Ans : MAIN 2018

Thus (c) is correct option. The scale of a map is the ratio or proportion
between a distance on the map and the
30. Which of the following is a man-made feature
corresponding actual distance on the Earth’s
that can be identified on a topographical
surface.
map?
(a) River 37. What is statement of scale ?
(b) Hill
Ans : COMP 2014
(c) Dam
(d) Mountain The statement of scale expresses the
relationship between map distance and
Ans : SQP 2005
ground distance in words, e.g., “2 cm equals
Thus (c) is correct option. 1 km.”

38. How linear scale is drawn on the map ?

Ans :
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
MAIN 2016

A linear scale is a straight line on the map

divided into segments representing actual
31. What are cardinal points ? ground distances.
Ans : MAIN 2024

Cardinal points are the four main directions:

CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

39. Why is linear scale widely used on the maps ? angles, common in areas with alternating
Ans : SQP 2013
rock layers.

A linear scale is widely used on maps because 46. What is a scale?

it allows for easy and accurate measurement Ans : SQP 2004
of distances directly on the map, even if the
map is enlarged or reduced. Scale is the ratio of a distance on a map to
the corresponding distance on the Earth’s
40. A map extract has number of dry streams. surface.
What can you conclude about the rainfall ?
47. How is gradient indicated by contour lines?
Ans : COMP 2011
Ans : SQP 2009
The presence of numerous dry streams on
a map extract indicates low and irregular The gradient is indicated by the spacing of
rainfall, with streams flowing only during the contour lines: closely spaced lines represent a
rainy season. steep slope, while widely spaced lines indicate
a gentle slope.
41. What is Grid Square ?
48. What is a grid ?
Ans : SQP 2013
Ans : COMP 2004
A grid square is the area formed on a map
by the intersection of vertical and horizontal A grid is a network of intersecting vertical
grid lines, typically representing a specific (eastings) and horizontal (northings) lines on
section of the Earth’s surface, such as 1 a map, used to locate specific points or areas.
square kilometer. 49. What is a characteristic sheet ?
42. What do you understand by ‘brackish’ ? Ans : COMP 2010

Ans : SQP 2011 A characteristic sheet is a detailed map

Brackish refers to water that is moderately sheet that highlights the prominent features
salty, typically found in areas where freshwater of an area, such as landforms, vegetation,
mixes with seawater, such as estuaries or in water bodies and settlements, often used for
regions with high evaporation. analysis or reference.

43. What is ‘causeway’ ? 50. What do you mean by Representative

Function ?
Ans : MAIN 2002
Ans : MAIN 2014
A causeway is a raised, paved road or path
built across a minor stream or a low-lying The Representative Fraction (R.F.) is the
marshy area. ratio between a unit distance on the map
and the corresponding unit distance on the
44. What is meant by ‘aqueduct’ ? ground.
Ans : COMP 2004
51. What are the advantages of R.F. ?
An aqueduct is a masonry channel or structure Ans : COMP 2009
built to carry water from one location to
another, often over long distances. The Representative Fraction is advantageous
because it can use any unit of distance and is
45. What is trellis drainage pattern ? universally applicable.
Ans : MAIN 2006
52. What is the confluence of a river?
A trellis drainage pattern features streams Ans : MAIN 2010
where tributaries join the main river at right
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 13

It is the location where a tributary flows into 60. What is a ‘Contour’ ?

the main river. Ans : COMP 2022

53. What is a meander? The imaginary lines drawn on a map to

Ans : COMP 2016
connect places with the same elevation above
sea level are called contour lines.
Meanders are the curves or bends that form
in the middle course of a river where the 61. What is watershed or water divide ?
terrain levels out. Ans : MAIN 2004

54. What is broken ground? Explain how this is An imaginary line along a ridge that separates
caused? streams flowing toward one side from those
Ans : MAIN 2018
flowing toward the other side is called a
watershed or water divide.
It is eroded land found along seasonal rivers,
formed in areas where heavy rainfall follows 62. What do you mean by the ‘Key’ of a map ?
a dry period. Ans : SQP 2009

55. What is a fireline? The ‘Key’ of a map provides the explanation

Ans : SQP 2000
for the symbols used on the map.

A fireline is a cleared area of about 5 meters 63. Where are the thickly settled areas located
in forests, created to prevent the spread of in a village ?
fire. Ans : COMP 2011

56. What is the RF on the Topographical sheets Thickly settled areas in a village are typically
of India? located near key resources such as water
Ans : COMP 2008
sources, agricultural land and transportation
routes, often at the village center or along
The representative fraction on the main roads.
Topographical sheets of India is 1 : 50,000.
64. What does a dendritic drainage pattern
57. What is a Depression? indicate about the land ?
Ans : COMP 2016
Ans : MAIN 2021

A depression is typically marked on the map A dendritic drainage pattern, resembling the
in arid regions where the wind has eroded the branches of a tree, indicates an area with soft
soil, leaving a hollow, such as in desert areas. soil that has been easily channeled by a river
and its tributaries.
58. What is a Kiln?
Ans : MAIN 2000

A kiln is a large oven used to dry and bake TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
materials such as bricks, limestone and
pottery.
65. Give the meaning of ‘fireline’.
59. What do you mean when the rivers are said
Ans : MAIN 2005
to be stippled?
A fireline is a cleared strip of land surrounding
Ans : SQP 2006
a forest, created to stop the spread of fire. It
Stippled (dotted) rivers are seasonal rivers acts as a barrier by removing vegetation and
that contain water only during the rainy other combustible materials. Firelines are
season. essential for forest fire management and safety.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

66. What is rock outcrop ? (ii) Man-made features are those created
Ans : SQP 2009
or altered by human activity. These
include buildings, roads, bridges, dams,
Open scrub with sparse desert vegetation cities and other infrastructure, as well as
and exposed rock surfaces is referred to as agricultural fields and land reclamation
a rock outcrop on the map, where pieces of projects.
rock emerge from the main formation.
71. How does radial drainage pattern develop ?
67. What is the meaning of ‘Broken Ground’ ?
Ans : SQP 2023
Ans : MAIN 2013
The radial drainage pattern, also called the
This feature is typically found along the banks centrifugal pattern, forms when streams
of seasonal rivers in arid regions, formed due diverge outward from a central elevated
to alternating wet and dry seasons. During point. Features such as domes, volcanic
the wet season, the land is submerged by cones, residual hills and tablelands support
floodwaters, while intense heat in the dry the development of this pattern.
season causes rapid evaporation, leading to
weathering. 72. How are True North and Magnetic North
determined ?
68. What is dendritic drainage pattern ?
Ans : COMP 2001
Ans : MAIN 2020
True North (TN) : The direction aligned with
In a dendritic drainage pattern, tributaries the Pole Star, which is nearly at the zenith of
converge from all directions to join the main the North Pole. In the Northern Hemisphere,
river, resembling the branches of a tree. walking towards the Pole Star means moving
Smaller streams flow into larger ones, which towards true north.
ultimately join the main river. This pattern Magnetic North (MN) : The direction
is also referred to as Pinnate drainage. indicated by the needle of a magnetic compass.
69. What is a Grid Reference? Topographical maps display both true north
and magnetic north for the convenience of
Ans : SQP 2019
field users.
To locate a specific feature on an ordinance
map, we use a system of rectangular 73. The distance between two settlements is 6.5
coordinates. The lines running from north cm on the map while the actual distance
to south are called Eastings, while the lines between them is 52 km. Find out the scale
running from east to west are known as of the map.
Northings. When writing a grid reference, Ans : COMP 2003
the Easting is listed first, followed by the 6.5 cm on the map represents = 52 km
Northing. This system helps to precisely
1 cm represents = 652 =
.5 8 km
identify locations on the map.
It means 1 cm on map represents 8 km on
70. What are natural and man-made features? the ground.
Map distance
Ans : COMP 2015
R.F. = Ground distan ce
Now, 1 cm on map represents 8 km on the
(i) Natural features are elements found in the
ground.
environment that occur without human
intervention. These include landforms R.F. = 8 # 1,100, 000 = 8, 001, 000
such as mountains, rivers, lakes, forests
74. What are form lines ? Are they complimentary
and valleys, as well as natural resources
to contour lines ?
like minerals, oceans and deserts.
Ans : COMP 2000
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 15

Form lines are broken lines drawn to represent at the rear. This landform is formed by
the elevation and shape of hilly or mountainous differential erosion, where alternating
regions. They are less accurate than contour layers of hard and soft rock erode at
lines and are based on visual observation different rates, creating a distinct ridge
rather than precise measurements. with a sharp front and a gentler slope
Yes, form lines are complementary to contour behind.
lines, as they provide additional detail in areas
where accurate contours are unavailable. 78. By which colours are the following shown on
the toposheet ?
75. What is the shape of the contour representing (i) Agriculture land
‘mountain’ ? (ii) Forest land
Ans : SQP 2013 Ans : MAIN 2011

A mountain is a landform that rises more (i) Agriculture land : Yellow.

than 3,000 feet above the surrounding area. (ii) Forest land : Green.
On maps, mountains are depicted by closely
spaced contour lines that show a steady 79. The distance between a school and a town on
increase in contour values with elevation. a map is 2 cm. Calculate the ground distance
Mountains often feature multiple summits, if the scale of the map is 1 cm to 12 km.
representing peaks within the range. Ans : SQP 2004

76. What are Bench marks and how are they 1 cm on map represents 12 km of ground
determined ? 2 cm represents 12 # 2 = 24 km.
The ground distance between school and
Ans : MAIN 2008
town is 24 km.
Bench Marks are fixed reference points
marked on permanent structures like 80. What are topographical or ordinance survey
buildings, bridges, or pillars to indicate their maps ?
exact elevation above sea level. Ans : MAIN 2004

They are determined through precise Topographical maps are detailed, large-
surveying methods, ensuring accuracy and scale, two-dimensional representations of the
are commonly used as a reference for further natural and human-made features of an area.
measurements. On maps, they are denoted Their large scale allows for the inclusion of
by the letters B.M., followed by the height in considerable detail, showcasing features like
meters or feet. hills, rivers, forests, towns, villages, roads,
77. With reference to an escarpment, explain the railways, canals, bridges, telegraph lines and
terms: more.
(i) Crest 81. What is four-figure grid reference ?
(ii) Cuesta
Ans : SQP 2023
Ans : COMP 2012
A four-figure grid reference is a system used
(i) Crest : The crest is the highest point of to identify a specific grid square on a map. It
an escarpment, representing the elevated uses two digits for the easting (vertical line)
ridge or topmost edge where the land and two digits for the northing (horizontal
meets a dramatic drop or slope on either line), pinpointing the square where they
side. intersect.
(ii) Cuesta : A cuesta is a type of ridge For example, 3245 indicates the square where
characterized by a steep scarp slope at easting 32 and northing 45 meet, covering an
the front and a more gradual dip slope area of 1 square kilometer.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

82. Distinguish between drainage system and drawn at different scales, the map with the
drainage pattern. smaller scale will cover a larger ground area,
Ans : COMP 2018
while the one with a larger scale will focus on
a smaller area with greater detail.
Aspect Drainage Drainage 85. What is an opisometre ?
System Pattern
Ans : MAIN 2001
Definition The network The
of rivers and arrangement An opisometer is a tool equipped with a
streams in a or layout of small wheel attached to a recording dial. To
region. rivers and their measure a line, the wheel is carefully rolled
tributaries. along its length and the total distance is
displayed on the dial in inches or centimeters.
Focus Emphasizes Highlights
This measurement is then converted into the
the the geometric
actual length in miles, kilometers, or other
composition pattern formed
units using the map’s scale. It is commonly
of rivers and by the rivers
used for accurate measurements of curved or
streams in an and streams.
irregular lines on maps.
area.
Examples Includes rivers, Includes 86. How is a direction shown on a map ?
tributaries and dendritic, Ans : MAIN 2020
other water trellis, Direction on a map is represented using an
channels. radial and angular bearing system, which measures
rectangular the horizontal angle between the North-
patterns. South reference line and the line connecting
the observer’s position to the object. This
83. Give two points of difference between Bench angle is calculated in a clockwise direction
Mark and Spot Height. from the North-South line, providing a clear
Ans : COMP 2000 indication of the object’s location relative to
the observer.
Feature Bench Mark Spot Height
87. What is the geometry of nucleated settlement
Definition Fixed Specific
pattern ?
reference point on the
point with map showing Ans : SQP 2013

a known elevation. Nucleated settlements consist of houses built

elevation. close together along narrow streets. The size
Permanence Permanent Shown on of these compact settlements is influenced
marker the map, not by the fertility of the soil and can range
(e.g., metal physically from small hamlets with 6-12 huts to larger
plaque). marked. settlements with populations of 500 to 1000
people.
84. How does scale affect the area shown on the
map?
Ans : SQP 2004 THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
The ground area represented on a map
varies with the scale used. Enlarging the
88. Col, Gap and Saddle are very similar. How
scale reduces the area shown, as more detail
can you distinguish between them ?
is included. If two maps of identical size are
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 17
Ans : MAIN 2024
consistency in mapping.
Col, Gap and Saddle are similar features, (iii)Navigation and Planning : Assists in
but they can be distinguished by the navigation, urban planning and disaster
characteristics of the depressions between management.
two peaks.
In a Col, the depression is situated at a 91. Describe the spacing of contour lines in each
relatively higher elevation between the peaks. of the following stages of a river .
In a Gap, the depression is closer to the (i) Upper Course
valley floor, marking a lower point between (ii) Lower Course
the peaks. (iii)Middle Course
Lastly, a Saddle has a shallow depression Ans : MAIN 2019

with gentle slopes, resembling the shape of a (i) Upper Course : In this stage, the contour
riding saddle. lines are closely spaced, indicating a steep
89. Explain the four basic types of settlement gradient and rapid elevation changes as
pattern. the river flows through mountainous
terrain.
Ans : MAIN 2024
(ii) Lower Course : In the lower course, the
The four basic types of settlement patterns contour lines are widely spaced, reflecting
are: the very gentle slope of the river as it
1. Nucleated : Settlements where buildings approaches flatter land near its mouth,
are clustered together, often around a where the gradient is minimal.
central feature like a market, church, or (iii)Middle Course : During this stage, the
river. contour lines are spaced further apart,
2. Dispersed : Settlements where buildings signifying a more moderate slope. The
are spread out over a large area, with river flows through valleys with gentler
more space between them, often seen in gradients, often forming meanders and
rural farming areas. floodplains.
3. Linear : Settlements arranged in a line,
typically along roads, rivers, or coasts, 92. Give reasons for the following :
following a natural or man-made route. (i) Layer colouring method of showing relief
4. Radial : Settlements that are arranged features is not suitable for topographic
around a central point, with roads or maps.
other features radiating outward from the (ii) Conturs are widely used to represent
center. relief features on topographic maps.
(iii)Wet point settlements are found in
90. What is Grid ? Give the importance of regions of low rainfall.
National Grid. Ans : COMP 2014
Ans : SQP 2004
(i) The layer colouring method for
A grid is a network of vertical (eastings) and representing relief features is not ideal
horizontal (northings) lines drawn on a map for topographic maps because it does not
to divide it into squares, allowing for accurate accurately indicate the height of the relief
location referencing. features.
Importance of National Grid: (ii) Contours are commonly used to represent
(i) Precise Location Identification : Helps relief features on topographic maps
locate places and features accurately because they precisely show the varying
using grid references. heights of different landforms.
(ii) Standardized Mapping : Provides a (iii)Wet point settlements are those located
uniform system across the country for on the banks of rivers or near tank
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

bunds. These settlements are typically they:

established near water sources due to (i) Provide accurate elevation data for
irregular rainfall, which is why they are specific locations.
often found in areas with low rainfall. (ii) Help represent uneven terrain where
detailed contours may be difficult to
93. Give the meaning of the following terms : draw.
(i) Kiln (iii)Assist in navigation and planning by
(ii) Relative height indicating critical high and low points.
(iii)Sheet rock.
Ans : SQP 2016
96. What is Easting ? How is it shown on the
map ?
(i) A large oven or furnace used for drying,
baking, or firing materials like bricks, Ans : COMP 2015

pottery, or limestone. Easting refers to the vertical grid lines on a

(iii)The height measured relative to the map that run from north to south and are
surrounding area, rather than sea level. used to measure distances eastward.
It may indicate the elevation at a dam, Representation on the map :
bridge, or sand dune, or the depth of a (i) Easting lines are numbered sequentially
well, tank, river, or channel. from west to east.
(iii)A large, flat expanse of exposed rock on (ii) The numbers increase as you move
the Earth’s surface, often formed through eastward and are marked along the top
erosion or weathering processes. or bottom margins of the map.
(iii)They help in determining the precise
94. What are triangulation points ? For what eastward location of a point when used
purpose are they used ? with northings.
Ans : MAIN 2002
97. What is Northing ? How is it drawn on the
Triangulation points are fixed survey points map ?
marked on maps, often represented by a
small triangle with the elevation noted. These Ans : MAIN 2007

points are established during a triangulation Northing refers to the horizontal grid lines
survey to determine precise locations and on a map that run from west to east and are
elevations. used to measure distances northward.
They are used for: Representation on the map:
(i) Mapping and Surveying : Providing (i) Northing lines are numbered sequentially
reference points for creating accurate from south to north.
maps. (ii) The numbers increase as you move
(ii) Navigation : Assisting in locating northward and are marked along the side
positions on the ground. margins of the map.
(iii)Scientific Research : Supporting geodetic (iii)They help in determining the precise
and geological studies. northward location of a point when used
with eastings.
95. What are spot heights ? Why are they widely
used in hilly regions ? 98. What is Representative Fraction (R.F.) ?
Ans : SQP 2009 Ans : COMP 2000

Spot heights are specific points on a map Representative Fraction (R.F.) is the ratio
marked with their exact elevation above sea between a distance on a map and the
level, determined through precise surveying. corresponding actual distance on the ground.
They are widely used in hilly regions because It is expressed as a fraction or ratio, with
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 19

the numerator representing the map distance Purpose Used to Used to

and the denominator representing the ground determine determine
distance in the same unit. the direction the direction
For example, an R.F. of 1:50,000 means 1 of a back to the
unit on the map equals 50,000 units on the destination. starting
ground. point.
99. How plans are different from topographical Measurement Always Always
maps ? measured in measured in
Ans : SQP 2009
the direction the reverse
of travel. direction.
Aspect Plans Topographical Relation Forward Backward
Maps Bearing = Bearing =
Scale Very large Medium to Backward Forward
scale, larger large scale, Bearing ± Bearing ±
than 1:10,000. 1:10,000 to 180°. 180°.
1:50,000.
101. Why is map projection essential for map
Coverage Small area Larger area drawing ?
with detailed with natural
features. and man-made Ans : COMP 2007

features. Map projection is essential for map drawing

Detail Precise details Broader because it allows the three-dimensional
Level like layouts. features like curved surface of the Earth to be represented
hills and on a two-dimensional flat surface. This is
settlements. crucial for:
(i) Accuracy : Ensuring accurate
Purpose Used for Used for
representation of distances, areas and
construction navigation
directions.
and urban and regional
(ii) Utility : Adapting maps for specific
planning. analysis.
purposes, like navigation or geographic
analysis.
(iii)Standardization : Providing a consistent
framework for comparing and interpreting
100. Distinguish between Forward Bearing and spatial data.
Backward Bearing.
102. What is gradient and how is it measured ?
Ans : SQP 2006
Ans : SQP 2005

Aspect Forward Backward Gradient refers to the degree of slope or

Bearing Bearing steepness of a land surface. It represents
Definition The angle The angle how much the elevation changes over a
measured measured certain horizontal distance. Gradient can be
clockwise clockwise expressed as a percentage, indicating the ratio
from the from the of vertical rise to horizontal distance, or as
north to the north to the an angular measurement from the horizontal.
direction of opposite It is an important factor in determining the
travel. direction of slope characteristics of a terrain, affecting
travel. drainage, construction and land use planning.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

103. Explain ‘Triangulation’ as a method of a wealth of knowledge in a compact form that

surveying. can be understood at a glance. They have been
Ans : MAIN 2011
crucial in exploration, helping discover new
continents and seas. For traders, maps help
Triangulation is a surveying method find the right directions for commerce, while
involving precise measurement of a baseline in defense, they are essential for strategizing
and calculating the positions of a series of battles and safeguarding national boundaries.
stations by measuring angles. Steps : Maps also aid students in understanding the
(i) A baseline is measured accurately. world and its geography. In essence, maps
(ii) Angles are observed from the ends of are indispensable tools in exploration, trade,
the baseline to various points using defense and education.
instruments like theodolites.
(iii)Using the baseline and angles, the 107. List the three ways in which a scale can be
distances and positions of other stations represented.
are calculated to form a network of Ans : SQP 2012
triangles.
The three ways in which a scale can be
104. What is Index number map ? represented on a map are:
Ans : SQP 2014
(i) Representative Fraction (RF) : This is a
numerical ratio, such as 1:50,000, where
An Index Number Map represents the one unit on the map represents 50,000
maximum extent of a map covering 4° # units in real life.
4° of latitude and longitude. These maps (ii) Linear Scale (or Bar Scale) : This is a
are drawn to a scale of 1:1 million and are visual scale, often shown as a bar or line
systematically labeled with numerical figures divided into segments, each representing
such as 1, 2, 3, 45, 96, 132 and so on. They a specific distance in the real world (e.g.,
serve as a key reference for dividing large 1 cm = 1 km).
areas into manageable sections, allowing users (iii)Verbal Scale : This is a written statement
to easily locate specific regions. This system describing the scale, such as “1 inch
is widely used for creating standardized and represents 1 mile” or “1 cm equals 100
systematic topographical or thematic maps. meters.”
105. What is Quarter degree map ? 108. State what is indicated by the following
Ans : COMP 2018 symbols about the land use.
Each one-degree map is further divided into (i) Tanks and canals
sixteen smaller sections, with each section (ii) Open scrub
covering an extent of 15l # 15l or 1/4° # (iii)Stony waste
1/4°. These maps are drawn to a scale of Ans : COMP 2016
1:50,000 and provide greater detail than the (i) Tanks and Canals : This symbol depicts
one-degree maps. Each section is labeled developed agricultural land with
sequentially as 1, 2, 3,...16, with an example irrigation facilities, indicating that water
notation like 45D/7, where the letter and sources like tanks and canals are used for
number denote the specific part of the map irrigation, supporting farming activities.
series. This division ensures precise mapping (ii) Open Scrub : This symbol shows grazing
and easier navigation for detailed studies. land or pasture land, which is typically
106. What information do we get from a map ? used for livestock grazing. The land is
often covered with sparse vegetation,
Ans : MAIN 2023
providing areas for animals to feed.
Maps provide invaluable information, offering (iii)Stony Waste : This symbol represents
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 21

uncultivated land that is unsuitable for area’s relief, rock type and land slope. These
agriculture due to the presence of stones factors influence the flow of water and the
and rocks, making it difficult to cultivate arrangement of rivers and streams. When
crops. these rivers form distinct patterns based
on the landscape, it is known as a drainage
109. How can the climate of a place be inferred pattern. The type of drainage pattern, such
from the topo-sheet ? as dendritic, radial, or trellis, reflects how
Ans : MAIN 2018 geological and topographical features interact
Topo-sheets do not offer direct details about to shape the flow of rivers and streams.
a place’s climate, such as specific data on 112. On a contour map how are the following
rainfall, temperature, or humidity. However, types of rivers shown :
climate can be inferred from factors like (i) Perennial rivers
the latitudinal position of the area and the (ii) Non-perennial rivers
type of vegetation present. For example, a (iii)Irregular streams.
location situated near the equator, such as
at 10°N latitude, would generally experience Ans : SQP 2019

a warmer climate compared to a place at a (i) Perennial Rivers : These rivers, which
higher latitude, such as 35°N. The type of flow throughout the year, are typically
vegetation also provides clues, as tropical shown in blue color on a contour map,
forests suggest a warm, humid climate, indicating their continuous presence.
while sparse vegetation may indicate arid or (ii) Non-Perennial Rivers : Rivers that flow
temperate conditions. only during certain seasons or in response
to rainfall are depicted in black color,
110. Explain the four factors according to which signaling their intermittent nature.
drainage pattern varies. (iii)Irregular Streams : Streams with an
Ans : COMP 2019 erratic or unpredictable flow pattern are
The four factors influencing drainage patterns represented by dotted lines, reflecting
are : their inconsistent nature in the landscape.
(i) Relief of the Area : Land features like 113. How would you calculate the gradient
mountains or valleys affect water flow, between two points marked on a map ?
with steeper areas having faster water
movement. Ans : SQP 2015

(ii) Nature of the Rocks : Hard rocks create To calculate the gradient between two points
straight drainage, while softer rocks lead marked on a map, the process involves
to meandering patterns. two key steps. First, the vertical interval
(iii)Amount of Rainfall : More rainfall results is determined by finding the difference in
in larger, defined drainage networks, the elevation values of the two points. This
while less rainfall leads to sparse systems. is done by subtracting the elevation of the
(iv) Slope of the Land : Steeper slopes cause lower point from the elevation of the higher
faster water flow, while flatter land results point. Second, the horizontal equivalent is
in slower-moving, meandering water. calculated using the map’s scale. This involves
measuring the straight-line distance between
111. What is meant by drainage pattern with the two points on the map and converting it
regard of the flow of rivers ? into the actual ground distance based on the
Ans : COMP 2017 map scale.
A drainage system consists of a network of Once both the vertical interval and horizontal
rivers and their tributaries, shaped by the equivalent are obtained, the gradient can be
calculated using the following formula
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

i.e., the Gradient = Vertical interval/ a location has been precisely surveyed
Horizontal equivalent and determined using trigonometry. It is
represented by a dot enclosed within a
114. What is meant by an area of inland drainage triangle on a map.
? How is it shown on a contour map ? (ii) Brackish Well : A brackish well is a well
Ans : SQP 2000 containing salty water, which is unsuitable
An area of inland drainage refers to a region for drinking.
where a river lacks enough water to reach the (iii)Chhatri : A chhatri is a type of hut
sea, causing it to dry up and flow inward into typically found in rural areas, marked
its basin. In such areas, the water collects in red color on maps. These huts are
within the internal basin, often evaporating commonly located along major roads
or seeping into the ground rather than flowing that connect villages to nearby towns.
outward. 117. State the ways in which scale is shown on
On a contour map, an area of inland drainage the map.
is typically represented by dotted lines,
indicating the boundary of the closed basin or Ans : SQP 2019

depression where the river’s flow is contained The scale on a survey map is represented in
and does not have an outlet to the sea. three ways:
(i) A statement, such as 2 cm = 1 km.
115. How are the features on landuse shown on (iii)Representative Fraction or ratio method,
topographic maps ? for example, R.F = 1:50,000.
Ans : COMP 2013 (iii)Graphical scale, which consists of
The land use features on topographic maps a line with primary and secondary
are represented as follows: divisions indicating their corresponding
(i) Cultivated lands are depicted in yellow measurements on the ground.
color. 118. Differentiate between perennial and non-
(ii) Forests are shown in green color. perennial rivers.
(iii)Reserved forests are marked with a
boundary and labeled with the letters Ans : MAIN 2023

’R.F.’.
(iv) Tea gardens, orchards, or vineyards are Feature Perennial Non-Perennial
represented by symbols, with descriptive Rivers Rivers
terms such as ’Dense Jungle,’ ‘Scrub Water Flow Flow only
Jungle,’ or ’Tall Grass’ printed on the map. Flow throughout the during certain
(v) Different types of trees, such as coconut year seasons,
or palm trees, are indicated by distinct mainly during
symbols in green color. the rainy
(vi) Wasteland is left unshaded and labeled season
with terms like ’Stony Waste’. Water Fed by Dependent
Source continuous on seasonal
116. What do the following mean ?
sources like rainfall
(i) Triangulated station
glaciers,
(ii) Brackish Well
springs, or
(iii)Chhatri
rainfall
Ans : COMP 2017
Examples Ganga, Nile Many rivers in
(i) Triangulated Station : A triangulated arid and semi-
station is a point where the height of arid regions
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 23

119. Name the three basic patterns of drainage 122. What advantages do contours have over hill
and briefly describe each of them. shading and hachuring ?
Ans : MAIN 2013 Ans : SQP 2013

The three basic types of drainage patterns Hill shading and hachuring provide only a
are : visual impression of the slope and landform,
(i) Dendritic : A tree-like branching pattern but they do not indicate the precise elevation
where tributaries join the main river at or heights above sea level. In contrast, contour
acute angles. lines not only convey the slope of the land
(ii) Trellised : A rectangular pattern that but also provide specific elevation values,
forms when alternating layers of resistant showing both the shape of the terrain and the
and less-resistant rocks cause tributaries exact height of the land at different points
to join the main river at right angles. relative to sea level. This makes contours
(iii)Radial : A spoke-like pattern where far more informative for understanding the
streams flow outward in all directions topography in detail.
from a central point, similar to the spokes
of a wheel. 123. What do you understand by V.I. and H.E. ?
Ans : MAIN 2018
120. What do the following colours represent?
(i) Black V.I. (Vertical Interval) refers to the difference
(ii) Blue in elevation between two consecutive contour
(iii)Green lines on a map. It helps in understanding the
(iv) Yellow steepness or gradualness of the terrain.
(v) White H.E. (Horizontal Equivalent) is the horizontal
(vi) Brown distance between two consecutive contour
lines, which shows how far apart the land
Ans : SQP 2017
is at the same elevation level. It helps in
(i) Black : Represents broken ground and interpreting the terrain’s steepness; closer
dry streams. contour lines indicate a steeper slope, while
(ii) Blue : Denotes perennial water bodies. wider spacing suggests a gentler slope.
(iii)Green : Indicates wooded or forested
areas and orchards. 124. Why do the contour different heights not
(iv) Yellow : Represents cultivated land. cross each other?
(v) White : Signifies uncultivated land. Ans : MAIN 2005

(vi) Brown : Used for contour lines and sand Contour lines representing different heights
features. do not cross each other because each contour
121. What do the contour lines represent ? line represents a specific, unique elevation.
If they were to cross, it would imply that
Ans : COMP 2021
a single point on the map has two different
Contour lines represent the elevation and elevations, which is not physically possible.
shape of the land on a map. Each line The lines must remain separate to accurately
connects points that are at the same height depict the gradual changes in elevation across
above sea level, allowing you to visualize the terrain.
the terrain’s slope and relief. The closer the
contour lines are to each other, the steeper the 125. What is scattered settlement pattern ?
slope; when they are farther apart, the slope Ans : COMP 2004

is gentler. These lines help in understanding A scattered settlement pattern is one where
the topography of an area, including hills, buildings and homes are spread out over
valleys, ridges and depressions. a large area, rather than being clustered
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

together. This pattern is typically found the shape of the terrain.

in rural or agricultural regions, where the 6. Plains and Plateaus: Flat or gently
settlements are dispersed due to factors like sloping landforms.
the need for large plots of land for farming, 7. Deserts: Arid, dry areas with little to no
or the availability of natural resources. In vegetation.
scattered settlements, people live far apart, 8. Coastal Features: Shorelines, beaches and
often in isolated dwellings or small groups, other features related to seas and oceans.
rather than in concentrated villages or towns.
128. What are spot heights ? Why are they widely
126. List various cultural elements shown on the used in hilly regions ?
toposheets. Ans : MAIN 2022
Ans : SQP 2006
Spot heights are represented on the map by
Various cultural elements shown on toposheets a dot with an accompanying number, such
include: as .341. These marks indicate locations on
1. Settlements: Locations of villages, towns, the ground where the elevation has been
cities and hamlets. accurately measured, with the number showing
2. Roads and Railways: Major and minor the height in feet or meters. Spot heights are
roads, highways, railway lines and typically placed on hill summits or along
stations. roads, providing important reference points
3. Buildings: Structures such as houses, for understanding the terrain’s elevation in
schools, factories and temples. specific areas. They are particularly useful
4. Land Use: Agricultural land, forests and for navigation and construction, especially in
areas of urban development. regions with varied or rugged topography.
5. Water Management Features: Canals,
dams, reservoirs and irrigation systems. 129. What is the shape of the contour representing
6. Boundaries: Administrative boundaries ‘mountain’ ?
such as district, state and country Ans : SQP 2016

borders. A mountain is an elevated landform that rises

7. Bridges and Tunnels: Locations of more than 3,000 feet above the surrounding
bridges, tunnels and other infrastructure. areas. On a map, mountains are represented
8. Religious and Cultural Sites: Temples, by closely spaced contour lines, with the
mosques, churches and other significant contour values increasing as the elevation
landmarks. rises. Typically, mountains have multiple
127. Name some physical elements represented by summits or peaks, which contribute to their
the toposheets. complex and varied topography. The closer
the contour lines are to each other, the steeper
Ans : COMP 2014
the slope of the mountain. These features
Some physical elements represented by are significant for navigation, climate and
toposheets include: environmental studies, as they often influence
1. Rivers and Streams: Water bodies like local weather patterns and ecosystems.
rivers, lakes and ponds.
2. Mountains and Hills: High elevation 130. What is Grid ? Give the importance of
areas, including peaks and ridges. National Grid.
3. Valleys and Depressions: Low-lying areas Ans : COMP 2022

between hills or mountains. An imaginary network of evenly spaced

4. Forests and Vegetation: Areas covered by lines is printed on a map, forming a grid.
trees, shrubs and other plant life. This system allows for the precise location
5. Contours: Lines showing elevation and
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 25

of a place to be determined more easily 132. What are contours ? State their properties.
than using latitudes and longitudes. The Ans : COMP 2006
National Grid is a coordinate system used
for map referencing by the Ordnance Survey, Contour lines are imaginary lines drawn on
providing a standardized method to pinpoint a map that connect places with the same
locations across a country. By using the elevation above sea level. The properties of
National Grid, it becomes simpler and faster contours are as follows:
to identify specific areas on a map, which is (i) Contour lines connect all locations at the
crucial for navigation, land management and same height above sea level.
various geographical studies. (ii) Widely spaced contour lines indicate
gentle slopes.
131. What are the factors that affect settlements (iii)Closely spaced contour lines suggest steep
in an area ? slopes.
Ans : MAIN 2004
(iv) Uniformly spaced contour lines represent
a consistent slope.
(i) The relief and climate of the area : (v) The contour interval varies depending on
Settlements are typically absent in steep the map’s scale.
hillsides, marshy lands, or areas prone (vi) Contour lines typically do not intersect
to waterlogging. People tend to settle in each other on the map, but in certain
regions where the land is flat and suitable areas, they may intersect, indicating a
for agriculture. steep cliff or waterfall.
(ii) Security : To ensure security for people
and property, settlements often develop 133. Explain the following terms :
on higher ground to avoid flooding. Such (i) Index Contours
settlements may also grow in strategically (ii) Spot Hieghts
important locations, serving as defense (iii)Triangulation Points
centers. These settlements provide the (iv) Bench Marks.
advantage of protecting inhabitants from Ans : MAIN 2006
enemies and controlling access to key
passes, harbors and factories. (i) Index Contours : To make maps easier
(iii)Availability of transport and to read, contour lines are thickened at
communication : Towns and villages regular intervals. These thickened lines
typically develop at locations where roads, are known as index contours.
rivers, railways and other transportation (ii) Spot Heights : Spot heights provide
networks facilitate trade and movement. additional information about the land
Ports, on the other hand, emerge at the surface between contours. They are
mouths of rivers, where they are also represented by a number preceded by a
well-connected by roads and railways. dot.
(iv) Centrally located settlement : A settlement (iii)Triangulation Points : When spot
may develop if it is centrally located in heights are accurately surveyed, the dot
relation to other settlements (villages), is enclosed within a triangle and these
serving as both an administrative and points are referred to as triangulation
trade hub for the surrounding areas. points.
Many small towns and villages in India (iv) Bench Marks : Bench marks are marks
host markets and fairs (melas) to fulfill inscribed on stones or shown on buildings
this role. to indicate the precise height determined
(v) The availability of water and land for through surveys.
cultivation and other purposes.
(vi) The potential for mining and industry.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

134. State the essential features of a map. low-lying areas.

Ans : SQP 2013
(iii)Shape of the Land at Various Heights:
Contour lines reveal the shape of the land.
A map has five essential features: For example, nearly circular contours
(i) Title : It indicates the subject of the with decreasing values inward represent
map, such as the distribution of natural a lake.
vegetation, water bodies, climate, etc.
(ii) Scale : It represents the relationship 137. Define the following terms:
between the distances on the map and (i) Contour Interval
the actual ground distances. (ii) Contour Lines
(iii)Direction : This refers to the cardinal (iii)Spot Height
directions-North, South, East and West. (iv) Triangulation Height
Conventionally, the North is positioned (v) Bench Marks
at the top of the map. Ans : SQP 2015
(iv) Key or Legend : It explains the meaning
of the symbols used on the map. (i) Contour Interval (C.I.) : The difference
(v) Grid System : This is typically formed by in elevation between two consecutive
the intersection of lines of longitude and contour lines is known as the contour
latitude. interval.
(ii) Contour Lines : These are imaginary lines
135. What is a National Grid Reference (NGR) ? that connect all points with the same
Ans : COMP 2016
elevation above sea level.
(iii)Spot Height : Spot heights provide
The National Grid Reference (NGR) system additional information about the relief
divides the area into 100 km × 100 km between contours. They are represented
squares, with each square identified by a pair by a dot followed by a number, such as
of letters, such as PQ UA, UQ, etc. Each 100 217, indicating the elevation of that point
km square is further subdivided into 1 km in meters.
squares. This system was developed by the (iv) Triangulation Height : These heights are
Survey of India about a century ago, dividing determined through precise surveying
the Indian subcontinent into 137 divisions. and show the exact elevation of peaks,
Each division was further divided into sixteen such as D 427.
parts, labeled with capital letters from A to (v) Bench Marks : Bench marks are
P. Each of these parts was then subdivided permanent marks found on buildings or
into sixteen smaller parts. The NGR system inscribed on stones, used as reference
was created using a scale of 1:1,000,000. points for surveys. They are typically
136. How do contour lines show different slopes labeled as BM 200.
of land? 138. Define the following briefly :–
Ans : MAIN 2021 (i) Topographical map
Contour lines show: (ii) An Atlas
(i) Elevation of Land : The height of a (iii)R.F.
contour is indicated by numbers placed (iv) Hill Shading
in a break in the line. (v) Relative Height
(ii) Steepness of the Slope : When contours (vi) Interlocking Spurs.
are closely spaced, they represent steep Ans : MAIN 2014
slopes. When they are farther apart, they (i) Topographical map : It is a large-scale
indicate gradual slopes. The absence of map that displays detailed information
contour lines signifies flat land, such as about a small area, including both natural
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 27

and man-made features, using specific (ii) (a) What is the area in kilometres of
fixed colors and conventional symbols. the forested region enclosed within
(ii) An Atlas : It includes various types of Eastings 66 and 71 and Northings 15
small-scale maps, such as physical, and 19?
political, agricultural, weather, (b) What is the compass direction of
demographic and historical maps, among Hanumanji ka Mandir from Gautam
others. Maharishi Mandir?
(iii)R.F. : It is a fraction that represents one (iii)(a) What does the word ‘Falls 15 m’ in
unit on the map in the numerator and the grid square 6718 indicate? Explain
corresponding number of similar units how these Falls are formed.
on the ground in the denominator. For (b) What is the distance, in kilometres
example, an R.F. of 1:1000 means that along the metalled road from distance
one centimeter on the map represents stone 16 (grid square 6313) to the
1000 centimeters on the ground. canal in grid square 6413?
(iv) Hill Shading : It is used in contour maps to (iv) (a) Abu is a big settlement with high
indicate the nature of the slope, whether water demand. From where does it
steep or gentle, through dark and light get its main watesupply? Give two
shading. However, it does not provide the reasons to support your answer.
exact elevation of the area. (b) What is indicated by the large number
(v) Relative Height : This refers to the and the closeness of the contour lines
difference between the highest and in the given map extract?
lowest elevation of an area, expressed in (v) (a) What do the broken black lines in
meters. For example, the symbol “15r” grid square 6221 indicate? How are
on a riverbank represents the elevation they formed?
difference between the bottom and top (b) Why are there no settlements except
bank of the river. Abu in the given map extract? Give a
(vi) Interlocking Spurs : In mountainous reason to support your answer.
regions, various small streams converge Ans : MAIN 2024
with the main stream, creating deep
V-shaped valleys separated by elongated (i) (a) 6913
spurs in between. These spurs are known (b) 674190
as interlocking spurs. This phenomenon (ii) (a) The area bounded by Eastings 66 to
results in a zigzag pattern of alternating 71 and Northings 15 to 19 contains 20
valleys and spurs. grid squares. Since each grid square
has an area of 1 km × 1 km, the total
area covered by the 20 grid squares is
20 square kilometers.
MAP BASED QUESTION (b) Hanumanji ka Mandir is in north-east
direction from Gautam Maharishi
Mandir.
139. Study the extract of the Survey of India (iii)(a) “Falls 15m” in grid square 6718 refers
Map Sheet No. G43S10 Map 2 and answer to a waterfall situated at an elevation
the following questions [Eastings 61-71, of 15 meters. These falls are created
Northings 13-23]: in hilly regions where rivers encounter
(i) (a) Give the four-figure grid reference sudden, nearly vertical drops in their
of the perennial well to the north of course.
Jhamar. (b) The map distance is 3.2 cm. Given
(b) Give the six-figure grid reference of the scale of 2 cm = 1 km, the actual
the temple at Shri Vashisht Ashram. distance is 1.6 km.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

(iv) (a) Abu is a hilly area that gets its water river? Name the settlement where
supply from seasonal streams, wells these streams can be seen.
and manmade lakes. This is because (iv) (a) What is the general pattern of human
due to followinf reasons: habitation (settlement) in the given
1. There are no perennial rivers and map extract?
streams only seasonal streams; (b) Measure the length of the aqueduct
2. There are perennial lined wells and in metres from the point whose s’ix-
Nakhi Talao (indicated by blue figure grid reference is 261920 to the
coloured conventional symbols). point whose six-figure grid reference
(b) The presence of a large number of is 274929.
closely spaced contours indicates that (v) (a) Name the two types of dams shown in
the land has a steep slope. the given map extract.
(v) (a) The broken black lines in grid square (b) How does the drainage pattern in grid
6221 represent broken ground. These square 2698 differ from the pattern of
are typically found in arid or semi-arid streams in grid square 2697?
regions, along the banks of seasonal Ans : SQP 2000
rivers or streams, where the soil is
soft and sandy. The ground cracks (i) (a) 2891
and breaks easily due to alternating (b) 333964
dry and wet periods. (ii) (a) Ratanpur lies in north-east direction
(b) There are no settlements other than of Marwada.
Abu in the given map extract, as the (b) Dantiwada, located south of the
area is predominantly forested with Banas River, features a Post Office,
rocky knobs, lacks perennial streams two Rest Houses, overhead tanks and
and has limited transportation options a network of paved roads.
and employment opportunities. (iii)(a) The brown dotted clusters in the
southern part of the map extract
140. Study the extract of the Survey of India represent sand features such as sand
Map Sheet No. G43S7 Map 1 and answer dunes and sand hills. The abbreviation
the following questions [Eastings 25-35, ‘Dep’ stands for ‘Depression,’ which
Northings 89-99] : refers to a hollow found in sandy
(i) (a) Give the four-figure grid reference of areas. These depressions are formed
the settlement of Nilpur. by winds that blow away the surface
(b) Give the six-figure grid reference of sand, leaving behind a low area.
Chhatri north of Vadavas. (b) Some of the streams in the map
(ii) (a) State the compass direction of the extract do not join the main river
settlement of Ratanpur from the because they flow over sandy soil,
settlement of Marwada. which absorbs the water before the
(b) State two advantages that Dantiwada, streams can reach the main river. The
south of river Banas has over other streams near Ramsida are examples
settlements in the region in the given of this phenomenon.
map extract. (iv) (a) The general settlement pattern in
(iii)(a) What are the brown dotted clusters the given map extract is nucleated or
in the southern part of the given map clustered.
extract? Also state what the letters (b) Map distance = 3.2 cm.
Dep in the same area indicate. Since scale is 2 cm = 1 km, the actual
(b) Explain why some of the streams in distance is 1.6 km.
the south-eastern part of the given (v) (a) The two types of dams shown in the
map extract do not join the main given map extract are - (1) masonry
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 29

dam and (2) earth work dam. (iv) (a) Calculate the area of the region in sq.
(b) The drainage pattern in grid square km, enclosed within the Eastings 25-
2698 is trellised, while in grid square 35 and Northings 91 to 95.
2697, it is dendritic. (b) State the three types of roads seen in
the given map extract. What do they
141. Describe how drainage features are shown on reflect on the type of settlements in
topographic maps. the region in the given map extract?
Ans : SQP 2013 (v) (a) State the difference in the pattern of
Drainage features on topographic maps are settlement at Dantiwada on the right
represented as follows: bank of the main river and the one on
1. Perennial rivers are depicted in blue the left bank of it.
color. (b) What is the main form of irrigation in
2. Non-perennial rivers are shown in black the area north of Sarod Nala? From
color. what can you infer this source of
3. Irregular streams are indicated by dotted irrigation?
lines. Ans : COMP 2016
4. Large rivers are represented by double (i) (a) 2991.
lines. (b) 265972.
5. Small streams are marked with a single (ii) (a) Chhatri
line. (b) Ramsida lies in south-east direction
6. The direction of the river flow is indicated from Nandotra.
by an arrow. (iii)(a) The distance on the map is 3.6 cm
7. Waterfalls are labeled with the word and with a scale of 2 cm = 1 km, the
‘Falls’. actual length of the dam is 1.8 km.
8. Rapids along the river are indicated by (b) The road from the Police Station
the word ’Rapids’. at Dantiwada to the settlement at
142. Study the extract of the Survey of India Nandotra (Brahmanvas) is a pack
Map Sheet No. G43S7 Map 1 and answer track with a pass. Although it is a
the following questions [Eastings 25-35, shorter route, it becomes unusable
Northings 89-99]: during the rainy season. This path is
(i) (a) Give the four-figure grid reference of typically used by packs of animals,
the settlement at Lodpa. groups of humans, or both.
(b) Give the six-figure grid reference of (iv) (a) The total number of grid squares
the Spot height 172. within the area bounded by Eastings
(ii) (a) Identify the features from the 25 to 35 and Northings 91 to 95 is
conventional signs, the six-figure grid 40. Each grid square covers an area of
reference of which is 332963. 1 km × 1 km, which equals 1 square
(b) Give the compass direction of kilometer. Therefore, the total area
Ramsida from Nandotra. of the 40 grid squares is 40 square
(iii)(a) Measure the length in kilometres of kilometers.
the masonry dam on the main river (b) The given map extract shows three
in the given map extract. types of roads: metalled roads, cart
(b) Identify the type of road that runs tracks and pack tracks. This indicates
from the Police Station at Dantiwada that more developed settlements, such
up to the settlement at Nandotra as Dantiwada, Dhanawad, Jorapura
(Brahmanvas) (grid square 2794). For and Marwada, are connected by
which purpose is this road used? metalled roads, suggesting they
may be towns or cities. In contrast,
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

smaller settlements, likely villages, (v) (a) How is the drainage pattern in grid
are connected by cart tracks and pack square 6220 differ from the drainage
tracks pattern in grid square 6817?
(v) (a) Dantiwada on the left bank of the (b) What is the difference between the
main river follows a linear settlement slope in grid square 6320 and the one
pattern along the metalled road, in 6622? Give a reason to support
while Dantiwada on the right bank of your answer.
the river has a clustered settlement Ans : SQP 2021
pattern.
(b) Perennial lined wells are the primary (i) (a) 6918
source of irrigation in the area north (b) 638163
of Sarod Nala, as indicated by the (ii) (a) The area bounded by Eastings 68 to
conventional symbol for lined wells. 70 and Northings 21 to 23 contains 4
The presence of these wells, along grid squares. Since each grid square
with the yellow wash on the map has an area of 1 km × 1 km, the total
extract, suggests that agriculture is area covered by the 4 grid squares is
the main occupation of the people in 4 square kilometers.
this region. (b) St. Mary’s High School lies in north-
east direction from Gautam Maharishi
143. Study the extract of the Survey of India Mandir.
Map Sheet No. G43S10 Map 2 and answer (iii)(a) Map distance is 4.2 cm. Since scale is
the following questions [Eastings 61-71, 2 cm = 1 km, the actual distance is
Northings 13-23]: 2.1 km.
(i) (a) Give the four-figure grid reference of (b) Abu is an administrative area, as
the settlement of Deoli. indicated by the presence of several
(b) Give the six-figure grid reference of government buildings, such as Raj
the surveyed ‘tree 277’. Bhawan, Limdi House, Rest Houses,
(ii) (a) What is the area in kilometres of the Circuit House and Police Station.
administrative area enclosed within Additionally, its connectivity with
the Eastings 68 and 70 and the other areas through metalled roads
Northings 21 and 23? further highlights its administrative
(b) What is the compass direction of St. significance.
Mary’s High School from Gautam (iv) (a) 501 in grid square 6421 refers to the
Maharishi Mandir? Spot Height, indicating the surveyed
(iii)(a) What is the distance in kilometres elevation of 501 meters at that specific
along the metalled road from location on the map.
Hanumanji ka Mandir till it merges (b) The yellow area in the southeast
with another metalled road in grid corner of the map indicates a plain,
square 6820. cultivated region. The absence of
(b) How can you conclude that Abu is an contours in this area suggests it is a
administrative area? Give a reason to flat plain. Additionally, the presence
support your answer. of a river, marked by the word “Nadi,”
(iv) (a) What is meant by 501 in grid square along with a canal and sluice, indicates
6421. the area is used for irrigation.
(b) How can you conclude that the yellow (v) (a) The drainage pattern in grid square
area in the south-east corner of the 6220 is trellised, while in grid square
map is an agricultural land? 6817, it is dendritic.
(b) In grid square 6320, the slope is
gradual and gentle, as the contour
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 31

lines are spaced far apart. In contrast, (b) The drainage pattern in grid square
in grid square 6622, the slope is steep, 2505 is dendritic, resembling tree
as the contour lines are drawn very branches. Tributaries join the main
close together. river at acute angles.
(iv) (a) .10r in 2709 is the relative height of
144. Study the extract of the Survey of India Map the sand dune, which is 10 metres
Sheet No. G43S7 and answer the following (b) The compass direction of Mahudi
questions: Nani from Panswala is southwest.
(i) (a) Give the four-figure grid reference for (v) The area enclosed between Easting 26 to
 224. 29 and Northing 05 to 11 is :
(b) What is the contour interval used in 3 grid squares (Easting) × 6 grid squares
the given map extract? (Northing) = 18 grid squares.
(ii) (a) Mention two man made features seen Since each grid square equals 1 km², the
in grid square 2706. total area is 18 km².
(b) Mention two natural features seen in
grid square 2905. 145. Study the extract of the Survey of India Map
(iii)(a) What do you understand by 1:50,000 Sheet No. G43S7 and answer the following
printed below the map extract? questions:
(b) What is the pattern of drainage seen (i) (a) Give the six-figure grid reference for
in the grid square 2505? spot height .522.
(iv) (a) What do you understand by .10r in (b) What is the pattern of settlement in
2709? the grid square 3591?
(b) What is the compass direction of (ii) (a) Mention two man-made features seen
Mahudi Nani (2604) from Panswala in the grid square 3794.
(2909)? (b) Mention two means of transport used
(v) Calculate the area in kilometre square of by the people of Nani Bhatamal in
the region enclosed between Easting 26 to the grid square 3691.
29 and Northing 05 to 11. (iii)(a) Identify the landform marked by the
Ans : MAIN 2023
contours in the grid square 3896.
(b) What is the pattern of drainage seen
(i) (a) 2706 in the grid square 3697?
(b) Contour interval given in the map is (iv) (a) What is the reason for the presence of
20 meters causeway in the grid square 3695?
(ii) (a) Two human-made features in grid (b) What is the compass direction of
square 2706 are a lime kiln, a covered Khara (4097) from Karja (3994)?
tank, a chhatri, a metalled road, (v) Calculate the area in kilometre square of
a lined well, permanent huts and a the region to the south of 94 Northing.
powerline.
(b) Two natural features in grid square Ans : MAIN 2024

2905 are a seasonal stream, sand (i) (a) 375976

dunes, broken ground and barren (b) dispersed settlement
land. (ii) (a) Chhatri, cart track, pack track,
(iii) (a)The notation 1:50,000 printed below lined perennial wells and permanent
the map extract represents the scale settlements .
of the map. This means that 1 unit (b) Cart track and pack track are the
of measurement on the map (e.g., means of transport used by the
1 centimeter or 1 inch) corresponds people.
to 50,000 of the same units on the (iii)(a) Ridge
ground. (b) Radial drainage
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CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

(iv) (a) The presence of a causeway indicates 12. If a man is to walk from Dedarla to
that the region experiences relatively Hathal :
low rainfall. (a) In which direction would he be
(b) North-east walking?
(v) The area of the region to the south of 94 (b) Name the kind of road he will we
Northing is calculated as follows: using.
Scale given: 2 cm (in a grid square) = 1 km 13. Name two regions shown on the map
There are 6 grid squares to the south of 94 which are unsuitable for the cultivation
Northing and the length of the toposheet of crops.
provided is 10 grid squares. 14. Which is the most important occupation
Area = Length × Width of the people residing in South West part
= 10 grid squares × 6 grid squares of the toposheet? Give reason.
= 60 km2 15. How are the following represented on the
map:
146. Study map sheet no. G43S10; Eastings 53 (a) Cultivated land
to 62, Northings 26 to 36 and answer the (b) Wooded land
following questions: Map 3 16. How does the drainage pattern in the
1. Give the 4 figure grid reference of the grid square 5434 differ from those in 5427
following: and 5626?
(i) Dangrali 17. How many types of tracks are shown in
(ii) Open scrub in South-East the map extract? Name them.
2. Give the 6 figure grid reference of the 18. Name any one man-made feature in grid
following: square 5428.
(i) Triangle 413 in South West 19. Identify and write the grid square (in the
(ii) Surveyed tree 294 in North east part of the map) where people meet
3. What is the meaning of the following yearly.
conventional signs? 20. Name three prominent features of the
(i) (Black) in grid square 4402 river being depicted in grid 6031.
(ii) 400 m (brown) in grid square 3901 21. If a man was to walk from Dadrla to
(iii) in grid square 4001 Dangrali:
(iv) Red broken line in grid square 3808 (a) How much distance (in Km.) will he
4. Name four man made features in grid be covering?
square 6131. (b) Name any two physical feature he can
5. Give two reasons why some of the land notice on the way.
shown on the map is not cultivated. 22. Explain the meaning of each conventional
6. Name the main left bank tributary of the sign, the six figure grid reference of which
main river with its direction. has been given below:
7. Give the 6 figure grid reference of the well (a) 617271
near the road connecting Dangrali and (b) 604275
Nagani. What is the total depth of the
Ans : MAIN 2021
well?
8. Name the landforms represented by the 1. (a) 5635
pattern of contours in grid square 5427. (b) 6028
9. What advantages does a Representative 2. (a) 544273
Fraction have over a verbal scale? (b) 591356
10. Give the 4 figure grid reference of the 3. (a) Dry tank
confluence of Dior Nadi with Sipu Nadi. (b) Earthwork dam
11. Mention two factors which support that (c) Cart track
the Sipu Nadi is in its middle course. (d) Permanent hut
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 33

4. Post office, metalled road, power line, (a) 254 near Rampura Khera
temple. (b) Temple at village Marol
5. (a) Presence of open scrub and marble (c) Dry tank west of Rajgarh
stone. (d) 3r in North-East of Marol.
(b) Presence of broken ground. 4. What is the meaning of the following
6. Left bank tributary : Sipu Nadi conventional signs:
Direction : North East to South West (a) 243 (in red) in grid square 5322
7. These are many well on the road and (b) 5r in grid square 5221
depth is not metnioned. (c) A (Blue) in grid square 4813
8. Hill (d) Q in grid square 4813
9. The Representative Fraction (R.F.) has (e) Blue circle in grid square 4922
universal applicability, allowing anyone 5. Give the directions of the following:
to determine the distance on a map, (a) Mitan (5021) from Rajgarh (5222)
regardless of their familiarity with specific (b) Salotra (5214) from Padrugarh (5017)
units of measurement. (c) Marol (4919) from Nimbora (5221)
10. 5930 (d) Nimbora (5221) from Rampura Khera
11 Wide river bed. (5218)
Presence of Island. 6. Find out the distances between the
12 (a) Direction : South East following :
(b) Road : Cart track (a) Direct distance in km between Mitan
13. South Western region and South region. (5021) and Nimbora (5221).
14. Mining - due to presence of white wash (b) Indirect distance in km along the road
and stone quarries. Nimbora (5221) to Mitan (5021).
15. (a) Yellow wash 7. Calculate the area in square kilometre of
(b) Green wash the region enclosed by Eastings 48 to 52
16. 5434 - Dendritic Whereas and Northings 13 to 17.
5427 - Radial and 5626 - Rectangular. 8. (a) Name two types of vegetation in the
17 Cart track (one) givenmap extract.
18. Power line (b) Find out the lowest and highest
19. 6131 altitudes in the area.
20. Island, dry river bed filed with stones, 9. What is the main occupation of the
rocks, etc. meandering (middle course). people living in the area shown in the
21. (a) 7.2 cm = 72.2 = 3 km 600 m map extract?
10. Give two reasons to support your answer.
(b) Dry streams and Dry tanks.
(a) Which is the most common mode of
22. (a) dry tank.
transport in the region?
(b) Permanent hut.
(b) What do you infer about the climate
147. Study map sheet no. G43S10; Eastings 48 to of this region?
55, Northings 13 to 23. Map 4. 11. Give the settlement patterns of the
1. What do you mean by contour interval? following:
2. Give four figure grid references of the (a) In grid square 5322
following: (b) In grid square 5019
(a) Village Marol 12. What is the
(b) Temple in West of Rajgarh (a) In grid square 5420
(c) Fairly dense scrub in south-east (b) In grid square 5314
(d) Dry tank south-east of Mitan. (c) In grid square 5315
3. Give six-figure grid reference of the 13. (a) Name the season experienced by the
following: map extract.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

(b) Give two reasons to support your India, which experiences a tropical
answer. monsoon climate.
14. How is settlement pattern of Salotra 12. (a) Nucleated
(5214) differ from Karaunti (5321)? Give (b) Dispersed
any two reasons for the difference. 13. (a) Dendritic
15. What do the following numbers in grid (b) Radial
square 5316 represent? (c) Rectangular
(a) 273 in black 14. Summer season (March-June)
(b) 2 in red Presence of open scrub.
16. What is the value of the contour lines in
grid square 4822? Salotra Dispersed Karunati Nucleated
17. Name and give the four grid reference Lack of transport Well connected with
of a settlement where the people of the transport.
region meet at least once in a month. Lack of facility Presence of temple,
18. How are the gentle and steep slopes power line.
shown on a map?
15. (a) Spot heights
Ans : SQP 2019
(b) Meander
1. The difference between two successive 16. 240
contours is known as contour interval. 17. Marol, 4919
2. (a) 4920 18. Gentle slopes : Contours are widely
(b) 5222 spaced.
(c) 5314 Steep slopes : Contours are closely spaced.
(d) 5021
3. (a) 526187 148. Study map sheet no. G43S10; Eastings 48 to
(b) 493199 55, Northings 13 to 23. Map 5.
(c) 525228 (a) What do you understand by
(d) 496209 Representative Fraction (R.F.)?
4. (a) Milestone (b) How are :
(b) Relative height of river bank is 5 m (i) Cultivated land
(c) Dispensary (ii) Wooded land represented on the
(d) Unlined well map?
(e) Perennial lined well. (c) What is the general pattern of human
6. (a) South-West habitation in the map extract?
(b) South-East (d) Calculate the area of land enclosed within
(c) South-West eastings 64 to 68 and northings 19 to 23.
(d) North (e) What, according to you, is the main
(i) Occupation of the people.
7. (a) 4.6 cm = 42.6 = 2 km 300 m
(ii) Source of irrigation
(b) 4.8 cm = 42.8 = 2 km 400 m (f) Give the four-figure grid references of the
8. Area = 4 × 4 = 16 sq km following:
9. (a) Open mixed jungle, Open scrub. (i) Raghunath Temple
(b) Lowest = 242; Highest : 365 (ii) Adhar Devi ka Mandir
10. Farming (iii)D1409
11. (a) Metalled road : This road connects (iv) Nakhi Talao
major towns and is equipped with (g) Give six-figure grid reference of the
power lines along its route. following:
(b) Tropical Monsoon Climate : The area (i) Gautam Maharishi Mandir
depicted in this map sheet falls within (ii) Anadra point
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 35

(iii)Shri Vashisht Ashram the ratio between the distance on a map

(iv) Fall 12 m and the actual distance on the ground.
(h) Give the meaning of the following: It is expressed as a fraction, with the
(i) 11r fall in grid square 6718 numerator always being one.
(ii) D1401 grid 6620 (b) (i) Cultivated land - Yellow colour
(iii) Ac in grid square 6822 (ii) Wooded land - Green colour
(iv) in grid square 6822 (c) The general pattern of human habitation
(i) Give the direction of the following: is scattered except ABU.
(i) Gautam Maharishi Mandir (6518) (d) Area : No. of northings = 4
from Sunset Point (6621) No. of eastings = 4
(ii) Abu (6821) from Anadra point 6722 Area = 4 × 4 =16 sq. km.
(iii)Fatehpura (6115) from Sri Vashisht (e) (i) Lumbering
Ashram (6719) (ii) Wells, seasonal streams, man-made
(iv) Surveyed tree 277 (6316) from lakes.
Gautam Maharishi Mandir (6115) (f) (i) 6721
(j) Mention two modes of transport with (ii) 6823
conventional signs. (iii)6723
(k) What is the general slope of the land? (iv) 6722
Give reason. (g) (i) 676218
(l) Mention one natural feature in the (ii) 672225
following grids: (iii)675191
(i) 6818 (iv) 675183
(ii) 6719 (h) (i) Water is falling from the relative
(m)Give the drainage pattern of the following: height of 11 m.
(i) in grid square 6217 (ii) It refers to the triangulation heights.
(ii) in grid square 6116 (iii)Hospital
(iii)in grid square 6319 (iv) Circuit house.
(n) Town Abu is a tourist spot. State any (i) (i) South
three evidences for the same. (ii) South East
(o) There is an absence of human habitation (iii)South West
in the south-eastern parts of the map (iv) South West
extract. State any three reasons for the (j) Metalled Road
same. Pack track _____
(p) What do you understand by: (k) The general slope of the land is directed
(i) Red broken line in grid 6517. towards the South-West, as the streams
(ii) Closed spaced contour line in grid flow in that direction.
square 6814. (l) (i) 6818 - dry stream, waterfall, rocky
(iii)Blue coloured circle in grid square knob.
648153. (ii) 6719 - dry steams.
(q) What type of settlement you can notice (m)(i) Radial
in grid square 6115? Give two reasons for (ii) Dendritic
such type of settlement. (iii)Radial
(r) What do the following mean: (n) Abu is a popular tourist destination,
(i) Black line with 9r in grid 6424. featuring attractions such as Nakhi Talao,
(ii) Rocky knob 6523. Hanumanji ka Mandir, Sunset Point and
Ans : COMP 2018 scenic waterfalls.
(o) The area is largely covered by forests with
(a) The Representative Fraction (R.F.) is
rocky outcrops, lacking perennial streams
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

and proper transportation infrastructure. (ii) Indirect distance in kilometre along

(p) (i) Footpath the Dholva Nadi from village Dhibri
(ii) It indicates that slope of the land is to the western edge of the map.
steep. (g) What is the area in square kilometre of
(iii)Unlined well. the cultivable region enclosed by Easting
(q) It is scattered due to the absence of 40 and 44, Northing 04 and 06?
facilities. (h) With reference to physical features,
(r) (i) Relative height of embankment is 9 m what is indicated by the large number
(ii) Isolated prominent peak. and closeness of the contour lines in the
south-east of map extract?
149. Study map sheet no. G43S7; Eastings 48 (i) Give the drainage patterns of the
to 45, Northings 01 to 11 and answer the following:
following questions : Map 6 (attached at page (i) In grid square 4302
number 326) (ii) In grid squre 4107
(a) What are the other methods of (j) What is the main mode of irrigation in
representing scale besides R.F.? this region? Give two reasons for the
(b) Give the four-figure grid references of the same.
following: (k) What is the general slope of the region?
(i) D 349 Give two reasons to justify your answer.
(ii) Village Padar (l) Name two man-made and two natural
(iii)Village Deri features in grid squares 4205.
(iv) Temple near village Dhibri (m)Give the settlement pattern of the
(v) Village Methipura following:
(vi) Vavdhara (i) Village Padar
(c) Give the six-figure grid reference of the (ii) Village Methipura
following: (n) (i) What is the direction of the flow of
(i) D 284 in the west Dholva Nadi?
(ii) Perennial lined well east of Padar (ii) Give reason.
(iii)292 south-west of Dhibri (o) Express the meaning of 1 : 50,000 printed
(iv) Temple in village Dhibri. below the map extract.
(d) What is the meaning of the following (p) What is the general land use of :
conventional signs: (i) uneven ground?
(i) _____(Black) in grid square 4402 (ii) even ground?
(ii) 400 m (brown) in grid square 3901
Ans : MAIN 2017
(iii)in grid square 4001
(iv) Red broken line in grid square 3808 (a) The other methods of representing scale
(v) 22r in grid square 4410 are :
(vi) D 284 in grid square 3807 (i) Statement of scale
(vii) 3r in grid square 4001 (ii) Linear or Graphical method
(e) Give the directions of the following: (b) (i) 4311
(i) Village Dhibri (4206) from Deri (ii) 4410
(3804) (iii)3804
(ii) D 284 (3807) from D 349 (4311) (iv) 4206
(iii)Village Vavdhara (4004) from Padar (v) 4204
(4410) (vi) 4004
(f) Find out the distances between the (c) (i) 386073
following: (ii) 444109
(i) Direct distance between Deri (3804) (iii)425065
and Padar (4411) (iv) 428065
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 37

(d) (i) It marks the defined state boundary. 150. Study map sheet no. G43S7; Eastings 22
(ii) It represents the contour at an to 29, Northings 88 to 98 and answer the
elevation of 400 meters. following questions : Map 7 (attached at page
(iii)A dry tank with an embankment. number 327)
(iv) A pack track. (a) What is the statement of scale of the
(v) It indicates the relative depth of a given map?
perennial lined well as 22 meters. (b) Give the four-figure grid references of the
(vi) It denotes the triangulation height. following:
(vii) It represents the relative height of a (i) Village Bhakar
dry tank with an embankment. (ii) Open scrub
(e) (i) North East (iii)Survey tree 182 in South-Esat
(ii) South West (iv) Village Nilpur
(iii)South West (c) Give the six-figure grid references of the
(f) (i) 15.5 cm = 152.5 = 7 km 750 m following:
(i) Temple near Bhakar
(ii) 16.2 cm = 162.5 = 8 km 100m (ii) Perennial lined well near Nilpur
(g) No. of Easting = 4 (iii)Post Office in Dantiwada
No. of Northing = 2 (iv) D 168 north of Kheda.
Area = 4 × 2 = 8 sq km. (d) What is the meaning of the following
(h) It indicates that the slope of the land is conventional signs:
steep. (i) = = = (Red) along the western
(i) (i) Radial margin
(ii) Dendritic (ii) Cluster of brown dots in grid square
(j) Well irrigation is the mode of irrigation in 2688
this region. (iii)in grid square 2992
Presence of perennial lined well, regions (iv) in grid square 2388
get seasonal rainfall. (v) in grid square 2589.
(k) The slope of the land is South West
(vi) in grid 2993
(i) The arrow indicates that the river
(e) Give the directions of the following:
Dholva N flows towards the South-
(i) Village Godh (2294) from Nandotra
West.
Brahmanvas (2794)
(ii) The spot heights are decreasing as we
(ii) Spot height .172 (2697) from spot
move towards the South-West.
height .168 (2396)
(l) 4205 - Man-made - metalled road,
(iii)Village Bhakar (2588) from Nilpur
permanent hut.
(2891)
Natural features - dry streams, dry river (iv) Village Kheda (2589) from Nilpur
bed. (2891)
(m)(i) Nucleated (f) Find out the distances between the
(ii) Linear following:
(n) (i) South west, (i) Direct distance between village
(ii) Presence of arrow in it. Bhakar (2588) and Nilpur (2888)
(o) It means 1 unit on the map represents (ii) Indirect distance in km along the
50,000 units on the ground. cart-track from village Bhakar (2587)
(p) (i) Mining, rearing of cattles. to Mahadevpura (2493).
(ii) Cultivation. (g) Calculate the area in square kilometre of
the region enclosed by Easting 24 and 29,
Northing 89 and 92.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

(h) On which bank of Banas river is village (iv) Main power lines with pylons surveyed
Nandotra (Brahmanvas) located? and with poles unsurveyed.
(i) What is the main occupation of the (v) Temple.
people? Give two reasons to justify your (vi) Masonry or rock filled dam.
answer. (e) (i) North West
(j) What is the most widespread mode of (ii) North East
transport used by the people? Give one (iii)South West
reason for the same. (iv) South West
(k) Give the drainage pattern of the following: (f) (i) Nilpur settlement not given in 2888
(i) In grid square 2992 (question wrong)
(ii) In grid square 2897. (ii) 102.3 = 5 km 150 m
(l) Give the settlement patterns of the
(g) No. of easting = 5
following:
No. of Northing = 3
(i) In grid square 2992
Area = 5 × 3 = 15 sq. km
(ii) In grid square 2391.
(h) Right bank
(m)List two man-made and two natural
(i) Agricultural Reasons: Presence of yellow
features in grid square 2588.
wash and perennial lined wells.
(n) (i) What is the mode of irrigation in the
(j) Cart Tracks: Represented by single red
region?
lines, cart tracks connect the villages.
(ii) Give reasons.
There are fewer metalled roads in the
(o) (i) What type of rainfall is received by
area.
the region?
(k) (i) Parallel
(ii) Give evidence.
(ii) Trellised
(p) Write two man-made features in grid
(l) (i) Linear nucleated
square 2992.
(ii) Linear dispersed
(q) With respect to Banas river answer the
(m)(i) Man made- Metalled Road, permanent
following questions:
hut.
(i) What is the nature of the river? Give
(ii) Natural - (Scattered trees)
reason.
(n) (i) Perennial lined well
(ii) State any three features of the river
(ii) Presence of blue dots.
in grid square 2894.
No other perennial source. Other water
(iii)State direction of its flow.
bodies like streams and rivers are dry.
Ans : SQP 2018 (o) (i) Seasonal and scanty rain.
(a) A statement of scale is a type of scale (ii) The presence of dry streams and
where the relationship between the map rivers, along with areas of broken
distance and the ground distance is ground.
expressed in words. (p) Permanent hut, unmetalled road.
(b) (i) 2588 (q) (i) It is seasonal, as it contains a narrow
(ii) 2394 water channel flowing through it.
(iii)2988 (ii) The spot heights are decreasing from
(iv) 2891 east to west.
(c) (i) 254877 (iii)It flows towards the west.
(ii) 283904
151. Study the map sheet no. G43S7; Eastings
(iii)291915
38 to 45, Northings 85 to 98 and answer the
(iv) 259897
following questions : Map 8 (attached at page
(d) (i) Unmetalled Road
number 328)
(ii) Sand dune.
(a) State the lowest and highest point as
(iii)Overhead Tank
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 39

shown on this map and give the grid (ii) In grid square 4087
numbers also. (iii)In grid square 3989
(b) What do you mean by form lines? (iv) In grid square 4488
(c) Give the four-figure grid references of the (l) Name two occupations of the people.
following: Give reasons for your answer.
(i) Village Bantawada (m)Name two occupations of the people.
(ii) Village Hebatpur Give reasons for your answer.
(iii)Confluence of Balram nadi and Banas (n) What is the general slope of the area?
river Give reasons.
(iv) D 217 (o) What does the number 117 (in red) along
(d) Give the six-figure grid references of the the metalled road in grid 4185 indicate?
following: (p) Identify and name the grid in southern
(i) Temple near lkhapura part of the map which has both lined and
(ii) 3 180 near Rampura unlined well.
(iii)Prominent surveyed tree in the Karja (q) Name the left bank tributary of the main
(e) What is the meaning of the following river also state the direction in which the
conventional signs: tributary is flowing.
(i) .10r in grid square 4289 (r) How is settlement pattern of village Karja
(ii) Cluster of brown dots in the south (4193) is different from Pirojpura? Give
(iii) in grid square 4088 two reasons for the difference.
(iv) RS in grid square 4485 (s) Give the four figure grid reference of
(v) BM in grid square 4385 confluence of river Balaram and Banas.
(vi) Dep in 3890 (t) Stream flowing in south-western part
(f) Give the directions of the following: of the map extract are disappearing in
(i) Village Karja (4193) from Amiwada nature. Give reason.
(3993) (u) How are gentle and steep slopes shown on
(ii) Village Rampura (4092) from village a map?
Karja (4193) (v) Name any three prominent features of
(iii)Village Rampura (4091) from village river you can notice in grid square 4192.
Bantawada (4490) Ans : MAIN 2013
(g) Find out the distances between the
following: (a) Lowest 181 m. Grid 3894
(i) Village Karja (4193) from Amiwada Highest 542 m. Grid 4294
(3993) (b) These are broken lines that run along
(ii) Village Rampura (4092) from village the direction of the contours and are
Karja (4193) used alongside contour lines to represent
(h) Give two reasons why some of the land hilly or mountainous regions. They are
in the area shown on the map is not less accurate than contour lines and are
cultivated? based on observation rather than precise
(i) In which quarter do you find the maximum measurement.
contours in the extract of the toposheet? (c) (i) 4490
Give the maximum value of the contour. (ii) 4385
(j) Give the settlement patterns of the (iii)4292
following: (iv) 3890
(i) In grid square 4193 (d) (i) 381884
(ii) Along the main river. (ii) 399922
(k) Give the drainage pattern of the following: (iii)419931
(i) In grid square 4294 (e) (i) The relative height of the sand dune
is 10 m
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

(ii) Sand dunes (iv) P.O. and P.T.O.

(iii)Perennial lined wells (v) D.B. and R.H.
(iv) Railway Station (vi) Dispersed and Nucleated settlements.
(v) Bench Marks Ans : COMP 2005
(vi) Depression caused by wind erosion.
(f) (i) East (i) Trellised and Dendritic drainage :
(ii) South west Trellised drainage Dendritic drainage
(iii)North west (Direct Distances)
A trellised drainage A dendritic drainage
(g) (i) 5.2 cm = 52.2 = 2 km 600 m
is a rectangular is a branching
(ii) 44 cm = 42.4 = 2 km 200 m. drainage pattern. tree like drainage
pattern.
(h) (i) Steep slope- so it can not be cultivated.
(ii) Absence of perennial lined wells in It is formed by the It is formed by the
those areas. erosion of the stream action of stream
(iii)Also due to presence of broken on the bands of on rocks of equal
ground. soft and hard rocks resistance with
(i) NE quarter. alternatively, having little distortion by
500 m - Maximum value of contour. formed a trellis. faulting and floding.
(j) (i) Nucleated In this pattern, the In this pattern the
(ii) Nucleated main river cut across tributaries join the
(k) (i) Radial resistant ridges while main river at acute
(ii) Disappearing the tributaries cut angles.
(iii)Disappearing into soft rock.
(iv) Rectangular
It forms where there It forms where
(l) Agriculture - Yellow Wash
are an alternate there are relatively
Cattle Rearing - Presence of Open Scrub
bands of resistant uniform surface
(m)Cart track
and less resistant rockand rather
Metalled Road
rocks. almost a flat relief.
(n) East to West
Spot heights are lower from east to west. (iii)Gap and Pass :
Contour elevations are also decreasing
from east to west. Gap Pass
(o) Milestone A gap is a depression A pass is a depression
(p) 4286 between two been formed between
(q) Balaram Nadi; North west. summits along a two peaks in a range
(r) Karja - Nucleated ridge located near to of mountains.
Pirojpura - Linear the valley floor.
(s) 4292
It is mainly formed It is usually formed
(t) Presence of sand dunes.
by the action of through the erosion
(u) Steep - contour lines are close to one
running water. by two streams
another. Gentle - Contour lines are far
arisen either sides of
away from one another.
a mountain barrier
(v) Perennial stream, island, broken ground.
or by glaciers.
152. Distinguish between the following :
(i) Trellised and Dendritic drainage
(ii) Gap and pass
(iii)Reserved forest and Protected forest :
(iii)Reserved forest and Protected forest
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 41

Reserved forest Protect forest CASE BASED QUESTION

The reserved The protected forests
forests are are being usually 153. Study the given map extract and answer the
usually meant for accomplished to restrain following questions :
its inhabitants. some natural features, (i) Find the area in sq. km. of the area
such as the shifting of enclosed within the Eastings 64 to 64 and
sand dunes nearby the Northings 32 to 35.
desert area, through (ii) Find the compass direction of the
are being intended to following :
protect such an effort. (a) Gulabganj from Pamera
Cutting of trees Trees are planted to (b) Malgaon from Sirori.
is prohibited in prevent the soil erosion, (iii)Find the direct distance of the metalled
a reserved forest. acting as a shelter-belt. road from the Post Office at Pamera till
it intersects with National Highway-NH
(iv) P.O. and P.T.O. 168 in grid square 6432.
P.O. P.T.O Ans : COMP 2019

P.O. is the indication P.T.O. is the (i) 1 × 4 = 4 km2

for the Post-office on indication for the (ii) (a) Gulabganj from Pamero - South East
a map. Post and Telegraph (b) Malgaon from Sirori - South West
Office on a map. (iii)Distance between two places A and B =
4.6 cm
(v) D.B. and R.H. :
Given scale is 2 cm= 1 km
D.B. R.H. 1 cm = 0.5 km
D.B. shows the Dak R.H. shows the Rest- 4.6 cm = 0.5 × 4.6 = 2.3 km
Bungalow in a map. House on a map.
(vi) Dispersed and Nucleated settlements :

Dispersed Nucleated
settlements settlements
Dispersed Nucleated
settlements are the settlements are the
areas with sparse areas with dense
population and large population and
farm size. productive lands.
These settlements Trees are planted
may be found in to prevent the soil
coastal area, forest erosion, acting as a
and areas vulnerable shelter-belt. These
because of natural settlements are
calamities. usually found in
fertile plains and 154. The map given below depicts the houses of
valleys. four friends A, B, C and D. Find the distances
using the main road and the kucha road to
answer the following questions.
CH 1 : INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

Ans : MAIN 2024

The scale 1 cm = 10,000 cm

1000
1 cm = 10000 km

= 1 km = 0.1 km
10
or 1 cm = 100 metres

www.nodia.in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 43

CHAPTER 2
MAP OF INDIA

SUMMARY This type of map is rarely used but is

employed to show the flow of a river, areas
of crop growth, major soil types, mining
The primary purpose of map work in the
centers, the direction of monsoon winds and
examination is to assess your understanding
the physiography of a specific area.
of the location of various features on a map
of India, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, 3. MOUNTAIN PEAKS, PASSES AND PLAINS
rivers, water bodies, towns, coastal features,
(i) Mountains : Himalayas, Karakoram,
minerals, rainfall patterns, winds and the
Aravalis, Vindhyas, Satpura, Western and
latitudes and longitudes of India.
Eastern Ghats, Nilgiri Hills, Garo Hills,
1. ASSESSMENT OF LOCATION AND LABELLING Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills, Mount Godwin
Austin (K2), Mount Kanchenjunga.
(i) When marking a river on the map, it should
(ii) Passes : Karakoram Pass, Nathu La Pass.
closely follow the correct shape of the channel,
(iii)Plains : Indo-Gangetic Plains, Coastal
with the source and mouth accurately
Plains – Konkan Coast, Kanara Coast,
indicated at their proper locations.
Malabar Coast, Coromandel Coast and
(ii) The use of appropriate symbols is
the Northern Circars.
important, such as a triangle or circle for
(iv) Desert : Thar Desert (The Great Indian
a National Park, a square for the location
Desert).
of a mineral mine and the symbol || for a
dam on a river, among others.
(iii)Neatness of the work.

2. TYPES OF MAPS
India Political Map : These maps are typically
used to show political or administrative
boundaries of states in India or any country.
They may also indicate the locations of
major cities. Such maps are commonly used
for questions related to the identification,
location and labeling of specific features.
CH 2 : MAP OF INDIA

4. PLATEAUS
Deccan Plateau, Chotanagpur Plateau,
Malwa Plateau

Tropic of Cancer : ( 23 12 cN ) a parallel of

latitude divides india into nearly two equal
halves.
Standard Meridian : ( 80c30l E ) a meridian of
longitude from which the Indian Standard
Rivers and Water Bodies Time (IST) is determined.
(i) Rivers : Indus, Ravi, Beas, Chenab,
Jhelum, Satluj, Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghra,
Gomti, Gandak, Kosi, Chambal, Betwa,
Son, Damodar, Brahmaputra, Narmada,
Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna,
Cauvery and Tungabhadra.
(ii) Water Bodies : Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of
Khambhat, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Strait
andaman Sea, Chilika Lake and Wular
Lake.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 45

5. DIRECTION OF SOUTH-WEST MONSOON Direction of North-East Monsoon (December

to February) and Western disturbances
South-West Monsoon (June to September)
The North-East Monsoon winds blow from
It has two branches :
December to February, along with Western
(i) Arabian Sea Branch
disturbances.
(ii) Bay of Bengal Branch

Withdrawal or Retreating of South-West

Monsoon 6. MINERALS MAP
The months of October and November are
referred to as the season of the retreating (i) Oil Fields and Refineries
monsoon.
CH 2 : MAP OF INDIA

(ii) Iron ore Mines (ii) Laterite Soils : Found in Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka andhra Pradesh, Assam, the
summits of the Eastern Ghats and parts
of Odisha.
(iii)Black Soils : Found in Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh andhra Pradesh,
the southwestern parts of Chhattisgarh
and southeastern Rajasthan.
(iv) Red and Yellow Soils : Found in Tamil
Nadu, southern Karnataka, Odisha,
northeastern Andhra Pradesh, the
Chotanagpur Plateau, northeastern
regions and parts of Rajasthan.

(iii)Coal Fields

8. TOWN
Delhi (the capital of India), Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Kochi,
Chandigarh, Srinagar, Visakhapatnam and
Allahabad.

7. MAJOR SOIL DISTRIBUTION

(i) Alluvial Soils : Found in Punjab, Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal,
Assam and the Coastal Plains (East and
West).
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MATHEMATICS PHSYSICS CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY

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NODIA ICSE NODIA ICSE NODIA ICSE NODIA ICSE

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HISTORY COMPUTER
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& APPLICATION
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ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMERICAL

LANGUAGE IN ECONOMICS STUDIES
Class 10
ENGLISH Class 10 Class 10
Class 10

For more details whatsapp at

94142 43489
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 47

2. On the outline map of India provided:

(i) Mark and label the Satpura.
(ii) Shade and label the Gulf of Kutch.
(iii)Mark and label the River Chambal.
(iv) Mark and label Delhi.
(v) Mark and label 80o 30’ E longitude.
(vi) Mark and label Jharia coalfield.
MAP BASED QUESTION (vii) Mark with arrows and name the
Southwest Monsoon winds.
(viii) Mark and label the Karakoram Pass.
1. On the outline map of India provided: (ix) Shade and label a sparsely populated
(i) Mark and label the river Krishna. region in Western India.
(ii) Mark and label the Eastern Ghats. (x) Shade an area having Alluvial soil.
(iii)Shade and label a densely populated area
in the southern part of India. Ans : MAIN 2023

(iv) Shade and label the Konkan coastal plain.

(v) Mark with an arrow and label the
direction of western disturbance.
(vi) Shade and label the Thar Desert.
(vii) Shade and label the Andaman Sea.
(viii) Mark and label the city Chennai.
(ix) Mark and name the highest peak of
Himalayas in India.
(x) Mark and label Mumbai High.
Ans : MAIN 2024
CH 2 : MAP OF INDIA

3. On the outline map of India provided Ans : MAIN 2017

(a) Shade and label Thar Desert.

(b) Label the river Narmada.
(c) Shade and name the Wular lake.
(d) Shade and label Kanara coast.
(e) Mark and name Mount Kanchenjunga.
(f) Shade and label a densely-populated
region in India.
(g) Shade and label a region with Red soil in
India.
(h) Mark with a dot and name Chennai.
(i) Mark and label the Arabian Sea branch
of S.W. Monsoon.
(j) Mark with a dot and name Singhbhum.
Ans : MAIN 2018

5. On the outline map of India provided

(i) Draw and number the Standard Meridian
of India.
(ii) Label the river Mahanadi.
(iii)Mark and name lake Chilika.
(iv) Shade and name the Gulf of Mannar.
(v) Mark and name the Vindhya Mountains.
(vi) Shade and name a sparsely populated
region in Western India.
(vii) Shade a region with alluvial soil in South
India.
4. On the outline map of India provided (viii) Mark and name Kolkata.
(i) Draw and name the Tropic of Cancer. (ix) Mark with arrows and name South-West
(ii) Label the river Godavari. Monsoon winds over the Bay of Bengal.
(iii)Mark and name the Garo Hills. (x) Mark and name Mumbai High.
(iv) Mark C on the coal fields of Jharia. Ans : MAIN 2016
(v) Mark with an arrow and name, the NE
monsoon over the Bay of Bengal.
(vi) Shade and name the Gulf of Kutch.
(vii) Shade and name the coastal plain that
receives rainfall in October-November.
(viii) Mark with a dot and name Delhi.
(ix) Shade a region with black cotton soil.
(x) Use an arrow to point at a densely
populated state in South India.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 49

7. On the outline map of India provided

(i) Draw, name and number the Standard
Meridian.
(ii) Label the river Yamuna.
(iii)Shade and name the Gulf of Khambhat.
(iv) Mark and name the Nathu La Pass.
(v) Mark and name the Karakoram Range.
(vi) Shade a region with laterite soil in Eastern
India.
(vii) Mark with a dot and name
Visakhapatnam.
(viii) Mark and name the wind that brings
rain to West Bengal in summer.
(ix) Print S on the iron mine in Singhbhum.
(x) Shade and name a sparsely populated
state in North-East India.
Ans : MAIN 2014
6. On the outline map of India provided
(i) Mark and name the Nilgiris.
(ii) Shade and label the Malwa Plateau.
(iii)Shade and label the Malabar Coastal Plains.
(iv) Mark and name the river Gomti.
(v) Shade and name the Andaman Sea.
(vi) Mark and name Allahabad.
(vii) Mark with a single arrow and name the
winds that bring winter rain to North-
West India.
(viii) Mark and name Digboi.
(ix) Mark an area with laterite soil below the
Tropic of Cancer.
(x) Mark and name the Karakoram Pass.
Ans : MAIN 2015

8. On the outline map of India provided

(i) Mark the name Chennai.
(ii) Label the river Godavari.
(iii)Shade and label the Chotanagpur Plateau.
(iv) Shade and name the Gulf of Kutch.
(v) Mark and name the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
(vi) Shade and label an area with red soil.
(vii) Mark and name the winds, which bring
to Mumbai in July and August.
(viii) Mark and name the Satpura Range.
(ix) Mark and name the Jharia coal field.
CH 2 : MAP OF INDIA

(x) Shade and label the Northern Circars

coastal region.
Ans : MAIN 2013

10. On the outline map of India provided

(i) Label the river Chenab.
(ii) Label the river Chambal.
(iii)Shade and label the Nilgiri Hills.
(iv) Mark and label the Eastern Ghats.
(v) Mark and name the port city of Pakistan.
(vi) Mark and label Hyderabad.
(vii) Shade and label the Sunderbans.
9. On the outline map of India provided (viii) Mark and name the Palk Strait.
(i) Draw, name and number the Tropic of (ix) Mark and label a region North of the Tropic
Cancer. of Cancer where tea is grown extensively.
(ii) Label the river Narmada. (x) Mark and name the winds which bring
(iii)Shade and name Chilika lake. rain to Mumbai in July and August.
(iv) Mark and name the Aravali mountains. Ans : MAIN 2010
(v) Mark and name the Karakoram Pass.
(vi) Mark and name a densely populated state
in South India.
(vii) Shade and name a region with black soil.
(viii) Mark with a dot and name Srinagar.
(ix) Mark and name the winds which bring
rain in winter to the Coromandel coast.
(x) Name and print on an oilfield in North-
East India.
Ans : MAIN 2012
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 51

11. On the outline Map of India : (i) Mark and name the Jharia Coal Field.
(a) Draw, name and number the Standard (j) Shade and label to Northern Circars
Meridian. coastal region.
(b) Label the river Yamuna. Ans :
(c) Shade and name the Gulf of Khambhat.
(d) Mark and name the Nathu-La Pass.
(e) Mark and name the Karakoram Range.
(f) Shade and name a sparsely populated
State in Northeast India.
(g) Shade a region with Laterite Soil in
Eastern India.
(h) Mark with a dot and name
Vishakhapatnam.
(i) Mark and name the winds that bring rain
to West Bengal in summer.
(j) Print S on the iron mines in Singhbhum.
Ans :

13. On the outline Map ot India

(a) Draw, name and number the Tropic of
Cancer.
(b) Label the river Narmada.
(c) Shade and name Wular lake.
(d) Mark and name the Aravali Mountains.
(e) Mark and name the Karakoram Pass.
(f) Shade and name a densely populated
state in South India.
(g) Shade and name a region with Black Soil.
(h) Mark with a dot and name Chandigarh.
(i) Mark and name the winds which bring
12. On the outline map of India rain in winter to the Coromandel Coast.
(a) Mark and name Chennai. (j) Name and print S on an oilfield in North-
(b) Label the river Godavari. east India.
(c) Shade and label the Chota Nagpur
Plateau. Ans :
(d) Shade and name the Gulf of Kachchh.
(e) Mark and name the Indo-Gangetic Plains.
(f) Shade and label an area with Red Soil.
(g) Mark and name the winds which bring
rain to Mumbai in July and August.
(h) Mark and name the Satpura Range.
CH 2 : MAP OF INDIA

14. On the outline Map 4 of India : 15. On the outline map of India provided
(a) Shade an important area where Iron is (i) Shade and label Coromandel Coastal
found in India. Plains.
(b) Shade and name the Plateau in India (ii) Shade and label the Himalayas.
known for black soils. (iii)Label the Betwa river.
(c) Shade and name an offshore oilfield. (iv) Mark and label Palk Strait.
(d) Mark and name Great Indian Desert. (v) Mark with arrows the direction of the
(e) Mark and name the Konkan plains. winds which cause cyclones to occur
(f) Shade and name the Garo, Khasi and in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha during
Jaintia hills. October- November.
(g) Mark and name two rivers in India (vi) Mark and label Mumbai High.
draining into the Arabian Sea. (vii) Mark and label the Standard Meridian.
(h) Mark and name (i) Srinagar; and (ii) (viii) Shade an area of laterite soil in Western
Kochi. India.
(i) Mark and name with arrows the direction (ix) Mark and label the city of Bengaluru.
of winds blowing in Kerala during summer (x) Mark and label the sparsely populated
season from the Arabian Sea. state of Western India.
(j) Shade and name the Chotanagpur
Ans :
Plateau.
Ans :
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 53

17. On the outline map of India provided

(i) Label the river Satluj.
(ii) Label the river Godavari.
(iii)Shade and label the Khasi Hills.
16. On the outline map of India provided (iv) Label Gulf of Mannar.
(i) Shade and label Vindhya Range. (v) Mark and label Tropic of Cancer.
(ii) Shade and label Malabar Coastal Plain. (vi) Mark with arrows the direction of the
(iii)Shade and label river Indus. retreating South-West monsoon.
(iv) Mark and label Andaman Sea. (vii) Mark and name Allahabad.
(v) Mark with arrow the North-East monsoon (viii) Mark and label an area of alluvial soil
winds. in South India.
(vi) Mark and label Visakhapatnam. (ix) Mark and label the state having high
(vii) Shade and label an area of laterite soil density of population.
in South of Tropic of Cancer. (x) Mark and label Singhbhum iron ore mine.
Ans :
(viii) Mark and label an offshore oil field.
(ix) Shade and label an area of red soil in
North of Tropic of Cancer.
(x) Mark and label the state having lowest
density in India.
Ans :
CH 2 : MAP OF INDIA

18. On the outline map of India provided

(i) Shade and label Jaintia Hills.
(ii) Shade and label Indo-Gangetic Plains.
(iii)Mark and label Beas river.
(iv) Mark and label Palk Strait.
(v) Mark and label Karakoram Pass.
(vi) Mark and label Tropic of Cancer.
(vii) Mark and label an area of winter rainfall.
(viii) Mark and locate Jharia coal field.
(ix) Shade and label an area of black soil in
Gujarat state.
(x) Locate and label the sparsely populated
state.
Ans :

20. On the outline map of India provided

(i) Shade and label Chotanagpur Plateau.
(ii) Mark and label Konkan Coast.
(iii)Mark and label Tapi river.
(iv) Locate and label Chilika lake.
(v) Locate and label 23 12 2cN Parallel.
(vi) Mark and label the North-East monsoon winds.
(vii) Mark and label an offshore oil field.
(viii) Shade and label an area of laterite soil
in the Central India.
(ix) Locate and label Delhi.
(x) Locate and label sparsely populated state.
Ans :

19. On the outline map of India provided

(i) Shade and label Garo Hills.
(ii) Shade and label Northern Circars.
(iii)Mark and label river Tungabhadra.
(iv) Locate and label Nathu La Pass.
(v) Mark and label 82c30l E Meridian.
(vi) Mark and locate monsoon winds of
Arabian Sea branch.
(vii) Locate and label Digboi oil field.
(viii) Shade and label Desert soil region.
(ix) Locate and label Hyderabad.
(x) Shade and label the largest populated
state.
Ans : www.nodia.in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 55

CHAPTER 3
LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

SUMMARY
India is the largest country in the Indian
subcontinent, named after the Indus River,
which flows through its northwestern region.

1. LOCATION
India is a vast country located in the
Northern Hemisphere. Its mainland spans
between specific latitudes 8c44l N and
37c6l N and longitudes 68c7l E . The Tropic
of Cancer ]23c30l Ng divides the country
into nearly two equal halves and passes
through the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. India
is also home to two groups of islands: the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay
of Bengal (southeast of the mainland) and
the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea
(southwest of the mainland). India : Size and Extent
2. SIZE AND EXTENT Important Facts about India

India covers a land area of 3.287 million Total Area 3.287 million km2
sq. km, which accounts for 2.4% of the Latitude 8c44l N to 37c6l N
world’s total geographical area. It is the Longitude 68c7l E to 97c25l E
7th largest country in the world, following
North to South 3214 km
Russia, Canada, the USA, China, Brazil and
Extent
Australia. India has a land boundary that
stretches over 15,200 km and its coastline is East to West Extent 2933 km
approximately 7,516.6 km long. Main Land Coastline 6100 km
The latitudinal and longitudinal extent
Total Coastline 7516.6 km
of the mainland is considerable, even though
the East-West span appears smaller than the Land Boundary 15200 km
North-South span. The country’s latitudinal Northern Most Point Indira Col, Siachen
extent affects the duration of day and night Glacier J&K
as one moves from south to north.
CH 3 : LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

Southern Most Point Indira point (Great Asia, Africa and Europe from the western
Nicobar) that got coast and with Southeast and East Asia from
submerged under the eastern coast.
Indian Ocean in 2004 3. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA
during the Tsunami.
The physical features of India can be classified
Western Most Point Guhar Moti into the following physiographic divisions:
(Gujarat)
Eastern Most Point Kibithu (Arunachal 3.1 The Himalayan Mountains
Pradesh) The Himalayas, geologically young and
Higher Altitude K2 (Godwin Austin) structurally fold mountains, run in West-East
direction from the Indus to the Brahmaputra.
Lowest Altitude Kuttanad (kerala) They are the longest range in India, covering
Territorial Sea 12 nm (22.2 km) an area of about 2400 km. Their width
State having longest Gujarat (1214.70 varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in
Coastline km) Arunachal Pradesh.
State having Goa (160.5 km) Himachal or Lesser Himalayas or Western
Shortest Coastline Himalayas
The range south of the Himadri is the most
2.1 Indian Standard Time (IST) rugged, with heights of 3,700 to 4,500 m and
There is a time difference of nearly two hours a width of 50 km, including the Pir Panjal,
between Gujarat and Arunachal Pradesh. Dhaula Dhar and Mahabharat ranges, along
Therefore, the time along the Standard with valleys like Kashmir and Kangra. The
Meridian of India, passing through Mirzapur Shivaliks, the outermost range, have heights
(Uttar Pradesh), is used as the Indian between 900 and 1,100 m and widths from
Standard Time (IST) for the entire country. 10 to 50 km, with valleys such as Dehradun
IST is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of and Patlidun. The Purvanchal Range, or
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Eastern Himalayas, extends south from the
Brahmaputra, including the Patkali, Naga,
2.2 India and Adjacent Countries Manipur and Mizo hills.
India is the most prominent country in South 3.2 Mountains and Hill Range
Asia, consisting of 29 states and 7 Union
Territories. It shares land boundaries with India has mountain ranges beyond the
Pakistan and Afghanistan to the North-West, Himalayas, including the Aravallis in the
China, Nepal and Bhutan to the North-East west, Vindhyas and Satpura in central India,
and Myanmar and Bangladesh to the East. Western Ghats along the western coast,
To the South, across the Indian Ocean, lie Eastern Ghats along the eastern coast and
two island nations: Sri Lanka (separated by the Nilgiri Hills at their confluence.
the Palk Strait and Gulf of Mannar) and the 1. The Northern Plains
Maldives. This plain, formed by the Indus, Ganga and
Brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries,
2.3 India and the World
consists of alluvial soil and covers 7 lakh sq
India’s strategic position in the world is due to km. It stretches about 2,400 km long and
its proximity to the Indian Ocean, its central 240 to 320 km wide. The fertile soil, ample
location and the southward extension of its water supply, favorable climate and terrain
landmass in Asia. The Deccan Peninsula, make it densely populated. Rivers from the
which juts into the Indian Ocean, enables northern mountains slow down due to gentle
India to maintain close contact with West slopes, creating riverine islands, with Majuli
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 57

being the largest inhabited river island in the (i) Central Highlands : North of the Narmada,
world, located in the Brahmaputra. In their the Malwa plateau is bordered by the
lower courses, rivers split into distributaries Vindhyan range and the Aravallis. It
due to silt deposition, a common feature in slopes from southwest to northeast, with
river deltas. rivers like Chambal and Betwa flowing
Parts of Northern Plain in that direction. The Central Highlands
are wider in the west and narrower in
The three parts of the Northern plains are:
the east, including Bundelkhand and
(i) Punjab Plain : The western part of
Baghelkhand, with the Chotanagpur
the plain, formed by the Indus and its
plateau marking the eastern extension.
tributaries (Jhelum, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas
(ii) Deccan Plateau : South of the Narmada,
and Chenab), mainly lies in Pakistan and
this triangular landmass is bordered by
is marked by doabs, areas between two
the Satpura range, Mahadeo, Kaimur and
rivers.
Maikal hills. The Deccan plateau slopes
(ii) Ganga Plain : The middle part of the
eastward, extending into the Meghalaya
plain extends from the Ghaggar River
Karbi-Anglong plateau and North Cachar
(Haryana) to the Tista River (West
hills, separated from the Chotanagpur
Bengal), covering several states including
plateau by a fault. Key hill ranges include
Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills.
Jharkhand and West Bengal.
(iii)Brahmaputra Plain : It is the Eastern 3.3 Western and Eastern Ghats
part of the plain.
The Western and Eastern Ghats mark the edges
Regions of Northern Plain of the Deccan plateau. The Western Ghats, also
Along its width, the Northern plain is divided known as the Sahyadri range, are higher (900-
into four regions according to variation in 1600 m) than the Eastern Ghats (600 m). They
relief feature which are as follows : cause orographic rainfall by forcing monsoon
(i) Bhabar : Rivers deposit pebbles in the winds to rise along their slopes. The Western
8-16 km wide bhabar belt along the Ghats, with peaks like Anai Mudi (2695 m)
Shiwalik slopes, where they disappear. and Doda Betta (2637 m), are continuous
(ii) Terai : South of the bhabar belt, the and crossed only through passes. The Eastern
Terai region is wet and swampy, once Ghats, stretching from the Mahanadi valley to
forested but now cleared for agriculture the Nilgiris, are discontinuous and dissected by
and settlements. Dudhwa National Park rivers. Mahendragiri (1501 m) is the highest
remains here. peak here, with the Nilgiri hills at the junction
(iii)Bhangar : The bhangar, the largest part of both ranges.
of the Northern plain, consists of older 1. Deccan Trap
alluvium with terraces and calcareous
The western part of the plateau, known as the
kankar deposits.
Deccan Trap, contains black soil of volcanic
(iv) Khadar : The soil here is refreshed by
origin. These igneous rocks have eroded to
annual floods, making it fertile and ideal
form fertile black soil, which is ideal for
for intensive agriculture.
cotton cultivation.
2. The Peninsular Plateau
2. The Indian Desert
This tableland, formed from ancient
The Thar Desert, on the western margins of
crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks,
the Aravalli hills, has sandy plains, Barchan
originated from the break-up of Gondwana
dunes and receives less than 150 mm of
land. It features broad, shallow valleys and
rainfall annually. It has an arid climate, low
rounded hills. This plateau consists of two
vegetation and only seasonal streams. Luni is
broad divisions. These are:
CH 3 : LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

the main river, with longitudinal dunes near

the Indo-Pakistan border.
3.4 The Coastal Plains
The Peninsular plateau is bordered by narrow
coastal strips running along the Arabian Sea
on the West and the Bay of Bengal on the
East. The Western coast which lies between
the Western Ghats and Arabian sea, is a
narrow plain. It consists of three sections:
(i) Northern part of the coast is called the
Konkan (Mumbai-Goa)
(ii) Central stretch is called the Kannad
plain.
(iii)Southern stretch is called as Milabar
coast.
The Bay of Bengal plains are wide and level,
known as the Northern Circar in the north
and the Coromandel Coast in the south.
Rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna 3.6 Rivers of India
and Kaveri form deltas and Lake Chilika, In India, rivers are basically classified into
the largest saltwater lake, lies south of the Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers.
Mahanadi Delta. These are explained below:
1. The Himalayan Rivers :
3.5 The Islands
(i) The Indus River System : The Indus
India has two island groups. These are: River originates in China (Tibet) near
(i) The Lakshadweep island group, near Mansarovar Lake, flowing northwest
the Malabar coast of Kerala, consists of into India’s Ladakh district. The
small coral islands. Previously known as Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and
Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive, they Jhelum rivers join the Indus near
were renamed Lakshadweep in 1973, Mithankot in Pakistan.
covering 32 sq. km. Kavaratti is the (ii) The Ganga River System : The
administrative headquarters and Pitti Ganga system begins as the
Island has an uninhabited bird sanctuary. Bhagirathi, fed by the Gangotri
(ii) The Andaman and Nicobar Islands glacier in Uttarakhand. It merges
consist of two chains of forested islands, with the Alaknanda at Devaprayag
with the Andamans larger and more to form the Ganga, which is 2,500 km
numerous. Divided into the northern long. Its major tributaries include the
Andamans and southern Nicobars, Yamuna, Ghaggar, Gandak, Kosi,
these islands are believed to be parts of Son, Chambal and Betwa.
submarine mountains. Indira Point, the (iii)The Brahmaputra River System :
southernmost tip, lies farther south than The Tsang Po (Brahmaputra) river
the Indian mainland. originates in Tibet, east of Lake
Mansarovar and flows eastward
parallel to the Himalayas. It then
takes a ‘U’ turn at Namcha Barwa and
enters India in Arunachal Pradesh,
where it is called the Dihang. It is
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 59

slightly longer than the Indus, with

most of its course outside India.
2. The Peninsular River : The rivers in
Peninsular India is divided into West
flowing and East flowing rivers:
(i) The West Flowing Rivers : These
rivers are fewer in number and do not
form deltas, flowing into the Arabian
Sea. The Narmada, rising in the
Amarkantak hills of Madhya Pradesh,
forms an estuary near Bharuch in
Gujarat before reaching the Arabian
Sea.
(ii) The East Flowing Rivers :
(a) The Godavari Basin : The
Godavari, known as the ‘Dakshin
Ganga,’ is the largest Peninsular
river. It rises in the Western
Ghats in Nasik, Maharashtra
and flows through Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and
Andhra Pradesh.
(b) The Mahanadi Basin : The
Mahanadi rises in the highlands
of Chhattisgarh and flows
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
through Odisha to reach the Bay
of Bengal. 1. Mount Kanchenjunga, the third-highest
(c) The Krishna Basin : The Krishna mountain in the world, is located in which
River rises near Mahabaleshwar in state?
Maharashtra, flowing about 1,400 (a) Sikkim
km before forming a large delta at (b) Uttarakhand
the Bay of Bengal. Its important (c) Jammu & Kashmir
tributary is the Tungabhadra. (d) Himachal Pradesh
(d) The Kaveri Basin : The river rises Ans : MAIN 2024
in the Brahmagiri range of the
Western Ghats and flows 760 km Thus (a) is correct option.
into the Bay of Bengal, south of 2. Which mountain range runs parallel to the
Cudalore, Tamil Nadu. western coast of India?
(a) Aravalis
(b) Western Ghats
(c) Eastern Ghats
(d) Satpura Range
Ans : MAIN 2024

Thus (b) is correct option.

CH 3 : LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

3. Which of the following is the southernmost Ans : COMP 2003

point of India? Thus (c) is correct option.

(a) Kanyakumari
(b) Indira Point 9. Which of the following is the easternmost
(c) Cape Comorin point of India?
(d) Andaman Islands (a) Kibithu
(b) Kanyakumari
Ans : MAIN 2012
(c) Naga Hills
Thus (b) is correct option. (d) Darjeeling
4. India is located in which hemisphere? Ans : MAIN 2011

(a) Northern Hemisphere only Thus (a) is correct option.

(b) Southern Hemisphere only
(c) Eastern Hemisphere only 10. The westernmost point of India lies in which
(d) Northern and Eastern Hemispheres state?
Ans : SQP 2022
(a) Gujarat
(b) Maharashtra
Thus (d) is correct option. (c) Rajasthan
5. The Tropic of Cancer passes through which (d) Kerala
of the following states in India? Ans : COMP 2019

(a) Gujarat Thus (a) is correct option.

(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Rajasthan 11. Which of the following is the highest mountain
(d) All of the above range in India?
Ans : COMP 2002
(a) Western Ghats
(b) Eastern Ghats
Thus (d) is correct option.
(c) Himalayas
6. What is the total length of India’s coastline? (d) Aravalis
(a) 6,100 km Ans : MAIN 2001
(b) 7,517 km Thus (c) is correct option.
(c) 8,100 km
(d) 4,500 km 12. Which mountain range separates the states
Ans : MAIN 2004 of Haryana and Rajasthan from Gujarat?
(a) Aravalis
Thus (b) is correct option.
(b) Vindhyas
7. India’s geographical extent from north to (c) Satpura Range
south is approximately: (d) Eastern Ghats
(a) 3,200 km Ans : SQP 2023
(b) 2,933 km
Thus (a) is correct option.
(c) 3,700 km
(d) 4,000 km 13. The Nanda Devi peak is located in which
Ans : SQP 2022 part of India?
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Himachal Pradesh
8. India is bounded by which ocean in the south? (c) Uttarakhand
(a) Atlantic Ocean (d) Arunachal Pradesh
(b) Arctic Ocean Ans : SQP 2022
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Pacific Ocean Thus (c) is correct option.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 61

14. The mountain range known for its famous (a) Bay of Bengal
passes like Nathu La and Bomdila is: (b) Arabian Sea
(a) Aravalis (c) Indian Ocean
(b) Himalayas (d) Gulf of Mannar
(c) Western Ghats Ans : MAIN 2021
(d) Eastern Ghats
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2020

Thus (b) is correct option. 20. Which of the following rivers does not flow
into the Bay of Bengal?
15. The Deccan Plateau is mainly located in (a) Ganga
which part of India? (b) Godavari
(a) Northern India (c) Narmada
(b) Western India (d) Mahanadi
(c) Southern India Ans : SQP 2020
(d) Eastern India
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2019

Thus (c) is correct option.

16. Which of the following plateaus is found in ONE MARK QUESTIONS

the central part of India?
(a) Chota Nagpur Plateau
(b) Malwa Plateau 21. During which part of the year is the rain
(c) Deccan Plateau experienced?
(d) Rajasthan Plateau Ans : SQP 2024

Ans : COMP 2018 June to September

Thus (b) is correct option. 22. Name one part of India that has its rainfall in
17. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is known for its winter and summer as well.
richness in which resource? Ans : COMP 2024
(a) Gold Cherrapunjee
(b) Coal
(c) Salt 23. Name the regions receiving less than 20 cm of
(d) Iron annual rainfall.
Ans : SQP 2014 Ans : MAIN 2003

Thus (b) is correct option. Regions receiving less than 20 cm of annual

rainfall include the Thar Desert, parts of the
18. The Gangetic Plains are characterized by Kutch region in Gujarat and the Ladakh
which type of soil? region in Jammu and Kashmir.
(a) Laterite soil
(b) Alluvial soil 24. Which are winds responsible for the rain
(c) Black soil experienced over the greater part of the
(d) Red soil subcontinent?
Ans : MAIN 2013 Ans : SQP 2008

Thus (b) is correct option. The South-West Monsoon winds are

responsible for the rain experienced over the
19. The river Brahmaputra flows into which greater part of the subcontinent.
body of water?
CH 3 : LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

25. Name the winds that bring rain to the Tamil A rain shadow area is a region that receives
Nadu coast. little rainfall due to mountains blocking the
Ans : SQP 2004
moist air. As the air rises over the mountains,
it loses moisture on the windward side,
North-East Monsoon winds leaving the leeward side dry.
26. Name the river that divides the Peninsular Example: The Deccan Plateau on the leeward
Plateau of India into two parts. side of the Western Ghats experiences this
effect, receiving little rainfall due to the
Ans : MAIN 2019
blocking of monsoon winds.
Narmada River
32. What do you understand by the “retreat
27. Name the two parts of the Peninsular plateau of mon-soons”? What are the important
of India. atmospheric conditions that leads to this
Ans : COMP 2017 phenomenon ?
1. The Central Highlands Ans : COMP 2012

2. The Deccan Plateau The retreating monsoons mark a transitional

period between the monsoon and winter
28. State the location of the Great Indian Desert.
seasons. During this time, several atmospheric
Ans : SQP 2007 conditions contribute to the change in
The Great Indian Desert is located at the weather :
Western part of the Aravalli Range. (i) The apparent southward movement of
the sun leads to a gradual decrease in
29. Name one important river of the Great Indian temperatures, signaling the onset of
Desert. cooler weather.
Ans : MAIN 2020 (ii) The weakening of the low-pressure belt
over northern India further contributes to
Luni River
the reduction in moisture and the retreat
of the monsoon winds.

Explain how is the winter rain caused ? How

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS 33.
is this rain beneficial ?
Ans : MAIN 2002
30. Name the source of winter rain in Tamil
Winter rain is primarily caused by monsoon
Nadu. How does Tamil Nadu benefit from it?
winds that flow from high-pressure to low-
Ans : MAIN 2008 pressure regions, bringing moisture and
(i) The North-East Monsoon winds are the resulting in precipitation. This rain plays a
primary source of winter rainfall in Tamil crucial role in supporting seasonal crops by
Nadu. providing the necessary moisture for their
(ii) This rainfall benefits winter crops such growth, improving soil fertility and boosting
as tea, coffee and groundnut and plays agricultural yields. It is particularly vital for
a crucial role in supporting agriculture crops like wheat and barley, grown during the
in the region, ensuring good yields and winter season.
helping maintain soil fertility.
34. Name the months during which the following
31. What is meant by a ‘rain shaodw’ area ? occur :
Give an example and state the mountains (i) Kalbaisakhi
responsible for the rain shadow area ? (ii) Mango Showers.
Ans : SQP 2002 Ans : SQP 2008
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 63

(i) Kalbaisakhi: Kalbaisakhi typically occurs Location Lies between Lies between
during the months of April and May, the Bay of the Arabian
bringing sudden thunderstorms to eastern Bengal and the Sea and the
India, especially West Bengal and Assam. Eastern Ghats. Western Ghats.
(ii) Mango Showers: Mango Showers generally
occur during April and May in southern Rivers Characterized Marked by
India, providing much-needed rainfall by large river estuaries and
that helps in the ripening of mangoes. deltas. lagoons.

35. What is the chief characteristics features of 38. What kind of mountains are the Himalayas?
the tropical monsoon type climate ? By what name are the offshoots of the Eastern
Ans : COMP 2008
Himalayas known?
Ans : COMP 2019
The tropical monsoon climate is primarily
characterized by variations in rainfall and The Himalayan mountains were formed from
distinct climatic contrasts. These contrasts sediments deposited on the seabed. This
include significant differences between the mountain system spans a width of 160 to
wet and dry seasons, as well as variations 320 km and stretches 2,400 km along India’s
in rainfall distribution across regions. The northern and eastern borders. It includes the
heavy, concentrated rainfall during the Karakoram Range, as well as the central and
monsoon season contrasts sharply with the eastern Himalayas. Ancient geological forces
dry conditions of the rest of the year. This shaped the Himalayas when the Indian Plate
climate also experiences seasonal temperature collided with the Eurasian landmass, causing
fluctuations, with hot summers and mild the northernmost boundary of India to rise
winters adding to its unique character. continuously. The eastern offshoots of the
Himalayas are called the Purvanchal Hills.
36. Name the most important tree found :
(i) At the foothills of Himalayas. 39. State how the Northern Plains were formed?
(ii) In the Sunderbans. Ans : COMP 2021

Ans : MAIN 2007

The Northern Plains were formed by the
(i) Sal tree (Shorea robusta) is the most deposition of sediments carried by the Indus,
significant tree found in the foothills of Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems and
the Himalayas, known for its durable their tributaries. Over millions of years,
timber and ecological importance. these rivers deposited eroded material from
(ii) The Sundari tree (Heritiera fomes), the Himalayas into the basin at the foothills.
after which the Sunderbans are named, This process created a fertile alluvial plain
is the most prominent tree in this with flat terrain and rich soil, making it
region, thriving in the unique mangrove highly suitable for agriculture..
ecosystem.
40. Give two difference between the Plains of
37. Give two differences between the Eastern North India and the Coastal Plains.
Coastal Plains and the Western Coastal Ans : MAIN 2012
Plains.
Ans : SQP 2022
Feature Plains of Coastal Plains
North India
Feature Eastern Western Formation Formed by Formed
Coastal Plains Coastal Plains river deposits by coastal
(Indus, and marine
Ganga,) processes.
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CH 3 : LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

Location Inland with Along the Location Parallel to the Parallel to the
flat alluvial coast with west coast. east coast.
soil. deltas and Height Average Average
lagoons. height is height is 450
1200 m; lofty m; low hills.
41. Name two rivers of the Peninsular Plateau mountains.
that flow towards the Arabian Sea. Name
Continuity Continuous Broken chain,
two rivers that flow into the Bay of Bengal.
chain of dissected by
Ans : MAIN 2008
mountains. rivers.
Two major rivers of the Peninsular Plateau
that flow towards the Arabian Sea are 44. Name the source of the river Ganga. Where
the Narmada and the Tapi, both of which does this river enter the plains ?
originate from central India and flow Ans : MAIN 2021
westward. On the other hand, two important
The river Ganga originates from the Gangotri
rivers that flow into the Bay of Bengal are the
Glacier in Uttarakhand, where it is called the
Godavari and the Krishna, which originate
Bhagirathi. The river enters the plain from
in the Western Ghats and traverse eastward,
North Western part of Uttar Pradesh and
forming extensive deltas before merging with
Uttaranchal above that is Shivalik hills.
the Bay of Bengal.
45. (i) Name any two left bank tributaries of the
42. (i) Name the four parts of the Peninsular
Ganga.
Plateau of India.
(ii) Is Ganga a perennial river? Give reason.
(ii) Name the landforms that form the
boundaries of the Peninsular Plateau. Ans : MAIN 2005

Ans : SQP 2017 (i) Two left-bank tributaries of the Ganga:

1. Ghaghara
(i) The four parts of the Peninsular Plateau
2. Gomti
of India are:
(ii) Yes, the Ganga is a perennial river
1. The Eastern Plateau
because it is fed by both glacial meltwater
2. The Central Plateau
from the Himalayas and rainwater. The
3. The Deccan Plateau
Gangotri Glacier ensures a continuous
4. The Kathiawar and Kutch Region
flow throughout the year, even during
(ii) The landforms forming the boundaries of
dry seasons.
the Peninsular Plateau are:
1. The Eastern Ghats 46. Give two differences between rivers of
2. The Western Ghats Northern India and the rivers of Southern
3. The Vindhya Range (Peninsular) India.
4. The Satpura Range
Ans : SQP 2001
5. The Aravalli Mountains
Feature Rivers of Rivers of
Northern India Southern
(Peninsular)
43. Give two differences between Eastern Ghats
India
and Western Ghats.
Ans : COMP 2022
Source Originate from Originate from
the Himalayas the Peninsular
Feature Western Eastern Ghats or glaciers. Plateau or
Ghats Western Ghats.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 65

Nature Perennial, fed Non-perennial, (ii) Westward-flowing rivers of the Peninsular

and by both glaciers mainly Plateau:
Flow and rainfall. dependent on 1. Narmada
rainfall. 2. Tapi

51. Name :
47. Name the only significant river of the (i) The longest river in India.
Rajasthan Plains? Name the largest river (ii) The longest river of the Deccan Plateau.
island in the world ? (iii)A braided river.
Ans : COMP 2017 (iv) A river of the Peninsular Plateau that
The only significant river of the Rajasthan does not form a delta.
Plains is the Luni River. The largest river (v) The highest peak of the Western Ghats.
island in the world is Majuli, located on the (vi) The highest peak of the Eastern Ghats.
Brahmaputra River in Assam, India. Ans : SQP 2022

48. (i) How is cultivation carried out in (i) Ganga

Rajasthan Plains ? (ii) Godavari
(ii) Name the fertile tracts of these plains. (iii)Brahmaputra
(iv) Narmada
Ans : MAIN 2020
(v) Anamudi
(i) Cultivation is done in small patches, (vi) Jindhagada Peak.
often relying on water from small streams
originating in the Aravalli Hills during
the rainy season. Additionally, irrigation
from wells and canals supplements water THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
for agriculture in this arid region.
(ii) These fertile tracts are known as Rohi.
52. Give a geographical reason for each of the
49. By what name are the Western Ghats known following :
as at : (i) The rivers of South India are less suitable
(i) Tamil Nadu for irrigation than the rivers of north
(ii) Kerala India.
(iii)Maharashtra. (ii) The Peninsular Plateau of India is
Ans : SQP 2023
considered to be a part of Gondwanaland
hundreds of million years ago.
(i) Tamil Nadu : The Western Ghats are (iii)The Narmada and Tapi do not form
known as the Nilgiri Hills. deltas.
(ii) Kerala : They are called the Annamalai
Ans : MAIN 2018
Hills and Cardamom Hills.
(iii)Maharashtra : In this region, the Western (i) The rivers of South India flow through
Ghats are also referred to as the Sahyadri hard, rocky terrain and have steeper
Hills. gradients, which result in faster-flowing
water. This makes them less suitable for
50. Name two rivers of the Peninsular Plateau irrigation compared to the rivers of North
that flow along (i) Eastwards (ii) Westwards India, which flow over flat alluvial plains
Ans : MAIN 2018 and have a gentler slope, making canal
(i) Eastward-flowing rivers of the Peninsular irrigation easier.
Plateau: (ii) The Peninsular Plateau is one of the oldest
1. Godavari landmasses on Earth, characterized by
2. Krishna stable geological formations. Its ancient
CH 3 : LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

rocks and mineral-rich structure match Ans : COMP 2013

those of other regions that were part of (i) On the western coast, there are fewer
Gondwanaland, such as Africa, South rivers compared to the eastern coast.
America and Australia, supporting the Notably, the Narmada and Tapi are
theory of continental drift. the only major rivers flowing into the
(iii)The Narmada and Tapi rivers flow Arabian Sea and they do not form
through narrow, rocky valleys and empty deltas at their mouths. In contrast, the
directly into the Arabian Sea. Their steep eastern coast has several rivers, such
gradients and lack of extensive deposition as the Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and
areas prevent the formation of deltas. Mahanadi, which form extensive deltas
Instead, they form estuaries at their and contribute significantly to alluvial
mouths. deposits where they meet the Bay of
Bengal. Consequently, the western coast,
53. Give a geographical reason for each of the bordered by the steep Western Ghats,
following : has a narrow strip of coastal land.
(i) Most of the rivers in South India flow Meanwhile, the eastern coast, flanked
into the Bay of Bengal. by the discontinuous and lower Eastern
(ii) The Rann of Kutch is not cultivated. Ghats, features wider alluvial plains
(iii)The Rajasthan Plains are an area of formed by the rivers.
inland drainage. (ii) Access through the Western Ghats is
Ans : SQP 2020 difficult because the hills rise steeply
(i) Most rivers in South India originate in from the coastal plains, creating a rugged
the Western Ghats. Since the slope of the and challenging terrain.
Western Ghats inclines from west to east, (iii)The Peninsular Plateau of India is rich in
these rivers flow eastward and drain into mineral resources because it consists of
the Bay of Bengal. hard, crystalline igneous rocks, which are
(ii) The Rann of Kutch is not cultivated rich in minerals like iron ore, manganese
because: and bauxite.
1. It lacks fertile soil. 55. Give a reason for each of the following :
2. The area is below sea level and gets (i) Patna gets a heavier rainfall than
inundated during high tides. Varanasi.
(iii)An area of inland drainage exists north of (ii) The Arabian Sea branch of the South West
the Luni basin because the rivers in this Monsoon does not shed any moisture in
region lack sufficient water to reach the Western Rajasthan.
sea. Instead, they dry up or vanish into (iii)India has varied climatic conditions.
the sand. These plains are characterized
by several salt lakes along the eastern Ans : MAIN 2003

edge of the desert, including Sambhar, (i) Patna is located further east compared to
Kuchaman and Didwana. Varanasi and is closer to the center of the
Bay of Bengal branch of the Southwest
54. Give a geographical reason for each of the Monsoon. As a result, it receives more
following : rainfall due to higher moisture content in
(i) Less land is available for agriculture on the air.
the West coast than on the East coast. (ii) Western Rajasthan lies in the rain
(ii) Access through the Western Ghats is shadow region of the Aravalli Hills. The
difficult. Aravallis run parallel to the direction
(iii)The Peninsular Plateau of India is rich in of the monsoon winds, preventing them
mineral resources. from rising and causing rainfall.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 67

(iii)India’s vast geographical area, diverse (ii) The lower and upper Gangetic plains are
topography (including mountains, known for producing important crops like
plateaus and plains) and its location in rice, jute, sugarcane and wheat.
the tropical and subtropical zones result (iii)Numerous agro-based industries have
in varied climatic conditions. Factors developed in the fertile Ganga plains,
like the Himalayas, monsoon winds and utilizing the agricultural surplus.
proximity to oceans further contribute to (iv) A well-connected network of roads and
this diversity. railways supports trade, transport and
overall economic growth.
56. Give a geographical reason for each of the (v) The region’s rivers have facilitated the
following : construction of multi-purpose projects
(i) The Northern Plains of India are one of that provide irrigation during dry
the most densely populated regions of the seasons, control floods during monsoons
world. and generate electricity, all contributing
(ii) The Deccan Plateau is an example of a to economic stability.
dissected plateau. (vi) Ports like Kolkata and Haldia enhance
(iii)The rivers of South India are easier to tap trade and commerce, promoting economic
for power than the rivers of north India. growth.
Ans : MAIN 2019 (vii)The presence of religious centers attracts a
(i) The Northern Plains of India are highly significant number of tourists, generating
fertile and have abundant water resources, foreign exchange and supporting the local
making them ideal for agriculture. This economy.
is why they are among the most densely
populated regions in the world.
(ii) The Deccan Plateau is characterized
by uneven terrain formed by extensive
MAP BASED QUESTION
erosion over millions of years. Rivers and
streams have carved valleys and ridges, 58. On an outline map of India shade and mark
creating a dissected landscape with steep the following:
slopes and flat-topped hills. Mountains and Plateaus : Himalayas,
(iii)The rivers of South India are easier to Karakoram Range, Aravali Range, Vindhyas,
harness for power because: Western and Eastern Ghats, Deccan Plateau,
(a) They have smaller basins and Satpura Range, Garo, Khasi, Jaintia Hills,
catchment areas. Chota Nagpur Plateau and Malwa Plateau.
(b) The peninsular rivers flow through Passes : Karakoram, Nathu La.
relatively shallow regions. Plains : Gangetic Plains, Coastal Plains.
Rivers : Indus, Ravi, Beas, Chenab, Jhelum,
57. How do the northern plains contribute to the
Sutlej, Ganga, Yamuna, Ghaghra, Gomti,
economic growth of India ?
Gandak, Kosi, Chambal, Betwa, Son,
Ans : SQP 2014 Damodar, Brahmaputra, Tapti, Mahanadi,
The Northern Plains, the largest riverine Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri and
plain in the world, play a vital role in India’s Tunghbhadra.
economic growth in the following ways: Water Bodies : Gulf of Kutch, Gulf of
(i) The region is a major food producer, Khambhat, Gulf of Mannar, Palk Strait,
cultivating a variety of crops such as Andaman Sea, Chilka Lake, Wular Lake.
wheat, maize, rice, sugarcane, pulses, Cities : Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai,
oilseeds, jowar and bajra. Jute is a Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Kochi, Chandigarh,
significant cash crop for export. Srinagar, Visakhapatnam, Prayagraj
CH 3 : LOCATION, EXTENT AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

(Allahabad).
Ans : MAIN 2023

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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 69

CHAPTER 4
CLIMATE

SUMMARY the weather, bringing disturbances to

northern parts of India.
1.2 Continental and Equable Type of Climate
1. CLIMATE
(i) North and Central India, being far from
Climate refers to the long-term atmospheric
the sea, experience a continental climate
conditions over a large area, including
with extreme temperatures - hot summers
temperature, humidity, wind, and
and cold winters. In contrast, coastal
precipitation patterns. India experiences
areas enjoy a maritime climate, where
a tropical monsoon climate. The Tropic of
temperature variations between summer
Cancer divides the country into subtropical
and winter are minimal.
(north) and tropical (south) zones, but the
(ii) Tropical Cyclones : These cyclones
monsoon influences the entire region, making
form in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian
India a tropical country.
Sea during summer and move inland,
1.1 Factors Affecting the Climate of India increasing rainfall in affected areas.
(iii)Relief Features : Landforms like
The climate of India is influenced by several
mountains and plateaus impact rainfall.
factors :
The Aravalli hills don’t block rain-bearing
(i) Latitude : The Tropic of Cancer divides
winds, making Western Rajasthan dry,
India into tropical (south) and subtropical
while the windward side of the Western
(north) zones, giving the country both
Ghats receives heavy rainfall as these
climate characteristics.
mountains trap moisture-laden winds.
(ii) Western Disturbances : Originating from
the Mediterranean, these bring light rain 2. DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL
to Northern India and sustain Himalayan
While India has a unified climatic pattern,
river flow through summer snowmelt.
there are significant regional differences in
(iii)Altitude : Higher altitudes result in
temperature and rainfall.
cooler temperatures, as seen in Agra and
Darjeeling, despite being on the same 2.1 Temperature Distribution
latitude.
In winter, temperatures in the northwest
(iv) Himalayan Mountains : These mountains
mountains can drop to -45°C, while in
block cold northern winds, protecting
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, it remains
India from harsh winters and trapping
around 22°C. During summer, parts of
monsoon winds, causing rainfall.
Western Rajasthan can reach 50°C, whereas
5. Distance from the Sea : Southern
Shillong stays at around 20°C. Regions south
India’s proximity to the sea moderates
of the Tropic of Cancer, such as Bengaluru,
its climate, while northern regions have
Mumbai, and Chennai, maintain a moderate
more extreme conditions.
25-27°C year-round due to the sea’s influence.
6. Pressure and Winds : North-easterly
In areas like the Thar Desert, daytime
winds and Westerly jet streams influence
CH 4 : CLIMATE

temperatures can hit 50°C, dropping to 15°C 6. Monsoon and Its Mechanism : The
at night. In contrast, coastal areas like Kerala monsoon is the most prominent feature of
and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have the Indian climate. It is primarily driven
minimal day-night temperature differences. by the differential heating and cooling of
land and sea. During the summer months,
3. RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION the land heats up more rapidly than the
Rainfall in India varies greatly: ocean, creating low-pressure areas over
1. Heavy Rainfall (200+ cm): The Western the land and high-pressure areas over the
coast, sub-Himalayan regions, and sea. This difference in pressure causes
Meghalaya’s Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills moist winds to blow from the ocean
receive the most rainfall. toward the land, bringing the southwest
2. Moderate Rainfall (100-200 cm): Areas monsoon rains.
include parts of the Western Ghats, North- 7. The arrival of the monsoon is a much-
East India, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, anticipated event across India, as it
and Uttarakhand. brings relief from the intense summer
3. Inadequate Rainfall (Less than 50 cm): heat and provides essential rainfall for
Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Karnataka agriculture. The monsoon season usually
Plateau, Tamil Nadu, and Ladakh experience starts in June and lasts until September.
very low rainfall, often less than 20 cm. The western coast and northeastern
4. WINDS IN SUMMER AND WINTER regions receive the highest rainfall
during this time, while the northwestern
Jet Streams (Summer and Winter) : These regions are relatively dry. The retreating
are narrow belts of high-altitude westerly monsoon refers to the period when the
winds in the troposphere, crucial for monsoon monsoon winds start withdrawing from
arrival. Their speed ranges from 110 km/h in the northern parts of the country in
summer to 184 km/h in winter. October and November. The retreat
1. Loo (Summer) : A hot, dry wind that of the monsoon leads to a reduction in
blows during May and June in northern rainfall, and dry conditions set in over
and north-western India, causing high most parts of the country. However,
temperatures and low air pressure. during this period, the southeastern
2. South-West Summer Monsoon Winds coast, particularly Tamil Nadu, receives
(Summer) : Blowing from June to rainfall due to the northeast monsoon.
September, these winds bring moisture
and rain from the southwest to the 5. SEASONS IN INDIA:
northeast across India.
India experiences four main seasons, each
3. North-East Monsoon Winds (Winter) :
with distinct climatic conditions:
These dry winds blow from land to the
ocean during winter. However, those 5.1 March to May – Summer:
passing over the Bay of Bengal bring rain During the summer season, temperatures
to the east coast. rise significantly, particularly in the northern
4. Mango Showers (Summer) : Local rains in and central parts of the country. This is the
South India during April-May help ripen hottest season in India, with temperatures
mangoes and aid coffee and cherry crops. often exceeding 40°C in many regions. Dry
5. Kaal Baisakhi (Summer) : Thunderstorms conditions prevail, except in coastal regions
with rain in April-May in West Bengal, where humidity remains high due to the
beneficial for tea, rice, and jute crops. proximity to the sea. The northern plains
Known as “Norwester” due to its and desert areas, like Rajasthan, experience
direction. extreme heat, while hill stations like Shimla
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 71

and Darjeeling offer respite from the hot MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
weather.
5.2 June to September – Monsoon: 1. What causes snowfall in Kashmir during
The southwest monsoon arrives in June, winter?
bringing widespread rainfall across India. (a) Tropical cyclone
The monsoon is crucial for the country’s (b) Northeast Monsoon wind
agriculture, as it provides the majority (c) Southwest Monsoon wind
of the annual rainfall. Regions along the (d) Temperate cyclone
Western Ghats and northeastern states Ans : MAIN 2024

receive the heaviest rainfall, while interior Thus (d) is correct option.
areas experience moderate to heavy showers.
During this season, temperatures decrease 2. Which of the following area receives rain
due to cloud cover and rainfall, but humidity from the North East Monsoon?
levels remain high. October to November – (a) Konkan coast
Retreating Monsoon: (b) Ganga basin
As the southwest monsoon withdraws from (c) Coromandel coast
northern and central India, the retreating (d) Malabar coast
monsoon or post-monsoon season begins. Ans : MAIN 2023
Rainfall reduces in most parts of the country,
Thus (c) is correct option.
although the southeastern coast, particularly
Tamil Nadu, receives rain from the northeast 3. Western disturbances become active in
monsoon. This period is characterized by northern India during which season?
clear skies, declining temperatures, and dry (a) Summer
weather in most areas, except for occasional (b) Winter
showers in coastal regions. (c) Spring
5.3 December to February – Winter:
(d) Monsoon
Ans : SQP 2016
Winter is the coldest season in India,
especially in the northern parts of the Thus (b) is correct option.
country. Temperatures drop significantly,
4. Why is the central part of Deccan plateau a
particularly in the northern plains and
dry area?
Himalayan regions, where snowfall occurs.
(a) It is away from the sea.
The southern part of India, however,
(b) There is no barrier in the path of rain
experiences relatively mild winter conditions
bearing wind.
due to its proximity to the equator.
(c) It is due to Jet Streams.
During this season, cold winds from the
(d) It is a rain shadow area of Western Ghats.
Himalayas affect the northern plains, leading
to cold waves and frost in certain areas. Ans : MAIN 2021

Thus (d) is correct option.

5. The northern half of India lies in:

(a) Torrid Zone
(b) Frigid Zone
(c) Temperate Zone
(d) Equatorial Zone
Ans : SQP2023

Thus (c) is correct option.

CH 4 : CLIMATE

6. What causes the winter rain along the 11. Which of the following is NOT a source of
Coromandel Coast? rainfall for Punjab and Haryana?
(a) Sea breeze (a) Western disturbances
(b) Retreating monsoon (b) Arabian Sea branch of South-west
(c) South-west monsoon monsoon
(d) Western disturbances (c) Bay of Bengal branch of South-west
Ans : SQP 2015
monsoon
(d) Retreating monsoon.
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2024
7. Which of the statements is not correct for Thus (c) is correct option.
Indian monsoon?
(a) It is erratic is nature. 12. Which of the following factors does not affect
(b) It is seasonal in nature. the climate of a place?
(c) Most of the rain is in winter time (a) Vasried relief
(d) Most of the rain is orographic or relief (b) The Monsoon Winds
type (c) Distance from the Sea
Ans : (d) Presence of vegetation.

Thus (c) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2000

Thus (d) is correct option.

8. The summer monsoon winds blow in which
direction? 13. Which of the following is good for the
(a) North-East cultivation of tea and jute?
(b) South-West (a) Mango showers
(c) North-West (b) Loo
(d) South-East (c) Kalbaisakhi
Ans : COMP 2011
(d) None of the above

Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2019

Thus (a) is correct option.

9. India experiences which type of climate?
(a) Temperature climate 14. Where does the Arabian Sea Branch join the
(b) Tropical Monsoon climate Bay of Bengal branch?
(c) Temperature Continental Climate (a) In Punjab and Haryana
(d) Mediterranean Climate (b) In Western Ghats
Ans : MAIN 2001
(c) In Chota Nagpur Plateau
(d) In the Sahyadris.
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2010
10. The Deccan Plateau gets less rainfall than Thus (c) is correct option.
the Western Ghats because
(a) it lies in the way of South West Monsoon 15. What causes the ‘October Heat’ ?
winds. (a) High temperature and heavy rainfall.
(b) it lies in the rain shadow area of the (b) Reduced temperature and heavy rainfall.
Himalayas (c) High temperature and humidity.
(c) it lies in the rain shadow area of the (d) Reduced temperature and humidity.
Western Ghats. Ans : COMP 2022
(d) it is triangular in shape.
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2002

Thus (c) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 73

16. Which state in India is the first to experience 20. Climate of India is strongly influenced by
the onset of the monsoon and the last to see (a) Trade winds
its withdrawal? (b) Loo
(a) Tamil Nadu (c) Easterly winds
(b) Kerala (d) Monsoon winds
(c) West Bengal Ans : SQP 2006
(d) Andaman and Nicobar
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2004

Thus (b) is correct option. 21. Which of the following factors cause the rise
in the temperature of mainland of India in
17. Why does Patna get more rain than Agra the month of March?
during the summer monsoon season ? (a) The land breeze blows towards the sea
(a) Patna lies on windward side. (b) The pressure belts shift.
(b) Patna is on western side, so Arabian Sea (c) Southward migration of the sun from the
branch brings more rain to it than to equator.
Agra. (d) Northward migration of the son from the
(c) Patna is on eastern side, so Bay of Bengal equator.
branch brings more rain to it than to Ans : COMP 2018
Agra.
(d) Patna gets rain throughout the year. Thus (d) is correct option.

Ans : MAIN 2022

22. Which of the following areas get rainfall from
the Retreating monsoon?
Thus (c) is correct option. (a) West Coast of India
18. Why do the interior parts of the Deccan (b) East Coast of India
remain dry during the Retreating monsoon? (c) Western Ghats
(a) Because they lie in the rainshadow of the (d) Thar desert
Eastern Ghats. Ans : COMP 2017
(b) Because they lie parallel to the Eastern Thus (b) is correct option.
Ghats.
(c) Because they lie in the rainshadow of the 23. From which of the following waterbodies do
Western Ghats. the south-west monsoon pick up moisture?
(d) Because they lie parallel to the Arabian I. Bay of Bengal
Sea Branch. II. Andaman Sea
Ans : SQP 2013
III. Arabian Sea
IV. Indian Ocean
Thus (c) is correct option. (a) I and II
19. Mumbai has a maritime climate but Kanpur (b) I and III
has: (c) III and IV
(a) Mediterranean (d) II and III
(b) Continental climate Ans : COMP 2008
(c) Moderate climate Thus (a) is correct option.
(d) Tundra climate
Ans : COMP 2016
24. The tropical cyclones are common in:
(a) Arabian Sea
Thus (b) is correct option. (b) Gulf of Khambat
(c) Indian Ocean
(d) Bay of Bengal
CH 4 : CLIMATE

50. Name three months with low temperature. 58. Name two states where ‘Mango showers’ are
Ans : SQP 2016
common.

December, January and February. Ans : SQP 2013

Kerala and Karnataka

51. Name any two states that receive rain
in January-February from North-East 59. Name two states on the eastern coast which
Monsoons. are frequently struck by tropical cyclones.
Ans : SQP 2011 Ans : COMP 2016

Jammu and Kashmir and partially Punjab Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
receive rain in January-February.
60. What is meant by ‘breaking of monsoon’ ?
52. What is monsoon ? Ans : MAIN 2002
Ans : COMP 2024
The rain bearing monsoons are extremely
Monsoon is a periodic wind which changes its strong and violent. Their approach is
direction with change in season. accompanied by thunder and lightening. This
is known as breaking of monsoon.
53. Name the state which experiences the longest
monsoon season and another state which has 61. Why does the Monsoon wind change its
the shortest monsoon season. direction ?
Ans : SQP 2019 Ans : MAIN 2021

Kerala experiences the longest monsoon Monsoon wind changes its direction due to
season. Jammu & Kashmir experiences the variation in temperature and pressure over
shortest monsoon season. the sea and land.

54. Name two coldest areas in India. 62. Name two months associated with retreating
Ans : COMP 2015
monsoons.

Dras and Kargil. (Temp. — 40°C) Ans : MAIN 2021

October and November.

55. What are cherry blossoms ?
Ans : COMP 2017
63. Name some regions for which the tropical
cyclones are very destructive.
Thunderstorms developed in hot weather
season cause some rainfall in Karnataka. Ans : SQP 2002

These rains are known as cherry blossoms. Deltas of Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
These are quite useful for coffee plantation.
64. Name two regions of India which receive over
56. What is a jet stream ? 200 ems of annual rainfall.
Ans : MAIN 2015 Ans : COMP 2000

A jet stream is fast wind in a narrow zone in (i) Meghalaya – North East region.
the upper atmosphere. (ii) Western ghats, Nagaland – North East
region.
57. What is meant by ‘Kal Baisakhi’ ?
Ans : SQP 2004
65. Name two factors which play an important
role in the mechanism of the monsoons.
These are thunderstorms, accompanied with
strong winds and heavy rainfall. In local Ans : COMP 2018

language it is also known as ‘the calamity in (i) Surface winds

the month of baisakh’. (ii) Variation in temperature.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 75

Ans : SQP 2005 Ans : COMP 2008

Thus (c) is correct option. Because of its vastness and varied

physiographicdivisions.
36. Rain in Punjab in winter is caused by:
(a) Tropical cyclone 42. The Northern Plains of India have a
(b) Temperate cyclone Continental type of Climate. Give reason.
(c) Trade winds Ans : MAIN 2013
(d) Monsoons
Because northern plains are located away
Ans : MAIN 2001
from the influence of sea.
Thus (b) is correct option.
43. What is the name given to the climate of
37. Relief means the same as: India ?
(a) Plateau Ans : SQP 2016
(b) Valleys
(c) Orographic Monsoon climate.
(d) Rivers 44. Mention the different sources of rain in
Ans : MAIN 2005 Punjab and Tamil Nadu during the winter
Thus (c) is correct option. season.
Ans : COMP 2014
38. The distribution of rainfall depends on:
(a) Relief of the land Temperate cyclone and North-east trade
(b) Direction of moisture-laden winds winds.
(c) Path of cyclonic depression 45. Name the winds that bring heavy rain to
(d) All of these Cherrapunji ?
Ans : MAIN 2002 Ans : SQP 2016

Thus (d) is correct option. South-West monsoon.

39. The Kalbaisakhi is a: 46. Name any two states with annual rainfall of
(a) Seasonal wind less than 50 cm.
(b) Local wind Ans : MAIN 2023
(c) Permanent wind
(d) Cyclone wind Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Ans : SQP 2018 47. Name a state that is first to experience the
Thus (d) is correct option. onset of the monsoon.
Ans : MAIN 2018

Kerala
ONE MARK QUESTIONS 48. Name two places of extreme climate in India.
Ans : COMP 2013

40. What type of wind is ‘Monsoon’ ? What is its Rajasthan and Punjab.
direction during summer ?
49. Name the months in which Retreating
Ans : SQP 2019
Monsoon rain is experienced.
Periodic wind, South - West
Ans : MAIN 2020
41. ‘India has varied climatic conditions’. Give
The months are October and November.
reason.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

Ans : MAIN 2020 30. A wind always blows from_____pressure.

Thus (d) is correct option. (a) High to low
(b) Low to high
25. _____mountain range affects the climate (c) Only high
of India immensely. (d) Only low
(a) Vindhyan Ans : COMP 2017
(b) Himalayan
(c) Sulaiman Thus (a) is correct option.
(d) North eastern 31. The arrival of the monsoon is known as:
Ans : SQP 2018 (a) Rainy season
Thus (b) is correct option. (b) Retreating of the monsoon
(c) Bursting of the monsoon
26. The temperate cyclones originate from: (d) Break in the monsoon
(a) Black sea Ans : COMP 2010
(b) Baltic sea
(c) Persian gulf Thus (c) is correct option.
(d) Mediterranean sea 32. Rajasthan lies in the rainshadow region of:
Ans : MAIN 2014 (a) Shiwalik Range
Thus (d) is correct option. (b) Kirthar Range
(c) Nilgiri Hills
27. The air current which blow in the upper (d) Aravalli Hills
atmosphere and help western disturbances Ans : SQP 2011
enter India is:
(a) South-West Monsoon current Thus (d) is correct option.
(b) Tropical cyclones 33. The winds blowing in south India which help
(c) Jet Streams in the growth of coffee and tea are:
(d) North-East Monsoon current (a) Loo
Ans : MAIN 2000 (b) Temperate cyclones
Thus (c) is correct option. (c) Kalbaisakhi
(d) Mango showers
28. In the cold season, rain is caused in the Ans : SQP 2004
coastal region of Tamil Nadu by:
(a) South-West monsoon Thus (d) is correct option.
(b) South-East monsoon 34. In India, there are_____seasons.
(c) North-West monsoon (a) Four
(d) North-East monsoon (b) Three
Ans : SQP 2007 (c) Two
Thus (d) is correct option. (d) Five
Ans : MAIN 2016
29. The cold season is from:
Thus (a) is correct option.
(a) Mid-November to January
(b) Mid-October to December 35. The temperature increases from_____to
(c) Mid-November to February north in the hot season in India.
(d) Mid-December to February (a) East
(b) West
Ans : COMP 2019
(c) South
Thus (c) is correct option. (d) South-east
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 77

66. Name two stations most influenced by Bay of Ans : MAIN 2004

Bengal branch of South-West monsoons. The Arakan hills (Myanmar).

Ans : SQP 2005
76. How is average rainfall calculated ?
Shillong and Kolkata. Ans : MAIN 2024

67. Name two stations most influenced by the Average rainfall = Total annual rainf all
Number of months
Arabian Sea Branch of South-West Monsoons.
Ans : SQP 2009
77. Name any two stations having equable
climate.
Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram.
Ans : COMP 2021

68. What is loo ? Mumbai and Chennai.

Ans : MAIN 2007
78. What is cold wave ?
It is a local wind which is hot and dry.
Ans : MAIN 2006

69. Name any two driest stations of India. The wind which blows when the temperature
Ans : SQP 2024 falls below 5°C.
Leh and Jodhpur. 79. Name two stations with most extreme
70. What type of winds prevail during the cold climate.
weather over the country ? Ans : MAIN 2018

Ans : MAIN 2000 Leh and Jodhpur.

North-east trade winds. 80. Name and give the direction of winds that
71. Name two stations receiving winter showers causes snow and rainfall in the northern parts
from the western disturbances. of India during winter season.

Ans : COMP 2013

Ans : SQP 2014

Amritsar and Delhi. Temperate cyclones from west to east.

72. Name three states where dust storms are 81. Name two stations influenced by North-East
very common during May. Monsoons.

Ans : SQP 2003

Ans : COMP 2017

Punjab, Haryana and eastern Rajasthan. Chennai and Bengaluru.

73. Name three most rainy months of India as a 82. Write any two parts of India which receive
whole. very low rainfall.

Ans : MAIN 2021

Ans : SQP 2022

June, July and August. Rajasthan and some parts of Gujarat.

74. Name the months which are associated with 83. Write any one effect of jet streams.
advancing monsoons. Ans : COMP 2003

Ans : COMP 2019 They play an important role in the formation

June to September. of cyclones and anticyclones.

75. Name the hill which deflects the Bay of 84. State any two factors which govern Indian
Bengal branch of advancing monsoons to climate.
India. Ans : MAIN 2005
CH 4 : CLIMATE

While they can lead to heavy floods in one (iv) Duration: The season begins in March
region, they may cause droughts in another. and lasts until June.
Additionally, the monsoons often arrive and
retreat irregularly, disrupting the entire 140. Give two points of difference between the
farming schedule for farmers. Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal
branch of South-West Monsoon Winds.
137. ‘Loo’ blows over northern and north-western
Ans : SQP 2021
India during the summer season. What is the
cause of this ‘Loo’ ?
Aspect Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal
Ans : SQP 2003 Branch Branch
The ’Loo’ is a hot, dry wind that blows over Rainfall Brings heavy Causes heavy
northern and north-western India during the Distribution rainfall to rainfall in
summer season. It is caused by the extreme the western northeastern
heating of the land in these regions during coast, states and
the months of May and June, leading to very especially the eastern
high temperatures. As the land heats up, the Western coast.
the air pressure decreases, and the intense Ghats.
heat causes the formation of these hot winds,
Temperature Leads to Increases
which exacerbate the already hot conditions.
Impact a cooling humidity
138. Why does Delhi receive more rain than effect along and warmer
Jodhpur ? the western temperatures
coast. in the
Ans : COMP 2006
northeastern
Delhi, the capital of India, is situated in the regions.
northern plains and receives rainfall from both
the Southwest Monsoons and the Northeast 141. From where does the winter showers in
Monsoons. Additionally, Delhi gets about 2 Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab originate?
cm of rainfall during the summer season due
Ans :
to local storms. Jodhpur receives less rainfall
because: The winter showers in Western Uttar
(i) The Aravalli Hills do not block the Pradesh and Punjab originate from Western
southwest monsoon winds as they move Disturbances. These are extratropical weather
parallel to the range. systems that travel from the Mediterranean
(ii) The high temperature in the region region, bringing moisture-laden winds that
causes the monsoon winds passing over can result in light to moderate rainfall in these
the desert to dry out, resulting in minimal northern plains during the winter months.
rainfall.
142. Why does Mawsynram in Meghalaya receive
139. State any three features of hot weather season the highest rainfall in the world ?
of India. Also write its duration. Ans : COMP 2004

Ans : MAIN 2002 Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall

(i) This period is marked by increasing because it is located on the windward side
temperatures and decreasing air pressure. of the Khasi Hills. The southwest monsoon
(ii) The North East trade winds are drawn winds from the Bay of Bengal are forced to
towards India during this time. rise, cool, and condense, resulting in heavy
(iii)The hot local wind, ‘Loo,’ blows across rainfall in the region.
northern and northwestern India.
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The diurnal range of temperature during Arabian Sea moderates the temperature,
summer is greater at Bikaner because it is keeping it warm.
located in the desert, where low humidity
and clear skies cause extreme temperature 96. Name the four main seasons in India.
differences between day and night. In Ans : MAIN 2017

contrast, Panjim’s coastal location and high (i) Cold Weather Season (Winter) : December
humidity moderate temperature fluctuations, to February
resulting in a smaller diurnal range. (ii) Hot Weather Season (Summer) : March
93. Give two reasons why the entire Indian to May
subcontinent has the tropical monsoon (iii)Southwest Monsoon Season (Rainy
climate. season) : June to September
(iv) Season of Retreating Monsoon (Autumn)
Ans : COMP 2012
: October to November
(i) Himalayas’ Influence on Climate: The
Himalayas significantly impact the 97. Give any two important characteristics of the
subcontinent’s climate by blocking cold South West Monsoon rainfall.
winds from northern Asia, preventing Ans : MAIN 2013

them from reaching India. (i) The amount of rainfall decreases as the
(ii) Monsoon Winds and Tropical Climate: monsoon winds progress westward.
The Himalayas trap the monsoon winds, (ii) The rainfall is inconsistent and often
giving the region a tropical climate difficult to predict.
characteristic.
98. How does the ‘Mango shower° influence the
94. (i) Which winds are responsible for the state of Karnataka ?
rainfall experienced over the greater part
Ans : MAIN 2018
of the Indian subcontinent ?
(ii) During which months of the year is this The ’Mango showers’ in Karnataka help in
rainfall experienced ? early mango ripening, provide moisture for
summer crops like paddy, and offer relief
Ans : SQP 1999
from the summer heat.
(i) The Southwest Monsoon winds are
responsible for the rainfall experienced 99. Name two types of cyclonic systems that
over the greater part of the Indian affect India and two areas that receive rainfall
subcontinent. from these systems.
(ii) June, July. Ans : SQP 2013

95. Mention a geographical reason for each of the (i) Two types of cyclonic systems that affect
following : India :
(i) Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi. (a) Tropical Cyclones (originating in the
(ii) Mangalore is not cold even in the month Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea)
of December. (b) Temperate Cyclones (also known as
Western Disturbances)
Ans : SQP 2014
(ii) Two areas that receive rainfall from these
(i) Patna receives heavier rain than Delhi cyclonic systems :
because it is closer to the Bay of Bengal (a) Tamil Nadu (affected by tropical
and lies in the direct path of the monsoon cyclones from the Bay of Bengal)
winds, leading to more rainfall. (b) Punjab (receives winter rainfall due
(ii) Mangalore is not cold even in December to temperate cyclones or western
because its coastal location near the disturbances)
CH 4 : CLIMATE

(i) Location 88. Name the seasons of India and mention the
(ii) Relief duration of each season.
(iii)Surface winds Ans : MAIN 2023
(iv) Upper air circulation.
India has four main seasons:
85. Name the type of climate prevailing over (i) Winter : December to February
India. (ii) Summer : March to May
Ans : SQP 2016
(iii)Monsoon : June to September
(iv) Post-Monsoon (Autumn) : October to
Tropical monsoon. November

89. Why maximum rainfall in India occurs after

the summer season?
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS Ans : MAIN 2023

Maximum rainfall in India occurs after

86. Himalayas act as a climatic divide.’ Justify the summer season due to the southwest
the statement giving two reasons. monsoon winds. These winds are driven
Ans : MAIN 2024 by the temperature difference between the
‘Himalayas act as a climatic divide due to Indian Ocean and the heated landmass of
following reasons : India. The moist air from the ocean is pulled
(i) Barrier to Cold Winds : They block inland, causing heavy rainfall during the
cold winds from Central Asia, keeping monsoon season, particularly from June to
northern India warmer in winter. September.
(ii) Monsoon Impact : The Himalayas force 90. Give two reasons why Jaipur has a higher
the southwest monsoon winds to drop annual range of temperature than Mumbai ?
rainfall on the northern plains, while
Ans : COMP 1999,2009
creating drier conditions on the leeward
side. (i) Jaipur is located inland, away from the
sea, so it experiences greater temperature
87. Differentiate between Southwest Monsoon and fluctuations, while Mumbai’s coastal
Retreating Monsoon. (Any two differences) location moderates its temperatures.
Ans : MAIN 2024 (ii) Jaipur has a desert-like climate with
Difference between Southwest Monsoon and hot summers and cold winters, whereas
Retreating Monsoon : Mumbai has a tropical coastal climate
with relatively stable temperatures
Feature Southwest Retreating throughout the year.
Monsoon Monsoon
91. (i) Name any two states/Union Territories
Season June to October to that receive rain in January-February.
September November (ii) What causes this rain ?
Wind Blows Blows from the Ans : SQP 1995,2000
Direction from the northeast, away
southwest from India (i) Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir.
towards (ii) Temperate Cyclone.
India 92. Why is the diurnal range of temperature during
Rainfall Brings heavy Leads to gradual summer greater at Bikaner (Rajasthan) than
rainfall decrease in at Panjim (Goa) ?
rainfall Ans : SQP 1994
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 81

107. “Define the following terms 8. These winds originate from the northern
1. Annual Range of Temperature. part of India and move towards the
2. Break or Burst of Monsoon. Arabian Sea. Although they are cold
3. Equable Climate. and dry, they can cause rainfall on the
4. Extreme Climate. southeastern coast of India after collecting
5. Jet Streams. moisture from the Bay of Bengal.
6. Kalbaisakhi 9. A rain shadow area is a region that
7. Loo receives significantly less precipitation
8. North-East Winter Monsoons than its surroundings, typically found on
9. Rain Shadow Area the leeward side of a mountain range. As
10. South-West Summer Monsoons. moist air rises over the mountains and
11. Windward side. cools, it loses moisture as rain on the
Ans : MAI N 2000
windward side, leaving drier conditions
on the leeward side.
1. The Annual Range of Temperature is 10. The South-West Summer Monsoons are
the difference between the highest and seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall
lowest average temperatures recorded in to the Indian subcontinent from June to
a location over a year. September, originating from the Arabian
2. The abrupt arrival of moisture-laden Sea and crucial for agriculture.
winds, often accompanied by thunder, 11. The side of the mountain that faces
lightning, strong gusts, and intense moisture-laden winds and receives heavy
rainfall. rainfall, such as the western side of the
3. Equable climate is characterized by Western Ghats facing the Arabian Sea
minimal temperature fluctuations, leading and the windward slopes of the Garo and
to mild and consistent weather. Typically Khasi hills.
found in coastal areas, it is moderated
by the ocean, preventing extreme heat or 108. What is the direction of the summer
cold. monsoon? Why?
4. Extreme climate refers to weather Ans : COMP 2006
conditions with significant temperature
variations, leading to very high summer and The summer monsoon in India moves
very low winter temperatures. This climate from the southwest to the northeast. This
is typically found in continental regions direction is due to the winds originating over
with minimal moderating influences. the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean, drawn by
5. Jet streams are fast-flowing air currents low-pressure areas created by the heating of
located in the upper atmosphere, typically land during summer, bringing moisture and
found at altitudes of 8 to 15 kilometers. heavy rainfall.
They influence weather patterns by 109. Name two types of cyclonic systems that
affecting the movement of air masses and affect India and two areas that receive rainfall
storm systems. from these systems.
6. These thunderstorms are characterized
Ans : MAIN 2013
by strong winds and heavy rainfall,
occurring in Assam and West Bengal, Cyclone Region
and are beneficial for the growth of tea,
Temperate Punjab
coffee, and rice.
7. These hot, dry winds blow across the Tropical Coastal areas of Odisha and
northern plains, including Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu
Bihar, and Punjab, during the months of
May and June
CH 4 : CLIMATE

100. State the agricultural benefits derived from India displays a wide range of climatic
Kalbaisakhi in Assam ? conditions, showing considerable differences
Ans : COMP 2016
in temperature and rainfall across various
regions and seasons.
These local winds, accompanied by (i) In the western deserts, temperatures can
thunderstorms, bring rainfall during April- soar to 55°C, while during winter, they
May. This rain is beneficial for the tea crop in may plummet to as low as -45°C around
Assam as well as for jute and rice cultivation Leh.
in Bengal. (ii) Annual precipitation is below 10 cm in
101. Give two reasons why the entire Indian sub- the northwestern Himalayas and the
continent has the tropical monsoon climate. western desert, whereas it surpasses 400
cm in Meghalaya.
Ans : COMP 2012

(i) The climate of the subcontinent is 105. (i) What are Jet Streams ?
significantly influenced by the Himalayas, (ii) How do they influence the climate of the
which block the cold winds from northern India ?
Asia from entering India. Ans : SQP 2018
(ii) The monsoon winds, which are trapped (i) The jet stream is a fast-moving wind
by the Himalayas, impart a tropical located at an altitude of 3 to 5 kilometers
character to the subcontinent’s climate. above the subtropical high-pressure belt
102. (i) Mention two weather conditions which and plays a crucial role in the monsoon
are associated with the “break” or “burst mechanism.
of monsoon”. (ii) Jet streams significantly impact India’s
(ii) Name two states which are affected by climate. The westerly jet stream dominates
‘Kal Baisakhi’. the North Indian Plains during winter,
while the easterly jet stream guides
Ans : SQP 1998
tropical depressions across India. These
(i) Violent thunder and lightening are depressions are vital for determining the
associated with ‘break’ or ‘burst’ of distribution pattern of monsoon rainfall
monsoons. in the subcontinent, with the highest
(ii) Assam and Bengal are affected by ‘ Kal rainfall occurring along their paths.
Baisakhi’.
106. State the benefits that are derived from
103. Shillong gets less than 200 cm of rainfall in the local winds that blow in summer in the
the year while Cherrapunji receives more following states:
than 1250 cm of rainfall”. Give one reason. (i) Kerala
Ans : MAIN 1998 (ii) Bengal
Shillong receives less than 200 cm of rainfall Ans : MAIN 2014,2016

because it is located on the leeward side of the (i) Mango Showers in Kerala : Occurring in
Khasi Hills, which blocks the moisture-laden South India during April and May, these
winds. In contrast, Cherrapunji is on the light rains are vital for mango, tea, and
windward side, where these winds first hit, coffee plants.
leading to heavy rainfall exceeding 1250 cm. (ii) Kal Baisakhi in Bengal : These local
winds, accompanied by thunderstorms,
104. “India has diverse climatic conditions”.
bring rainfall during April and May, which
Support this statement by giving two examples
is beneficial for jute and rice cultivation.
each of temperature and precipitation.
Ans : SQP 2015
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 83

(i) Monsoon : A monsoon is a seasonal wind 121. Mention two characteristics of the South-
pattern that brings significant changes in West Monsoon.
weather, characterized by heavy rainfall Ans : COMP 2014
during a specific period, primarily in the
summer months. (i) The monsoon is affected by the country’s
(ii) Heaviest Rainfall in India : The place in mountains and relief features. For
India that receives the heaviest rainfall is instance, the western slopes of the Western
Mawsynram, located in Meghalaya. Ghats receive heavy rainfall, whereas the
eastern slopes experience scanty rainfall
118. How does El-Nino affect the climate of India ? due to their location on the leeward side.
(ii) Monsoon rainfall in India is unevenly
Ans : COMP 2016
distributed. While Meghalaya receives
El Nino raises sea surface temperatures, over 200 cm of rainfall, the western
disrupting the movement of monsoon winds regions of Rajasthan and Punjab receive
in the Indian Ocean, leading to weakened only about 50-80 cm annually.
monsoon conditions and creating drought-
like situations in the Indian subcontinent. 122. State two points of difference in climate
between the northern and the southern zone
119. Describe the climatic conditions that exist of India due to latitude.
in the subcontinent before the South-West Ans : MAIN 2015
Monsoons.
Ans : MAIN 2008
Aspect Northern Southern
Zone Zone
Before the South-West Monsoons, the Indian
subcontinent experiences high temperatures Temperature Extreme Milder
and dry conditions, leading to increased variations: climate
humidity in the air. The landscape often hot summers, with less
shows signs of drought, with parched soil cold winters. variation.
and stressed vegetation. Additionally, pre- Rainfall Seasonal Consistent
monsoon thunderstorms may occur, signaling rainfall rainfall from
the impending arrival of the monsoon rains. with high the southwest
variability. monsoon.
120. (i) What is meant by a ‘rain shadow area’ ?
(ii) Give two examples of ‘rain shadow’ areas 123. State briefly the impact of water bodies on
in India. the climate in coastal areas.
Ans : COMP 1996
Ans : SQP 2015

(i) A rain shadow area is a region that India is bordered by three major water bodies:
receives very little rainfall because it is the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the
located on the leeward side of a mountain Arabian Sea, which significantly influence the
range. As moisture-laden winds rise over climate, particularly in coastal regions. These
the mountains, they cool and release water bodies serve as the primary source of
most of their moisture on the windward moisture for the summer monsoons, bringing
side, leaving the leeward side dry. heavy rainfall to these areas. The proximity
(ii) Two examples of rain shadow areas in to the sea is a key reason why these regions
India are : enjoy a moderate climate.
(a) The Deccan Plateau, which lies in the
rain shadow of the Western Ghats. 124. State two characteristic features of North-
(b) Leh in Ladakh, which lies in the rain East Monsoon.
shadow of the Himalayas. Ans : MAIN 2017
CH 4 : CLIMATE

110. State the climatic significance of the (ii) The Great Himalayan Range, which
Himalayas to the people of India. separates the Indian subcontinent from
Ans : SQP 2004
the rest of Asia.

The Himalayas play a crucial role in 114. Mention two main features of the Indian
influencing India’s climate. They block the Monsoon.
rain-bearing Bay of Bengal branch of the Ans : MAIN 2012
southwest monsoons, which bring rainfall
to the region. Additionally, the Himalayas (i) Relief or Orographic Rainfall : Most
prevent the cold northeast monsoon winds rainfall results from moisture-laden winds
from entering India. being obstructed by mountain ranges,
leading to heavy rain on the windward
111. (i) Name the season during which the North side and scant rainfall on the leeward
East Trade Winds dominate the Indian side.
subcontinent. (ii) Erratic and Unpredictable Rainfall :
(ii) In which season do the above mentioned Rainfall amounts can vary significantly,
winds get completely reversed ? Name causing floods and droughts, with
the four months covered by this season. instances of early or delayed onset.
Ans : SQP 1997
115. Name the type of climate prevailing over
(i) The North East Trade Winds dominate India. Mention any two factors responsible
the Indian subcontinent during the winter for it.
season. Ans : SQP 2010
(ii) These winds get completely reversed
during the summer (southwest monsoon) The prevailing climate over India is the
season, which covers the months of June, tropical monsoon climate.
July, August, and September. (i) Monsoon Winds : The southwest monsoon
brings heavy rainfall during the summer
112. Why are Thiruvananthapuram and Shillong months.
rainier in June than in July ? (ii) Geographical Diversity : India’s varied
Ans : MAIN 2005
topography influences temperature and
precipitation patterns.
Thiruvananthapuram and Shillong are rainier
in June because the southwest monsoon is 116. State two important characteristic features of
strongest when it first arrives. By July, the the Monsoon rainfall in India.
intensity of the monsoon reduces, leading to Ans : COMP 2011
less rainfall.
(i) Seasonality : It occurs primarily from
113. Name the factors which affect the climate of June to September during the summer
a place. months.
Ans : SQP 2013
(ii) Geographical Variation : Rainfall
amounts vary greatly across regions,
The climate of a country is primarily with the western coast and northeastern
influenced by temperature, rainfall, states receiving the most, while areas like
atmospheric pressure, and wind direction. Rajasthan get much less.
In the Indian subcontinent, two key factors
significantly affect the climate: 117. (i) What is ‘Monsoon’ ?
(i) The Tropic of Cancer (2(iii)5° N), which (ii) Name the place in India which receives
divides the country into the North the heaviest rainfall.
Temperate Zone and the South Tropical Ans : MAIN 2004
Zone.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 85

130. State the economic importance of Kalbaisakhis (i) Tamil Nadu.

in West Bengal and Assam. (ii) (a) Mawsynram, Meghalaya.
(b) Cherrapunji, Meghalaya.
Ans : MAIN 2015

(i) Agricultural Benefits: It provides essential 134. One of the prominent local winds that flow
pre-monsoon rainfall in April and May, through India is Loo. The Loo is a strong,
crucial for the growth of crops like rice, gusty, dusty wind that brings about the hot
jute, and tea, enhancing agricultural and dry summers that we often associate the
productivity. country with. Loo blows from the west, over
(ii) Water Supply: The rain replenishes water the Indo-Gangetic Plain, towards the parts of
sources, ensuring adequate irrigation Northern India and Pakistan.
during the dry season, which supports State the benefits that are derived from
farmers’ livelihoods. the local winds that blow in summer in the
following areas
131. What is ‘October Heat’ ? (i) Kerala
Ans : SQP 2000 (ii) West Bengal.
“October Heat” refers to the period in India Ans : MAIN 2020

during October when temperatures can rise (i) Mango Showers are local winds that
significantly, leading to hot and uncomfortable bring rainfall to Kerala, aiding in the
weather, especially in the northern and central early ripening of mangoes.
regions. This phenomenon occurs just before (ii) In West Bengal, the local winds known
the arrival of the northeast monsoon, when as Kal Baisakhi deliver rain in April and
the monsoon winds have retreated but the May, which benefits the cultivation of
summer heat still lingers. The high humidity jute and rice.
levels combined with elevated temperatures
can create oppressive conditions, often 135. An Inter-School Football Match at
causing discomfort before the onset of cooler Vishakhapatnam from November 1 to 3 had
weather in November. to be cancelled because of bad weather. Give
an explanation for this happening. Your
132. Give an account of the general weather explanation should provide the technical
conditions during the cold weather season in name of this season in India, as well as the
India. pressure conditions over the Bay of Bengal.
Ans : COMP 2001 Ans : MAIN 2023

During the cold weather season (December The cancellation of the Inter-School Football
to February), northern India experiences Match in Vishakhapatnam from November
cool temperatures, with clear skies and low 1 to 3 was due to the Northeast Monsoon.
humidity. The northeast trade winds prevail, During this season, low-pressure conditions
bringing dry conditions, except for some over the Bay of Bengal lead to moisture-
rainfall on the eastern coast. Occasionally, laden winds that can bring heavy rainfall
western disturbances cause light rain and and storms, resulting in adverse weather
snow in the north. Frost may occur in conditions that disrupt outdoor activities.
northern plains during early mornings.
136. “The monsoons are known for their vagaries
133. (i) Name one region which gets rainfall from and uncertainties”. Justify.
the Retreating Monsoon. Ans : MAIN 2009
(ii) Name two areas which get more than 200
cm of rainfall in India. The alternation of dry and wet spells
varies in intensity, frequency, and duration.
Ans : SQP 2024
CH 4 : CLIMATE

(i) Timing : Occurs from October A “rain shadow area” is a region that
to December, primarily affecting receives limited rainfall due to the presence
southeastern India, especially Tamil of mountains aligned parallel to the monsoon
Nadu. winds. The western part of Rajasthan is
(ii) Moisture Source : Draws moisture from an example of a rain shadow area, as it is
the Bay of Bengal, resulting in heavy and situated near the Aravali ranges, which run
persistent rainfall along the eastern coast. parallel to the moisture-laden winds.

125. Define : 128. Give two points of difference between Tropical

(i) Western Disturbances Cyclones and Temperate Cyclones.
(ii) Mango Showers
Ans : COMP 2022
Ans : SQP 2018

(i) Western Disturbances : Western Aspect Tropical Temperate

Disturbances are extratropical Cyclones Cyclones
weather systems that originate in the Formation Form over Form in
Mediterranean region and move eastward, Location warm ocean mid-latitude
bringing moisture-laden winds to the waters near regions,
Indian subcontinent. They typically cause the equator, typically
winter rainfall in the northwestern regions typically between
of India, including Punjab, Haryana, and between 5° and 30° and 60°
the Himalayan states, and can also lead 20° latitude. latitude, often
to snowfall in the mountains. along fronts.
(ii) Mango Showers : Mango Showers refer
Structure Characterized Have a less
to pre-monsoon rainfall that occurs
and by a well- organized
in South India, particularly in Kerala
Intensity defined center structure
and Karnataka, during April and May.
(eye), strong with a wider
These light showers help in the growth
winds, and wind field,
of mangoes and other crops by providing
intense rainfall; featuring
necessary moisture before the arrival of
usually more fronts;
the southwest monsoon.
intense but generally less
126. What is meant by the season of ‘Retreating smaller in size. intense but
Monsoons’ ? larger in size.
Ans : COMP 2019
129. Name the months which are known for
The “Retreating Monsoons” season refers to retreating monsoon. Write two features of
the period from October to November when this climate.
the southwest monsoon winds withdraw
Ans : MAIN 1999
from the Indian subcontinent. During this
time, rainfall decreases, winds shift to the Months of Retreating Monsoon : October
northeast, and temperatures cool, marking and November.
the end of the monsoon season. This transition Features :
also contributes to the North-East Monsoon, (i) Decreasing Rainfall: The intensity of
bringing rainfall to southeastern India. rainfall decreases as the southwest
monsoon winds withdraw.
127. What is meant by rain shadow area ? Give an (ii) Temperature Moderation: This period
example and state the mountains which are leads to cooler temperatures, transitioning
responsible for the rain shadow area. from hot, humid summer conditions to
Ans : MAIN 2013 milder winter conditions.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 87

143. Why is Cherrapunji rainier than Kolkata ? (ii) Another branch of these winds moves
Ans : SQP 2016
northeast, running parallel to the Aravalli
Hills, and brings very little rainfall to the
Cherrapunji is rainier than Kolkata because it Thar Desert.
is located on the windward side of the Khasi
Hills, where the southwest monsoon winds 147. What type of climate would India have had,
are forced to rise, cool, and condense, causing if the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the
heavy rainfall. Kolkata, being on the plains, Himalayas had not been there. Explain it with
does not experience the same orographic reference to temperature and precipitation.
effect and receives less rainfall as a result. Ans : COMP 2020

144. “Amount of rainfall decreases as we go If the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and
westward from West Bengal to Punjab.” the Himalayas were absent, India would
Mention two reasons. experience a climate with more extreme
Ans : COMP 2011
temperatures and reduced precipitation.
(i) Temperature : Without the moderating
(i) Both regions receive the majority of their effect of the Arabian Sea and Bay of
rainfall from the summer monsoon branch Bengal, India would face hotter summers
originating from the Bay of Bengal, which and colder winters, resulting in greater
travels up the Ganga valley. It cannot temperature extremes and a more
cross the high Himalayas and instead continental climate.
moves westward along the mountains. (ii) Precipitation : The absence of the
The lower Ganga valley receives rainfall Himalayas would mean less rainfall, as
first, followed by the upper Ganga valley, moist air from the southwest monsoon
resulting in higher rainfall for Kolkata. would not be forced to rise and cool.
(ii) Subsequently, the monsoons move This would lead to drier conditions,
westward and become progressively particularly in the northern and central
drier as they travel further from the sea, regions, resulting in arid or semi-arid
leading to reduced rainfall in Punjab. climates.

145. The Eastern coast of India, particularly 148. (i) What causes the winter rain along
Tamil Nadu remains relatively dry during Coromandel coast?
the South-West monsoon period. Why ? Give (ii) Name a state which gets sufficient rainfall
two reasons. from the winter monsoon
Ans : COMP 2015 Ans : MAIN 2000

(i) Tamil Nadu is located in the rain shadow (i) The winter rainfall along the Coromandel
area of the Arabian Sea current. coast is mainly attributed to the North-
East Monsoon, which brings moisture-
(ii) It runs parallel to the Bay of Bengal
rich winds from the Bay of Bengal. These
monsoon current.
winds cause substantial rainfall as they
146. Write two characteristics of Arabian Sea interact with the coastal areas during the
Branch of South-West monsoons. winter months.
(ii) Tamil Nadu is a state that receives
Ans : MAIN 2007
adequate rainfall from the winter
(i) The Arabian Sea branch originates from monsoon.
the Arabian Sea and hits the Western
Ghats, resulting in heavy rainfall 149. Write two features of mango showers.
exceeding 250 cm along the windward Ans : SQP 2013
side.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

(ii) Kochi is located further south and Windward Side Leeward Side
closer to the equator, leading to higher
average temperatures due to its tropical The windward side The leeward side
climate, while Mumbai experiences a of a mountain is the of a mountain is
more moderate climate influenced by the area that faces the the area shielded
Arabian Sea. prevailing winds. from the prevailing
(iii)The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest winds.
monsoon hits the western coast on June This side experiences This side receives
1st, while it reaches the Ganga plains two heavy rainfall. less rainfall.
weeks later. Panji, located on Pune, situated on
the windward side of the leeward side of
188. Give a geographical reason for each of the
the Western Ghats, the Western Ghats,
following :
receives over 200 cm receives less than
(i) When the Malabar coast is receiving
of rainfall annually. 150 cm of annual
heavy rainfall in July, the Tamil Nadu
rainfall.
coast is comparatively dry.
(ii) The Northern Plains of India have a 190. affect its climate ? Explain it with three
Continental type of climate. examples.
(iii)Central Maharashtra receives less rainfall
Ans : COMP 2016
than Western Maharashtra.
India is located between 8°N and 37°N
Ans : MAIN 2016
latitude and 68°E to 97°E longitude. The
(i) The Malabar coast is located on the Tropic of Cancer nearly divides the country
windward side of the Western Ghats, into two equal halves.
where the southwest monsoon winds (i) Tropical Climate: Due to its proximity
bring heavy rainfall. In contrast, the to the Equator, India experiences a
Tamil Nadu coast lies on the leeward tropical climate characterized by warm
side, experiencing the rain shadow effect, temperatures and seasonal rainfall.
resulting in significantly less rainfall.
(ii) Himalayan Protection: The Himalayas
(ii) The Northern Plains are situated inland,
serve as a barrier against cold northern
away from the moderating influence of the
winds, preventing extreme cold in the
seas. This leads to greater temperature
northern plains.
extremes, with hot summers and cold
winters, characteristic of a continental (iii)Moderating Influence of the Sea: The
climate. surrounding Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea,
(iii)Western Maharashtra is located on the and Bay of Bengal exert a moderating
windward side of the Western Ghats, effect on the climate, leading to milder
where the southwest monsoon winds bring temperatures and higher humidity in the
substantial rainfall. In contrast, Central coastal regions.
Maharashtra, being further inland, is in 191. Give a geographical reason for each of the
the rain shadow region and thus receives following :
less precipitation. (i) Mumbai is warmer than Kanpur in
189. Distinguish between Windward and Leeward December.
side. (ii) Punjab gets rain in winter.
(iii)The Indo - Gangetic Plain gets some
Ans : SQP 2007
rainfall in the months of December and
Western coastal plain lies in the windward January.
side whereas Eastern plain lies in the leeward Ans : MAIN 2022
side.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 89

155. Write any two main features of South-West 158. (i) Name two regions which get very little
Monsoon branch originating from Bay of rain from the Summer Monsoon.
Bengal branch. (ii) Name any two local winds which blow in
Ans : SQP 2008
India during the summer season.

(i) The first branch enters the Garo, Khasi, Ans : SQP 2021

and Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya after (i) Western Rajasthan and the Thar Desert
crossing the Ganga Delta, causing heavy are two regions that receive minimal
rainfall. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram rainfall from the Summer Monsoon.
receive rainfall from this branch. (ii) Two local winds that occur in India
(ii) The second branch moves towards the during the summer season are the Loo
Himalayas and, upon reaching there, and Kaal Baisakhi.
shifts westward.
159. With reference to the summer season in
156. Why do the North-East trade winds change India, answer the following questions :
their direction while blowing through the (i) Mention the duration of the summer
Ganga valley ? season in India.
Ans : MAIN 2012
(ii) What is the atmospheric pressure
condition during summer season over the
During the winter season, the North-East trade central part of India ?
winds blow over the Northern plains, where
high pressure develops in the northeastern Ans : MAIN 2019

region. Consequently, these winds begin to flow (i) Duration: March to May.
outward towards the Ganges valley, maintaining (ii) Atmospheric Pressure: High atmospheric
a north-easterly direction. However, the pressure prevails.
topography of the Ganga valley influences the
wind direction, causing the winds to change to 160. Give a reason for each of the following:
a westerly and north-westerly orientation as (i) Most of Sri Lanka has Equatorial type of
they move down the valley. climate.
(ii) Western coastal plains receive more
157. Give a reason for each of the following: rainfall than the Eastern coastal plains.
(i) Patna gets heavier rainfall than Varanasi. Ans : COMP 2016
(ii) The Arabian Sea branch of the South-
West Monsoon does not shed any moisture (i) Sri Lanka predominantly experiences an
in western Rajasthan. equatorial climate because of its closeness
to the equator, resulting in warm
Ans : SQP 2020
conditions with minimal temperature
(i) Patna receives more rainfall than Varanasi fluctuations and substantial rainfall
as it is located in the lower Ganga valley, from both the southwest and northeast
while Varanasi lies further west. The monsoons.
Bay of Bengal branch of the South-West (ii) The western coastal plains get more
Monsoon brings rain to Patna before rainfall than the eastern coastal plains as
reaching Varanasi. they are situated on the windward side
(ii) Western Rajasthan remains dry as the of the Western Ghats, receiving heavy
Arabian Sea branch of the South-West rainfall from the southwest monsoon.
Monsoon does not release moisture in the Meanwhile, the eastern coastal plains
region. The Aravalli Range creates a rain are in the rain shadow region, leading to
shadow effect, causing the winds to lose lower rainfall.
most of their moisture before reaching
this area.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

(i) Formation : Mango showers result from 153. Give reason:

the interaction between dry and moist (i) Though Mangalore and Mysore are on
air masses, leading to precipitation in the same latitude, Mangalore experiences
specific regions. more rainfall than Mysore.
(ii) Geographical Occurrence : These showers (ii) Jaipur has a higher annual range of
are primarily observed toward the end of temperature than Mumbai.
summer, particularly in Kerala and the Ans : MAIN 2018
coastal regions of Karnataka.
(i) Despite being on the same latitude,
150. (i) What type of wind is ‘Monsoon’ ? What Mangalore receives more rainfall than
is its direction during summer ? Mysore because it is located on the
(ii) Mention two characteristics of the Indian windward side of the Western Ghats,
monsoon. where it benefits from heavy rainfall
Ans : SQP 2019
brought by the southwest monsoon winds.
In contrast, Mysore lies on the leeward
(i) Periodic Winds: Direction: South to side, where the Western Ghats create a
West. rain shadow effect, leading to much lower
(ii) Seasonal Reversal of Winds : Characterized precipitation.
by hot and humid summers followed by (ii) Jaipur experiences a greater annual
cold and dry winters. temperature range than Mumbai because
151. ‘Leh has moderate precipitation almost it is situated inland, away from the
throughout the year’. Give reason. moderating influence of the sea. This
results in more extreme weather, with
Ans :
scorching summers and chilly winters. On
Leh has moderate precipitation almost the other hand, Mumbai, being a coastal
throughout the year because it is located in a city, enjoys milder temperatures year-
cold desert region in the Himalayas, lying in round due to the Arabian Sea’s stabilizing
the rain shadow area of the mountains. The effect, which minimizes temperature
high-altitude barriers block the moisture- variations.
laden winds, preventing heavy rainfall. As
a result, Leh experiences only light and 154. (i) Name the seasons during which the
moderate precipitation, mostly in the form North- East Trade Winds dominate.
of snow during winter, with minimal rain (ii) How do these winds affect the climate of
during other seasons. India ?
Ans : COMP 2022
152. Name the coldest and the hottest parts of
India. Give reasons for such extremities. (i) The North-East Trade Winds prevail during
the winter season, from November to March.
Ans : SQP 2010
(ii) These winds impact India’s climate in
Coldest Part : Dras, Jammu and Kashmir several ways:
Reason : Dras is extremely cold due to its high (a) Dry Conditions: The North-East
altitude in the Himalayas and its distance Trade Winds blow from land to sea,
from large water bodies. resulting in dry conditions across most
Hottest Part : Phalodi, Rajasthan parts of the country, particularly in
Reason : Phalodi experiences extreme heat the interior regions.
because of its location in the Thar Desert, (b) Temperature Regulation: They help
characterized by low elevation, sparse moderate temperatures in winter,
vegetation, and minimal water bodies. keeping the northwestern areas of
India cooler.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 91

167. Name any two local winds which blow in Ans : SQP 2002

India and write briefly about each. (i) Kanyakumari is located at 8 degrees
Ans : MAIN 2002
North, placing it closer to the Equator. It
receives direct sunlight, leading to minimal
(i) Loo : This is a hot and dry wind that temperature variation throughout the
blows across the northern plains of India. year. Therefore, we can conclude that
(ii) Land Breeze : This wind occurs in coastal Kanyakumari has an equable, oceanic, or
areas, blowing from the land towards the maritime climate.
sea. (ii) Chennai enjoys an equable or oceanic
climate due to the influence of the
sea, whereas Lucknow, being inland,
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS experiences a continental climate with
more extreme conditions. Consequently,
Lucknow has a greater annual temperature
168. Give a geographical reason for the following: range compared to Chennai.
(i) Kolkata gets more rain than Delhi during (iii)Mangalore is situated on the windward
rainy season. side of the Western Ghats, while
(ii) Though both are hill stations, Shimla Mysore is located on the leeward side.
experiences snowfall during the winters This geographic difference accounts for
but Ooty does not. Mangalore receiving more rainfall than
(iii)Winter monsoons bring less rain. Mysore.
Ans : MAIN 2024
170. Give reasons for the following :
(i) Kolkata is closer to the Bay of Bengal and (i) The North East Monsoons bring almost
lies directly in the path of the moisture- no rain to most of India.
laden southwest monsoon winds, receiving (ii) The Mango showers are beneficial local
heavy rainfall, whereas Delhi is located winds.
further inland and gets less rainfall. (iii)The latitudinal extent of India is
(ii) Shimla is located in the Himalayas at a responsible for the variation in the
much higher altitude and latitude, which climatic conditions which prevail in the
causes it to experience colder temperatures country.
and snowfall in winter, while Ooty is Ans : SQP 2012
located in the lower Nilgiri Hills, closer to
the equator, where temperatures remain (i) These winds blow from the land towards
milder. the sea in most regions of the country.
(iii)The winter monsoon winds blow from the (ii) These winds supply the necessary
land to the sea, carrying dry continental moisture for the growth of mango, tea,
air with very little moisture, leading to and coffee plants.
much lower rainfall compared to the (iii)India is situated between 8ºN and 37°N
summer monsoon. latitudes, with the Tropic of Cancer
running through its middle. The southern
169. Give a geographical reason for each of the region falls within the tropical zone,
following : while the northern region is in the sub-
(i) Kanyakumari experience an equable tropical zone, resulting in generally high
climate? temperatures during the summer season
(ii) Chennai has a lower annual range of across the country, except in areas with
temperature than Lucknow? high altitudes.
(iii)Mangalore experiences more rainfall than
Mysore.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

161. How do Himalayas act as ‘climate divide’ ? (ii) During the southwest monsoon season,
Ans : COMP 2002
the Himalayas trap the southwest
monsoon winds, causing heavy rainfall
(i) Blocking cold winds from Central Asia, throughout India.
keeping northern India warmer in winter.
(ii) Forcing monsoon winds to rise, causing 164. (i) What is the retreating monsoon and
rainfall on the windward side and a rain name any two months associated with
shadow on the leeward side. them.
(ii) Normally by what date does the monsoon
162. Mention any four features of the distributions advance into Kerala ?
of annual rainfall in India.
Ans : SQP 2008
Ans : MAIN 2014
(i) The retreating monsoon refers to the
(i) The Western Coastal region and phase of the monsoon season when the
Northeastern India experience over southwest monsoon winds start to pull
300 cm of rainfall annually. back from the Indian subcontinent,
(ii) Annual rainfall in Western Rajasthan resulting in a decrease in rainfall. This
and nearby regions of Gujarat, Haryana, period is usually marked by dry weather
and Punjab is less than 50 cm. following the heavy rains of the monsoon.
(iii)Snowfall occurs primarily in the October and November are the two
Himalayan region. months commonly associated with the
(iv) Monsoon Influence: Although these winds retreating monsoon.
are primarily dry, they play a role in the (ii) The monsoon usually arrives in Kerala by
overall atmospheric circulation, which June 1st.
ultimately affects the onset and intensity
of the southwest monsoon later in the 165. Give two important characteristics of the
year. Summer monsoon rainfall in India.

163. Briefly explain the role of the Himalayas in Ans : SQP 2001

determining the climate of India during : (i) Seasonal and concentrated : The rainfall
(i) the hot weather season ; is concentrated during the months of
(ii) the southwest monsoon season June to September, accounting for nearly
Ans : 75% to 90% of the total annual rainfall in
most regions.
(i) During the hot weather season, the (ii) The rainfall is not evenly spread across the
Himalayas serve two key functions. First, country; coastal and northeastern regions
they act as a barrier that prevents the receive heavy rainfall, while interior and
expansion of the Middle Asian desert northwestern regions receive less.
into the Indian peninsula, standing
between two distinct physical formations. 166. Give reason why the entire South Asia
Second, their elevated altitudes help cool experiences tropical monsoon climate.
the climate by moderating land breezes Ans : MAIN 2003
that flow toward the sea, bringing cooler
temperatures to the Indian plains. (i) The Great Himalayas to the north of
Additionally, the humid, moisture-rich India serve as a barrier, preventing the
monsoon winds from the low-pressure cold winds from North Asia from reaching
area over the Bay of Bengal encounter South Asia.
the Himalayas, resulting in significant (ii) The climate of most of South Asia is
rainfall across a large region. shaped by the monsoon winds, giving it a
distinctive characteristic or feature.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 93

from the Arabian Sea. In contrast, the 177. “Chennai gets more rainfall in winter than in
Coromandel coast remains comparatively summer’. Give two reasons.
dry during this time because it lies in or
the rain shadow of the Western Ghats, “The Coromandel Coast gets most of its rain
blocking the monsoon winds from during the winter season”. Give reason.
reaching this region. Ans : COMP 2011,2013

(ii) Punjab receives rainfall in the winter

(i) Tropical Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal
season due to the western disturbances,
and Indian Ocean: During October and
which are moisture-laden winds originating
November, tropical cyclones originate
from the Mediterranean region. These
over these waters, causing heavy rainfall
winds bring light to moderate rainfall to
along the coasts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra
northwestern India, including Punjab,
Pradesh, and Odisha.
during the winter months.
(ii) Moisture Picked Up by the Northeast
(iii)Mumbai is warmer than Delhi in Monsoon: As the Northeast Monsoon
December because of its coastal location, crosses the Bay of Bengal during October
which moderates the temperature due and November, it absorbs moisture and
to the influence of the Arabian Sea. In brings rainfall to the region.
contrast, Delhi is located inland and
(iii)Reduced Rainfall from the Summer
experiences more extreme temperatures,
Monsoon Due to Rain Shadow Effect:
leading to colder winters.
The area receives less rainfall from the
176. Western Rajasthan receives less rain. Write summer monsoon because it lies in the
two reasons. rain shadow region of the Bay of Bengal
or branch.
“Thar Desert gets very little rain”. Give two 178. What is the name given to the climate of
reasons. India ? Mention any two factors responsible
Ans : MAIN 1998,2006,2008 for such a type of climate.
(i) Lack of Physical Barriers in Western Ans : MAIN 2016,2011

Rajasthan (Jodhpur): The region receives Tropical Monsoon Type

minimal rainfall from the Arabian Sea (i) Variation in Atmospheric Pressure :
branch of the monsoons because there are In the summer season, low-pressure
no significant physical obstacles, like the conditions dominate the North-Western
Himalayas, to obstruct or force the winds plains, which attract trade winds from
to rise and condense. the Southern Hemisphere.
(ii) Orientation of the Aravalli Hills: The (ii) Temperature Differences : Summer
Aravalli Range lies parallel to the direction temperatures in the North-West can reach
of the monsoon winds, allowing them to as high as 47°C, whereas the southern
pass through without any hindrance, parts of India do not experience such
which results in scanty rainfall. extreme heat. This temperature variation
(iii)High Summer Temperatures Drying the also facilitates wind movement.
Monsoon Winds: During the summer, (iii)Role of Jet Streams : The origin of
the region’s extremely high temperatures monsoons is thought to be closely linked
cause the monsoon winds to become dry, to the presence of jet streams in the upper
preventing them from producing rain. troposphere.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

171. Give a reason for each of the following : Arabian Sea lose most of their moisture
(i) Goa receives heavier rainfall than on the windward side of the Western
Puducherry. Ghats, leaving the leeward side, including
(ii) Mawsynram receives the highest average central Maharashtra, relatively dry.
annual rainfall.
(iii)Mangaluru is cooler than Delhi in summer 173. Mumbai receives rainfall in summer season
season. while Chennai in October to December, why?

Ans : COMP 2019

Ans : SQP 2009

(i) Geographical Location : Goa is located Mumbai gets rainfall in the summer due to the
on the windward side of the Western southwest monsoon winds from the Arabian
Ghats, while Puducherry is situated on Sea, bringing rain from June to September.
the Eastern Ghats. Chennai receives rainfall from October to
(ii) Mawsynram’s Rainfall : Mawsynram, December because of the northeast monsoon
located in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, winds from the Bay of Bengal during the
receives heavy rainfall from the Bay of retreating monsoon.
Bengal branch of the summer monsoon. 174. ‘Rainfall in India in orographic in nature’.
The funnel-shaped hills force the Give an example with reference to the
moisture-laden monsoon winds to rise distribution of rainfall and the effect of relief
suddenly, resulting in heavy rainfall. on its distribution.
(iii)Temperature Comparison: Mangaluru
Ans : MAIN 2011
experiences cooler temperatures due
to the moderating effect of the sea, In India, orographic rainfall occurs when
while Delhi, being inland, has higher moist air is forced to rise over mountains,
temperatures typical of the interior cooling and condensing to form precipitation.
Indian subcontinent. An example is the Western Ghats. During
the monsoon, winds from the Arabian Sea
172. (i) Name one part of India that receives bring moisture, which causes heavy rainfall
rainfall both in the winter and summer. on the windward side, such as in Munnar and
(ii) What is the general direction of prevailing the Konkan coast. On the leeward side, the
winds over the Indian subcontinent : air descends, warming and drying, leading
(a) In April-May ? to much lower rainfall in areas like parts of
(b) In July ? Maharashtra and Karnataka, creating a rain
(iii)Why does much of the central Maharashtra shadow effect.
has only light rainfall ?
Ans : COMP 1995, 2013
175. Give a geographical reason for each of the
following :
(i) Punjab, In winter, Punjab gets its rainfall (i) The Malabar coast receives heavy rainfall
from temperate cyclones and in summer in the month of July but the Coromandel
from S-W monsoons. coast during this time remains
(ii) (a) In April-May : The winds generally comparatively dry.
blow from the northwest. (ii) Punjab receives rainfall in winter season.
(b) In July : The winds blow from the (iii)Mumbai is warmer than Delhi in the
southwest, bringing the southwest month of December.
monsoon.
Ans : MAIN 2023
(iii)Much of central Maharashtra receives
only light rainfall because it lies in the (i) The Malabar coast receives heavy rainfall
rain shadow area of the Western Ghats. in July due to the southwest monsoon
The moisture-laden winds from the winds, which bring moisture-laden air
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 95

the moisture-laden winds to move from the (ii) (a) Temperate cyclone.
high-pressure region over the Indian Ocean (b) South-East trade winds.
towards the low-pressure region over the land,
resulting in southwest monsoon winds. 186. Give a geographic reason for each of the
following:
184. Give geographical reasons for the following : (i) Kerala has the longest rainy season.
(i) Even in summer Shimla is cooler than (ii) The Konkan coast experiences orographic
Delhi. rainfall.
(ii) The northern plains of India do not freeze (iii)The city of Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh has
in winter. a higher range of temperature than that
(iii)Kochi has a lesser annual range of of Chennai in Tamil Nadu.
temperature than Agra. Ans : COMP 2015
Ans : SQP 2012
(i) Kerala has the longest rainy season
(i) Shimla is cooler than Delhi due to its because it is the first state to receive the
higher altitude. southwest monsoon and the last to see
(ii) The northern plains don’t freeze in winter its withdrawal, resulting in an extended
as the Himalayas block cold winds. rainy period.
(iii)Kochi has a smaller temperature range (ii) Orographic rainfall occurs when air is
because of its coastal location, unlike uplifted by relief features like mountains.
inland Agra. The Western Ghats rise steeply from the
Western Coastal plains, running parallel
185. (i) Mention two differences in the climatic to the coastline. This mountain range
conditions which prevail over Kerala and forces the moisture-laden southwest
Uttar Pradesh in the month of June. monsoons from the Arabian Sea to
(ii) Name : ascend the slopes, resulting in heavy
(a) The source of winter rain to Punjab. rainfall in the Western Coastal Plain and
(b) The source of the winter rain to Tamil the Konkan coast.
Nadu. (iii)Kanpur has a higher range of temperature
Ans : COMP 2010 than Chennai because Kanpur is inland,
(i) experiencing continental climate,
while Chennai is coastal, with the sea
Climatic conditions Climate conditions moderating its temperatures.
(Kerala) June (Uttar Pradesh)
June 187. Give a geographical reason for each of the
following :
Due to moderate Due to continental
(i) Kanpur has extreme temperature
effect of sea effect Uttar Pradesh
conditions.
Kerala has lower has higher average
(ii) Kochi is warmer than Mumbai even
temperature temperature (30ºC).
though both lie on the western coast of
(Average 25ºC).
India.
Monsoon winds Monsoon winds (iii)The Ganga Plain gets the monsoon rain
strike the coast of strikes Uttar Pradesh much later than the west coast of India.
Kerala by 1st June. by 15th June.
Ans : COMP 2016
The region receive The region also
(i) Kanpur is situated inland in northern
heavy rainfall receive good amount
India, away from large water bodies,
during the months of rainfall but lesser
resulting in significant temperature
i.e., more than 50 than Kerala (Average
variations and extreme hot summers and
cm. 30 cm)
cold winters.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

179. Name the factors which influence the climate (ii) Temperature Variation: The summer is
of India or South Asia. hot and humid, while the winter is cold
Ans : MAIN 2007,2015
and dry.
(iii)Rainfall Distribution: The majority of
(i) The Himalayan Mountain Range : This rainfall occurs over a span of only two to
mountain chain acts as a barrier, shielding three months.
the Indian subcontinent from the cold
winds originating in Central Asia and 182. How will you differentiate between SW
obstructing the southwest monsoon. monsoon and NE monsoon ?
(ii) Extensive Coastline : South India, as a or
peninsula, boasts a long coastline, which Write three differences between summer
contributes to its maritime climate. monsoons and retreating monsoon.
(iii)Jet Streams : The upper atmospheric air Ans : SQP 2018
currents, known as jet streams, facilitate
the entry of western disturbances into Differentiate between SW monsoon and NE
India. monsoon are as follows :
(iv) Location and vast extent of the country Aspects South West North East
: India is a vast country. It is located Monsoon Monsoon
between 8°N and 37c6l N latitude and
68c7l E to 97c2E longitude. India is
Months They blow They blow
divided in almost two equal parts by the June to during
Tropic of Cancer. September. December to
February.
180. State two differences between tropical Rainfall These causes They causes
cyclones and temperate cyclones. heavy rainfall rain-fall in
Ans : throughout east coast of
India. India.
Temperate cyclones Tropical cyclones Weather Very hot at Very low
The origin and These cyclones Conditions landmass less temperature
influence of these originate and hot at the at landmass
cyclones is in the travel in the ocean. but relatively
temperate zone due to tropical zone and high in
which they are known are known as ocean.
as temperate cyclones. tropical cyclones. Direction South-West North-East
The wind velocity is The wind velocity of Wind and from and from
very low. is very high. ocean to land. land to
They are more active They are more ocean.
in winter season. active in summer
season. 183. What is the direction of the summer monsoon
? Why ?
181. Which type of climate is experienced in Ans : COMP 2012

the Northern plains of India? State two The direction of the summer monsoon in India
characteristics of this type of climate. is from the southwest. This occurs because
Ans : SQP 2007 the intense heat during summer creates a low-
Monsoon Climate. pressure area over the Indian subcontinent,
(i) Seasonal Reversal of Winds: There is a while a high-pressure area develops over the
change in wind direction with the seasons. Indian Ocean. The pressure difference causes
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 97

(i) In December, Mumbai is warmer than 193. Mention three important features of rainfall
Kanpur because its maritime climate, in India.
shaped by its closeness to the Arabian Ans : MAIN 2024
Sea, results in mild temperatures, whereas
Kanpur’s inland position leads to cooler The main features of rainfall in India are :
winter weather. (i) Rainfall occurs over a span of three
(ii) Punjab experiences winter rainfall due to months, while the remainder of the year
western disturbances, which are moisture- is largely dry, with seventy percent of the
rich systems from the Mediterranean that annual precipitation falling during the
deliver precipitation during the winter monsoon season.
months. (ii) A small portion of rainfall originates from
(iii)The Indo-Gangetic Plain receives some non-monsoon sources, including cyclonic
rainfall in December and January as and convectional rainfall.
a result of winter rainfall from western
(iii)The quantity and timing of rainfall are
disturbances, which cause cloud formation
unpredictable due to its erratic nature,
and light to moderate precipitation
resulting in occurrences of both floods and
during this period.
droughts stemming from this uncertainty.
192. Give a geographical reason for each of the
194. How does the location and extent of India
following:
How does relief affect the climate of India ?
(i) Pune receives less rainfall than Mumbai.
Explain with three specific examples.
(ii) Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall but
temperate cyclones bring light rainfall. Ans : COMP 2017

(iii)Kerala has a tropical climate while Relief plays a crucial role in shaping India’s
Punjab has a continental climate. climate through variations in altitude and
Ans : SQP 2019 topography. Here are three examples:
(i) Pune is situated inland and on the leeward (i) Western Ghats : These mountains obstruct
side of the Western Ghats, which causes the southwest monsoon winds, resulting
it to experience the rain shadow effect in heavy rainfall on the windward side
and receive lower rainfall. In contrast, (Maharashtra, Kerala) while creating dry
Mumbai, located on the windward side, conditions on the leeward side (Deccan
receives heavy precipitation from the Plateau) due to the rain shadow effect.
southwest monsoon. (ii) Himalayan Region : The Himalayas block
(ii) Tropical cyclones develop over warm ocean cold winds from Central Asia, keeping
waters, absorbing moisture and resulting the northern plains warmer during
in heavy rainfall. In contrast, temperate winter. Additionally, their snow-capped
cyclones, which form over cooler areas, peaks lead to increased precipitation in
typically have lower moisture content, the foothills and valleys.
leading to lighter precipitation. (iii)Thar Desert : The Thar Desert experiences
(iii)Kerala’s location near the equator gives it extreme temperatures and low rainfall
a tropical climate with high temperatures due to its arid relief, with high daytime
and substantial rainfall year-round. In temperatures and substantial drops at
contrast, Punjab’s position further north, night. Its position in the rain shadow of
away from the sea’s moderating influence, the Aravalli Range further contributes to
results in greater temperature variations its dryness.
and a continental climate characterized
by hot summers and cold winters.
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CH 4 : CLIMATE

195. Distinguish between ‘Burst of Monsoon’ and (c) The Aravalli Hills run parallel to the
‘Break of Monsoon’. Arabian Sea branch of the Southwest
Ans : COMP 2020
Monsoon, leading to minimal rainfall.
(d) The North-East Monsoon does not
Feature Burst of Break of provide significant winter rainfall.
Monsoon Monsoon (ii) Kochi has a smaller annual temperature
range compared to Agra because Agra
Definition Sudden onset Temporary
is located in a continental region, while
of heavy rains cessation or
Kochi lies along the coast. The influence
after dry reduction in
of land and sea breezes helps maintain
weather rainfall
moderate temperatures in Kochi.
Timing Typically Often occurs (iii)The source of winter rainfall in the
occurs in in July or northern plains and Punjab is cyclonic
early June August precipitation linked to western
Impact on Initiates Can delay disturbances that enter the subcontinent
Agriculture sowing of sowing or from the northwest.
kharif crops affect crop
197. Give a geographical reason for each of the
growth due
following :
to insufficient
(i) The monsoon rain is unevenly distributed
moisture
over India.
Overall Marks the Indicates (ii) Excessive cold in north India during
Significance beginning fluctuations winter season.
of the rainy in rainfall (iii)Most of the India remains dry during
season distribution North-East Monsoon.
Ans : MAIN 2017
196. Give a geographical reason for each of the
following : (i) The amount of rainfall an area receives
(i) Western part of Rajasthan is a desert is affected by its relief. For example, the
region. windward side of mountains receives more
(ii) Kochi has a lesser annual range of rain, while the leeward side gets less.
temperature than Agra. This variation is why monsoon rainfall is
(iii)The Northern plains and Punjab receive unevenly distributed across India.
winter cyclonic rain in winter. (ii) The extreme cold in northern India
during winter can be attributed to several
Ans : MAIN 2023
factors:
(i) The western part of Rajasthan is (a) In February, cold winds from the
categorized as a desert for several reasons: Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan
(a) It receives very little rainfall during bring cold waves to the northwestern
the summer. regions of India.
(b) By the time the Bay of Bengal branch (b) Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan
of the Southwest Monsoon reaches experience a continental climate
Thar after passing through the due to their distance from the sea,
Ganga Valley, it carries little to no which limits the moderating effect of
moisture. Only the windward side of maritime air.
the Aravalli Hills receives some rain, (c) Snowfall in the nearby Himalayan
while the Thar remains dry as it is ranges contributes to the cold wave
situated in a rain shadow area. conditions.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 99

(iii)The North-East trade winds dominate the Ans : COMP 2010

country, blowing from land to sea and leading (i) Duration : The advancing monsoon
to a dry season for most parts of India. typically occurs during the months of
June, July, August, and September. This
198. Give reason : period signifies the transition from the dry
(i) India is known as the ‘Land of the endless season to the wet season as the monsoon
growing season’. progresses across the Indian subcontinent.
(ii) The South west Monsoons approach U.P. (ii) Pressure Conditions : During this time,
from the east. a low-pressure system dominates the
(iii)Western Rajasthan is the region with the northwestern plains of India, creating a
lowest pressure in May. strong draw for moisture-laden winds. In
(iv) The monsoon acts as a unifying bond. contrast, the ocean regions, especially the
Ans : MAIN 2006 Indian Ocean, experience high pressure,
(i) India has a subtropical climate that facilitating the movement of winds toward
supports the growth of a wide variety of the low-pressure areas on land.
crops. The key to the country’s continuous (iii)Prevailing Winds : The prevailing winds
growing season lies in its diverse relief, the during the advancing monsoon are the
range of daily and annual temperatures, southeast trade winds. After crossing
and the varying amounts and duration of the equator, these winds shift to a
rainfall. southwesterly direction as they approach
(ii) The majority of rainfall in Uttar Pradesh the Indian subcontinent, carrying
is derived from the Bay of Bengal branch moisture from the ocean.
of the southwest monsoons, which is (iv) Rainfall : The advancing monsoon brings
redirected by the Arakan Yoma range substantial rainfall, particularly to the
in Myanmar. In contrast, Uttar Pradesh northeastern states of India, where the
is far removed from the influence of the precipitation is often heavy. This rainfall
Arabian Sea branch of the southwest is crucial for agriculture, replenishing
monsoon. water supplies, and sustaining the diverse
(iii)Western Rajasthan experiences the ecosystems in these regions.
lowest atmospheric pressure due to high 200. Give a geographical reason for each of the
temperatures that can reach up to 48°C, following :
as pressure and temperature are inversely (i) Chennai receives less rain than
related. Thiruvananthapuram although it has
(iv) Despite climatic contrasts and regional more rainy days.
variations, the monsoons establish a (ii) Shillong gets less than 200 cm of rainfall
rhythmic cycle of seasons each year. in a year while Cherrapunji receives more
This seasonal rhythm shapes the Indian than 1250 cm of rainfall.
landscape, influences its flora and fauna, (iii)Jaipur has a higher annual range of
dictates the agricultural calendar, and temperature than Mumbai.
impacts the daily lives of the Indian
people, including their festivals. Ans : COMP 2004

(i) Chennai receives rainfall from the

199. Describe the main features of Advancing northeast monsoons during October-
Monsoon under the following heads : November, which is relatively weak,
(i) Duration resulting in less precipitation. In
(ii) Pressure conditions contrast, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala
(iii)Prevailing winds experiences heavy rainfall from the more
(iv) Rainfall powerful southwest monsoons.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

(ii) What is the total annual rainfall (i) Annual range of temperature:
experienced by the station ? (33.5 – 13.7)°C = 19.8°C.
(iii)Why would it be correct to pressure that (ii) 67.4 cm
the station lies in the interior and not on (iii)November is the driest month.
the coast ?
220. Study the climatic data given below and
Ans : SQP 2017
answer the questions that follow :
(i) 2(iv)2°C
(ii) 11(iii)9 cms
(iii)It is situated in the interior, which results
(i) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced
in a high annual temperature range and a
by the station.
continental type of climate, characterized
(ii) Suggest a name of this station, giving a
by extremely hot summers and very cold
reason for your answer.
winters.
(iii)Name the season during which the rainfall
218. Study the climatic data given below and is heaviest.
answer the questions that follow : Ans : MAIN 2023

(i) The annual rainfall experienced by the

station is
(15.3 + 10.1 + 0.3 + 0.1 + 1.3 + 4.5 +
6.1 + 10.2 + 10.5 + 20.1 + 16.8 + 19.0)
(i) Calculate the annual rainfall for station = 114.3 cms.
A. (ii) The station is called Chennai due to its
(ii) What is the annual range of temperature high rainfall from October to January.
of station B ? (iii)The winter months experience the highest
(iii)In which hemisphere do you think station levels of rainfall.
A lies ?
221. Study the climatic data provided below and
(iv) Which of these stations has an equable
answer the questions that follow:
climate ?
Ans : SQP 2022

(i) The annual rainfall of station A is 67.0

cm.
(ii) Annual range of temperature of station B
is 30°C – 2(iv)4°C = 5.6°C. (i) Calculate the annual range of temperature
(iii)Northern Hemisphere. of Station A. Suggest a reason why the
(iv) Station B. range is a small one?
(ii) Which of the two stations has the lower
219. Given below is the climatic data of a station. temperature? Why?
Study the table and answer the questions (iii)Calculate the annual rainfall of Station
that follow: B.
Ans : COMP 2008

(i) Station A has an annual temperature

(i) Calculate the annual range of temperature. range of 5.6 °C, which is affected by its
(ii) What is the total rainfall experienced by coastal location, the influence of land
the station? and sea breezes, and its proximity to the
(iii)Which is the driest month? equator.
Ans : MAIN 2024
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 101

= 3(ii)6° C 206. Study the climatic data provided below and

(ii) August has the highest rainfall, averaging answer the questions that follow :
18.5 cm.
(iii)Given the significant variation in
annual temperatures, which indicates a
continental climate, Station X is more
likely located inland rather than along
the coast. (i) Calculate the annual range of temperature
of Station B.
204. Study the climate data of Station X and (ii) Calculate annual rainfall of Station A.
answer the questions that follow: [3] (iii)Presuming that both the stations are
located in West India, state giving a
reason as to which of the two lies on the
windward side of the Western Ghats.
Ans : SQP 2015
(i) Calculate the annual range of temperature
of Station X. (i) 30.0°C – 2(iv)4°C = 5.6°C.
(ii) Name the wind that brings most of the (ii) Annual rainfall of station
rainfall to this station. A = 0.1 + 0.1 + 0.5 + (i)5 + (ii)7 + 1(i)4
(iii)On which coast of India is Station X + 16.7 + 9.0 + 1(iii)4 + 9.0 + (ii)7 + 0.3
located? = 67.4 cm.
(iii)Station B, located on the windward side
Ans : MAIN 2023
of the Western Ghats, receives more
(i) Annual range of temperature = (28.0 – rainfall than Station A.
2(i)0)°C = 7°C
(ii) The Retreating Monsoons 207. Study the climatic data given below and
(iii)The station X lies on the eastern coast of answer the question that follow :
South India.

205. Study the data of distribution of temperature

and rain for Station X and answer the (i) Calculate the mean annual temperature.
questions that follow : (ii) What is the total annual rainfall ?
(iii)Presuming that the station is located in
India, give a reason for its location being
on the east coast or the west coast of
India.
(i) Is Station X in the coastal area or in the
interior of the country ? Ans : SQP 2013

(ii) Calculate the total annual rainfall for (i) 2(iii)8 + 25.0 + 27.7 + 28.3 + 30.2 +
Station X. 30.3 + 30.4 + 30.3 + 30.0 + 30.3 + 25.5
(iii)Name the wind that brings most of the + 2(iv)2 = = 336
1
= 28cC
rainfall to Station X. (ii) 208.4 cm
Ans : MAIN 2009 (iii)West coast. Because the region receives
monsoon rainfall.
(i) As temperature range is very high so
station X is in the interior of the country. 208. Study the climatic data given below and
(ii) Annual rainfall = 2 + 1 + 0 + 5 + 15 + answer the questions that follow :
62 + 71 + 81 + 59 + 12 + 10 + 3 = 321
cm.
(iii)South-west monsoon
CH 4 : CLIMATE

(ii) Shillong receives only 250 cm of rainfall (i) Duration

because it is situated on the leeward (ii) Pressure conditions
side of the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia (iii)Prevailing winds
Hills, placing it in a rain shadow area. In (iv) Rainfall
contrast, Cherrapunji receives substantial Ans : MAIN 2012
rainfall of 1250 cm as it is located on the
windward slopes of these hills. (i) Duration: The winter monsoon lasts from
(iii)Jaipur has a higher annual temperature December to February, characterized by
range because it is far from the sea’s cooler temperatures and shifts in weather
influence and lies inland. Winters are very patterns across India.
cold, while summers are warm to hot. In (ii) Pressure Conditions: High pressure
comparison, Mumbai, influenced by the dominates the northern plains during
sea, has a smaller annual temperature winter, leading to stable weather with
range. clear skies and cooler temperatures.
(iii)Prevailing Winds: The prevailing winds
201. Give reasons for the following: during this season are the northeast trade
(i) The North-East Monsoons bring almost winds, which flow from high-pressure
no rain to most of India. areas in the northern plains toward lower-
(ii) The mango showers are beneficial local pressure regions over the sea.
winds. (iv) Rainfall: Rainfall during the winter
(iii)The latitudinal extent of India is monsoon primarily occurs along the
responsible for the variation in the southeastern coast and in the northwestern
climatic conditions which prevail in the part of India. While the precipitation is
country. often light, it can be substantial in states
Ans : SQP 2014
like Tamil Nadu, particularly during the
northeast monsoon.
(i) The North-East Monsoon winds begin
over land and stay dry until they pass
over the Bay of Bengal. Once over the
bay, they gather moisture and cause MAP BASED QUESTION
some rainfall along the eastern coast of
the Deccan Plateau. Consequently, they
bring minimal rainfall to the majority of 203. Study the climate data of Station X and
India. answer the questions that follow:
(ii) Mango showers take place in South India
when winds from the Arabian Sea bring
rain to regions near Mahabaleshwar.
These rains are advantageous for the
growth of mango, coffee, and tea crops. (i) Calculate the annual range of temperature
(iii)India’s northern region lies in the of Station X.
temperate zone, which results in cooler (ii) Name the rainiest month of the Station
temperatures. Conversely, areas south X.
of the Tropic of Cancer fall within the (iii)Is the Station X located in coastal area or
tropical zone, leading to warmer climates. in the continental interior?
Therefore, climatic variations are shaped Ans : MAIN 2024

by a location’s proximity to the equator. (i) Annual range of the temperature =

Maximum temperature - Minimum
202. Describe the main features of cold season
temperature
under the following heads :
= 4(i)0 - 8.4
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 103

Ans : MAIN 2013

215. Study the climatic data of station x given
(i) Annual rainfall = 15.3 + 10.(i)+ 0.3 + below and answer the questions that follow :
0.1 + (i)3 + (iv)5 + 6.1 + 10.2 + 10.5 +
20.1 + 16.8 + 19.1 = 11(iv)4
(ii) Chennai (i) Range of temperature is very
low. (i) Calculate the total annual rainfall
2. The station is receiving October experienced by the station.
rainfall. (ii) What is the annual range of temperature
(iii)Winter. ?
(iii)On which coast of India does the station
213. Study the climatic data given below and lie ? Give a reason for your answer.
answer the questions that follow : Ans : COMP 2016

(i) 128.7 cm
(ii) Highest - Lowest
(i) Calculate the mean annual temperature. 32.5ºC – 24.5°C = 8°C
(ii) What is the total rainfall during the (iii)Coromandal Coast : The station is
monsoon season? receiving rainfall in the months of October
(iii)Does the station have a maritime or a and November.
continental climate ? Give a reason for 216. Temperature and rainfall data of stations A
your answer. & B in India ? Study the given data and
Ans : COMP 2012 answer –
(i) Mean annual temperature = 2(iii)8 + 25
± 27.7 + 28.3 + 30.2 + 30.3 + 30.4 +
30.3 + 30.0 + 30.3 + 25.5 + 2(iv)2
= 336 = 28cC
13 1. Which is the hottest month of station ‘B’
(ii) Monsoon months June to September 45.3
?
+ 46.5 + 45.4 + 4(iii)3 = 180.5 cm
2. Which station receives higher rainfall ?
(iii)Range of temperature = Highest temp. -
Name the month of the lowest rainfall of
Lowest temp.
this station.
30.4 – 23.8 = 6.6°C
Ans : COMP 2020
Range of temperature is very low which
proves that the station has maritime (i) May - Temp. 33°C.
climate. (ii) Total annual rainfall of station A = 67.0
cms.
214. Study the climatic data given below and Total annual rainfall of station B = 128.7
answer the questions that follow : cms.
Hence, Station B receive higher rainfall.
February and March are the months of
(i) Identify the hottest month. lowest rainfall of station B.
(ii) Calculate the annual rainfall. 217. Study the climate data given below and
(iii)Name the winds that bring the maximum answer the questions that follow :
rainfall to this city.
Ans : COMP 2015

(i) May with temperature of 28°C. (i) What is the annual range temperature of
(ii) Annual rainfall 13(i)9. the station ?
(iii)North - East trade winds.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

(i) Name the driest month. (i) What is the annual range of temperature
(ii) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced in Station A ?
by the station. (ii) What is the annual rainfall experienced
(iii)What is the annual range of temperature by the Station A ?
? (iii)Name the wettest month in Station A.
Ans : MAIN 2011
(iv) Calculate the annual rainfall of Station C
(v) Name the station with the least annual
(i) The driest month is March with rainfall rainfall.
of only (i)3 cm.
(ii) The annual rainfall is Ans : SQP 2009

4.6 + 1.8 + 1.3 + 1.8 + 3.8 + 4.5 + 8.7 (i) The annual range of temperature in
+ 11.3 + 11.9 + 30.6 + 35.0 + 13.9 = Station A (3(ii)5°C – 2(iv)5°C) = 8°C.
129.2 cm. (ii) (iv)6 + (i)3 + (i)(iii).......... =128.7 cm.
(iii)The Annual Range of Temperature is (iii)November.
3(ii)5 – 20.4 = 1(ii)1°C. (iv) The annual rainfall of Station C is 18(iii)4
cm. (0.2 + 0.2 + (i)8 + 50.6.......)
209. Study the climatic data provided below and (v) The station with the least annual rainfall
answer the questions that follow : is Station B.

211. Study the table given below and answer the

questions that follow :
(i) Calculate the annual rainfall in station A.
(ii) What is the annual range of temperature
(i) Calculate the annual range of temperature in station B ?
of Station A. Suggest a reason why the (iii)Which of the two stations have an equable
range is a small one. climate ?
(ii) Which of the two Stations has the lower
temperature ? Why ?
(iii)Calculate the annual rainfall of Station
B.
Ans : COMP 2008
Ans : COMP 2015
(i) 5.6. Because the station is near the sea. (i) Annual rainfall in station A is 67.0 cm
(ii) Station B. Because of high altitude. (2.5 + 1.5 + 1.3 + 1.0 + 1.8 + 7.4 + 19.3
(iii)Annual rainfall of station B is 3(i)8 cm. + 17.8 + 11.9 + 1.3 + 0.2 + 1.0)
210. Given below is the climate data, mean (ii) Range of temperature in station B is
monthly temperatures and mean monthly 30°C – 2(iv)4°C = 5.6° C.
rainfall for stations A, B and C from India. (iii)Station B has equable climate.
Study the data carefully and answer the 212. Study the climatic data given below and
following questions : answer the questions that follow :

(i) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced

by the station.
J, F, etc. represent months from January to (ii) Suggest a name of this station, giving a
December. reason for your answer.
T = Mean monthly temperature in ° Celsius. (iii)Name the season during which the rainfall
RF = Mean monthly rainfall in centimetres. is heaviest.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 105

(ii) Station B experiences lower temperatures 224. Study the climatic data of station x given
due to its elevation of 800 meters. below and answer the questions that follow:
(iii)The annual rainfall at Station B measures
3(i)8 cm.

222. Study the table given below and answer the (i) What is the annual range temperature?
questions that follow : (ii) What is the total annual rainfall
experience by the station?
(iii)Why would it be correct to presume that
the station lies in the interior and not on
the coast?
(i) Calculate the annual rainfall in Station Ans : MAIN 2009
A. (i) Annual Range is given by,
(ii) What is the annual range of temperature = Highest temperature - Minimum temperature
in Station B? = 36.2 – 12.0
(iii)Name the winds that bring most of the = 24.2 °C
rainfall to Station B. State one reason for (ii) The total annual rainfall amounts to
your answer. 11(ii)9 cm.
Ans : SQP 2017 (iii)It can be inferred that the station is
(i) Annual rainfall in Station A : - 68.4 cm. located inland, as indicated by the high
(ii) Annual range of temperature in Station temperature range.
B : - 10°C. III. Map Work
(33.1 - 23.1= 10°C) On the outline map of India mark the
(iii)The North-East Winter Monsoons provide following :
most of the rainfall to Station B, with the 1. Colour the areas which receive less than
heaviest precipitation occurring between 30 cm rainfall in a year.
October and February. This suggests that 2. Write L over the region which is the last
Station B is situated along the east coast to receive the South-West Monsoon.
of the peninsular region. 3. Show by arrows, the direction of the rain
bearing winds during winter and summer.
223. Given below is the climatic data of a station. 4. Mark the wind direction in Ganga basin
Study the table and answer the questions and Tamil Nadu coast in the month of
that follow: January.
5. Write E over the region which is the first
to receive the South-West Monsoon.
6. Shade an area which receives rain in
(i) Calculate the annual rainfall experienced
January and February.
by the station.
7. Shade and name the regions of India which
(iv) What is the annual range of temperature?
experience cyclonic rain and conventional
(ii) Name the wettest month.
rain.
Ans : COMP 2019 8. Mark dots on the areas which are affected
(i) 128.7 cm. by Loo.
(ii) Highest Temperature :3 (ii)5°C 9. Write HAR in an area having high annual
Lowest Temperature: 20.4°C range of temperature and LAR in an area
Annual Range of Temperature : 1(b)1°C having low annual range of temperature.
(iii)Wettest Month : November (35 cm 10. Shade and mark the Thar Desert.
of rain) 11. Shade in different patterns the three
sources of rain in Punjab.
CH 4 : CLIMATE

12. Mark and name the mountain range and

the direction of rain-bearing winds as
a result both of which Rajasthan gets
scanty rainfall.
Ans : MAIN 2021

www.nodia.in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 107

CHAPTER 5
SOIL RESOURCES

SUMMARY (d) In arid areas, the soil can be alkaline

and productive with proper treatment
and irrigation.
1. SOIL (iii)Types of Alluvial Soils
Soil is essentially a mixture of small rock (a) Bhangar : Older, coarse-textured soil
particles and organic matter/humus, which found away from rivers, non-porous,
forms on the Earth’s surface and supports and clayey.
plant growth. Agricultural output is (b) Khadar : Newer, fine-textured soil
directly linked to soil fertility, as fertile soils found near rivers, more fertile as new
enhance productivity and can sustain higher layers are deposited during annual
population densities. floods.
2. MAJOR SOILS OF INDIA (iv) Distribution : Common in the river
valleys of the Northern Plains (Indus,
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Ganga, Brahmaputra), parts of Gujarat,
(ICAR) classifies Indian soils into several
Rajasthan, and Eastern coastal plains
major categories:
in river deltas of the Peninsular plateau
2.1 Alluvial Soils (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri).
This is the most prevalent soil in India, States like Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
deposited by the Indus, Ganges, and Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal have
Brahmaputra river systems. Alluvial soil is widespread alluvial soil.
also referred to as riverine soil. (v) Crops : Alluvial soil is ideal for growing
(i) Composition : Alluvial soil consists of silt, rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, jute,
sand, and clay, and is rich in nutrients oilseeds, and pulses, among others.
such as humus, potash, phosphoric acid,
2.2 Black Soils
and lime, which support the cultivation of
crops like paddy, wheat, and sugarcane. Also known as black cotton or regur soil, it
It is deficient in phosphorus and nitrogen. forms from the solidification of volcanic lava.
The soil is typically dark in color with a (i) Characteristics : Derived from the
silty loam or clay texture. weathering of igneous rock in the Deccan
(ii) Characteristics Plateau, hence called regur soil.
(a) Highly fertile, making it ideal for (ii) Composed of fine clay particles.
intensive cultivation and supporting (a) Develops deep cracks during the hot
dense populations. summer, facilitating aeration, but
(b) Referred to as transported soil, as it is becomes sticky when wet, which can
carried to its current location by rivers. hinder plowing.
(c) Coarser particles are found in the (b) Deep black, medium black, or dark
upper river reaches, becoming finer brown in color due to its volcanic
downstream. origin.
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

(c) Residual soil, found where it is 2.4 Laterite or Lateritic Soils

formed. Derived from the Latin word “Later” meaning
(iii)Distribution : Found in the Deccan trap “brick”, these soils form in regions with high
(Basalt Lava Region), covering areas in temperatures and heavy rainfall, leading to
Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, significant leaching.
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, tamil Nadu, (i) Composition : Rich in iron, phosphate,
and parts of Chhattisgarh, along with and aluminium, but lacking in lime,
the valleys of the Godavari and Krishna magnesium, phosphoric acid, potash, and
rivers. humus.
(iv) Crops : Key crops include cotton, (ii) Characteristics
sugarcane, groundnut, millets, rice, (a) Low in humus due to high
wheat, oilseeds, and tobacco. temperatures killing microorganisms.
(b) Becomes hard when exposed to air.
2.3 Red and Yellow Soils
(c) Reddish or yellowish-red, turning
Formed by the weathering of ancient black upon exposure to sunlight.
crystalline rocks in regions with low rainfall. (d) Acidic, with poor moisture retention.
(i) Composition : these soils contain iron, (iii)Distribution : Found in Karnataka,
potash, and magnesium, with low Kerala, tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh,
amounts of humus, phosphorus, lime, Andhra Pradesh, and hilly areas of
nitrogen, and manganese. Odisha and Assam.
(ii) Characteristics (iv) Crops : tea, coffee, cashews, rubber,
(a) Red due to the diffusion of iron coconut, rice, sugarcane, and tapioca are
particles, appearing yellow when commonly cultivated on laterite soils.
hydrated. 3. SOIL EROSION
(b) Sandy and less clayey, porous, and
Soil erosion refers to the removal of the topsoil
slightly acidic, with poor moisture
layer by natural forces such as wind and
retention.
water, often exacerbated by human activity.
(c) Soil aggregates (kankars) are absent. It leads to the loss of fertile soil and can
(iii)Types of Red and Yellow Soils result in reduced agricultural productivity,
(a) Red Loamy Soils : Dark red and land degradation, and desertification.
loamy in texture. Causes of Soil Erosion
(b) Red Gravelly Soils : Dark red with a (i) Water Erosion : Includes sheet erosion,
gravelly texture. rill erosion, gully erosion, bank erosion,
(c) Mixed Red and Black Soils : Found and shore erosion.
in regions where red and black soils (ii) Wind Erosion : Common in arid and
merge. semi-arid regions, where wind moves and
deposits soil particles.
(iv) Distribution : Found in low rainfall
(iii)Human Factors : Faulty farming practices,
regions of the Deccan Plateau, including
shifting cultivation, overgrazing, and
tamil Nadu, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh,
deforestation significantly contribute to
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra
soil erosion.
Pradesh, and the Chotanagpur Plateau
in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. 4. SOIL CONSERVATION
(v) Crops : Crops include wheat, rice, millet, Soil conservation is crucial for maintaining
gram, sugarcane, groundnut, coconut, agricultural productivity and supporting
ragi, oilseeds, pulses, and cotton. ecosystems. Key methods include:
Irrigation improves red soil fertility. (i) Strip Cropping : Alternating strips of
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 109

crops with grass to reduce wind and Ans : SQP 2023

water erosion. Thus (a) is correct option.

(ii) Contour Plowing : Plowing along natural
contours to slow water flow and encourage 4. How is the soil named by you in Q. 23 above
absorption. formed?
(iii)Mulching : Covering soil with organic (a) Formed by the deposition of silt brought
material to protect it from erosion and down by rivers
retain moisture. (b) Formed by the weathering of laterite
(iv) Windbreaks : Planting rows of trees to rocks.
reduce wind speed and soil movement. (c) Formed by the weathering of basic lava
(v) terrace Farming : Building terraces on rocks
slopes to slow water runoff and reduce (d) Formed by the weathering of metamorphic
soil erosion. rocks
(vi) Crop Rotation : Alternating crops to Ans : COMP 2021

maintain soil fertility and provide cover. Thus (c) is correct option.
Other measures include controlled
overgrazing, afforestation, and the 5. Why are the foothills of Himalayas prone to
reclamation of saline and alkaline excessive soil erosion ?
soils. Flood control is also essential for (a) Absence of crop cover
preventing large-scale soil erosion in (b) To much of development of transportation
vulnerable regions. (c) Large scale deforestation in past
(d) Tourists are spreading pollutants in rivers
Ans : MAIN 2021

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Thus (c) is correct option.

6. Name the soil that is generally confined to

1. Which of the following helps in soil river basins.
conservation? (a) Black soil
(a) Afforestation (b) Alluvial soil
(b) Overgrazing (c) Red soil
(c) Mining (d) Laterite soil
(d) Shifting agriculture Ans : MAIN 2021

Ans : MAIN 2024 Thus (b) is correct option.

Thus (a) is correct option.
7. Name the soil that becomes infertile because
2. Which is the most widespread soil of India? of desilication.
(a) Red soil (a) Black soil
(b) Alluvial soil (b) Alluvial soil
(c) Laterite soil (c) Red soil
(d) Black soil (d) Laterite soil
Ans : MAIN 2023 Ans : SQP 2021

Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

3. Name the soil that is found in central Deccan 8. Which of the following constituents add
plateau. fertility to the soil?
(a) Black soil (b) Alluvial soil (a) Silica (b) Humus
(c) Red soil (d) Laterite soil (c) Clay (d) Sand
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES
Ans : MAIN 2001
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
14. Red soil gets its name from
9. Which of the following are the characteristics (a) Its colour
of fertile soil? (b) Its ferric oxide content
(a) Adequate amount of moisture (c) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Rich in nutrients (d) None of the above.
(c) Organic matter Ans : MAIN 2020
(d) All of the above
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2003

Thus (d) is correct option. 15. Black soil is also known as _____.
(a) Bhangar
10. Which of the following is a transported or ex (b) Khadar
situ soil? (c) Regur
(a) Alluvial soil (d) Leached
(b) Laterite soil Ans : SQP 2018
(c) Red soil
(d) Black soil. Thus (c) is correct option.

Ans : SQP 2006 16. Laterite soil is mainly found in the highland
Thus (a) is correct option. areas of _______.
(a) The Himalayas
11. Which of the following soils vary from place (b) The Peninsular Plateau
to place on the basis of the parental rocks (c) The Aravali Range
and climatic conditions? (d) The Karakoram Range
(a) Black soil Ans : MAIN 2016
(b) Laterite soil
(c) Alluvial soil Thus (b) is correct option.
(d) Red soil 17. Why is Black soil highly moisture retentive?
Ans : MAIN 2012 (a) It has fifty per cent of clay content
Thus (d) is correct option. (b) It is formed of weathered lava rocks
(c) It has high quantities of lime and iron
12. Farmers plant trees in several rows to check (d) All of the above
soil erosion by _______. Ans : COMP 2020
(a) Floods
(b) Winds Thus (a) is correct option.
(c) Drought 18. Which of the following is correct about the
(d) Heavy rains Laterite soil?
Ans : COMP 2008 (a) It is the residual soil.
Thus (b) is correct option. (b) It is formed by leaching due to tropical
rains.
13. Alluvial soil is rich in which of the following (c) Humus content of the soil is removed by
minerals? bacteria.
(a) Iron (d) All of the above.
(b) Nitrogen Ans : MAIN 2004
(c) Phosphorus
(d) None of the above Thus (d) is correct option.

Ans : SQP 2010

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 111

19. Which of the following soils forms the second 24. The process of soil formation is:
largest soil group in India? (a) Denudation
(a) Black soil (b) Pedogenesis
(b) Red soil (c) Erosion
(c) Yellow soil (d) Weathering
(d) Brown soil Ans : SQP 2004
Ans : MAIN 2020
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
25. Which type of soil is moisture retentive but
20. Why is the Red soil considered ideal for dry develops cracks when dry?
farming? (a) Alluvial soil
(a) It is formed in areas with poor rainfall (b) Laterite soil
and responds to fertilizers. (c) Black soil
(b) It is red in colour. (d) Red soil
(c) It is rich in iron oxide. Ans : COMP 1999
(d) It is rich in nitrogen.
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2023

Thus (a) is correct option. 26. On which type of soil do rubber, cashewnuts,
coffee and tapioca grow well?
21. The term used for soils found at the place of (a) Black soil
their formation is: (b) Red soil
(a) Ex-situ (c) Alluvial soil
(b) In-situ (d) Laterite soil
(c) Transported Ans : SQP 2005
(d) Hill soils
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2018

Thus (a) is correct option. 27. Which agent of erosion is most active in dry
regions devoid of vegetation?
22. The method of farming in which ploughing is (a) Wind
done on alternate strips of land is: (b) Ice
(a) Terrace farming (c) Canals
(b) Transplantation (d) Waves
(c) Broadcasting Ans : MAIN 2007
(d) Strip cropping
Thus (a) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2020

Thus (d) is correct option. 28. The name given to the older alluvium which
is clayey and not so fertile is:
23. The type of soil formed by the deposition of (a) Sandy
silt by rivers is: (b) Bhangar
(a) Black soil (c) Khadar
(b) Red soil (d) Rocky
(c) Alluvial soil Ans : SQP 2016
(d) Laterite soil
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2000

Thus (c) is correct option.

CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

(i) Four major groups of soil found in the 101. Give a single word for each of the following :
Indian plains and plateaus are : (i) The loose rock material, together with
(a) Alluvial soil humus, forming the uppermost layer of
(b) Regur soils the earth’s crust and serving as a source
(c) Red soil of food and moisture for plants.”
(d) Laterite soil (ii) The process of percolation by which
(ii) (a) High moisture retention : Black soil valuable mineral nutrients are washed
has the ability to retain moisture for down from the top layer of the soil to
a long time, making it suitable for deposit them in the lower layers, making
crops like cotton and sugarcane. thereby the top soil infertile”.
(b) Rich in minerals : It contains essential Ans : SQP 1996
minerals like calcium carbonate,
(i) Top Soil
magnesium, and potash, which
(ii) Leaching
promote crop growth.
102. (i) How was black soil or regur soil formed?
99. Name the transported soil most widely found
(ii) Where is this soil found in India?
in India. State the two sub-categories into
which it is generally divided. What are their Ans : MAIN 2002,2005,2007,2010

local names and which one of them is superior (i) Black soil, also known as regur soil, was
to the other ? formed by the weathering of basaltic
Ans : COMP 1996 rocks, primarily from volcanic lava. this
soil is rich in clay and has a high capacity
the transported soil most widely found in
for moisture retention due to its fine
India is alluvial soil. the two sub-categories
texture and high mineral content.
into which it is generally divided are:
(ii) Black soil is primarily found in the
(i) Khadar : Newer alluvium, found closer
Deccan Plateau region, which includes
to riverbanks, deposited by the river
the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat,
annually.
Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra
(ii) Bhangar : Older alluvium, found in
Pradesh, and tamil Nadu.
slightly elevated areas, away from the
river. 103. Name two important agents of erosion. For
Khadar is considered superior to each state one method of controlling the
Bhangar because it is more fertile, being erosion caused.
replenished regularly by fresh silt deposits Ans : SQP 2010
from rivers.
(i) Wind : Afforestation can effectively
100. Write any two characteristics of black soil. reduce soil erosion caused by wind.
(ii) Water : Constructing dams is a key
Ans : COMP 2015
strategy to control soil erosion resulting
(i) High moisture retention : Black soil from running water.
has excellent water-holding capacity,
which helps crops grow even during dry 104. Name any four farming techniques which
conditions. help in soil conservation.
(ii) Rich in minerals : It is rich in essential Ans : SQP 2009,2014
nutrients like calcium, potassium, and
(i) Contour ploughing
magnesium, making it highly fertile and
(ii) Constructing bunds
suitable for crops like cotton.
(iii)terracing of hills
(iv) Strip cropping.
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40. The type of soil found on the summits of 45. Which of the following soils is most suitable
Eastern and Western Ghats is: for the cultivation of cotton and sugarcane?
(a) Laterite soil (a) Laterite soil (b) Black soil
(b) Alluvial soil (c) Red soil (d) Alluvial soil
(c) Black soil Ans : MAIN 2001
(d) Red soil
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2015

Thus (a) is correct option. 46. Which of the following factors is responsible
for acidic nature of laterite soil?
41. The factors responsible for the formation of (a) As it is friable in nature.
soil is/are: (b) As it can retain moisture.
(a) Climate (c) As the bases leached down from the top
(b) Natural vegetation soil.
(c) Parent material (d) All the above are correct.
(d) All of these Ans : SQP 2013
Ans : COMP 2019
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (d) is correct option.
47. Study the map and answer the following
42. Name the method used to prevent soil erosion questions:
by running water.
(a) Terrace farming
(b) Strip cropping
(c) Shelter belts
(d) Leaving the land fallow
Ans : MAIN 2016

Thus (a) is correct option.

43. Name the method used to prevent soil erosion

by wind.
(a) Contour ploughing
(b) Strip cropping
(c) Plugging of gullies
(d) Use of fertilizer
Ans : SQP 2011
(i) Which soil is found in the shaded region?
(a) Black soil (b) Alluvial soil
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) Red soil (d) Laterite soil
44. Name the process of removal of soluble Ans : MAIN 2003

mineral salts, especially the bases and silica Thus (b) is correct option.
from horizon A or the top soil by percolating
(ii) How is this type of soil formed?
rain water.
(a) Pedogenesis (a) By the deposition of silt brought down by
(b) Leaching rivers
(c) Lithification (b) By weathering of alluvium
(d) Conglomeration (c) Any of these
(d) None of these
Ans : COMP 2016
Ans : MAIN 2007
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

29. A type of soil known for its self-ploughing Ans : COMP 2008

quality is: Thus (d) is correct option.

(a) Regur soil
(b) Red soil 35. The efforts made by man to prevent the
(c) Black soil erosion of soil is known as:
(d) Both (a) and (c) (a) Erosion
(b) Deforestation
Ans : COMP 2020
(c) Conservation of soil
Thus (d) is correct option. (d) Leaching

30. Name the type of erosion in mountainous Ans : SQP 2010

areas which removes vast stretches of land. Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) Gully erosion
(b) Splash erosion 36. The soil formed by weathering of crystalline
(c) Sheet erosion rocks is:
(d) Rill erosion (a) Black soil
(b) Red soil
Ans : MAIN 2016
(c) Laterite soil
Thus (c) is correct option. (d) Alluvial soil

31. Wind erosion is the most powerful agent of Ans : COMP 2012

erosion in deserts because of: Thus (b) is correct option.

(a) Absence of population
(b) Aridity 37. The type of soil good for the growing of jute
(c) No vegetation and rice is:
(d) Both (b) and (c) (a) Alluvial soil
(b) Laterite soil
Ans : SQP 2019
(c) Red soil
Thus (d) is correct option. (d) Black soil

32. A type of leached soil is: Ans : MAIN 2015

(a) Red (b) Black Thus (a) is correct option.

(c) Alluvial (d) Laterite
38. Where the soil is fertile, the density of
Ans : COMP 2022
population is:
Thus (d) is correct option. (a) Low
(b) Medium
33. What is the main reason for the red colour (c) Scanty
of red soil? (d) High
(a) Abundance of magnesium
(b) Accumulated humus Ans : COMP 2013

(c) Presence of ferric oxides Thus (d) is correct option.

(d) Abundance of phosphates
39. Clearing of forest cover is often referred to as:
Ans : COMP 2010
(a) Re-afforestation
Thus (c) is correct option. (b) Deforestation
(c) Aafforestation
34. To check the speed of wind,_____is done. (d) Contour ploughing
(a) Deforestation
(b) Planting of trees Ans : MAIN 2017

(c) Strip cropping Thus (b) is correct option.

(d) Both (b) and (c)
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 115

65. What is meant by term Bangar ? Ans : COMP 2019

Ans : MAIN 2000

Mountain soil is rich in iron and humus. two
crops that can be grown on the mountain soil
The old clayey alluvial soil which is found in are-tea and apple plantations.
the piedmont plains is called Bangar.
73. Why is laterite soil unsuitable for agriculture ?
66. What is meant by term Khadar ?
Ans : MAIN 2021
Ans : MAIN 1999
Laterite soil is unsuitable for agriculture
The new alluvial soil that is found is the deltas because it does not retain moisture.
and flood plains is known as the Khadar.
74. Name two states in which desert soil is found.
67. Name two states in which desert soil is found.
Ans : MAIN 2020
Ans : SQP 2018
Desert soil is found in Rajasthan and partially
Desert soil is found in Rajasthan and partially in Punjab.
in Punjab.
75. Which is the most widely transported soil ?
68. State the two most important factors that
determine the types of soils found in India . Ans : MAIN 2016

Ans : COMP 2020

Alluvial soil is the most widely transported
soil.
Climate and parent rock are the two major
factors determining the types of soils found 76. What do you understand by laterite soil ?
in India. Ans : SQP 2023

69. Which is the most widely transported soil ? The soil formed due to weathering of lateritic
Ans : MAIN 2002
rocks is called laterite soil.

Alluvial soil is the most widely transported 77. What is sheet erosion and how it is counter
soil. balanced ?

70. Place in two broad categories the soils of Ans : COMP 2000

India on the basis of their formation. Removal of an entire top layer of soil by water
Ans : MAIN 2006
or wind is called sheet erosion. Sheet erosion
can be counterbalanced by cultivating a
The soils of India on the basis of their plenty of trees and grasses.
formation are divided in the following two
broad categories : 78. How is overgrazing controlled ?
(i) Residual soil, and Ans : SQP 2015
(ii) Transported soil.
Overgrazing is controlled by moving the
71. What are the differences between the alluvial animals to different pastures in order to
soil found in the upper courses of rivers and prevent the complete removal of vegetation
that found in the lower courses ? from the pastures.
Ans : SQP 2008
79. Name one important characteristic of
The alluvial soil found in the upper courses mountain soil.
of rivers is coarse while the other one which Ans : SQP 2012
is found in the lower courses is fine.
Mountain soil is very rich in humus but
72. State one feature of mountain soil. Name two deficient in potash, phosphorous and lime.
crops that can be grown on it.
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

ONE MARK QUESTIONS 56. Name one Indian soil that has been formed
by leaching.
Ans : SQP 1995,2014
48. Mention any two causes of soil erosion in
India. Laterite soil is formed by leaching.
Ans : MAIN 2023 57. Different regions in India having different
Two major causes of soil erosion in India are: kinds of soil.
(i) Deforestation Ans : COMP 2014
(ii) Overgrazing
Due to different relief and climate
49. Name two soil conservation methods that
58. Give one chemical property of black soil.
may be practised in arid (dry) regions.
Ans : MAIN 2018
Ans : MAIN 2023
Black soil is rich in calcium, carbonate
Planting of shelter belts and Restrictions on
magnesium, potash etc.
overgrazing of animals.
59. Name one soil of volcanic origin commonly
50. Name the state in India which mostly has
found in India.
red soil.
Ans : SQP 2004
Ans : COMP 2000,2001
The black soils are of volcanic origin.
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
60. How is the migration of sand dunes from thar
51. Explain the formation of soil.
desert checked ?
Ans : COMP 2008,2013
Ans : SQP 2009
The laterite soil is a result of intense leaching
By building shelter belts.
owing to heavy tropical rains.
61. Name one crop widely grown on this soil.
52. Khadar soils are preferred to Bangar soil.
Ans : MAIN 2010
Ans : SQP 2012
Cotton grows well on this soil.
Because it is more fertile
62. What is meant by term In Situ ?
53. What is laterite soil ?
Ans : SQP 2019
Ans : MAIN 2007
The soil which are found where they are
The laterite soils are a result of intense
formed is called “In Situ”.
leaching owing to heavy tropical rains.
63. Mention one disadvantage of this soil.
54. What is the type of soil which is widely
distributed over the Ganga Plain ? Ans : MAIN 2014

Ans : MAIN 1994 One disadvantage of this soil is that it is

acidic in nature and not capable of retaining
The Ganga Plain contains alluvial soils.
moisture.
55. What is the meaning of leached soil ?
64. What is meant by term Regur ?
Ans : COMP 2015
Ans : COMP 2011
A soil from which water soluble substances
Cotton grows well in black soil so it is also
such as Calcium, potassium, lime etc. are
called ‘Regur’ soil.
washed away.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 117

88. What is soil erosion? Which are the two main 93. State one feature of mountain soil. Name two
causes of soil erosion ? crops that can be grown on it.
or
Ans : MAIN 2009
Man is largely responsible for soil erosion.
Mountain soil is rich in organic matter due
Ans : COMP 2008,2016,2018
to the decomposition of forest vegetation.tea
Soil erosion is the displacement of soil and coffee can be grown on it
caused by natural forces, particularly wind
and water. However, it primarily occurs due 94. State two methods of soil conservation.
to human activities such as deforestation, Ans : COMP 1999,2006,2016
excessive cattle grazing, and improper
farming practices. (i) Planting trees through afforestation helps
protect the soil from erosion.
89. State two disadvantages of the red soil. (ii) Building check-dams is a crucial method
Ans : MAIN 2000 for controlling soil erosion in the upper
sections of rivers.
(i) Red soil is deficient in nitrogen, organic
matter, and phosphoric acid, making it 95. Alluvial soil can hold moisture and is very
less fertile. fertile.
(ii) Red soils are porous, they do not retain
moisture well. Ans : SQP 2015

Alluvial soil consists of fine particles, making

90. Why is laterite soil unsuitable for agriculture ?
it highly fertile due to its abundance of
Ans : SQP 2008,2013 mineral nutrients like potash and lime.
Laterite soil develops through intense leaching
96. Explain the formation of red soil.
processes. Upon drying, it hardens to a brick-
like state. therefore, it is not suitable for Ans : MAIN 2006

agricultural use. Red soil forms from the weathering of ancient

crystalline and metamorphic rocks, especially
91. State two main differences between alluvial
under hot and dry conditions. Its red color
soil and red soil.
comes from the presence of iron oxide. this
Ans : MAIN 2005 soil is typically low in nutrients like nitrogen
and phosphorus, making it less fertile.
Feature Alluvial Soil Red Soil
97. Mention any two advantages of the black soil.
Soil Origin transported soil Residual soil
Ans : MAIN 2002
Moisture Highly moisture Not moisture
Retention retentive retentive (i) Black soil can effectively retain moisture
due to its high clay content.
92. Name the soil which is formed due to (ii) During dry periods, it develops deep
high temperature and heavy rainfall with cracks that enhance aeration and air
alternating wet and dry periods. Name two circulation.
states where this type of soil is found.
98. (i) Name four major groups of soil found in
Ans : SQP 2009
the Indian plains and plateaus.
Laterite soil forms through intense leaching (ii) Give two characteristic features of the soil
in regions that receive heavy rainfall. It is found most suitable for growing cotton
typically found in states like tamil Nadu and and sugarcane in Maharashtra.
Odisha.
Ans : COMP 1996,1997
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

(iii)The soil with the maximum capacity to air circulation within the soil. this
hold moisture is black soil . natural process, often referred to as ‘self-
(iv) Red soil is red in color due to the presence ploughing,’ improves soil aeration and
of iron oxide in the soil, which gives it a helps in soil regeneration without manual
reddish hue. intervention.

152. Differentiate between transported soil and In 154. How does the Ganga Yamuna plain differ
Situ soil, quoting a suitable example of each. from that of Central Maharashtra ?
Ans : MAIN 2013
or
Mention two differences between Alluvial
Transported Soil In Situ Soil Soil and Black Cotton Soil.
Transported soil It is less fertile as it Ans : MAIN 2009,2018,2017

is very fertile as it is deficient in phos- Ganga Yamuna plain has alluvial soil whereas
is rich in mineral phorus, nitrogen, central Maharashtra has black soil
nutrients like potash lime and humus.
and lime. Alluvial Soil Black Soil
Transported soil is In situ soils are Alluvial soil is a It is an insitu soil
derived from the formed due to transported soil. (residual soil).
sediments deposited weathering of ancient these soil is made up these soil has been
by rivers. crystalline and of fine silt brought formed due to the
metamorphic rocks. down by the rivers withering of the lava.
It is found in river It is found in Deccan and their tributaries.
valleys. trap. they occupy the these soils are
extensive tracts mainly found in
153. Give a geographical reason for each of the of West Punjab, Maharashtra,
following : U.P., Bihar, West Western Madhya
(i) The colour of alluvium soil varies in Bengal, part of Pradesh, parts of
different areas. Assam, Odisha and Karnataka, Andhra
(ii) Khadar is more fertile than bhangar soil. the coastal strips Pradesh, Gujarat
(iii)Black soil has a kind of self-ploughing of Peninsular India. and tamil Nadu.
characteristic. they also occupy a
Ans : COMP 2006
part of Gujarat and
Rajasthan.
(i) The colour of alluvial soil varies due to
Wheat, sugarcane, Cotton, wheat,
factors such as the depth at which it is
jute etc. are tobacco are
deposited, the texture of the material
important crops important crops
carried by the river, and the time taken
grown. grown.
for the soil to mature. these variations
influence the soil’s appearance in different
155. Give a geographical reason for each of the
regions.
following :
(ii) Khadar is more fertile than Bhangar soil (i) Terrace farming is an ideal soil
because it receives fresh layers of nutrient- conservation method for hilly regions.
rich silt deposited annually during the (ii) Dry faming is preferred in areas with red
monsoon floods, which continuously soil.
rejuvenates its fertility. (iii)Wind is a common agent of soil erosion in
(iii)During the dry season, black soil shrinks arid regions.
and develops large cracks, which facilitate
Ans : SQP 2019
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 119

105. What are the differences between the alluvial 108. Name two important crops associated with
soil found in the upper course of rivers and the following types of soil :
that found in the lower courses? (i) Alluvial soil
Ans : MAIN 2010
(ii) Black soil
(iii)Desert soil
Aspect Upper Course Lower Course (iv) Laterite soil
Alluvial Soil Alluvial Soil Ans : MAIN 2007,2018

Soil Soil particles Soil particles (i) Alluvial soil : Rice, Wheat.
particle are larger, are fine and less (ii) Black soil : Cotton, Sugarcane.
size and more coarse, coarse, with (iii)Desert soil : Bajra (Pearl Millet), Jowar
texture and not abundant silt (Sorghum).
uniform and clay (iv) Laterite soil : tea, Coffee.
Fertility Less fertile More fertile.
109. State two methods of controlling of soil
caused by running water.
106. (i) Write any three characteristics of red soil.
(ii) Give one geographical reason for red soil Ans : MAIN 2012

requires irrigation. (i) Constructing Dams : Building dams

Ans : MAIN 2009,2015,2018
across rivers can significantly reduce soil
erosion caused by floods. Dams help to
(i) Three characteristics of red soil are :
slow down the flow of water, thereby
(a) Reddish color due to the presence of
protecting the soil from being washed
iron oxide.
away.
(b) Sandy and porous texture, allowing
(ii) Contour Ploughing : this method involves
good drainage.
ploughing parallel to the natural contours
(c) Low fertility, lacking essential
of the land. By following the field’s
nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus,
outline, it prevents soil from being carried
and organic matter.
away by running water.
(ii) Red soil requires irrigation because it has
poor water retention capacity due to its 110. Mention two similarities between red soil and
sandy and porous nature, leading to rapid laterite soil.
drying, especially in hot, dry climates. Ans : MAIN 2016

107. Give a geographical reason for reafforestation (i) Iron content : Both soils are rich in iron
should be practiced extensively. oxide, which gives them a reddish color.
Ans : COMP 2015
(ii) Low fertility : Both red soil and laterite
soil are generally low in nutrients like
(i) To Prevent Soil Erosion : the roots of
nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter,
trees and plants stabilize and bind the soil,
requiring fertilization for improved
making it resistant to being washed or blown
agricultural use.
away by water and wind. Additionally,
trees, plants, shrubs, and grasses slow 111. How is regur soil or black soil formed?
down the flow of water and enhance the Ans : COMP 2012
soil’s ability to absorb moisture.
(ii) Ecological Balance : trees are essential for Regur soil is formed in situ, meaning it
maintaining ecological balance because develops in the location where it is found. It
they absorb carbon dioxide and release originates from the weathering of the Deccan
oxygen, thereby supporting life and trap basalt rock.
regulating atmospheric gases.
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

127. Name the soil known for its self-ploughing 131. Why are red soils not suitable for agriculture ?
quality and the capacity to hold moisture. Ans : COMP 2003
Name two cash crops for which it is specially
suited. Red soils are not ideal for agriculture because
they lack essential nutrients and have poor
Ans : MAIN 2001
water retention. However, they can be
The soil known for its self-ploughing quality improved with irrigation and fertilization.
and capacity to hold moisture is black soil
(also known as regur soil). 132. Why are alluvial soils very fertile ?
two cash crops for which it is specially suited Ans : SQP 2002

are cotton and sugarcane. Alluvial soils are highly fertile due to their
128. Name one soil of volcanic origin commonly richness in minerals, particularly potash
found in India. Name one crop widely grown and lime. they are light, porous, and easily
on this soil. tillable, making them ideal for agriculture.

Ans : COMP 2023 133. (i) Why is soil a valuable resource for India ?
Black soil, a soil of volcanic origin commonly (ii) Why is black soil considered a productive
found in India, is widely used for growing soil ?
cotton. Ans : COMP 2005

129. Why is laterite soil unsuitable for the (i) Soil is a crucial resource as it indirectly
cultivation of crops? Name an area in India supplies nutrients to all organisms within
where this soil is found. the ecosystem. It serves as a medium for
plant growth, offering essential nutrients
Ans : SQP 2008
and water. Since plants form the primary
Laterite soil is unsuitable for crop cultivation food source for the rest of the ecosystem,
because it is highly acidic and deficient in without soil, plant growth would be
essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, impossible, and other organisms would
and potassium. Additionally, its coarse and not survive.
porous texture leads to poor water retention, (ii) Black soil is considered as productive soil
making it less ideal for most crops without and it is suitable for the growth of cotton
proper soil management and fertilization. because it is rich in iron, potash, calcium,
Laterite soil is found in the highland areas magnesium, etc. It can retain moisture
of the Deccan plateau, e.g., summits of the for long duration.
Eastern and Western Ghats.
134. Give two characteristics features of the soil
130. What is meant by the following terms : found most suitable for growing cotton and
(i) In Situ sugarcane in Maharashtra.
(ii) Regur Ans : SQP 2004
(iii)Bangar
(i) High moisture retention : Black soil has
Ans : SQP 2006
excellent water-holding capacity, which
(i) In Situ : the soil that is found exactly helps crops like cotton and sugarcane
where it is formed is called ”In Situ” soil. grow even during dry conditions.
(ii) Regur : Cotton grows well in black soil, (ii) Rich in minerals : It contains essential
which is why it is also called ”Regur” soil. nutrients like calcium, potassium, and
magnesium, which are vital for the
(iii)Bangar : the older, clayey alluvial soil
healthy growth of cotton and sugarcane.
found in the piedmont plains is referred
to as ”Bangar”.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 121

120. What is the soil ? Name the four types of soil. 123. Name a part of India where (i) wind is the
Ans : MAIN 2023
main agent of erosion, and (ii) water is the
main agent of erosion.
Soil is a thin, loose layer made up of small
rock particles and decomposed organic Ans : MAIN 2014

material that covers the Earth’s surface. It (i) A part of India where wind is the main
supports forests, grasslands, and crops, which agent of erosion is the thar Desert in
provide the essential energy sources for all Rajasthan.
living organisms on the planet.the four main (ii) A part of India where water is the main
types of soil found in India are: agent of erosion is the Chambal Valley in
(i) Alluvial soil Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Black soil
(iii)Red soil 124. State any two factors responsible for the
(iv) Laterite soil formation of soil.
Ans : SQP 2015
121. State two main differences between Alluvial
soil and Red soil. (i) Various natural forces such as changing
temperature, running water, and wind
Ans : COMP 2005,2014
play a key role in the formation of soil.
Aspect Alluvial Soil Red Soil (ii) Along with these forces, chemical and
organic changes contribute to the soil’s
Fertility Alluvial soil is It is less fertile evolution, a process that has taken
highly fertile due to its millions of years.
because it deficiency in
contains phosphorus, 125. How are alluvial soil formed ?
abundant nitrogen, lime, Ans : MAIN 2022
mineral and humus.
nutrients Alluvial soil is composed of fine silt from
such as higher altitudes, transported and deposited
potash and by rivers and their tributaries.
lime. 126. What are the characteristics of alluvial soil ?
Formation Most alluvial Red soil Ans : MAIN 2024
soil originates primarily
from forms from (i) Alluvial soil is formed by the deposition
sediments the weathering of river load as the river moves from its
deposited by of ancient upper to lower course. It is predominantly
rivers. crystalline and found in piedmont plains and can be up
metamorphic to 500 meters deep.
rocks. (ii) The soil in the upper river valleys is coarse
with large and non-uniform particles,
122. Write any two characteristics of red soil. while the lower areas have finer soil. It is
Ans : SQP 2020
light, porous, and easy to till.
(iii)Alluvial soil is fertile, rich in minerals like
The characteristics of red soil are as follows:
potash and lime, but generally deficient
(i) The soil is typically red in color, but can
in nitrogen and humus, except in the
also range from brown to chocolate or
Ganga delta, where it is rich in humus.
yellow.
(ii) It lacks phosphoric acid, organic matter, (iv) It supports a wide variety of rabi and
and nitrogen, but is relatively rich in kharif crops, though soils in drier areas
potash. tend to be more alkaline.
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

80. How is the migration of sand dunes from thar 84. Name the soil found on the summits of
desert been checked ? Eastern Ghats.
Ans : MAIN 2004 Ans : COMP 2017

The migration of sand dunes from thar desert Laterite soil is found on the summits of
is been checked by planting shelter belts of Eastern Ghats.
series of trees perpendicular to the direction
of winds.

81. Explain the following terms : TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

(i) Gully erosion
(ii) Soil texture
(iii)Contour ploughing 85. Mention two characteristics of Black soil.
(iv) Slip erosion Ans : MAIN 2023
(v) Strip cropping Two Characteristics of black soil are :
Ans : MAIN 2015 (i) High moisture retention : Black soil has a
(i) Gully erosion : Gully erosion takes place high capacity to retain moisture, making
when running water cuts deep ravines in it suitable for dry farming.
the absence of vegetation. this type of (ii) Rich in minerals : It is rich in essential
erosion makes soil unfit for cultivation. minerals like calcium, magnesium, and
(ii) Soil texture : Soil texture refers to the potassium, which support crop growth,
size of particles in soil. the texture of soil especially for cotton.
may be gravel, sand, silt or clay. 86. Why is Black soil found suitable for the
(iii)Contour ploughing : It is a farming technique production of cotton? (Any two points)
which is used in hilly areas to prevent soil
erosion. It involves ploughing along the Ans : MAIN 2024

outline of the fields in a circular manner. Black soil is suitable for the production of
(iv) Slip erosion : During heavy rains, water cotton due to following reasons :
filters into the soil until it is unable to (i) Moisture Retention : It retains moisture
penetrate further by the underlying well, helping cotton during dry periods.
impervious rocks. (ii) Nutrient-Rich : It contains key nutrients
(v) Strip cropping : It is a farming technique like calcium and potassium, essential for
in which different kinds of crops are cotton growth.
grown in alternate rows instead of leaving
strips of land uncultivated. 87. Give one difference between each of the
following:
82. Where is plugging of gullies and ravines (i) Alluvial soil of Uttarakhand and alluvial
practised? soil of West Bengal.
Ans : SQP 2009
(ii) transported soil and residual soil.

Plugging of gullies and ravines is practised Ans : MAIN 2024

in ravines of the Chambel Valley and the (i) Alluvial soil of Uttarakhand is coarser
portions of Punjab. in texture, in West Bengal it is finer in
texture.
83. What type of soil is widely distributed over (ii) Soil which is transported from the place
the Ganga Basin ? it is formed, ex-situ are transported soil
Ans : COMP 2012 while in-situ soil are residual soil found at
Alluvial soil is widely distributed over the the place where it is formed.
Ganga Basin.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 123

135. (i) Name the process by which Laterite soil 138. Name the factors responsible for soil
is formed. formation.
(ii) Mention one disadvantage of Laterite soil ? Ans : MAIN 2007
Ans : SQP 2019
The factors responsible for soil formation are:
(i) Laterite soil is formed through the process (i) Parent Material : the rock or material
of intense leaching due to heavy rainfall from which soil forms.
and high temperatures, which wash away (ii) Climate : temperature and rainfall
soluble minerals and nutrients from the influence weathering and soil formation.
soil. (iii)Topography : Land shape affects drainage
(ii) One disadvantage of laterite soil is its and erosion.
low fertility, as it is deficient in essential (iv) Biological Factors : Plants, animals,
nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and and microorganisms contribute organic
potassium. matter.
(v) Time : Soil forms gradually over long
136. State the two sub-categories into which periods.
alluvial soil is generally divided. Which one
of them is superior to the other ? Why ? 139. What is leaching ? Give an example of a
Ans : MAIN 2021
leached soil.

Alluvial soil is divided into two sub-categories: Ans : MAIN 2004

(i) Khadar : Newer, fertile soil found in river Leaching is the process in which water
floodplains, replenished by silt from floods. percolates through the soil, washing away
(ii) Bhangar : Older, less fertile soil found in nutrients and minerals from the upper layers
upland areas with coarse particles and to the lower layers. this often results in
lime nodules. nutrient depletion in the topsoil.
Khadar is superior due to its higher An example of leached soil is laterite soil,
fertility and regular renewal by floods. which forms in regions with heavy rainfall,
where minerals like iron and aluminum
137. Name the main components of soil. remain, but essential nutrients get washed
Ans : COMP 2010 away.
The main components of soil are: 140. Name the type of soil which is :
(i) Mineral Particles : these include sand, (i) Useful for the cultivation of jute.
silt, and clay, which provide structure (ii) Formed by decomposition of smetamorphic
and texture to the soil. rocks.
(ii) Organic Matter : Composed of (iii)Covers 40% of land area of India.
decomposed plant and animal materials, (iv) Develops on old crystalline rocks under
organic matter improves soil fertility and moderate to heavy rainfall.
structure.
(iii)Water : Essential for plant growth, water Ans : SQP 2005

in the soil helps dissolve nutrients, making (i) Alluvial soil

them accessible to plants. (ii) Red soil
(iv) Air : Pores in the soil hold air, which (iii)Alluvial soil
provides oxygen to roots and soil (iv) Red soil
organisms.
(v) Microorganisms : these include bacteria, 141. Name the major soils of India.
fungi, and other organisms that break Ans : MAIN 2001

down organic matter and help recycle The major soils of India are:
nutrients. 1. Alluvial Soil
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CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

112. (i) Name the Indian soil which is formed due Alluvial soil forms from the deposition of silt
to the weathering of basic igneous rocks. carried by rivers from the mountains. It is
(ii) Name two states of India where this type agriculturally significant due to its softness,
of soil is found. fertility, and richness in humus and lime.
Ans : SQP 2019
116. Name an area of black soil in India. Mention
(i) The Indian soil formed due to the two crops grown in this soil.
weathering of basic igneous rocks is black Ans : MAIN 2018
soil (also known as regur soil).
(ii) Two states of India where black soil is An area of black soil in India is the
found are Maharashtra and Gujarat. Deccan Plateau, which includes states like
Maharashtra and Gujarat.
113. Name an area in India in which each of the two crops grown in black soil are:
following processes take place: (i) Cotton
(i) Sheet erosion (ii) Sugarcane
(ii) Gully erosion
117. Mention any two advantages of the alluvial
Ans : MAIN 2017
soil.
(i) Sheet Erosion : Common in the floodplains Ans : MAIN 2004
of the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Damodar
rivers, as well as the Himalayan slopes, (i) It is light and porous, making it easy to
northeastern slopes, and hill regions that till.
receive heavy rainfall. (ii) It supports the cultivation of a wide range
(ii) Gully Erosion : Occurs in areas such of both rabi and kharif crops.
as the Chambal Valley, and along the 118. What is soil conservation? State a method of
Sabarmati and Mahi rivers. soil conservation in the :
114. How is red soil formed? State two reasons for (i) Arid and Semi-Arid region.
the low productivity of red soil. (ii) River valleys prone to flood.

Ans : COMP 2021

Ans : SQP 2017

Red soil is formed by the weathering Soil Conservation involves human efforts to
of ancient crystalline and metamorphic prevent soil erosion and maintain its fertility.
rocks, particularly under hot, dry climatic Methods of Conservation :
conditions. the soil gets its red color from the (i) In Arid and Semi-Arid Regions:
presence of iron oxide. (a) Planting shelter belts
two reasons for the low productivity of red (b) Afforestation and reforestation
soil are : (ii) In Flood-Prone River Valleys:
(i) Nutrient deficiency : Red soil is poor (a) Constructing dams and barrages
in essential nutrients like nitrogen, (b) Building check dams
phosphorus, and organic matter, which (c) Afforestation and reforestation
are vital for plant growth. 119. Name the following :
(ii) Low moisture retention : Due to its (i) An important transported soil of India.
porous and sandy nature, red soil does (ii) Soil that is rich in iron oxide.
not retain water well, making it less
Ans : COMP 2009
suitable for moisture-dependent crops.
(i) Alluvial soil : An important transported
115. How is alluvial soil formed? Why is this soil soil of India.
agriculturally important? (ii) Red soil : Soil that is rich in iron oxide.
Ans : SQP 2024
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 125
Ans : SQP 2001
149. (i) How does industry cause land degradation ?
(i) The soil suitable for coffee cultivation in (ii) What is conservation of soil ?
Karnataka is laterite soil. Ans : SQP 2009
(ii) The type of soil found on the summit of
the Eastern Ghats is Red soil. (i) (a) Industrial Pollution : Mineral
(iii)The soil known for its self-ploughing processing industries emit numerous
quality and capacity to hold moisture is harmful gases and chemicals, which
black soil. adversely impact soil fertility.
(b) Waste Disposal : the dumping of
147. Explain the formation of alluvial soil. factory waste and chemical residues
Ans : COMP 2007
on land contributes to the degradation
of the soil.
Alluvial soil is composed of very fine particles (ii) Soil conservation encompasses a range
called silt, which are transported and of techniques and methods aimed at
deposited by rivers. As rivers enter their lower preventing soil degradation and preserving
courses, they slow down due to a gentle slope soil health.
or gradient. this reduced velocity makes the
river flow sluggish, leading to the formation 150. Write three characteristics each of ‘Khadar’
of islands made of silt and mud within the and ‘Bangar’ soil.
channel. this process repeats multiple times, Ans : COMP 2008,2012,2013
eventually creating a typical delta.
(i) Khadar Soil :
148. (i) Mention two ways by which soil can get (a) Newer deposits from rivers, making it
nitrogen. highly fertile.
(ii) Explain the need for soil conservation
(b) Finer particles, mainly silt and clay.
in India. State two methods of soil
conservation. (c) Regularly replenished, ideal for crops
like wheat and rice.
Ans : MAIN 2006,2014,2015
(ii) Bhangar Soil :
(i) Ways to Increase Nitrogen in Soil : (a) Older, higher deposits, less fertile.
(a) Growing Pulses : Certain bacteria
(b) Coarser texture with larger particles.
present in the roots of pulse plants
have the ability to fix atmospheric (c) Contains kankar (calcareous nodules),
nitrogen, converting it into nitrogen reducing fertility.
compounds that enrich the soil. 151. (i) Name the soil which supports half of the
(b) Applying NPK Fertilizers : the use population of India.
of NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, (ii) Why is laterite soil found in the Western
Potassium) fertilizers adds essential Coastal regions ?
nutrients, including nitrogen, to the (iii)Name the soil which has the maximum
soil, enhancing its fertility. capacity to hold moisture.
(ii) Importance of Soil : (iv) Why red soil is red in colour ?
(a) Vital Resource for India : Soil is
Ans : COMP 2008,2012
India’s most valuable asset, with over
60% of the population depending on (i) The soil that supports half of the
agriculture for their livelihood. population of India is alluvial soil.
(b) Foundation for Development : Healthy (ii) Laterite soil is found in the Western
soil is crucial for the advancement of Coastal regions due to the heavy rainfall,
agriculture, forests, and industrial high temperature, and alternating wet
growth, ensuring overall progress and and dry conditions that lead to intense
sustainability. leaching and the formation of laterite.
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

168. Which is the most extensive soil ? How is it 170. What is being done to tackle the 150 million
formed and what does it represent ? hectares of land which are presently affected
Ans : SQP 2016
by soil erosion ?

Alluvial soils are the most widespread in India, Ans : COMP 2017

covering a large part of the country. these Farmers are receiving both technical and
include inland alluvium, deltaic alluvium, financial assistance to address the 150 million
and coastal alluvium. Inland alluvium hectares of land currently impacted by soil
stretches across the Ganga-Brahmaputra erosion. the government has launched several
plains, covering regions like West Punjab, initiatives, including the Drought Prone Area
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Programme (DPAP), rural development
and parts of Assam. Coastal alluvium is programmes, dryland development through
found along the western and eastern coasts an extensive irrigation network, agro-forestry,
of Peninsular India, while deltaic alluvium watershed management, and the protection
is located in areas like West Bengal and of fragile mountain ecosystems. these efforts
Odisha, particularly in the southern plains aim to promote sustainable land use and
of river estuaries. Alluvial soil is formed by reduce soil degradation.
the deposition of sediments brought down by
rivers from their upper courses. 171. (i) How are soils formed ?
(ii) Name the main components of soil.
169. What is soil conservation ? State two ways in Ans : COMP 2020
which one can reduce soil erosion.
or (i) Soils are formed from parent material
Soil conservation is an effort made by man through processes of weathering, including
to prevent soil erosion to retain the fertility breakdown and wear over time. the
of soil. formation of soil is influenced by factors
such as relief, climate, and vegetation,
Ans : SQP 2019
while animals, insects, and human
Three important methods of soil conservation activity also contribute significantly. Soil
are : forms under specific natural conditions
(i) Afforestation : tree and plant roots and is a mixture of minerals and inorganic
firmly anchor the soil, preventing it from matter resulting from the denudation
being easily eroded by wind and water. and disintegration of rocks. though soil is
Additionally, trees and plants slow down considered a renewable resource, it takes
the speed of running water and blowing a long time to regenerate. the process of
wind, reducing soil erosion. soil formation is called pedogenesis.
(ii) Proper Farming techniques : Implementing (ii) Soil is composed of both inorganic and
terracing on hill slopes helps effectively organic materials.
control soil erosion. Other practices such
(a) Inorganic Components : these include
as strip cropping and building bunds
silica, clay, and chalk (calcium
across hill slopes and field boundaries
carbonate), which form the primary
also reduce soil erosion in hilly areas.
structure of the soil.
(iii)Restricted Grazing of Animals : Rotational
grazing should be practiced, where (b) Organic Components : the key organic
animals are moved between different matter is humus, which forms from
grazing pastures to prevent the complete the decomposition of plant remains,
removal of vegetation from any single animal waste, and dead organisms.
area, thereby reducing soil degradation.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 127

(i) It slows down the downward flow of water (i) Changing temperature, running water
across the soil surface, thereby minimizing and wind affect formation of soil. these
the movement of soil with the water flow. forces of nature along with the chemical
Additionally, it allows water to infiltrate and organic changes that take place in
into the soil. the soil contribute to the evolution of soil.
(ii) Because it requires only a minimal thus soil itself, has evolved over millions
amount of moisture. of years.
(iii)In regions with low rainfall, wind can (ii) Decomposed vegetal and animal remains,
lift valuable topsoil from one area and called humus, is an important constituent
deposit it in another, making wind a of soil and adds to the fertility of the soil.
common agent of soil movement.
159. Give a geographical reason for each of the
156. With reference to Red soils in India, answer following :
the following questions : (i) Different regions in India have different
(i) Name two states where it is found. kinds of soil for agriculture.
(ii) State two advantages of this type of soil. (ii) Alluvial soils vary in texture.
(iii)Mention two important crops grown in (iii)Nearly all types of crops grow well in
this soil. riverine soils.
Ans : SQP 2013 Ans : SQP 2008

(i) Tamil Nadu and Karnataka (i) Different regions in India have diverse types
(ii) Two advantages of red soil are : of soil due to the varying characteristics
(a) Red soil is utilized for cultivating of rocks, relief, vegetation, and climatic
wheat and rice. conditions across the country.
(b) the soils have a loamy texture. (ii) Alluvial soil varies in texture because
(iii)Wheat and rice. it is formed by the deposition of river
sediments. In the upper reaches of a river,
157. Give a geographical reason for each of the
the soil is coarse and dry, while in the
following :
lower reaches, the deposited alluvial soil
(i) Alluvial soil differs in texture.
is finer and more moist.
(ii) Black soil does get leached.
(iii)Khaddar is more fertile than bhangar. (iii)Riverine soil is highly fertile, rich in
essential minerals such as potash and
Ans : MAIN 2016
lime, which makes it suitable for growing
(i) This is because it is a transported soil. a wide variety of crops.
In the upper course of the river, the soil
160. Give a geographical reason for each of the
is coarse, whereas in the lower course, it
following :
becomes fine-grained.
(i) Deltaic alluvium is more fertile than the
(ii) Because it becomes sticky after rainfall. coastal alluvium.
(iii)Khaddar soils are more prevalent as (ii) Black soil is largely found in the Deccan
they are located in the low-lying areas of trap region.
valley bottoms, which experience flooding (iii)Black soil is often referred to as Cotton
almost every year. soil or Regur soil.
158. (i) How can you say that soil has evolved Ans : COMP 2010

over millions of years ? (i) Coastal alluvium, being mixed with and,
(ii) Name one important constituent of soil has a lower water retention capacity
that adds fertility to the soil. compared to its deltaic counterparts.
Ans : MAIN 2007 Deltaic alluvium, enriched by freshly
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

2. Black Soil (Regur) 144. Name the soil :

3. Red Soil (i) That is found on the summits of Eastern
4. Laterite Soil and Western Ghats.
5. Desert Soil (ii) That is suitable for dry farming.
6. Mountain Soil (iii)That varies in texture.
7. Peaty and Marshy Soil Ans : MAIN 2023

(i) Laterite soil : Found on the summits of

the Eastern and Western Ghats.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS (ii) Red soil : Suitable for dry farming due to
its moisture-retentive properties.
(iii)Alluvial soil : Varies in texture, ranging
142. With reference to Laterite soil, answer the from sandy loam to clay.
questions that follow:
(i) How is Laterite soil formed? 145. Give a geographical reason for each of the
(ii) How can Laterite soil be made productive? following:
(iii)Name one region where Laterite soil is found. (i) Terrace farming is an ideal soil
conservation method for hilly areas.
Ans : MAIN 2024
(ii) Khadar soils are preferred over Bhangar
(i) Laterite soil is formed through intense soils.
leaching in areas with heavy rainfall and (iii)Foothills of Himalayas have been affected
high temperatures, which causes the by soil erosion
removal of silica and the accumulation of
Ans : MAIN 2023
iron and aluminum oxides.
(ii) Laterite soil can be made productive by (i) Terrace farming is an ideal soil
adding fertilizers and organic manure, and conservation method for hilly areas
practicing proper irrigation techniques to because it helps reduce the speed of
enhance its fertility. water runoff and prevents soil erosion by
(iii)Laterite soil is found in tamil Nadu. creating flat steps on the slopes, allowing
water to be absorbed.
143. (i) Mention two causes of soil erosion in (ii) Khadar soils are preferred over Bhangar
India. soils because Khadar soils are newer
(ii) Mention a soil conservation method alluvial soils, more fertile, and replenished
suitable for hilly area. regularly by floodwaters, whereas
Ans : MAIN 2024 Bhangar soils are older, less fertile, and
(i) Two causes of soil erosion in india are: contain more coarse materials.
(a) Deforestation : the removal of trees (iii)Foothills of the Himalayas have been
reduces the protective cover, making affected by soil erosion due to heavy
soil more prone to erosion by wind rainfall, deforestation, and overgrazing,
and water. which loosen the soil and allow it to be
(b) Overgrazing : Excessive grazing easily washed away by rainwater and rivers.
by animals leads to the removal of 146. (i) Which soil is found suitable for coffee
vegetation cover, exposing soil to cultivation in Karnataka ?
erosion. (ii) Name the type of soil found on the
(ii) A soil conservation method suitable for summit of the Eastern Ghats.
hilly areas is terrace farming. this method (iii)Name the soil known for its self ploughing
involves creating step-like terraces on quality and capacity to hold moisture.
slopes, which reduce water runoff and Name one cash crop for which it is most
help in conserving soil. suited.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 129

165. (i) Explain the formation of Laterite soil. (i) Black soil needs to be tilled after the first
Why is Laterite soil not suitable for rains because it becomes sticky when it
cultivation ? comes into contact with rainwater.
(ii) Give one difference between the following : (ii) Red soil is ideal for dry farming as it
(a) Khadar soil and Bhangar soil. retains little moisture, making it suitable
(b) Sheet erosion and Wind erosion. for farming practices that do not require
Ans : COMP 2014
much water.
(iii)The red color of red soil is due to the
(i) Laterite soil is formed through the presence of iron compounds.
weathering of lateritic rocks as a result (iv) The black color of regur soil is attributed
of intense leaching. It is unsuitable for to its fine iron content, derived from
cultivation because it lacks moisture volcanic lava materials.
retention and is acidic in nature. (v) The soil in north-west Uttar Pradesh,
(ii) (a) known as Bhangar alluvial soil, is clayey,
Criteria Khadar Soil Bhangar found in the piedmont plains, and coarser
Soil in texture, often containing lime nodules.
type Newer Older In contrast, the soils of West Bengal are
alluvial soil alluvial classified as Khadar alluvial soil, found in
found in soil found the floodplains and deltas, making them
floodplains in upland more fertile due to regular replenishment
areas by river silt.
Fertility More Less fertile, 167. Which two types of soil are the most
fertile due contains important? Where are they found and what
to regular lime are their characteristics ? Which crops are
deposition nodules associated with them ?
of silt (kankar)
Ans : MAIN 2015
(b)
The two most important types of soil are:
Criteria Sheet Wind (i) Alluvial Soil : Found in the vast plains
Erosion Erosion of the Indus and Ganga-Brahmaputra
Cause Removal of Removal rivers, including regions like Punjab,
topsoil by of soil Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and
water over particles West Bengal. Deltaic alluvium is present
a large area by wind in in the deltas of the Ganga-Brahmaputra,
dry areas Godavari, Mahanadi, and Kaveri rivers,
Common Humid and Arid and while coastal alluvium is found along the
in sloping semi-arid coastal areas of Peninsular India. Rice and
regions regions wheat are the primary crops cultivated in
alluvial soil.
166. Account for the following : (ii) Black Soil : Predominantly located in the
(i) Black soil needs to be tilled after the first Deccan region, which includes large parts
rains. of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and portions
(ii) Red soil is ideal for the dry farming. of tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and
(iii)Red colour of red soil. Madhya Pradesh. Cotton is the main
(iv) Black colour of regur soil. crop grown in black soil, making it ideal
(v) Differences in the soils of north-west for cotton farming.
Uttar Pradesh and those of West Bengals.
Ans : MAIN 2012
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

deposited alluvial material from rivers, is 163. Give a geographical reason for each of the
much more fertile and retains moisture following :
better. (i) Laterite soil is useful for construction
(ii) Black soil, also known as regur soil, is purpose.
derived from the weathering of basalt (ii) Soils of the Western Ghats are affected
rock, which is prevalent in the Deccan by wind erosion.
trap region of India. this region consists of (iii)The foothills of the Himalayas are prone
volcanic lava flows, which have weathered to excessive soil erosion.
over time to form the characteristic black Ans : SQP 2011
soil.
(iii)This soil, known as Regur soil or Black (i) Laterite soils are commonly used as
Cotton Soil, is black in color and ideal building materials because they harden
for cotton cultivation. It is a residual like iron when exposed to air. they have
soil, meaning it forms in place from the a red color due to the presence of iron
weathering of the underlying rocks at its oxide and are generally coarse, friable,
site of origin. and porous. While rich in iron, they are
deficient in lime, magnesium, phosphoric
161. Name any two farming techniques which help acid, and potash. these characteristics
in soil conservation. make laterite soil particularly valuable
Ans : MAIN 2010
for construction purposes.
(ii) The soils of the Western Ghats are
Ttwo farming techniques that aid in soil impacted by wind erosion as sand from
conservation are crop rotation and contour the thar Desert in Rajasthan is blown by
ploughing. winds into the fertile western Gangetic
(i) Crop Rotation : this method involves plains during the early summer months.
cultivating different crops in a regular (iii)Excessive soil erosion in the foothills
cycle on the same land to maintain soil of the Himalayas is primarily caused
fertility and productivity. by deforestation, frequent floods, and
(ii) Contour Ploughing : Commonly practiced uncontrolled grazing by livestock.
in hilly regions, this technique involves
ploughing along the natural contours of 164. Name the type of soils which is :
the land in a circular pattern to prevent (i) Formed due to volcanic activity
soil erosion from running water. (ii) Formed as a result of leaching
(iii)Formed by the decomposition of
162. Give a geographical term for the following : metamorphic rocks.
(i) Erosion of top soil by natural agencies. (iv) Agriculturally most important
(ii) Washing down of soluble salts from top (v) Useful for the cultivation of jute
layer to lower layers.
Ans : COMP 2011
(iii)Finger-shaped grooves developing due to
silt laden run off. (i) Black Soil : Formed due to volcanic
Ans : SQP 2013
activity.
(ii) Laterite Soil : Formed as a result of
(i) The erosion of topsoil by natural forces is leaching.
referred to as sheet erosion. (iii)Red Soil : Formed by the decomposition
(ii) The process of soluble salts being washed of metamorphic rocks.
down from the top layer to the lower (iv) Alluvial Soil : Agriculturally most
layers is known as gully erosion. important.
(iii)Finger-shaped grooves formed by silt- (v) Marshy Soil : Useful for the cultivation of
laden runoff are called rill erosion. jute.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 131

172. (i) How does deforestation lead to soil 173. Name the two types of alluvial soils and state
erosion ? three differences between them.
(ii) State two methods of controlling erosion Ans : MAIN 2018
of soil caused by running water.
(iii)Name two important agents of erosion. Following are the two types of alluvial soils :
For each, state one method of controlling (i) Bhangar, and
the erosion caused. (ii) Khaddar.
Differences between the Bhangar and
Ans : MAIN 2021
Khaddar are as follows:
(i) Forests are cleared to provide more land
Bhangar Khaddar
for cultivation. the removal of trees leaves
the soil exposed to water and wind, which It is non-porous and It is porous and
results in soil erosion. clayey soil. loamy soil.
(ii) Methods of controlling soil erosion caused It is found in the It is found in the
by running water include : higher level in lower level in the
(a) Growing trees the plains at river plains near river’s
(b) Plugging Gullies terraces. new terrace.
(c) Constructing Bunds It is less fertile It is more fertile as
(d) Deepening River Beds and Widening as compared to compared Bhangar.
River Banks khaddar. this is due new layers by floods
to deposition of during monsoon.
(iii)The two primary agents of erosion are
water and wind.
174. What are the causes of soil erosion in :
Methods of Controlling Erosion: (i) Shiwaliks or the Outer Himalayas.
(i) Erosion by Water : During intense (ii) North-Eastern parts of India.
rainfall, heavy runoff can create (iii)Arid regions of India.
deep gullies. Gully erosion removes (iv) Hilly areas of the South.
nutrients and a significant amount
Ans : SQP 2022
of loose soil, making the soil
unproductive and eventually turning (i) Destruction of Vegetation : the removal of
it into badlands. to stop gully erosion, vegetation is the primary cause of soil erosion
gullies can be filled with stones and in hilly areas. Without plants to hold the soil
pebbles, or fast-growing grasses can in place, the soil surface becomes loose and
be planted in the gullies to prevent is easily carried away by running water.
their expansion. (ii) Heavy Rainfall and Flooding : Intense
rainfall that results in frequent flooding
(ii) Erosion by Wind : Wind erosion
significantly contributes to soil erosion.
decreases soil productivity as high-
(iii)Wind Erosion in Arid Regions : In
velocity winds carry away essential
deserts and dry areas with little to no
nutrients needed by plants. this type
vegetation, wind becomes the dominant
of erosion occurs in areas that lack
agent of soil erosion. It blows away fine
vegetation. to combat wind erosion,
sand particles and deposits them in other
more trees should be planted along
locations, rendering both the source and
the edges of fields, wastelands, and
destination areas less productive.
steep slopes. If planting trees is not
(iv) Steep Slopes and Poor Farming Practices:
feasible, grasses should be grown
In this region, soil erosion is caused
instead to ensure that no land remains
by steep slopes, heavy rainfall, and
bare of vegetation.
unscientific agricultural methods.
CH 5 : SOIL RESOURCES

175. (i) Name the soil which occupies largest area 177. (a) What type of soil is found in the region
after the alluvial soil. through which the river flows?
(ii) What is dry farming ? (ii) How is the soil formed?
(iii)Why is the desert soil alkaline in nature? (iii)Why is it considered the most productive
or soil in India?
‘the desert soil contains high proportion of
salts’. Why ?
Ans : COMP 2023

(i) Black soil or Regur soil.

(ii) Dry farming is a method of farming in
regions with limited moisture, relying on
soil moisture conservation techniques and
drought-resistant crops.
(iii)Desert soil is alkaline due to the
accumulation of soluble salts, high
evaporation rates, and limited rainfall,
which prevents leaching of these salts.

CASE BASED QUESTION

176. Study the picture given and then answer the Ans : MAIN 2023

follow questions. (i) Alluvial Soil

(i) What is the type of farming shown above? (ii) Alluvial soil is created through the
(ii) How is the type of farming helpful to deposition of silt carried by rivers
agriculture? originating from mountainous areas.
(iii)Name another method used which is (iii)this fine-grained and highly fertile soil is
similar to the one shown above. ideal for the cultivation of food crops in
India.

www.nodia.in

Ans : MAIN 2024

(i) terrace farming

(ii) Prevents soil erosion
(iii)Contour Ploughing
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 133

CHAPTER 6
NATURAL VEGETATION

SUMMARY Trees retain leaves year-round due to

continuous rainfall.
Natural vegetation comprises all plant life— (ii) Climate : Over 200 cm annual rainfall,
trees, shrubs, herbs—that grows naturally in high humidity (70%+), temperatures
an area undisturbed by humans for extended between 25°C-27°C.
periods. A “forest” refers to such long-established (iii)Distribution : Western Ghats,
vegetation, supporting diverse biodiversity and Lakshadweep andaman and Nicobar
complex ecosystems. Unlike plantations, which Islands, coastal Tamil Nadu and Odisha,
typically consist of uniform species, natural
lower Himalayan slopes, Bhabar and
forests maintain rich biodiversity.
Terai regions and parts of North-Eastern
1. IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS India.
Forests are crucial for several reasons: (iv) Key Species : Rosewood, gurjan, ebony,
1. Climate Regulation: They produce toon, mahogany, sheesham.
significant oxygen and help regulate the 3. TROPICAL DECIDUOUS FORESTS
Earth’s climate.
Divided into:
2. Biodiversity: Forests provide habitats
(i) Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests:
for numerous animal and plant species,
1. Rainfall: 100-200 cm
ensuring ecosystem stability.
2. Locations: Eastern India, North-
3. Medicinal Resources: About 25% of
Eastern states, foothills of the
all medicines originate from rainforest
Himalayas, Jharkhand, West Odisha,
plants.
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,
4. Forest Products: Key products include
Chotanagpur Plateau, Shiwalik,
timber, cellulose pulp, firewood, charcoal,
Bhabar and Terai regions, eastern
sal, teak, gurjan and deodar.
Western Ghats.
5. Recreation: Forests offer recreational
(ii) Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests:
spaces through wildlife sanctuaries and
1. Rainfall: 70-100 cm
national parks.
2. Locations: Widely across India from
6. Food Source: They provide meat and
the Himalayas to Kanyakumari,
other resources for tribal communities.
excluding Rajasthan, Western Ghats,
7. Minor Products: These include grasses,
West Bengal; also in rainier parts of
bamboo, fibers, gums, resins, dyes, spices,
the Peninsular plateau and plains of
edible products, lac, honey and wax.
Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
8. Environmental Protection: Forests
3. Climate: 70-200 cm rainfall, 60-75%
prevent soil erosion, desertification and
humidity, ~27°C.
floods.
4. Environment: Distinct dry seasons
2. TROPICAL EVERGREEN OR RAIN FORESTS cause trees to shed leaves for 1-2
months. Dominant trees reach 30-
(i) Characteristics : Dense with tall trees (up
35 m with dense undergrowth.
to 60 m), climbing plants and epiphytes.
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

5. Key Species: Sal, teak, sheesham, 4000 m, dominated by shrubs, alpine

jamun, bamboo, sandalwood. grasslands, rhododendrons, berberis,
birch, junipers, mosses, lichens.
4. TROPICAL DESERT FORESTS (ii) Climate : Temperatures range from
(i) Characteristics : Sparse vegetation with cool (~20°C) to below freezing at high
deep roots, thick leaves and succulent altitudes, 100-300 cm rainfall.
stems to conserve water. (iii)Distribution : Jammu and Kashmir,
(ii) Types : Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim,
1. Semi-Arid Vegetation: 25-50 cm Arunachal Pradesh.
rainfall. (iv) Key Species : Chir (Pinus longifolia),
2. Arid Vegetation: Less than 25 cm deodar (Cedrus deodara), silver-fir (Abies
rainfall, often sandy. spp.), blue-pine (Pinus excelsa), spruce
(iii)Climate : 25-50 cm rainfall, 25°C-27°C. (Picea smithiana).
(iv) Distribution : Northern Gangetic Plains
(Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat), 7. FOREST CONSERVATION
Deccan Plateau (Madhya Pradesh, Protecting forests is essential for sustainable
Maharashtra), Southern Peninsula development and the survival of all life forms.
(Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka), Thar Key conservation measures include:
Desert.
7.1 National Forest Policy
(v) Key Species : Babool, date palms, kikar,
catechu, palash. India’s forest policy, established in 1894 and
revised in 1952 and 1988, focuses on the
5. LITTORAL FORESTS protection, conservation and development of
(i) Characteristics : Thrive in marshy, saline, forests.
or coastal areas, preventing erosion and
7.2 People’s Participation
serving as nurseries for marine life.
(ii) Climate : 100-150 cm rainfall, 25°C-27°C, Traditional practices and tribal communities
saline and fresh water mix. play a vital role in forest conservation.
(iii)Distribution : Delta regions of Ganga, Examples include:
Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi; 1. Sariska Tiger Reserve (Rajasthan):
coasts of Odisha andhra Pradesh, West Villagers opposed mining activities.
Bengal (Sunderbans), Tamil Nadu, 2. Chipko Movement: Started in the 1970s
Kutch, Kathiawar, Gulf of Khambhat in Chamoli (Uttarakhand), this non-
andaman and Nicobar Islands. violent movement aimed to protect trees
(iv) Key Species : Sundari, mangrove. and forests.

6. MOUNTAIN OR MONTANE FORESTS 7.3 Van Mahotsav

(i) Types : Launched in 1950 by Shri Kanhiyalal M.

1. Wet Temperature Forests: 1000- Munshi, Van Mahotsav is a week-long tree-
2000m altitude, evergreen broadleaf planting festival held annually in July across
trees like oak and chestnut. India, resulting in the planting of lakhs of
2. Temperate Forests: 1500-3350m trees.
altitude, coniferous trees such as pine, 7.4 Social Forestry
deodar, silver-fir, spruce, cedar.
“Social forestry” involves planting fuelwood,
3. Temperate Grasslands: Above 3600m,
fodder, timber and grasses to reduce pressure
trees like silver-firs, pines, junipers,
on traditional forests. It includes agro-
birches diminish near the snow line.
forestry, community forestry and urban
4. Alpine Vegetation: Above 3500-
forestry.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 135
7.5 Joint Forest Management (JFM) Programmes 4. Which of the following pairs is correctly
State governments implement JFM matched?
programmes, entrusting village communities (a) Babool - Tropical evergreen forest
with forest protection and management, (b) Sandalwood - Tropical deciduous forest
especially in degraded areas. Odisha was the (c) Cinchona - Mountain forest
first to start this in 1988. Communities form (d) Sal - Tidal forest
forest protection committees (Van Sanraksha Ans : SQP 2021
Samiti or VSS) and development societies to
Thus (b) is correct option.
manage daily operations.
5. Name the type of natural vegetation that is
found in the windward side of the Western
Ghats.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION (a) Tropical Evergreen
(b) Tropical Deciduous
1. Read the table and identify the pair that is (c) Mangrove Forest
correctly matched: (d) Mountain Forest
Ans : COMP 2018
Natural Vegetation Belt Tree
Thus (a) is correct option.
P Tropical evergreen Babool
Q Tropical deciduous Teak 6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic
of desert vegetation?
R Littoral Ebony
(a) Short, stunted growth of vegetation
S Mountain forest Banyan (b) Thick fleshy stems
(a) P (c) Broad leaves
(b) Q (d) Long and deep roots
(c) R Ans : MAIN 2015
(d) S
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2024

Thus (b) is correct option. 7. Why do we need forest conservation?

(a) Forests provide food for growing
2. Which type of forest is found mostly in the population
coastal areas of India? (b) Forests help in earning foreign exchange
(a) Tropical Evergreen Forest (c) Forests help in maintaining ecological
(b) Tropical Desert Forest balance
(c) Littoral Forest (d) Forests look beautiful
(d) Tropical Deciduous Forest Ans : SQP 2011
Ans : MAIN 2023
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
8. During which month do we celebrate VAN
3. The productive functions of forests include: MAHOTSAV every year in India?
(a) Habitat for the wildlife (a) In December to February time period
(b) Control the water flow (b) In July to September time period
(c) Provide various products such as timber, (c) In March to May time period
fuel wood, leaves, etc. (d) In November to January time period
(d) Producing oxygen Ans : COMP 2007
Ans : SQP 2021
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION
Ans : SQP 2002
34. Two trees found in the evergreen forests are:
Thus (d) is correct option. (a) Mahogany
(b) Ghir
29. The type of forest spread over the Andaman (c) Ebony
and Nicobar Islands is: (d) Both (a) and (c)
(a) Tropical evergreen
(b) Tropical deciduous Ans : MAIN 2001

(c) Tropical monsoon Thus (d) is correct option.

(d) Thorn and Scrub
35. The vegetation in which trees have long roots
Ans : COMP 2006
for survival is:
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) Mangrove
(b) Deciduous
30. With which forests are the pneumatophores (c) Afforestation
related to? (d) Tropical deserts
(a) Tidal forests
(b) Deciduous forests Ans : SQP 2007

(c) Evergreen forest Thus (d) is correct option.

(d) Both (a) and (b)
36. The height above which it is too cold and
Ans : MAIN 2008
windy for trees to grow is:
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) treeline
(b) snowline
31. The most widespread forest in India is: (c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Tropical deciduous (d) Neither (a) nor (b)
(b) Tropical evergreen
(c) Tidal forests Ans : COMP 2003

(d) Mountain forests Thus (c) is correct option.

Ans : SQP 2003
37. People do not cut down trees for:
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) making woollen coats
(b) growing crops
32. Alpine forests are found above the height of: (c) making furniture
(a) 6000 metres (d) making houses
(b) 3000 metres
(c) 9000 metres Ans : MAIN 2022

(d) 1000 metres Thus (a) is correct option.

Ans : COMP 2012
38. Plants that have ways to survive in dry
Thus (b) is correct option. regions are:
(a) pneumatophores (b) khajuri
33. The Act which calls for strict punishment (c) mangrove (d) xerophytic
to those who violated the rules set by the
government is: Ans : SQP 2008

(a) Government Conservation Act, 1962 Thus (d) is correct option.

(b) Forest Conservation Act, 1988
(c) Conservation Act of India 39. The trees of the tropical deciduous forests
(d) None of these shed their leaves:
(a) to conserve soil
Ans : MAIN 2013
(b) for animals to breathe
Thus (b) is correct option. (c) to prevent loss of moisture
(d) to allow growth of crops
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 137
Ans : MAIN 2012
(a) farming
Thus (d) is correct option. (b) agro-forestry
(c) socio-forestry
19. Why do tidal forests have a profuse growth (d) agriculture
with tangle of climbers?
(a) To adapt themselves to survive in soft Ans : COMP 2005

and shifting mud in wet marshy areas Thus (b) is correct option.
and river deltas.
(b) To breathe while being submerged under 24. The part of natural vegetation which has
water through pores. remained undisturbed by humans is:
(c) To adapt themselves to live in damp and (a) social forestry
moist conditions. (b) agro-forestry
(d) None of the above (c) virgin vegetation
(d) deciduous forests
Ans : SQP 2014
Ans : MAIN 2001
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
20. Littoral forests have breathing roots called
(a) Pneumatophores 25. The two main centres for forest research are
(b) Pinophores in:
(c) Phytopores (a) Dehradun
(d) None of the above. (b) Delhi
(c) Coimbatore
Ans : COMP 2020
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2011

21. For which purpose are Sundari trees utilised? Thus (d) is correct option.
(a) Rearing shellac worms.
(b) Furniture, railway carriages and bridges. 26. The term used for science of cultivating trees
(c) Hard durable timber for construction is:
purposes and boat making. (a) forestry
(d) None of the above. (b) agriculture
(c) gardening
Ans : MAIN 2014
(d) silviculture
Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : COMP 2005

22. Why do tropical deserts have stunted growth? Thus (d) is correct option.
(a) Due to high temperature these trees do
no grow to great heights. 27. Forests are important because they:
(b) Due to scarcity of rain water the trees do (a) provide an environment for wildlife
not get enough water for their growth. (b) provide man land to build houses
(c) Due to long roots that reach deep (c) provide food crops
underground and therefore do not attain (d) provide clothes for men
height. Ans : MAIN 2014

(d) None of the above. Thus (a) is correct option.

Ans : SQP 2008
28. Littoral means the same as:
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) mountain
23. In______, trees are grown along with (b) solar
crops and livestock is also reared. (c) volcanic
(d) tidal
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CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION
Ans : MAIN 2001
Punjab plains, Northern Madhya Pradesh,
Thus (d) is correct option. South-West Uttar Pradesh, (Bundelkhand
plateau).

56. What is an ecosystem ?

ONE MARK QUESTIONS Ans : COMP 1997

The interdependence of species of plants

50. How has the rising population of India and animals in a given area forms a single
resulted in the loss of forest cover?(Any one ecosystem.
point)
57. What is social forestry ?
Ans : MAIN 2024
Ans : SQP 2001
The growing population is increasing the
It refers to the management and protection
demand for land for agriculture and housing.
of forests and afforestation on barren lands
As a result, deforestation and shifting
with the purpose of helping in the environ-
cultivation practices to meet these needs are
mental, social and rural development.
leading to a decline in forest cover.
58. Why does the vegetation in Himalayas vary
51. In which natural vegetation belt is Sundari
with altitude?
tree found?
Ans : MAIN 2012
Ans : MAIN 2023
Because the temperature decreases as altitude
The Sundari tree is found in the Mangrove
increases. Both the temperature and rainfall
forests (also known as littoral or tidal forests),
decreases with height.
particularly in the Sundarbans region of India
and Bangladesh. 59. Why does Tropical Evergreen forests appear
dark inside the forests?
52. Name one region in India where Tropical
Evergreen Forest is found. Ans : COMP 2008

Ans : MAIN 2023 Because of the dense canopy of trees which

do not allow enough sunlight to reach the
Western Ghats
ground.
53. What is an ecosystem ?
60. Name two areas where Tropical deciduous
Ans : COMP 1997
vegetation is found.
The interdependence of species of plants Ans : SQP 2003
and animals in a given area forms a single
These forests are found in the rainier parts
ecosystem.
of the Pennisular Plateau and the plains of
54. Name an area in India where Tropical Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
Monsoon Forest is found.
61. Why do the Coniferous trees of mountain
Ans : SQP 2018
forests have conical shape ?
(i) Foothills of the Himalayas Ans : MAIN 2013
(ii) Jharkhand
Because the cone like structure enables
(iii)West Odisha.
the tree to slide down the snow and not to
55. Name two areas where the thorn and the accumulate on the leaves and branches.
scrub forests are formed.
62. What is natural vegetation or virgin
Ans : MAIN 2018
vegetation ?
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 139
Ans : COMP 2002 Ans : SQP 2001

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.

40. The movement(s) showing community 45. What is Social Forestry?

participation in the conservation of forests are: (a) The management and protection of
(a) Beej Bachao Andolan forests and afforestation on barren lands
(b) Narmada Bachao Movement with the purpose of helping in the social
(c) Chipko Movement development.
(d) Both (a) and (c) (b) The practice of growing trees on farm
Ans : MAIN 2013
lands
(c) Growing trees by social workers
Thus (d) is correct option. (d) Forests used for social gathering
41. Forests are co-------nsidered an important Ans : COMP 2008
economic resource because they: Thus (a) is correct option.
(a) cool the environment
(b) provide raw material for many industries 46. In which vegetation belt multiple layer of
(c) provide home to the tribals trees is found?
(d) provide scenic beauty (a) Tropical deciduous
Ans : SQP 2006
(b) Tropical evergreen
(c) Thorn and scrub forest
Thus (b) is correct option. (d) Tidal forest
42. What are the various forest conservation Ans : MAIN 2012
methods that can be undertaken? Thus (b) is correct option.
(a) Afforestation and stopping indiscriminate
felling of trees 47. Why are Sundarbans so called?
(b) Large scale of deforestation and (a) The abundance of breathing roots
overgrazing (b) A beautiful forest
(c) Allowing animals to graze in farm land (c) The abundance of Sundari trees
(d) Maintaining records of forest areas (d) Ban of cutting of trees
Ans : COMP 2017 Ans : SQP 2007

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.

43. Afforestation prevent soil erosion because: 48. What is the other name of Littoral forests?
(a) it reduces pollution. (a) Rain forests
(b) it protects the soil from being exposed. (b) Monsoon forests
(c) the roots of the trees bind the soil (c) Tidal forests
particles. (d) Scrub lands
(d) trees produce fruits. Ans : COMP 2018
Ans : MAIN 2010
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
49. What are the chief characteristics of monsoon
44. Which of the following features is not forests?
associated with Thorn and Scrub Forest? (a) These regions receive a moderate rainfall.
(a) Xerophyte or Drought resistant (b) The trees shed their leaves in the dry
(b) Evergreen and Multilayered season.
(c) Long roots going deep in the ground (c) The trees are found in pure stand.
(d) Leaves turned into spines (d) All of the above
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION
Ans : SQP 2003
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
(i) The vegetation on the Himalayas is found
at higher altitudes on the southern slope
than on the northern slope because the 132. Give a reason to explain each of the following:
southern slope receives more sunlight and (a) Mountains have varied vegetation.
rainfall, providing favorable conditions (b) Stilt like/aerial roots are a typical feature
for plant growth, while the northern slope of littoral forest.
is cooler and receives less sunlight. (c) The tropical evergreen forests do not look
(ii) Four trees of the Himalayas are Pine, Fir, bare at any time of the year.
Cedar and Deodar. Ans : MAIN 2024

130. (i) Why have the deciduous forests been (a) The vegetation on mountains varies due
given this name ? to changes in altitude, temperature and
(ii) Name some places where these are found. rainfall. As altitude increases, temperature
decreases, leading to different types of
Ans : MAIN 2004
vegetation at various elevations, ranging
(i) These forests are called deciduous because from tropical at the base to alpine at
they shed their leaves for about six to higher levels.
eight weeks during summer to cope with (b) In littoral forests, stilt-like or aerial roots
water shortages. help plants survive in waterlogged and
(ii) They are found in the northeastern part saline conditions. These roots provide
of the peninsula, around the Chhota stability and allow the trees to breathe in
Nagpur plateau, covering areas of East oxygen-poor soils.
Madhya Pradesh, South Bihar, West (c) Tropical evergreen forests receive heavy
Odisha and the Shiwalik ranges. rainfall throughout the year, which
allows the trees to retain their leaves
131. With reference to vegetation in India, answer
continuously. As a result, there is no
the following questions :
specific shedding season and the forest
(i) Why are the southern slopes in the
remains green and dense year-round.
Himalayan region covered with thick
vegetation as compared to the northern 133. State three main characteristics of the
slopes of the same hills ? tropical deciduous forests or monsoon forests.
(ii) Why are the western slopes of the Western
Ans : COMP 2010, 2015
Ghats covered with thick forests and not
the eastern slopes ? 1. Seasonal Shedding of Leaves: Trees in
these forests shed their leaves during the
Ans : MAIN 2012
dry season to conserve water.
(i) The southern slopes of the Himalayas 2. Diverse Tree Species: These forests consist
have thicker vegetation due to more of a variety of tree species, such as teak,
sunlight and rainfall than the northern sal and sandalwood, which are valuable
slopes. for timber.
(ii) The western slopes of the Western Ghats 3. Moderate Rainfall: These forests thrive
receive heavy rainfall, unlike the drier in areas with moderate rainfall, typically
eastern slopes, leading to thicker forests. between 100 to 200 cm annually.

134. Mention any four characteristics of the

Mangrove Tidal Forests.
Ans : SQP 2012

1. Mangrove Tidal Forests are located

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 141
Ans : COMP 2002 Ans : MAIN 2020

It refers to a plant community which has Tropical Deciduous forests.

grown naturally without human aid and has
been left undisturbed by human beings for a 71. Which are the most widespread forests of
long time. India ?
Ans : MAIN 2021
63. What is flora and fauna ?
Tropical Deciduous Forests.
Ans : SQP 2009

Flora : Plants of a particular region or period. 72. State the categories into which tropical
Fauna : The species of animals. deciduous forests are divided ?
Ans : COMP 2007
64. State any two factors that form the flora and
the fauna ? Dry deciduous and Moist deciduous.

Ans : MAIN 2018 73. Name one important trees each of the Moist
Soil, relief, climate and drainage. Deciduous and Dry Deciduous Forests.
Ans : SQP 2002
65. What is a biome ?
Moist Deciduous — Teak
Ans : COMP 2004
Dry Deciduous — Sal
A very large ecosystem on land having
distinct types of vegetation and animal life is 74. Name some useful trees of the Thorn Forests.
called a biome. Ans : MAIN 2016

66. Name any two regions in India where tropical Kikar, babul, khair and date palm.
evergreen forests are found. 75. Name the two Evergreen trees.
Ans : SQP 2000
Ans : COMP 2010

The Western Ghats, plains of Bengal and Oak, rosewood.

Odisha and the north-eastern India.
76. Name some trees of mountains.
67. Name three commercially useful trees of the
Ans : SQP 2004
Tropical Rain Forests.
Silver fir, pine and junipers.
Ans : MAIN 2016

Ebony, mahogany and rosewood. 77. What type of trees grow in the Tidal Forest
? Give an example.
68. Mention any two factors responsible for
Ans : MAIN 2013
deforestation.
Mangrove, Example : Sundari.
Ans : COMP 2019

(i) Overgrazing by animals 78. Name any one medicinal plant.

(ii) Commercialisation of agriculture. Ans : COMP 2001

69. The ‘Tropical Rain Forests appear green all Neem

the year round’. Give reason.
79. Why are the leaves of the Thorn forests small
Ans : SQP 2003 and stems succulent ?
There is no definite time for trees to shed Ans : SQP 2008
their leaves.
Leaves of the Thorn Forests are mostly small
70. Which forest type is also known as Monsoon to minimise evaporation and the stems are
forests ? succulent to conserve water.
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

9. What is the term used to describe the growing Ans : SQP 2016

of trees in various parts of the country? Thus (d) is correct option.

(a) Re-afforestation
(b) Deforestation 14. Why are the Tropical Evergreen forests not
(c) Agronomy fully exploited?
(d) Afforestation (a) Because they do not shed their leaves and
have dense canopy of trees.
Ans : MAIN 2005
(b) Because they are found in highly
Thus (d) is correct option. inaccessible areas.
(c) Because of tangled mass of canes, palms
10. Which of the following is true about natural and bamboos.
vegetation? (d) Because they have dense undergrowth.
(a) It refers to the plant community which
Ans : COMP 2020
has grown naturally.
(b) It has not been disturbed over a long Thus (c) is correct option.
time.
15. Tropical Deciduous forests are also known
(c) It allows its individual species to adjust
as______.
themselves to the climate and soil
(a) Rain forests
conditions.
(b) Monsoon forests
(d) All of the above.
(c) Tidal forests
Ans : SQP 2003 (d) None of the above
Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2001

11. Plants of a particular region or period, Thus (b) is correct option.

listed as species and considered as a group is
16. Sandalwood belongs to______category of
called______.
forests.
(a) Flora
(a) the Moist Deciduous forests
(b) Vegetation
(b) the Dry Deciduous forests
(c) Forest
(c) the Rain forests
(d) All of the above
(d) the Mountain forests
Ans : COMP 2008
Ans : SQP 2004
Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (a) is correct option.
12. The assemblage of plant species living 17. The type of vegetation found in Tropical
in association with each other in a given Thorn forests is______.
environmental set-up is called_____. (a) Thyrophytic
(a) Forest (b) Vegetation (b) Thornphytic
(c) Flora (d) None of the above (c) Xerophytic
Ans : MAIN 2013 (d) Phylophytic
Thus (b) is correct option. Ans : COMP 2009

13. What are the chief characteristics of Tropical Thus (c) is correct option.
Rain forests? 18. At which of the following places Tidal forests
(a) They appear green all the year round. are found?
(b) They have dense canopy of trees. (a) Wet marshy areas
(c) The trees do not have a fixed time to (b) River deltas and along sea coasts
shed their leaves. (c) Swampy areas
(d) All of the above. (d) All of the above.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 143

as well as for making boats. and prevent over-exploitation of forest

resources.
97. What is main thrust area of social forestry ?
Ans : SQP 2004
101. State two ways in which forests help in
protecting the environment.
The main thrust of social forestry is to reduce
pressure on the traditional forest areas by Ans : MAIN 2023

developing plantations of fuelwood, fodder Two ways in which forests help in protecting
and grasses. ,Social forestry has become very the environment :
popular during the last three decades. (a) Preventing soil erosion : Forests hold the
soil in place with their roots, reducing the
risk of soil erosion caused by wind and
water.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS (b) Absorbing carbon dioxide : Trees absorb
carbon dioxide during photosynthesis,
98. How is tropical monsoon forest useful for the helping to reduce greenhouse gases and
Indian economy? (Any two points) mitigate climate change.

Ans : MAIN 2024 102. Mention two ways in which Tropical Desert
Tropical monsoon forest useful for the Indian vegetation has adapted to its environment.
economy due to following reasons : Ans : MAIN 2023

(a) Timber Production: They supply valuable Two ways in which Tropical Desert vegetation
timber like teak, sal and sandalwood for has adapted to its environment are :
construction and industries. (a) Water Storage and Conservation : Many
(b) Employment: Forest-based industries like plants, like cacti, have thick, fleshy stems
logging and paper manufacturing provide to store water and a waxy coating to
jobs and support rural livelihoods. minimize water loss through evaporation.
99. Mention the climatic condition that leads to (b) Deep Root Systems : Plants in tropical
the development of tropical desert vegetation. deserts often have extensive and deep
root systems to access underground water
Ans : MAIN 2024
sources and survive prolonged droughts.
The climatic condition that leads to the
development of tropical desert vegetation is 103. Why is the Tropical Deciduous Forest
extremely low and irregular rainfall, typically commercially the most exploited forest belt
less than 25 cm annually, combined with high of India? (Two points)
temperatures and arid conditions. This harsh Ans : MAIN 2023

climate supports sparse vegetation adapted The Tropical Deciduous Forest is

to dry conditions. commercially the most exploited forest belt
100. Mention any two forest conservation methods in India because :
that may be adopted to protect the forests. 1. These forests have high-quality hardwoods
like teak and sal, which are valuable for
Ans : MAIN 2024
timber and furniture.
Two forest conservation methods that may 2. The trees in these forests shed their leaves
be adopted to protect the forests : seasonally, making them more accessible
1. Afforestation: Planting trees in deforested for logging and other commercial
or degraded areas to restore forest cover. activities.
2. Controlled Logging: Regulating the
cutting of trees to ensure sustainable use
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

80. Where is the Alpine Vegetation found ? Ans : COMP 2007

Ans : MAIN 2002

Protection, conservation and development of
forest.
At high altitudes, generally more an 3,600
metres above the sea-level. 89. When was India’s forest policy framed ?

81. “The trees of Tropical Evergreen Forest do Ans : MAIN 2019

not shed their leaves annually”. Give reason. 1894

Ans : COMP 2016
90. “The forest occur in and around the deltas,
Due to high heat and high humidity. estuaries and creeks prone to tidal influences”.
Identify the forest.
82. Mention any two important trees of Tropical
Rain Forest. Ans : COMP 2010

Ans : SQP 2010

Littoral or Tidal forest.

Ebony and Mahogany. 91. Mention any two movements associated with
forest conservation of India.
83. Which is the typical Monsoon Forest ?
Ans : SQP 2000
Ans : MAIN 2019
Van Mahotsova and Chipko Movement.
The Tropical Deciduous Forest.
92. Name the type of vegetation which is found
84. Give one important use of the following trees: in the areas recording over 150 cm of average
(i) Teak rainfall and temperature between 25°C to
(ii) Bamboo 27°C.
Ans : COMP 2014
Ans : MAIN 2011
(i) It is used in the manufacture of outdoor Tropical Evergreen Forest.
furniture.
(ii) It is an important source of fuel. 93. Name the apex body which is responsible for
forest research, planning and conservation.
85. Why do the trees of Thorn Forest have
stunted growth ? Ans : COMP 2016

Ans : SQP 2003

The Indian Council of Forestry Research and
Education (ICFRE).
It is due to lack of minerals and water.
94. Where is Indian Forest Research Institute ?
86. Why does the Thorn Forest have long roots ?
Ans : SQP 2002
Ans : MAIN 2012
Dehradun
The long roots enable them to obtain water
from deep underground. 95. What is JFM ?

87. Why does the Thorn Vegetation have sharp Ans : MAIN 2021

spines ? It is Joint Forest Management programme to

Ans : SQP 2007
develop and protect the forest with the help
of local communities.
The sharp spines help the trees and bushes
to conserve water and protect them from 96. What is the importance of Sundari trees ?
animals. Ans : COMP 2001

88. Mention the main plank of the forest policy It provides hard and durable timber which is
of 1988. used for construction and building purposes
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 145

112. What is meant by natural vegetation ? 2. Soil conservation: Trees help prevent
Ans : SQP 2017
soil erosion and improve soil fertility,
benefiting crop growth.
Natural vegetation refers to the plant life that
grows naturally in a region without human 115. (i) Name the area where tropical rain forests
interference, adapting to the climate and soil are found.
conditions of the area. It includes forests, (ii) Mention two main characteristics of
grasslands, shrubs and other plant types that tropical rain forests.
occur in their natural habitats. Ans : SQP 2002

113. Give two points of difference between (i) Tropical rainforests are found in areas
vegetation and forests. such as the Western Ghats andaman and
Ans : COMP 2012
Nicobar Islands and parts of Northeastern
India.
Vegetation Forests (ii) Two main characteristics of tropical rain
forests :
Vegetation consists Forests are one
1. These forests are dense, multi-layered
of trees, grasses, specific type of
and consist of a wide variety of trees
shrubs and exists vegetation.
and shrubs, with trees reaching
within an ecological
heights of over 45 meters.
system. It includes
2. The thick canopy formed by tall
more than just
trees prevents sufficient sunlight from
forests.
reaching the ground, hindering the
Vegetation types Forest types growth of herbs and grasses.
are based on the are determined
visible plant cover, by factors like 116. Give two points of difference between Tropical
which includes temperature, Evergreen and Tropical Deciduous Forests.
forests, woodlands, rainfall, topography, Ans : MAIN 2011
grasslands and soil and terrain.
shrubs. Evergreen Forests Deciduous Forests
Vegetation Forests alone do not Found in regions like Located in Northern
contributes to a produce such diverse Assam, Meghalaya, and Central India.
variety of landscapes, landscapes. Nagaland and the
such as woodlands Western Ghats.
and grasslands.
Thrive in areas with Grow in regions with
heavy rainfall, above moderate rainfall
114. What is meant by ‘farm forestry’ ? State two
200 cm annually. between 100 cm and
of its advantages for farmers.
200 cm.
Ans : MAIN 2020
Common trees Trees like Sal,
Farm forestry refers to the practice of growing include Rosewood, Teak, Sandalwood
trees on farmland alongside crops or livestock. Mahogany, Cinchona and Shisham are
Farmers plant trees on their agricultural land and Palm. commonly found.
for various purposes, such as timber, fuel,
fodder, or shade. Fewer valuable trees, Trees are highly
Two advantages for farmers: with more bushes valuable and useful.
1. Additional income: Farmers can earn present.
extra income from selling timber,
firewood, or fruits from the trees.
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

117. What are the climatic conditions under which (i) What type of vegetation is found in the
Tropical Evergreen Forests develop ? zone which has a mean temperature of
Ans : COMP 2016
18°C or above ?
(ii) What type of vegetation is found in
Tropical Evergreen Forests develop in regions the zone which has a mean average
where the climatic conditions are ideal for temperature of 17°C to 24°C ?
their growth. These forests thrive in areas (iii)What type of vegetation is found in the
receiving more than 250 cm of annual snow covered zone ?
rainfall. The average annual temperature
ranges between 25°C and 27°C, providing a Ans : SQP 2006

consistently warm climate. Additionally, the (i) Tropical Evergreen Forests or Tropical
average annual humidity exceeds 77%, which, Deciduous Forests are typically found
along with the abundant rainfall, ensures in zones where the mean temperature is
continuous moisture availability, supporting 18°C or above.
dense vegetation and growth throughout the (ii) The type of vegetation found in zones
year. with a mean average temperature of 17°C
to 24°C typically includes tropical and
118. Mention the areas where Tropical Desert subtropical vegetation.
Vegetation thrives. (iii)Alpine vegetation or Tundra vegetation
Ans : SQP 2010 is typically found in snow-covered zones,
These forests are primarily located in characterized by sparse plant life like
southwestern Punjab, Haryana, Uttar mosses, lichens and hardy grasses.
Pradesh, central and eastern Rajasthan, as 122. Describe the methods of protecting forests
well as in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. under the following heads :
119. Under what climatic conditions do Littoral (i) Afforestation
forests develop? (ii) Using alternative source of energy.
Ans : MAIN 2004
Ans : MAIN 2018

These forests are developed in wet marshy (i) Afforestation : Implement a strict
areas, in river deltas, in saline or the swampy prohibition on cutting naturally growing
areas and along the sea coasts. trees. If tree removal is necessary, obtain
the required permissions. Additionally,
120. What are ‘Tidal forests’ ? Name two typical ensure that each removed tree is replaced
trees found there. by planting at least ten saplings (1:10
Ans : COMP 2000 ratio).
(ii) Adoption of Renewable Energy Sources
Littoral or swampy forests or Tidal forests,
: In many regions around the world,
also known as Mangrove forests, are found
including India, trees are cut down to
in coastal regions and river deltas, where
provide firewood. To conserve forests, it
the land is regularly flooded by tidal waters.
is essential to utilize non-conventional or
These forests thrive in saline, waterlogged
renewable energy sources such as solar,
conditions and are adapted to survive in such
tidal and hydel energy.
challenging environments.
Two typical trees found in tidal forests are: 123. Give two points of difference between agro-
1. Sundari forestry and traditional forestry.
2. Mangrove palm (Nypa) Ans : COMP 2004

121. Study the given data carefully and answer The difference between agro-forestry and
the following questions : traditional forestry are as follows :
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 147

Agro-forestry Traditional-forestry 126. (i) Name the major vegetation regions to

which the ebony and the sundari trees
It is the scientific It is old method to use belong.
method to maintain the forests recklessly (ii) Name major vegetation regions to which
agricultural output for settlement and the Teak and Mahogany trees belong.
and forests products. agriculture.
Ans : COMP 2001
Agriculture Forests are burnt
and forests are or cleared for (i) 1. Ebony : Tropical Rain Forest
maintained side by agriculture and 2. Sundari : Mangrove Forests.
side. settlement. (ii) 1. Teak : Tropical Deciduous Forests.
2. Mahogany : Tropical Rain Forest
It is an ideal method It is a wasteful
region.
to get best results method to
out of the limited destroy forests for 127. Why is the thorny type of vegetation found
land. settlements. in Rajasthan ? Give two reasons.
Japan has developed Shifting agriculture Ans : SQP 2011
very good system is an example of The main trees of thorny type are kikar,
of agro-forestry by traditional forestry babul, khair, date palm, etc.
growing mulberry by clearing the forest 1. Rainfall below 75 cm allows only drought-
trees on the borders resulting in damaging resistant trees to grow in such conditions.
of the fields. deforestation. 2. These trees have long roots and spiny
leaves, adapting them to the dry
124. State three objectives of agro-forestry. environment.
Ans : SQP 2009
128. Write any two points of difference between
1. Agro-forestry promotes scientific
Dry deciduous and moist deciduous
farming for better crop yields and forest
conservation. Ans : COMP 2008

2. It supports soil conservation, animal

rearing and forest-based industries. Dry Deciduous Moist Deciduous
3. Agro-forestry enhances health, wealth These are found They occupy vast
and recreation through tourism and on the peninsular areas between the
parks. plateau and the Thar Desert, the
plains of Bihar and Himalayas and on
125. ‘Rainfall is an important factor which decides Uttar Pradesh. the eastern slopes of
type of vegetation of a particular region.’ Western Ghats.
Justify.
These are found These are found
Ans : MAIN 2003
where rainfall is 70- where rainfall is 100-
Rainfall is crucial in determining the type 100 cm. 200 cm.
of vegetation in a region, as it directly Teak is the dominant Sal is the dominant
affects plant growth. High rainfall supports species. species.
dense forests, like tropical rainforests, while
moderate rainfall allows deciduous forests to 129. With reference to montane vegetation answer
thrive. In contrast, areas with low rainfall, the following questions :
such as deserts, support sparse vegetation like (i) “The vegetation on the Himalayas is upto
cacti. Therefore, the amount and distribution higher altitude on the Southern slope
of rainfall significantly influence the type of than on the Northern slope”. Give reason.
vegetation. (ii) Name any four trees of the Himalayas.
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

162. (a) Name one region in India for each of the 164. Describe the altitude zones of vegetation in
following : the mountainous regions.
(i) Tidal forests. Ans : MAIN 2011
(ii) Thorm and Scrub
(b) Explain why Thorn and Scrub forests are In the Himalayan region, vegetation varies
found in the above mentioned region. with altitude:
1. In the foothills (Shiwalik range), tropical
Ans : MAIN 2012
deciduous forests dominate, with Sal
(a) (i) West Bengal. being the most economically significant
(ii) Rajasthan. tree species.
(b) Thorn and Scrub forests are found in 2. At altitudes between 1000 m and 2000 m,
Rajasthan due to the region’s arid and evergreen forests are prevalent, featuring
semi-arid climate. These areas experience trees such as beech, chestnut, oak and
low rainfall (below 70 cm annually) ash. At higher elevations within this zone,
and high temperatures, which limit the chir and chil trees become more common.
growth of dense vegetation. As a result, 3. In the zone between 1500 m and 3000 m,
the forests consist of thorny bushes, typical coniferous trees like pine, cedar,
scattered trees and shrubs adapted to silver fir and spruce grow. These trees
drought-like conditions, such as Acacia are characteristic of the dry temperate
and Cacti. climate found in the inner Himalayas.
4. Above 3600 m, the vegetation mainly
163. (i) What is natural vegetation or virgin consists of alpine shrubs, scrubs and
vegetation ? grasses.
(ii) What is flora and fauna ?
(iii)What is an ecosystem ? 165. With reference to Indian vegetation answer
Ans : COMP 2008
the following questions :
(i) ‘The Tropical Rain Forests appear green
(i) Natural or virgin vegetation refers to all the year round.’ Give reason.
the plant life that grows in a region (ii) Which are the most widespread forests of
without human intervention. It includes India ?
indigenous plants that have developed (iii)Why Tropical Evergreen Forests are found
naturally over time and it exists in its in most parts of the Western Ghats?
undisturbed form, untouched by human
activities like farming, deforestation, or Ans : SQP 2003

urbanization. (i) The trees in the tropical evergreen forests

(ii) Flora refers to the plant species that are do not shed their leaves at the same time.
native to a particular region or environment. (ii) The most widespread forests in India
Fauna refers to the animal species that live are the Tropical Deciduous Forests (also
in a specific region or habitat. known as Monsoon Forests). These forests
(iii)An ecosystem is a complex network or are found in large parts of the country,
community of living organisms (plants, including central, northern and southern
animals and microorganisms) interacting India.
with each other and their physical (iii)Tropical Evergreen Forests are found in
environment (air, water, soil). It includes most parts of the Western Ghats because
both biotic (living) and abiotic (non- the region receives heavy rainfall due to
living) components that work together the monsoon winds, combined with high
to sustain life in a balanced environment. humidity and warm temperatures.
Examples of ecosystems include forests,
deserts and oceans. 166. Quite a few species of plants are endangered
in India. Why ?
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 149

along coastal regions that are influenced 137. With reference to Tropical Evergreen Forest
by tides, where mud and silt naturally answer the following questions :
accumulate. (i) Why the trees grow vigorously ?
2. These forests predominantly feature dense (ii) Why the floor lacks grasses ?
mangroves, with plant roots submerged (iii)Why these forest have been not exploited?
beneath the water. Ans : SQP 2012, 2015
3. Major river deltas, including those of the
Ganga, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari (i) The trees grow vigorously due to high
and Kaveri, are extensively covered by levels of rainfall and temperature.
such vegetation. (ii) These forests are densely packed, with
4. In the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, sundari trees reaching heights over 60 meters. As
trees thrive, providing durable and hard a result, sunlight is unable to penetrate
timber. Additionally, palms, coconuts, to the ground.
keora and agar are found growing in (iii)(a) The dense undergrowth makes access
certain parts of the delta. difficult.
(b) The presence of numerous species
135. State three main features of the Tropical growing together makes it challenging
Rain Forests. to commercially utilize any single
Ans : MAIN 2013
variety of tree.
(c) The region lacks adequate
(i) These are evergreen forests located in transportation facilities, hindering
regions with warm and wet climates. exploitation.
(ii) They occur in areas receiving over 200 cm
of rainfall, with a brief dry season. 138. With reference to Thorn Forest answer the
(iii)These forests are found on the rainy following questions :
slopes of the Western Ghats, the plains (i) Mention any four regions of India where
of Bengal and Odisha, as well as in such type of vegetation is found.
northeastern India. (ii) Name any four trees.
(iv) The trees in these forests grow rapidly, (iii)How do the plants correlate with the
often reaching heights of 60 meters or environment or adapt to the climate ?
more. Ans : MAIN 2017, 2018
(v) Commercially valuable trees in these
forests include ebony, mahogany and (i) 1. Rajasthan
rosewood. 2. Gujarat
3. Madhya Pradesh
136. (a) Name any three regions where Thorn 4. Parts of the Deccan Plateau
Forests are found. (ii) 1. Acacia
(b) Mention any three characteristics of the 2. Cactus
Thorn Forests. 3. Babul
Ans : COMP 2017, 2018
4. Date palm
(iii)The plants in thorn forests are well
(a) Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh. adapted to the arid and semi-arid
(b) Three characteristics of the Thorn climate by developing features that
Forests: conserve water. They have long roots
(i) Acacias, palms, euphorbias and cacti that penetrate deep into the soil to
are the main plant species. access underground moisture. Their
(ii) Leaves are mostly thick and small to leaves are often small, thick, or modified
reduce water loss through evaporation. into spines to reduce water loss through
(iii)The stems are succulent to retain transpiration. Additionally, some plants,
water.
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

like cacti, have succulent stems that store natural forests and promote sustainable
water for dry periods. These adaptations resource use.
help them survive in regions with low
rainfall and high temperatures. 141. Mention three methods for the conservation
and development of forests in India.
139. (i) “Forests play a significant role in the Ans : MAIN 2011
prevention and control of soil erosion”.
Justify by giving two reasons. (i) Long-Standing Forest Policy : India
(ii) “Forest increases the fertility of the soil.” is among the select nations that have
Explain. maintained a forest policy since 1894,
(iii)“Forest check on spread of deserts”. aimed at protecting, conserving and
Explain. developing its forest resources.
(ii) Promotion of Social Forestry : The Indian
Ans : COMP 2017, 2018
government actively promotes ‘Social
(i) The roots of trees and plants firmly Forestry,’ which focuses on creating and
anchor the soil, preventing it from being managing forests by the people, for the
easily eroded by running water or wind. people.
Vegetation, including trees, shrubs and (iii)Community Involvement in Forest
grasses, slows down the flow of water, Management : In 1990, the government
allowing it to be absorbed by the soil. introduced guidelines to engage village
Trees also reduce the force of strong communities in the restoration and
winds, preventing the soil from being safeguarding of degraded forest areas.
blown away.
(ii) When tree leaves fall and decompose, 142. With reference to Tidal Forest answer the
they form humus, which enriches the soil following questions :
with nutrients. This process helps forests (i) Where are these forests found ?
increase soil fertility. (ii) Name any two regions of India where
(iii)In deserts, strong winds carry sand these kinds of forests are found.
particles over long distances, contributing (iii)Why these are known as Sunderbans ?
to desert expansion. The roots of trees (iv) How the trees correlate with the
and plants bind the sand, preventing environment?
it from being easily transported by the Ans : COMP 2010, 2018

wind. Forests also add moisture to the (i) These forests are situated in and around
air, further helping to limit the spread of river deltas, estuaries and creeks that
deserts. are subject to tidal influences and are
140. Explain any three forest conservation therefore also known as delta or tidal
methods followed in India. forests.
(ii) Littoral forests are found along various
Ans : SQP 2019
coastal regions and within the confined
1. Afforestation: Planting trees in deforested deltas of major rivers such as the Ganga,
areas to restore forest cover and improve Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and
biodiversity. Cauvery.
2. Forest Protection Laws: Laws like the (iii)The forests are named after the Sundari
Forest Conservation Act (1980) regulate tree, which is the most important and
forest use and protect against illegal prevalent species in these ecosystems,
logging and encroachment. particularly evident in the Sunderbans.
3. Social Forestry: Involving local (iv) Trees in these forests develop aerial roots
communities in planting trees on that facilitate breathing in air. Their
community lands to reduce pressure on prop root systems enable them to absorb
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necessary gases and essential nutrients (ii) Major forest products: Timber, firewood,
from the atmosphere. Additionally, their pulp, bamboo.
leaves, stems and roots are specially (iii)Minor forest products :Grasses, fibres,
adapted to thrive in brackish water oils, leaves.
conditions.
146. Name the tree, the timber of which could be
143. Explain why the forest cover in India is used for the following :
shrinking ? (i) A soft and white timber used for making
Ans : SQP 20085
toys and match boxes.
(ii) A hard durable timber used for ship
1. Agriculture expansion leads to clearing of building and furniture making.
forests for cultivation. (iii)A sweet smelling timber which yields an
2. Urbanization causes deforestation for city oil, used for making handicrafts.
and infrastructure development.
3. Industrialization clears forest land for Ans : SQP 2013

mining and industrial projects. (i) Semal

4. Illegal logging depletes forests for timber (ii) Mahogany
and fuel. (iii)Sandalwood
5. Overgrazing by livestock degrades forest
areas, preventing regeneration. 147. Give a geographical reason for each of the
following :
144. Name the natural vegetation found in the (i) The Western Ghats are covered with
following regions. thick evergreen forests while the Eastern
(i) The Western slopes of the Western Ghats. Ghats are covered by deciduous forests.
(ii) The Nilgiris (ii) Tropical evergreen forests have tall trees
(iii)Western Rajasthan and appear green all the year round.
Ans : MAIN 2017
(iii)Deciduous forests are commercially most
exploited.
Natural Vegetation found on :
(i) Tropical Evergreen forests. Ans : MAIN 2007

(ii) Mountain forests/Deciduous forests, (i) The Western Ghats are covered with
mixed forests/coniferous forests. thick evergreen forests because they
(iii)Thorn Forests and Scrubs. receive heavy rainfall from the southwest
monsoon, while the Eastern Ghats receive
145. With reference to vegetation answer the less rainfall, supporting deciduous forests
following questions : that shed leaves during dry seasons.
(i) Why there is need for conservation of (ii) Tropical evergreen forests have tall trees
forests ? and appear green all year round because
(ii) Mention any four major forest products. they are located in regions with heavy
(iii)Mention any four minor forest products. rainfall and no distinct dry season,
Ans : COMP 2012, 2019 allowing continuous growth without
(i) Forests need to be conserved because shedding leaves.
they play a critical role in maintaining (iii)The trees of these forests provide timber,
ecological balance, preventing soil erosion, fruits and other useful products. Large
regulating the water cycle, supporting tracts of these forests have been cleared
biodiversity and providing resources like for agricultural activities.
timber and fuel. They also help combat
climate change by absorbing carbon
dioxide.
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

148. Give a geographical reason for each of the Ans : SQP 2020

following. (i) The variation in altitude, particularly

(i) Tropical Evergreen Forests are difficult to above 915 meters on the slopes of the
exploit for commercial purposes. Himalayas and the hills of the Peninsular
(ii) Delta area of river Ganga is called region, leads to a drop in temperature.
Sunderbans. This change in temperature affects the
(iii)Forests are grown in and around the type of vegetation, transitioning it from
cities having Iron and Steel Industries tropical at lower altitudes to subtropical,
and Thermal Power Plants. temperate and ultimately alpine
Ans : COMP 2015
vegetation as the altitude increases.
(ii) In the Himalayan region, the southern
(i) The dense undergrowth and thick ground slopes have a denser vegetation cover
cover make it challenging to exploit compared to the northern slopes. This is
these forests. They contain a variety because the southern slopes receive more
of tree and shrub species, with trees of sunlight for a longer duration, which
different heights. Additionally, the lack promotes plant growth.
of transport facilities further complicates (iii)The western slopes of the Western
access, as these forests are primarily Ghats are covered with thick forests due
located in heavy rainfall areas like the to the higher amount of rainfall these
western slopes of the Western Ghats and areas receive, supporting lush and dense
the hills of the northern regions. vegetation.
(ii) The delta area of the river Ganga is called
Sunderbans because it is dominated by 150. Give a geographical reason for each of the
Sundari trees, which thrive in the swampy following :
and mangrove conditions of the delta. (i) The forest area has greatly depleted in
(iii)Cities that host iron and steel plants India.
experience significantly higher levels of (ii) The Tropical Evergreen forests are found
pollution compared to those without such on the western slope of the Western
facilities. This increased pollution arises Ghats.
because steel manufacturing processes (iii)Acacia has long roots.
release various air pollutants, including Ans : COMP 2010
particulate matter, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons and hydrogen (i) Rising population increases the need
fluoride. Additionally, these steel plants for food and leads to deforestation for
generate substantial dust, amounting to housing and agricultural purposes.
approximately 20 kilograms per metric (ii) Tropical Evergreen Forests are located on
ton of steel produced. To mitigate this the western slopes of the Western Ghats
pollution, trees are planted around cities because the region receives more than
with iron and steel industries. These 200 cm of rainfall.
trees serve as a natural barrier, helping (iii)Acacia trees have long roots that allow
to reduce dust levels and improve air them to access deep underground
quality. water, enabling them to survive in dry
environments with limited water.

151. (i) State two characteristics features of

tropical desert vegetation. Name two
149. “The climate is one of the most important typical trees found here.
factor in deciding the character and extent of (ii) Why tropical deserts have stunted trees ?
vegetation.” Explain.
Ans : SQP 2013
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 153

(i) Two characteristics features of tropical (i) (a) Forests provide timber used in
desert vegetation are : construction, furniture making,
1. Due to lack of sufficient rainfall, trees shipbuilding and more.
in these forests are stunted, with large (b) Softwoods such as bamboo and grasses
areas covered by coarse grasses. serve as raw materials for industries
2. The plants remain leafless for most of producing wood pulp, paper and
the year, giving the forest a scrub-like rayon.
appearance. (ii) Agroforestry differs from traditional
Two typical trees in tropical desert forestry in that it is less susceptible to
vegetation are Acacia, Cactus. population pressures. It is developed in
(ii) This is caused by limited rainfall of less line with the socio-cultural practices of
than 50 cm and low humidity below 47 local communities. In fact, agroforestry
percent, which results in plants remaining collaborates with the local population,
leafless and resembling scrub vegetation. helping to alleviate the burden on
traditional forestry resources.
152. (i) What are the characteristic features of (iii)These forests exhibit dense growth
deciduous forests? characterized by a tangle of climbers,
(ii) Name the two type of deciduous forests. which serves as a crucial adaptation for
Ans : MAIN 2005 survival in the soft and shifting mud of
(i) The characteristic features of deciduous their environment. This intricate network
forests are : of climbing plants allows them to access
(a) These forests transition into moist sunlight while stabilizing themselves in
deciduous forests in wetter areas. unstable soil conditions, enhancing their
(b) On the drier margins, they gradually chances of thriving in such challenging
degrade into thorn forests. habitats.
(c) Trees in these forests completely shed 154. Give a geographical reason for each of the
their leaves during the dry season. following :
(d) In the dry season, the forests resemble (i) Nilgiri region has variety of vegetation
vast grasslands with bare trees. type.
(ii) Two types of deciduous forests are : (ii) Sundari trees are used for boat making
(a) Moist Deciduous Forests : Found in and construction purposes.
regions with higher rainfall, these (iii)Littoral forest is also called tidal forest.
forests remain lush for a longer part
of the year. Ans : COMP 2007

(b) Dry Deciduous Forests : Located in (i) This is due to their proximity to the
areas with less rainfall, these forests tropics and an elevation of only 1500
shed their leaves more completely meters above sea level. As a result, the
during the dry season. vegetation consists of temperate species
in the higher regions and subtropical
153. Give a geographical reason for each of the species in the lower areas of the Western
following : Ghats.
(i) Forests constitute an important natural (ii) The key characteristics of Sundari trees
resource. are that their wood is hard, strong and
(ii) Agro forestry is not vulnerable to durable, making it highly suitable for
population stress. boat building and other construction
(iii)Tidal forests have profuse growth with applications.
tangle of climbers. (iii)Littoral or swampy forests, often known
Ans : MAIN 2019 as tidal forests, are typically found in
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

and around deltas, estuaries and creeks (i) Due to waterlogged conditions, the roots
that experience tidal influences. Due to of mangrove trees often lack sufficient
their unique location and environmental oxygen during high tides. To adapt to
conditions, they are frequently referred this challenge, certain mangrove roots
to as delta or swampy forests, reflecting grow vertically above the ground. These
their association with these dynamic vertical roots are equipped with specialized
ecosystems. pores that allow the trees to absorb
oxygen directly from the air. Meanwhile,
155. Explain how is man responsible for the the lower portions of the roots remain
reduction of forest cover in India. submerged underwater during high tides.
Ans : SQP 2016 This unique root structure ensures that
Human activities have significantly mangrove trees can effectively breathe
overexploited forests to meet both essential and survive in their frequently inundated
needs and excessive demands, leading coastal environments.
to a substantial decline in forest cover. (ii) Forests play a pivotal role in the
The primary factors contributing to this carbon cycle by absorbing atmospheric
deforestation includes : carbon dioxide through the process of
1. Agricultural Expansion: Rapid population photosynthesis. This absorption helps
growth and the increasing need for food in maintaining the purity of the air by
have necessitated the clearing of forests reducing the concentration of greenhouse
to convert them into agricultural land. gases that contribute to atmospheric
2. Conversion to Pasture Lands: Forested pollution. By sequestering carbon dioxide,
areas are being transformed into forests not only purify the air but also aid
pasturelands to support the expansion of in controlling climate change and global
dairy farming and cattle ranching. warming. Their ability to act as natural
3. Overgrazing: In tropical and subtropical carbon sinks makes them essential for
regions, excessive grazing by livestock has sustaining environmental balance and
caused widespread degradation of natural promoting a healthier atmosphere.
vegetation within forests. (iii)Van Mahotsav, commonly referred to as
4. Rising Timber Demand: The ever- the festival of trees, is celebrated annually
increasing demand for timber for various across the country to raise awareness
purposes, driven by industrial expansion about the crucial importance of trees.
and urbanization, has intensified the This festival aims to encourage people
problem of deforestation. to actively participate in planting more
5. River Valley Projects: The construction trees, thereby promoting environmental
of multi-purpose river valley projects has conservation and fostering a greener,
led to the submergence of land and the healthier environment for future
destruction of forested riverbanks. generations.

156. Give a geographical reason for each of the 157. Mention three reasons why forests must be
following : conserved.
(i) Littoral forest vegetation has breathing Ans : COMP 2002
roots. Forests must be conserved because they
(ii) Forests are often compared to human provide numerous vital benefits :
lungs. 1. Regulation of Climate : Forests have a
(iii)Van Mahotsav is celebrated in our country favorable influence on temperature and
every year. rainfall patterns, helping to regulate the
Ans : MAIN 2008 climate.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 155

2. Air Pollution Control : They help control all vegetation to prevent the spread of
air pollution by absorbing pollutants and forest fires. This path acts as a barrier,
releasing clean oxygen. depriving the fire of fuel and is an
3. Prevention of Soil Erosion : Forests essential technique used to control and
prevent soil erosion by holding the soil contain wildfires, thereby protecting the
together with their root systems. surrounding forest and environment.
4. Maintenance of Groundwater Levels (iii)Silviculture is the practice of preparing
: They facilitate water percolation and managing land to grow trees,
into the ground, which helps maintain particularly for timber production. It
groundwater levels. includes soil preparation, planting and
5. Oxygen Supply : Forests supply oxygen, maintaining forests to ensure sustainable
which is essential for the survival of most tree growth and forest health.
living organisms.
160. Name the main types of natural vegetation
158. Name any two trees that grow in the Tropical belts in India.
Deciduous Forests which provides Timber. Ans : COMP 2006
Ans : SQP 2013
The main types of natural vegetation belts
(i) Teak: Teak wood is known for being in India are:
moderately hard, durable and easy 1. Tropical Evergreen Forests
to work with. It is widely used in 2. Tropical Deciduous Forests (Monsoon
construction projects, shipbuilding, Forests)
furniture manufacturing, railway 3. Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs
carriages, sleepers and bridges due to its 4. Mountain Forests
reliable properties. 5. Mangrove Forests
(ii) Shisham: Shisham wood is hard and
heavy, possessing great strength, 161. Where are the tropical evergreen rain forests
elasticity and durability. It is utilized in found? Why ? Name typical trees that grow
construction, furniture making, bullock there.
carts, agricultural implements, musical Ans : SQP 2012

instruments and railway sleepers. Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests are located
Additionally, it can be crafted into in the following regions:
decorative ornamental carvings because (i) On the slopes of the Western Ghats,
of its workable nature. particularly in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and
159. Define the following terms : Maharashtra,
(i) Deforestation. (ii) In parts of the Andaman and Nicobar
(ii) Fireline or Firebreak. Islands,
(iii)Silviculture. (iii)In West Bengal, as well as the Garo,
Khasi and Jaintia Hills of North-East
Ans : MAIN 2011
India,
(i) Deforestation is the widespread cutting (iv) On the slopes of the Eastern Himalayas.
down of trees in forested areas, often These forests thrive in areas with heavy
done without sustainable practices. This rainfall and high temperatures, which
leads to the permanent loss of forests, promote the growth of tall trees. Typical
contributing to issues like soil erosion, species found in these forests include Sisam,
loss of biodiversity and increased carbon Bamboo, Rosewood and Ebony.
emissions.
(ii) A fireline or firebreak is a 5-meter wide
path in forest areas that is cleared of
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

104. Mention the temperature and rainfall 108. Give an important use of each of the following
conditions found suitable for its growth. types of trees :
Ans : MAIN 2023
(i) Sundri
(ii) Sandalwood
Tropical Evergreen Forests grow in warm, (iii)Rosewood
humid regions with temperatures above 25°C
and annual rainfall over 200 cm, ensuring Ans : COMP 2014

dense, year-round vegetation. (i) Medicinal product

(ii) Handicrafts
105. Write two reasons why monsoon deciduous (iii)Furniture
forests are commercially more valuable than
other types of forests. 109. Name the natural vegetation largely found in
COMP 2018, 2014 the following regions :
(i) Tropical forests produce trees like (i) The delta of the Ganga river.
sandalwood, semal, teak and sal, which (ii) The windward side of the Western Ghats.
are utilized for making furniture and (iii)Deccan Plateau
various other products. Ans : SQP 2014
(ii) These forests also provide bamboo, which
is used in construction, furniture, as well (i) Littoral or swampy forests
as for producing fibre and paper. (ii) Tropical evergreen forests
(iii)Tropical deciduous
106. Name any three trees found in monsoon
deciduous forests and state one use of each 110. Name the type of forests found in the western
of these trees. part of the Western Ghats. Give two reasons
why these are so named.
Ans : SQP 2012
Ans : MAIN 2011
1. Teak: Used for making high-quality
furniture and shipbuilding due to its The type of forests found in the western part of the
durability and resistance to decay. Western Ghats are Tropical Evergreen Forests.
2. Sal: Commonly used in construction, These forests are so named because :
especially for making beams and railway (i) These forests are located in areas with
sleepers because of its strength. a tropical climate, characterized by high
3. Sandalwood: Valued for its fragrant wood, temperatures and heavy rainfall, which is
it is used in making perfumes, soaps and why they are called Tropical forests.
carvings. (ii) The trees in these forests retain their
leaves throughout the year, which is why
107. How does forests have a favourable effect on they are referred to as evergreen.
the climate of the region ?
111. Name the tree as per its characteristic given
Ans : MAIN 2014
below :
1. Forests are crucial in controlling the (i) The wood is hard and suitable for ship
Earth’s temperature and weather patterns building.
by storing significant amounts of carbon (ii) The stilt roots are underwater during
and water. high tide.
2. They cool the atmosphere through a Ans : COMP 2010
process known as evapotranspiration.
3. The roots of trees absorb a large portion 1. Teak : The wood is hard and ideal for
of rainwater, gradually utilizing it during shipbuilding.
dry periods. They also regulate water 2. Sundri : The tree has stilt roots that
flow, helping to prevent floods. remain submerged during high tide.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 157
Ans : COMP 2018
(iii)Animals, selected from nature’s abundant
(i) Human activities: Various human variety, serve as milch animals and provide
activities, such as the expansion of essential resources such as draught power,
agriculture, mining and industrialization, transportation, meat and eggs. Fish also
have led to significant deforestation, offer a nutritious source of food.
endangering plant species. (iv) Numerous insects assist in pollinating
(ii) Pesticides and pollution: The widespread crops and fruit trees, while others help
use of pesticides and environmental control harmful insects through biological
pollution pose serious threats to plant means.
species worldwide, disrupting ecosystems
and reducing biodiversity. 169. With reference to the Tropical Deciduous
(iii)Industrialization: Pollution from chemical Forest answer the following questions :
and industrial waste is another major (i) “The entire forest never become bare at
factor contributing to the degradation any time.” Give reason.
of the natural environment, endangering (ii) How the trees correlate with the
numerous plant species. environment ?
(iii)Give any four important trees of Tropical
167. Write three steps taken by the government Deciduous Forest.
for the protection and conservation of great Ans : COMP 2014
biological diversity of India.
(i) In Tropical Deciduous Forests, trees shed
Ans : SQP 2001
their leaves at different times during
(i) Several biosphere reserves have been the dry season, ensuring that the forest
established across India, such as the always retains some greenery.
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in Karnataka, (ii) The trees adapt to seasonal rainfall by
Tamil Nadu and Kerala and the Nanda shedding leaves during the dry season
Devi Biosphere Reserve in Uttarakhand. to conserve water and regrowing them
(ii) The government has set up around 89 during the monsoon.
national parks, 480 wildlife sanctuaries (iii)Sandal wood, Teak, Sal and Bamboo.
and 35 zoological gardens to protect and
conserve biodiversity. 170. With reference to natural vegetation of India
(iii)Endangered species are being identified, answer the following questions :
with targeted efforts to preserve them, (i) “The Evergreen Forests are found on
such as the Project Tiger initiative. the Western side of the Western Ghats
(iv) The hunting of wildlife has been banned whereas Tropical Moist Deciduous forests
and special forest officers have been are found on the eastern side of the
appointed to ensure the enforcement of Western Ghats”. Give reason.
these laws. (ii) How Tropical Rain Forest correlate with
the environment ?
168. Why is there need to conserve the biodiversity? (iii)Name the tree the wood of which is
Ans : MAIN 2008
suitable for railway sleepers. Give reason
also.
(i) All plants and animals in a given area are
interconnected and dependent on each Ans : SQP 2019

other and their physical surroundings, (i) The western side of the Western Ghats
collectively forming an ecosystem. receives heavy rainfall due to the
(ii) Human beings have chosen their crops southwest monsoon winds, making it
from the vast biodiversity of nature and ideal for Evergreen Forests, which thrive
have identified many medicinal plants for in high humidity and continuous rainfall.
use. In contrast, the eastern side receives
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

relatively less rainfall, leading to the afforestation of barren lands, with the
presence of Tropical Moist Deciduous goal of promoting environmental, social
forests, which are adapted to a seasonal and rural development, rather than
dry period. focusing solely on generating revenue as
(ii) 1. Tropical Evergreen Forests are in traditional forestry practices.
extremely dense, with thick (iii)The Chipko Movement was a grassroots
undergrowth resulting from the heavy environmental movement that began
rainfall. in the 1970s in the Garhwal region of
2. The combination of high temperatures Uttarakhand. Local villagers, especially
and abundant rain allows the trees to women, embraced trees to prevent their
grow rapidly, often reaching heights felling by contractors. The movement
of over 60 meters. aimed to protect forests from commercial
3. These trees remain evergreen, meaning logging and raise awareness about the
they do not shed their leaves, due to importance of forests for local ecosystems
the consistently warm temperatures and communities. The term “Chipko”
and ample water supply. means “to hug,” symbolizing the villagers’
4. The forest floor is devoid of grasses non-violent protest by physically hugging
because the dense canopy creates the trees to stop deforestation.
deep shade.
(iii)The Sal tree provides wood that is 172. (i) Explain the classification of forest for the
suitable for railway sleepers because of its purpose of administration.
hard, durable and strong timber, which (ii) Distinguish between Afforestation and
can withstand heavy loads and resist Re-afforestation.
decay, making it ideal for use in railway Ans : COMP 2009

infrastructure. (i) For the purpose of administration, forests

171. With reference to forest policy answer the are classified into three types :
following questions. (a) Reserved Forests: These forests are
(i) What are the main planks of the forest highly protected and activities like
policy of 1988 ? grazing, hunting and logging are
(ii) What is social forestry ? prohibited unless permitted by the
(iii)Explain Chipko Movement. government. They are under the
direct control of the state and are
Ans : MAIN 2013
intended to conserve biodiversity and
(i) The main planks of the forest policy of protect the ecosystem.
1988 : (b) Protected Forests: These have a
1. Ensuring environmental stability by lesser degree of protection compared
preserving and restoring ecological to reserved forests. Certain activities
balance. like grazing and logging may be
2. Conserving the natural heritage of allowed under controlled conditions.
forests and wildlife. The government has the authority to
3. Preventing soil erosion and regulate and manage these forests to
degradation in the catchment areas of prevent degradation.
rivers, lakes and reservoirs. (c) Unclassified Forests: These forests are
4. Controlling the spread of sand dunes not fully regulated and are usually
in desert regions of Rajasthan and open for use by local communities.
along coastal areas. They have the least protection and
(ii) Social forestry refers to the management are often subject to degradation
and protection of forests, along with the due to unregulated use for firewood,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 159

timber and grazing. There are more than There are more than
(ii) Distinguish between Afforestation and 47,000 plant species 89,000 species of
Re-afforestation : in India. animals.
Criteria Afforestation Re- (ii) Distinguish between Tropical Evergreen
afforestation and Deciduous forests :
Definition Planting trees Planting Tropical Rain Tropical Deciduous
in areas that trees in areas Forests or Evergreen Forests
have never where forests Forests
been forested. previously
existed These are found These are found
but were where the average where he average
destroyed. rainfall is more than rainfall is between
200 cm. 75 cm-200 cm.
Objective To create new To restore lost
forests and or degraded These do not have They shed their
increase forest forests to their a distinct season of leaves once a
cover. original state. shedding leaves. year to minimise
evaporation.
Land Barren, non- Previously
Type forested, or forested land Their height exceeed The trees are less
degraded land. that has been 60 m. than 50 m.
cleared or Ebony, mahogany Teak, sal, shisham
degraded. and rosewood and sandalwood
Focus Establishing Regenerating are some of the are some of the
a new forest and important trees. important trees.
ecosystem. rehabilitating
the original 174. Why does India possess a great variety of
forest flora and fauna ?
ecosystem. Ans : MAIN 2018

Purpose Environmental Restoration 1. Varied Soil Types : India has a wide range
improvement of forest cover of soil types, including fertile alluvial soil,
and and recovery black soil, laterite soil, desert soil and
biodiversity of ecosystem mountain soil. The sandy desert soils
promotion. balance. support plants like cactus and thorny
bushes, while the wet, marshy deltaic
173. Distinguish between soils are ideal for mangroves and other
(i) Flora and Fauna deltaic vegetation.
(ii) Tropical Evergreen and Deciduous forests. 2. Diverse Climatic Conditions : India
Ans : SQP 2003
experiences a variety of climates, with
temperatures ranging from as high as
(i) Distinguish between Flora and Fauna : 55°C in some regions to as low as -45°C in
Flora Fauna others. This diversity in climate supports
a wide range of plant species.
The term, flora The term, fauna
3. Impact of Precipitation : Precipitation
is used to denote is used to denote
significantly influences the type of
plants of a particular animals of a
vegetation. For instance, tropical
region. particular region.
rainforests thrive in the Western Ghats
due to the region’s heavy rainfall.
CH 6 : NATURAL VEGETATION

MAP BASED QUESTION (i) Identify the type of vegetation.

(ii) Name the two regions where the
vegetation is found.
175. On an outline map of India mark the areas
Ans :
having:
(i) Tropical Evergreen (i) Tropical Evergreen forests.
(ii) Tropical Deciduous Forests. (ii) Western slopes of Western Ghats, Coast
(iii)Tropical Desert Vegetation. of Tamil Nadu and Odisha.
(iv) Mountain Forests.
177. Study the diagram below and answer the
(v) Littoral Vegetation.
questions that follows.
Ans :

(i) Identify the type of vegetation.

(ii) Name the two regions where the
vegetation is found.
Ans :
(i) Mangrove forest/vegetation.
(ii) The deltaic tracts of Ganga, Godavari,
Krishna, Kaveri and Mahanadi.

178. Study the given bar graph carefully and

answer the following questions :
176. Study the diagram below and answer the
questions that follows.

(i) Which state has the highest area under

forests ?
(ii) Name any two states which have more
than 80% of the area under forests.
(iii)Which Union Territory has the highest
area under forests ?
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 161

(iv) Name any two states having very low

area under forests.
Ans :
(i) Nagaland

(ii) Nagaland and Mizoram

(iii)Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(iv) Punjab and Haryana

179. Carefully study the given pictures and answer

the following questions :
(i) Identify the type of vegetation.
(ii) Name any two regions of India where the
vegetation mentioned by you is found.

Ans :
(i) Fig.(A) : Tropical rainforest’s, Fig.(B):
Mangrove forests.
(ii) (a) Tropical rainforest’s : Western Ghats
and Andaman Nicobar Islands.
(b) Mangrove forests : The deltas of the
Ganga and the Brahamputra rivers.

www.nodia.in
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

CHAPTER 7
WATER RESOURCES

SUMMARY by water from rain and rivers migrating

through the ground and is stored in
cracks and crevices, leading to its uneven
1. INTRODUCTION distribution.
Water is crucial for human civilization, all 3. IRRIGATION
living organisms, and natural ecosystems.
Irrigation practices in India vary based
It is utilized for activities such as drinking,
on topography, soil, rainfall, groundwater
sanitation, agriculture, transportation,
availability, rivers, and crop requirements.
animal husbandry, hydroelectric power, and
The main types of irrigation include:
various industrial and commercial purposes.
Of the Earth’s total water supply, 97.5% 3.1 Canal Irrigation
is saline, while only 2.5% is freshwater.
Additionally, slightly more than two-thirds Popular in northern India due to flat terrain
of this freshwater is stored in glaciers and and perennial rivers. Canals are constructed
polar ice caps. by building dams to store water. There are
two types:
2. INDIA’S WATER RESOURCES Inundation Canals : Unregulated water flow,
India is fortunate to have hundreds of large common in the Sutlej-Ganga plains and
and small rivers that traverse the entire Brahmaputra valley.
country, making water an essential component Perennial Canals : Water flows year-round,
for its predominantly agricultural economy. regulated by weirs and sluice gates.
The main sources of water are:
Important canal systems include the Upper
1. Surface Water : Surface water refers to
Ganga and Indira Gandhi canals in northern
the water found on the Earth’s surface
India and the Godavari and Krishna delta
in rivers, lakes, wetlands, and oceans.
canals in southern India.
In India, approximately 4000 cubic
kilometers of water is available annually 3.2 Tank Irrigation
from precipitation, with around 1150
Common in the peninsular plateau, tanks
cubic kilometers contributing as surface
store rainwater in depressions created by
runoff. Major rivers such as the Indus,
earthen walls. Popular in Andhra Pradesh,
Ganga, and Brahmaputra provide about
Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra due to uneven
60% of the country’s surface water.
rainfall and impermeable rocks.
2. Groundwater : It is the water located
below the Earth’s surface, stored in porous 3.3 Well Irrigation:
soils and rocks. It plays a significant Covering 40% of India’s irrigated area, wells
role, accounting for 98% of the planet’s are a traditional method used in states like
fresh water, with 75% of it being used Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. They require a
for irrigation. Groundwater is replenished high water table and soft ground.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 163

3.4 Tube Well Irrigation 5. Dug Wells : Water from rooftops or runoff
Introduced in the 1930s, tube wells is directed to wells via filtration tanks.
tap groundwater using deep borewells, 6. Trench with Recharge Wells : Suitable
particularly important in northern states like for areas with impervious soil, storing
Punjab and Haryana. large quantities of rainwater and filtering
it to recharge groundwater.
3.5 Modern Methods of Irrigation
The modern methods of irrigation are as 6. ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING (RTRWH)
follows : In this method, rainwater is collected
1. Sprinkler Irrigation : Water is distributed directly from rooftops and stored. It is cost-
uniformly via overhead pipes, conserving effective and helps raise groundwater levels.
water and reducing evaporation. It is Components include:
suitable for arid regions. 1. Catchment : Roof surface that collects rain.
2. Drip Irrigation : A water-efficient system 2. Transportation : Pipes carry rainwater to
where water is released through hoses to storage.
crops. Although expensive, it minimizes 3. First Flush : Removes contaminants from
water loss. the initial rain.
4. Filtration : Water is filtered using sand,
4. CONSERVATION OF WATER charcoal, or PVC filters to remove
Water conservation is essential to manage impurities.
limited freshwater resources for current and 5. This system provides a reliable method
future needs. of water conservation, promoting efficient
Key reasons for conservation: usage and boosting groundwater levels.
1. Industrialization, urbanization, and
6.1 Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting
population growth increase water
demand. Efficient Water Utilization: Rainwater
2. Groundwater depletion and uneven harvesting effectively captures and uses
rainfall strain resources. water, reducing flood-like situations caused
3. Only a small percentage of Earth’s water by runoff, erosion, and contamination of
is fresh. surface water with pesticides, sediments,
4. Coastal areas face seawater intrusion, metals, and fertilizers.
while inland areas experience salinization Chemical-Free Irrigation: It provides a clean
due to overuse. source of water for landscape irrigation
without the presence of chemicals such as
5. WATER HARVESTING fluoride and chlorine or dissolved salts and
Rainwater Harvesting is an effective and easy minerals from the soil.
method of conserving and collecting rainwater Resource Conservation: Promotes both water
for irrigation and other uses. It involves two and energy conservation, contributing to
main techniques: sustainable management of natural resources.
1. Surface Runoff Harvesting (Groundwater
6.2 Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting
Recharge):
2. This method captures rainwater to Disadvantages of rainwater harvesting are as follows:
recharge groundwater using structures Dependence on Rainfall : The effectiveness
like: of rainwater harvesting is limited by the
3. Recharge Pits : Used where permeable availability and predictability of local rainfall.
rocks are near the surface. Variable Payback Period: The return on
4. Trenches : Built in areas with shallow investment can vary based on the size of the
permeable strata. storage system and the complexity of its design.
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

Technical Requirements : Installing and (a) Degradation (b) Erosion

maintaining rainwater harvesting systems requires (c) Depletion (d) Conservation
specific technical skills and regular upkeep. Ans : MAIN 2023
Seasonal Utilization : Water collected during
the initial rainy season may not be needed Thus (d) is correct option
by plants until the dry season, leading to 4. The Bamboo Drip system is common in:
potential underutilization. (a) Western states
6.3 Areas of Rainwater Harvesting (b) Eastern states
(c) North-Eastern states
Rainwater harvesting is widely practiced (d) Southern states
in various regions of India, especially in
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Ans : COMP 2023

Assam, and Karnataka. These regions have Thus (c) is correct option
developed traditional systems with distinct
local names: 5. Why is there a need to conserve water in
1. Rajasthan : Johads (small earthen dams) India?
and Kunds (covered underground tanks). (a) A lot of water is polluted
2. Gujarat : Tankas (small underground (b) No water is found below the land in India
tanks) and Khadins (long embankments (c) Water is in abundance in India
to store runoff). (d) We receive lot of rain in summer
3. Andhra Pradesh : Cheruvu (reservoirs). Ans : SQP 2021

4. Assam : Dongs (ponds) used by the Bodo Thus (a) is correct option
tribes.
5. Karnataka : Kere (tanks). 6. What are the advantages of rain water
harvesting?
(a) Recharge of ground water and
conservation of water
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION (b) Provide water through canals to the
farms and its conservation
(c) It helps in harvesting of crops and its
1. Which means of irrigation can be developed
storage
with minimum expenditure?
(d) Provide water for multinational companies
(a) Tube well
to produce packaged drinking water
(b) Canal
(c) Well Ans : COMP 2021

(d) Drip irrigation Thus (a) is correct option

Ans : MAIN 2024 7. Why is canal irrigation more popular in
Thus (d) is correct option Northern Plains?
(a) The surface of land is almost flat and Soft
2. Which of the following is a ground water soil is easy to dig
source? (b) To supply water to a number of cities in
(a) Pond (b) Lake the plain area
(c) Spring (d) River (c) Rocky surface of the plain help in their
Ans : COMP 2023 construction
Thus (c) is correct option (d) Rivers are seasonal and so canals are
needed
3. A planned protection, improvement and the Ans : MAIN 2021
wise use of natural resources is known as:
Thus (a) is correct option
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 165

8. Which of the following is correctly matched? Ans : SQP 2000

(a) Tube well – Karnataka Thus (c) is correct option

(b) Tank – Punjab
(c) Lined well – Uttar Pradesh 13. Which of the following measures are not used
(d) Canal – Mizoram to conserve water?
(a) Rainwater harvesting
Ans : SQP 2010
(b) Using bottled drinking water only
Thus (c) is correct option (c) Water recycling
(d) Preventing water pollution
9. Which of the following is NOT a suitable
condition for the development of tank Ans : COMP 2004

irrigation? Thus (b) is correct option

(a) Presence of natural depressions
(b) Permeable rock structure 14. Which of the following is not a secondary
(c) Plenty of rain in rainy period source of water?
(d) Hard subsurface rock structure (a) Rivers
(b) Groundwater
Ans : COMP 2015
(c) Lakes and ponds
Thus (b) is correct option (d) Rain

10. Which among the following is a ground water Ans : MAIN 2008

source? Thus (d) is correct option

(a) Spring
(b) Pond 15. Sprinkler irrigation is also known as _____.
(c) River (a) Seepage irrigation
(d) Lake (b) Overhead irrigation
(c) Protected irrigation
Ans : MAIN 2012
(d) Nozzle irrigation
Thus (a) is correct option Ans : SQP 2012

11. What is the importance of “DRIP Thus (b) is correct option

IRRIGATION”?
(a) It is an ultra-modern system of irrigation. 16. Tanks form the main source of irrigation in
(b) It is cheaper than other sources. _____.
(c) It can irrigate more area with less usage (a) Punjab and Haryana
of water. (b) The Deccan Plateau
(d) It is used by almost all farmers in India. (c) Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
(d) All of the above
Ans : SQP 2007
Ans : MAIN 2016
Thus (c) is correct option
Thus (d) is correct option
12. What is an aquifer ?
(a) An underground well that readily gives 17. _____ is not a conventional means of
out water on digging the land. irrigation.
(b) An underground pond that was once a (a) Furrow irrigation
source of water and is now buried under (b) Wells
rocks. (c) Tanks
(c) An underground stream saturated with (d) Inundation canals
water that is transmitted readily on to Ans : COMP 2020

the surface. Thus (a) is correct option

(d) None of the above.
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

63. What are the sources of freshwater ? 71. Mention any two important sources of
Ans : MAIN 2022
irrigation.

Precipitation, surface run off and groundwater. Ans : COMP 2016

(i) Wells
64. Who proclaimed dams as ‘the temples of (ii) Canals
modern India’ ?
Ans : SQP 2001
72. Mention any two primitive methods of
irrigation.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
Ans : MAIN 2020
65. Name any two social movements which have Wells and Tanks.
been launched against the multi-purpose
projects. 73. Name the two types of canals.
Ans : COMP 2023 Ans : MAIN 2014

‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’ and ‘Tehri Dam Two types of canals are :
Andolan.’ (i) Inundation canals
(ii) Perennial canals
66. Name any two states which are involved in
the Krishna-Godavari-dispute. 74. Which is the main source of irrigation in
Ans : MAIN 2023
India ?

Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Ans : SQP 2002

Tube-wells.
67. What is groundwater resources ?
Ans : SQP 2000
75. Mention any two drawbacks of lined wells.

Water beneath the surface of earth which Ans : COMP 2006

saturates the pores and fractures of sand, (i) They can irrigate only a small area.
gravel and rock formation. (ii) They may run dry.

68. What is a Tank or tanka ? 76. Name any two states which are utilisating the
Ans : MAIN 2022
groundwater resources at a alarming rate.

It is a man-made/natural structure which is Ans : COMP 2004

used for preserving rainwater. Punjab and Haryana.

69. What is irrigation ? 77. What is kul ?

Ans : MAIN 2008 Ans : COMP 2008

The process of supplying water to crops by It is a circular village tank from which water
artificial means such as canals, wells, tube- is released as and when required.
wells, tanks, etc., from the sources of water
such as rivers, tanks, ponds or underground 78. What are perennial canals ? Give one
water. example.
Ans : SQP 2014
70. Mention any two factors on which the source
of irrigation depend. Canals which flow throughout the year are
known as perennial canals. For example
Ans : SQP 2012
Upper Bari Doab Canal.
(i) Topography
(ii) Rainfall 79. Name two districts of Rajasthan irrigated by
the Indira Gandhi Canal.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 167

28. There is a smaller amount of underground 33. Well irrigation is not possible if the water is:
water in south India because this is a (a) Saline
_____ region. (b) Brackish
(a) Plain (c) Muddy
(b) Plateau (d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Mountainous Ans : COMP 2006
(d) Coastal
Thus (d) is correct option
Ans : SQP 2012

Thus (b) is correct option 34. Kuls or Guls are used for irrigation in:
(a) Western Himalayas
29. The state(s) where tube wells are common (b) Gangetic Plains
is/are: (c) Deccan Plateau
(a) Punjab (d) North-East Himalayas
(b) Kerala Ans : SQP 2010
(c) Uttar Pradesh
(d) Both (a) and (c) Thus (a) is correct option

Ans : COMP 2016 35. The mode of storing rainwater in Jaisalmer

Thus (d) is correct option and Bikaner is known as:
(a) Reht
30. _____ Irrigation cannot be used without (b) Khadins
electricity. (c) Johads
(a) Canal (d) Both (b) and (c)
(b) Sprinkler Ans : COMP 2014
(c) Tubewell
(d) Tank Thus (d) is correct option

Ans : MAIN 2020 36. The modern methods of irrigation commonly

Thus (c) is correct option used are:
(a) Tubewells
31. _____ Canals are taken out from rivers (b) Perennial canals
without building dams or rivers at their head. (c) Tank irrigation
(a) Perennial (d) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Reservoir Ans : MAIN 2018
(c) Pucca
(d) Inundation Thus (d) is correct option

Ans : SQP 2002 37. Why do the inundation canals have limited
Thus (d) is correct option use ?
(a) Because they get water only when the
32. Sprinkler irrigation is efficient but is still not rivers are in flood.
a very commonly used method of irrigation (b) Because they are taken out from a
by the Indian farmers because: perennial river.
(a) There is no loss of water by seepage. (c) Because they are constructed to store
(b) It is an expensive method of irrigation. rain water.
(c) There is no loss of water by evaporation. (d) Because they occupy lot of space.
(d) Farmers are scared of getting wet. Ans : COMP 2016
Ans : SQP 2012
Thus (a) is correct option
Thus (a) is correct option
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

18. The most advanced and efficient method of 23. The method by which water is stored in
irrigation is _____. tanks during the rainy season and used when
(a) Tank irrigation. needed is:
(b) Drip irrigation. (a) Well irrigation
(c) Canal irrigation. (b) Sprinkler irrigation
(d) Well irrigation.
(c) Rahat system
Ans : MAIN 2002
(d) Rainwater harvesting
Thus (b) is correct option Ans : COMP 2022

19. Most of the canals in India belong to which Thus (d) is correct option
category?
(a) Perennial canals 24. We need to conserve water for:
(b) Inundation canals (a) Industrialisation
(c) Navigation canals (b) Building houses
(d) None of the above. (c) Production of hydroelectric power
(d) Both (a) and (c)
Ans : SQP 2006
Ans : MAIN 2001
Thus (a) is correct option
Thus (d) is correct option
20. Which of the following least irrigated state of
India is solely dependent on canals? 25. Natural hollows found in the earth’s crust in
(a) Assam which water collects when it rains are known
(b) Mizoram as:
(c) Tripura (a) Canals
(d) Arunachal Pradesh (b) Tube wells
(c) Sprinklers
Ans : COMP 2010
(d) Tanks
Thus (b) is correct option Ans : SQP 2000

21. Which of the following is the most advanced Thus (d) is correct option
and efficient method of irrigation?
26. Name the most reliable type of well in India
(a) Furrow irrigation
in times of drought.
(b) Spray irrigation (a) Tube wells
(c) Drip irrigation (b) Unlined wells
(d) Sprinkler irrigation (c) Lined wells
Ans : MAIN 2014
(d) Kutcha wells

Thus (c) is correct option Ans : COMP 2004

Thus (a) is correct option

22. Which of the following is/are primitive
method of irrigation? 27. The water available on the surface of land,
(a) Sprinkler e.g. lakes, rivers etc. is:
(b) Tubewells (a) Earth water
(c) Tanks (b) Surface water
(d) None of these
(c) Underground water
Ans : SQP 2018
(d) Tube well water
Thus (d) is correct option Ans : MAIN 2008

Thus (d) is correct option

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 169

48. Mention one advantage of using tank as a 55. Name any two states where this is used to
means of irrigation. conserve water.
Ans : MAIN 2023 Ans : COMP 2004

Tank irrigation help in water conservation, This method is used in Rajasthan and
as rainwater is stored and used during dry Karnataka.
periods, making it useful in regions with
irregular rainfall. 56. Name two modern methods of irrigation.
State one important reason for their growing
49. What is surface water ? popularity.
Ans : COMP 2019 Ans : MAIN 2015

Water that is on the earth’s surface such as Drip irrigation and sprinkler system. These
streams, rivers, lakes or reservoir, etc. are water saving techniques.

50. What do you understand by the term ‘water 57. What is meant by the term irrigation ?
resource’ ? Ans : SQP 2002
Ans : MAIN 2020
Irrigation refers to the process of watering of
The term ‘water resource’ refers to any of the agricultural plants through artificial means
entire range of natural waters that occur on from wells, tanks, tube-wells, canals; etc.
the earth and are of potential use to living
beings. 58. What percentage of the earth’s surface is
covered with water ?
51. What are inundation canals ? Ans : COMP 2006
Ans : SQP 2019
About 3/4.
The canals which are drawn directly from the
rivers without making any kind of barrage or 59. Name any two states where well is the main
dam at their head to regulate the flow of the source of irrigation.
river and canal. Ans : MAIN 2011, 2017

52. What is rooftop rainwater harvesting ? Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.

Ans : COMP 2019 60. How is freshwater obtained ?

It is a technique through which rainwater is Ans : MAIN 2010

collected from the roof catchments and stored The freshwater is obtained from precipitation,
in reservoirs. surface run off and groundwater that is
53. Name any two states where rooftop water continually being renewed and recharged
harvesting is most common. through the hydrological cycle.

Ans : MAIN 2018 61. How is freshwater being renewed ?

Meghalaya and Rajasthan. Ans : SQP 2014

54. State one measure the Government should The freshwater is being renewed through the
adopt to handle the present water crisis. hydrological cycle.

Ans : SQP 2015 62. Mention any two regions which are expected
Government should promote rainwater to face water shortage.
harvesting. Ans : COMP 2018

Drip, sprinkle and other water saving (i) Regions having low rainfall.
techniques for irrigation should be promoted. (ii) Regions which are drought prone.
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

the cost of pumping water from crops. These methods are well-suited
such depths becomes economically to the local terrain and climate, where
unfeasible. rainfall is scarce and erratic. By storing
(c) Reliable Power Supply : A steady water during the monsoon season, these
and affordable supply of electricity or structures provide a critical water source
diesel is essential to ensure that water during dry periods, helping to recharge
can be pumped out of the tube-well groundwater and sustain agriculture.
as needed, especially during peak (ii) Modern adaptations of traditional
irrigation times. rainwater harvesting methods integrate
168. Why there is need for rainwaters harvesting ? new technologies to enhance water
or conservation. Rooftop Rainwater
Mention two objectives of rainwater Harvesting (RTRWH) systems are a
harvesting. key adaptation, where rainwater from
rooftops is collected in storage tanks and
Ans : MAIN 2016, 2015
used for domestic purposes. Additionally,
(i) To address the shortfall of surface water structures like recharge pits and trenches
in meeting our needs. are built to allow rainwater to seep into the
(ii) To prevent the decline of groundwater ground, replenishing groundwater levels.
levels. Modern filtration systems are often added
(iii)To boost groundwater availability. to these methods to remove impurities
(iv) To enhance the infiltration of rainwater and make the water more suitable for
into the subsoil. consumption. These systems are now
(v) To improve groundwater quality through equipped with first-flush mechanisms to
dilution. discard the initial rainwater, which may
(vi) To boost agricultural production. contain contaminants from rooftops. By
combining traditional practices with
169. Answer the following questions in about 120 modern technology, water storage has
words : become more efficient, helping to meet
(i) Discuss how is rainwater harvesting in the demands of growing populations and
semi-arid regions of Rajasthan carried erratic rainfall patterns.
out.
(ii) Describe how are modern adaptations of 170. Write down the advantages of rainwater
traditional rainwater harvesting methods harvesting.
being carried out to conserve and store
Ans : SQP 2018, 2012
water.
Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting :
Ans : COMP 2011
(i) Reduces flooding : Captures rainwater,
(i) In the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, reducing flood risks and soil erosion.
traditional methods of rainwater (ii) Addresses water scarcity : Provides
harvesting like Johads, Kunds, and an additional water source during dry
Khadins are widely practiced. Johads periods.
are small earthen check dams that (iii)Recharges groundwater : Helps replenish
capture and store rainwater, while Kunds groundwater levels and aquifers.
are underground tanks used to store (iv) Cost-effective : Lowers expenses on
rainwater for drinking and irrigation. external water sources and infrastructure.
Khadins involve embankments built (v) Eco-friendly : Conserves water resources
to trap surface runoff, allowing it to and protects local ecosystems.
infiltrate the soil, which helps in growing
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 171
Ans : COMP 2018
88. How much water is utilised by the agricultural
Jaisalmer and Barmen sector in India?

80. From which river the Agra canal draws Ans : MAIN 2002

water ? About 92% of water is utilised by the

Ans : SQP 2001
agricultural sector in India.

Yamuna. 89. Mention the three factors based on which

different means of irrigation are used.
81. How people conserve or harvest water in hills
and mountainous regions ? Ans : SQP 2006

Ans : COMP 2023

Different means of irrigation are utitlised in
India, based on the availability of surface
By building diversion channels to divert the (river) and groundwater, relief, soils and
water. climatic conditions.
82. How people harvest water in the flood plains 90. Name two states in which tube wells are
of Bengal ? extensively used. Give a reason to explain its
Ans : MAIN 2000 importance as a source of irrigation.
By building inundation channels to irrigate Ans : COMP 2010
their fields. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
83. Which is the main source of irrigation in Because (i) They can irrigate large area. (ii)
North India ? In dry period they do not dry up due to deep
boring.
Ans : MAIN 2010

Tube-wells. 91. Name any two traditional rainwater

harvesting methods.
84. Which is the purest form of natural water ? Ans : SQP 2022
Ans : SQP 2004
Kuls of Himachal Pradesh and Khadins
Rainwater. of Gujarat are two traditional rainwater
harvesting method.
85. How people harvest water in the semi-arid
and arid regions of Rajasthan ? 92. What are inundation canals?
Ans : MAIN 2012 Ans : COMP 2012

By building underground tanks. These canals are taken out from the rivers and
do not have any kind of weirs and barrages
86. Many people of arid and semi-arid regions
to regulate the flow of water from the rivers.
construct underground rooms adjoining the
water tanks. Give reason. 93. What are perennial canals?
Ans : SQP 2016 These canals maintain its water flow
throughout the year either from the river or
By beating the summer heat, it would keep
from reservoir of the river projects.
the room cool.
94. Name the three modern means of irrigation.
87. What is the percentage of water on Earth?
Ans : SQP 2018
Ans : COMP 2022
Modern means of irrigation includes furrow
71 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered
irrigation, spray irrigation and drip irrigation.
with water and the oceans holds 97.5 per cent
of Earth’s total water which is saline.
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

116. Most of the South Indian states are not Ans : MAIN 2017

suitable for development of canal irrigation. (i) Low relief area.

Ans : SQP 2019
(ii) Even surface so digging is easy.
(iii)Perennial.
(i) South Indian states have uneven terrain,
making it difficult to construct and 121. Why the inundation canals converted to
maintain canal irrigation systems. perennial canals ?
(ii) Rivers in South India are seasonal and Ans : SQP 2012
have limited perennial water flow,
reducing the feasibility of canal irrigation. Inundation canals are directly sourced
from rivers without the construction of any
117. Mention any two suitable conditions for well barrage. They primarily provide irrigation
irrigation. during the rainy season and cover smaller
Ans : COMP 2016, 2015
areas. In contrast, perennial canals maintain
a continuous flow of water throughout the
(i) High Water Table : The area must have year. These canals are built by constructing
an elevated water table to ensure ample a barrage across the river, allowing them to
water availability. irrigate larger areas. Consequently, inundation
(ii) Affordable Power for Water Lifting: canals are converted into perennial canals to
Access to inexpensive power sources is ensure year-round irrigation.
essential for efficiently pumping water
from wells. 122. (i) Name two states where perennial canals
are widely used.
118. State two reasons why tank irrigation is (ii) Briefly explain two reasons for perennial
popular in South India. canals being a popular form of irrigation
Ans : COMP 2017, 2016, 2014, 2012 in the named states.
(i) The Deccan Plateau features an Ans : MAIN 2013
undulating landscape with hard rock (i) Punjab and Haryana
formations, making the digging of canals (ii) Perennial canals are popular in Punjab
and wells challenging. and Haryana because :
(ii) The plateau’s hard rock structure restricts (a) Reliable Water Supply : Rivers like
the percolation of rainwater, resulting the Sutlej and Beas ensure a year-
in limited availability of groundwater round water source.
resources. (b) Flat Terrain : The plains allow easy
119. (i) What are the main sources of irrigation construction and water distribution.
used in the country ? 123. ‘The Northern plain of India is found suitable
(ii) Mention any two states in each case where for canal irrigation’ Give reason.
the source mentioned by you dominates.
Ans : SQP 2016
Ans : SQP 2013
Canal irrigation is appropriate for Northern
(i) Main sources of irrigation areWells,Canals, India due to the following reasons :
Tanks. (i) Low-Relief Landscape : The region
(ii) (a) Wells : Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. features gently sloping terrain.
(b) Canals : Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. (ii) Flat Terrain : The even surface facilitates
(c) Tanks : Tamil Nadu and Andhra easy excavation of canals.
Pradesh (iii)Deep, Fertile Soils : The rich, deep soils
120. Why canal irrigation is widespread in help offset the construction costs of canals
Northern India ? by supporting productive agriculture.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 173

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS and fertile alluvial soil, which allows easy
access to groundwater.

109. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage 112. Give two ways in which Rainwater Harvesting
of using tank irrigation. is important for India.
Ans : MAIN 2024 Ans : MAIN 2023

One advantage and one disadvantage of using Two ways in which Rainwater Harvesting is
tank irrigation : important for India:
(i) Advantage : Tank irrigation helps in (i) Reduces dependency on groundwater :
storing rainwater, making it available for Helps in replenishing groundwater levels,
use during dry periods, especially in areas which are depleting in many parts of the
with uneven rainfall. country.
(ii) Disadvantage : Tanks often occupy large (ii) Mitigates water scarcity : Provides a
areas of land, reducing the space available sustainable water source in areas facing
for agriculture and other activities. irregular or insufficient rainfall, especially
during dry seasons.
110. Distinguish between Inundation canal and
Perennial canal. 113. Why is there need for irrigation in India?
Ans : MAIN 2023 Ans : MAIN 2019, 2018, 2016, 2015,

Distinguish between Inundation Canal and (i) Unpredictable Rainfall: Rainfall patterns
Perennial Canal : in India are highly erratic and uncertain.
(ii) Uneven Rainfall Distribution: Rainfall is
Inundation Canal Perennial Canal not uniformly spread across the country,
Draws water Supplied with water leading to disparities in water availability.
directly from from rivers or reservoirs (iii)Varied Water Requirements for Crops:
rivers during through dams or Different types of crops cultivated in
floods. barrages. India have distinct water needs.
(iv) Short Monsoon Season: The rainy season
Available only Provides a consistent
is brief, with approximately 80% of the
during the flood water supply
annual rainfall occurring between June
season. throughout the year.
and September.
Dependent on Independent of seasonal
seasonal river changes, ensuring year- 114. What is Rainwater Harvesting?
flow. round irrigation. Ans : COMP 2023

Rainwater Harvesting is the practice of

111. Give a reason for each of the following:
collecting and storing rainwater from
(i) Agriculture sector in India needs the
rooftops, land surfaces, or other catchment
support of irrigation.
areas for future use, especially for irrigation,
(ii) Well irrigation is a popular means of
domestic purposes, or groundwater recharge.
irrigation in Northern India.
Ans : COMP 2023 115. What is rainwater harvesting ?
(i) Irrigation is essential in Indian agriculture Ans : COMP 2018, 2016

due to the irregular distribution of rainfall It is a method of enhancing groundwater

and seasonal nature of the monsoon, recharge by collecting and storing rainwater
ensuring crops receive water consistently. through the construction of structures such
(ii) In Northern India, well irrigation is as percolation pits and check dams.
common because of the high water table
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

38. Which of the following is a type of canal Ans : MAIN 2011

found in India? Thus (a) is correct option

(a) Perennial Canal
(b) River Canal 43. The reason(s) for water scarcity in India is/
(c) Artificial Canal are:
(d) Ground Canal (a) Excessive use of water by industries
(b) Erratic and unreliable rainfall
Ans : MAIN 2008
(c) People drink too much water
Thus (a) is correct option (d) Both (a) and (b)

39. Tank irrigation is popular in: Ans : COMP 2001

(a) South India Thus (d) is correct option

(b) North West India
(c) Eastern India
(d) Coastal region
Ans : SQP 2022
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Thus (a) is correct option
44. What is the advantage of using Drip
40. A wall constructed across a river to regulate irrigation?
the flow of water is known as: Ans : MAIN 2024
(a) Barrage
(b) Dam Drip irrigation ensures efficient water use
(c) Embankment by delivering water directly to the roots of
(d) Divider plants, minimizing wastage and conserving
water, especially in water-scarce regions.
Ans : SQP 2000

Thus (a) is correct option 45. Why is Drip irrigation not practiced on a
large scale in India?
41. Which is the most advanced and efficient Ans : COMP 2024
method of irrigation?
(a) Canal irrigation Drip irrigation requires significant initial
(b) Well irrigation investment in equipment and setup, which
(c) Drip irrigation many small-scale farmers in India may find
(d) Tank irrigation too expensive to afford.
Ans : COMP 2004 46. Where in India is Tank irrigation most widely
Thus (c) is correct option used?
Ans : SQP 2023
42. Match the following and choose the correct
alternative: Tank irrigation is most widely used in
Southern India, particularly in Tamil Nadu
A. Khatri (i) Western Ghats and Andhra Pradesh.
B. Johad (ii) Ladakh
47. Give one factor that has led to its popularity
C. Zing (iii) Western Himalayas in the region mentioned by you.
D. Surangam (iv) Central India Ans : MAIN 2023

(a) A – (i) B – (iii) C – (iv) D – (ii) One factor that has led to its popularity in
(b) A – (iv) B – (i) C – (ii) D – (iii) this region is the undulating terrain with
(c) A – (iv) B – (iii) C – (ii) D – (i) natural depressions, which make it easy to
(d) A – (i) B – (iv) C – (ii) D – (iii) collect and store rainwater.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 175

124. (i) How is fresh water obtained? 126. Give two reasons why tanks are used for
(ii) How is fresh water being renewed? irrigation in the Deccan.
Ans : COMP 2004 Ans : MAIN 2023

(i) Fresh water is obtained from various (i) Undulating Terrain : The Deccan Plateau
natural sources such as rivers, lakes, has an uneven landscape, making it
streams, and groundwater (aquifers). It is difficult to construct canals, so tanks
also extracted from glaciers and ice caps are a suitable method for capturing and
in colder regions, and rainfall provides a storing rainwater.
significant portion of fresh water. (ii) Hard Rock Structure : The region is
(ii) Fresh water is renewed through the composed of hard, rocky soil, which limits
hydrological (water) cycle, which includes groundwater availability, making tanks
processes like evaporation, condensation, an effective way to store surface water for
precipitation, and infiltration. Water irrigation during dry periods.
evaporates from bodies of water,
forms clouds, and returns to Earth 127. Mention two advantages of rainwater
as precipitation (rain or snow). This harvesting.
water then replenishes rivers, lakes, and Ans : MAIN 2008

groundwater, maintaining the fresh water (i) Utilizes water effectively, reducing flood
supply. risks from runoff, preventing erosion,
125. Give one geographical reason for each of the and minimizing contamination of surface
following statements : water by pesticides, sediments, metals,
(i) The modern means of irrigation are and fertilizers.
gaining popularity. Give two reasons. (ii) Provides a clean water source for
(ii) Canal irrigation leads to the ground landscape irrigation, free from chemicals
around it becoming unproductive. like fluoride and chlorine, as well as
dissolved salts and minerals.
Ans : COMP 2019, 2016

(i) Modern methods of irrigation, like the 128. (i) What is rainwater harvesting?
drip method, are gaining popularity (ii) Mention two objectives of rainwater
because: harvesting.
(a) Water Conservation : These methods Ans : SQP 2012

use water efficiently by delivering (i) Rainwater harvesting is the process of

it directly to the roots, reducing collecting and storing rainwater from
wastage. surfaces such as rooftops, roads, or open
(b) Improved Crop Yield : Precise water grounds for later use, typically to meet
delivery improves soil health and water needs for domestic, agricultural, or
enhances productivity. industrial purposes.
(ii) Canal irrigation can lead to the surrounding (ii) Two objectives of rainwater harvesting :
ground becoming unproductive due to : (a) To conserve water by capturing
(a) Waterlogging : Excessive seepage rainwater and reducing dependence
from canals raises the water table, on external water sources.
causing soil saturation and reducing (b) To recharge groundwater and improve
its fertility. water availability in areas with water
(b) Salinization : Stagnant water from scarcity.
improper drainage leaves salts on the
soil surface, making it unsuitable for 129. Why is per capita availability of water getting
cultivation. decline?
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CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES
Ans : SQP 2000
In India, water scarcity arises from
The per capita availability of water is both natural and human-made factors.
decreasing due to rapid industrialization and Key contributors to this issue include
urbanization, which place significant pressure poor resource management, insufficient
on existing water resources. Therefore, it is government attention, and human-induced
essential to conserve water. pollution.

130. Give two main reasons why water scarcity 133. Mention two factors which are essential for
occurs in India. the development of tube well irrigation.
Ans : COMP 2016 Ans : COMP 2006

(i) Over-extraction and Mismanagement (i) High Water Table : A sufficient quantity
: Excessive use of groundwater for of groundwater must be available for tube
agriculture and inefficient water wells to function effectively.
management practices lead to depletion (ii) Reliable Power Supply : A steady and
of water resources. affordable source of electricity or diesel
(ii) Uneven Distribution of Rainfall : India is needed to operate the pumps used for
experiences seasonal and uneven rainfall, extracting water.
with some regions receiving excessive rain
and others facing prolonged droughts, 134. Name two states in which tube wells are
contributing to water shortages. extensively used. Give a reason to explain its
importance as a source of irrigation.
131. (i) Name three traditional means of Ans : SQP 2014
irrigation.
(ii) Give a reason why traditional means Uttar Pradesh and Punjab states has
of irrigation are still important in most extensive use of tubewells. Tube wells are
parts of India. crucial in these states because they provide a
reliable source of groundwater for irrigation,
Ans : MAIN 2010
especially in regions where canal irrigation is
(i) The three traditional means of irrigation limited, ensuring year-round water availability
are : for water-intensive crops like wheat and rice.
(a) Basin Irrigation
(b) Strip Irrigation 135. “Without irrigation, development of
(c) Furrow Irrigation agriculture is difficult in India.” Clarify the
(ii) Traditional means of irrigation are still statement by giving two reasons.
important because they are cost-effective, Ans : COMP 2011

easily accessible for small-scale farmers, “Without irrigation, development of

and suitable for regions with limited agriculture is difficult in India” because of :
infrastructure for modern irrigation (i) The spatial and temporal variation of
systems. monsoon rainfall is not uniform across
132. What is meant by the term ‘water scarcity’ ? different locations.
What has caused this scarcity in India ? (ii) Rainfall levels fluctuate annually, with
some years experiencing good rainfall
Ans : MAIN 2020
while others may have significantly less.
Scarcity refers to a state of being limited or in
short supply, and water scarcity specifically 136. There is plenty of rain in India during the
indicates a shortage of water, highlighting rainy season, yet we need irrigation. Give two
an imbalance between demand and supply, reasons to support this statement.
particularly regarding potable water. Ans : MAIN 2007
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 177

Yes, there is plenty of rain in India, but yet Ans : MAIN 2010

we need irrigation because: Two modern methods of irrigation are:

(i) The spatial and temporal variation of (i) Drip irrigation
monsoon rainfall is not uniform across (ii) Sprinkler irrigation
different locations. One important reason for their growing
(ii) Rainfall levels fluctuate annually, with popularity is that these methods are highly
some years experiencing good rainfall efficient in water conservation, as they
while others may have significantly less. deliver water directly to the roots of the
plants, minimizing wastage and reducing
137. State two reasons why tank irrigation is water consumption compared to traditional
popular in South India. methods.
Ans : SQP 2001
141. Why are inundation canals being converted
Tank irrigation is favored in South India for to perennial canals? Give two reasons.
the following reasons:
(i) The rocky surface in South India makes it Ans : SQP 2004

challenging to dig canals and wells. Inundation canals are being converted to
(ii) It is a simple and cost-effective method of perennial canals due to:
irrigation. (i) Unreliable water supply : Inundation
canals rely on seasonal river overflows,
138. Give a reason for the significance of irrigation making water availability uncertain,
in while perennial canals provide year-round
(i) Punjab water.
(ii) Rajasthan (ii) Increased agricultural productivity :
Ans : COMP 2023 Perennial canals ensure continuous water
(i) Punjab : Irrigation is significant in Punjab flow, supporting year-round farming and
due to its reliance on water-intensive better crop yields.
crops like wheat and rice, which require 142. Name the two types of canals. Name two
a consistent water supply to support high states where perennial canals are widely used.
agricultural productivity.
(ii) Rajasthan : Irrigation is crucial in Ans : COMP 2008

Rajasthan as it compensates for the There are two types of canals: inundation
region’s arid climate and low rainfall, canals and perennial canals. Perennial canals
enabling cultivation in desert and semi- are widely used in states like Punjab and
arid areas. Haryana for efficient irrigation and year-
round water supply.
139. Which are the states of India where well
irrigation is used? 143. How are the fields irrigated using the Persian
Ans : SQP 2002
wheel method ?

Well irrigation is predominantly used in Ans : MAIN 2012

states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, and Fields are irrigated using the Persian wheel
Haryana. It is also common in Rajasthan, method, which features a partially submerged
Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra vertical wheel with buckets attached to its
due to favorable groundwater availability. rim. As drought animals turn the wheel, it
rotates a geared horizontal wheel, causing the
140. Name two modern methods of irrigation. buckets to fill with water. This water is then
State one important reason for their growing emptied into a trough above, which channels
popularity. it to the fields where crops are planted.
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

95. Name the sources of surface water. 102. Name the region of India which suffers from
Ans : MAIN 2001
water scarcity.

The sources of surface water are rivers, lakes, Ans : COMP 2020

ponds, lagoons and backwater. Rajasthan and Gujarat.

96. What do you mean by groundwater resource? 103. How people of West Bengal harvest water in
Ans : SQP 2023
the flood plains?

Water beneath the surface of Earth which Ans : MAIN 2016

saturates the pores and fractures of sand People of Bengal harvest water by building
gravel and rock formation. inundation canals.

97. What do you understand by irrigation? 104. Fromwhich river does the Mettur canal draw
Ans : COMP 2000
water?

Irrigation refers to the process of supplying Ans : SQP 2020

water to agricultural plants through wells, Mettur canal draws water from the Kaveri
tanks, tube wells and canals. river. It irrigates about 1.2 lakh hectares and
in Salem and Tiruchirapalli.
98. Why do we need different modes of irrigation?
Ans : MAIN 2004
105. What is a tank?

We need different modes of irrigation because Ans : COMP 2002

of topographical features, availability of Tank is a man made/natural structure which

surface water, groundwater, soils and climatic is used for preserving rainwater.
condition.
106. Which area of India is famous for bamboo
99. Mention any two factors on which the source irrigation system?
of irrigation depend. Ans : SQP 2010
Ans : SQP 2008
The bamboo irrigation system is very popular
Topography and rainfall are two main factors in North-East part of India. This is 200 years
on which the source of irrigation depends. old system used by the tribal farmers of
Khasi and Jaintia hills.
100. What do you mean by tanka and kul?
Ans : COMP 2001
107. What are check dams?

Tankas are underground tank for storing Ans : COMP 2014

drinking water. Check dams are small barriers built across the
Kul is a circular village tank from which direction of water flow on shallow rivers and
water is released as and when required. streams for the purpose of water harvesting.

101. Why is sprinkler irrigation method suitable 108. Mention two techniques of rooftop rainwater
for arid and semi-arid region? harvesting.
Ans : MAIN 2006 Ans : MAIN 2018

Modern irrigation method is suitable for The two techniques of rooftop rainwater
arid and semi-arid region because these do harvesting are as follows:
not involve any loss of water by seepage or (i) Catchment
evaporation. (ii) First Flush
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 179

(i) Rainwater harvesting refers to the process 156. Explain briefly the need to conserve water.
of collecting and storing rainwater for Ans : COMP 2004
future use, typically from rooftops, land
surfaces, or other catchment areas, to Water conservation is crucial for several
conserve water and reduce reliance on reasons:
traditional water sources. (i) Overexploitation of groundwater often
(ii) Two methods of rainwater harvesting are : leads to a decline in the water table.
(a) Surface runoff harvesting : Collecting (ii) Loss of vegetation contributes to drought
and storing rainwater from surfaces and decreases both rainfall and the water
like roads, fields, and other land areas table.
to prevent water wastage and utilize (iii)Irrigation accounts for over 90 percent of
it for agriculture or groundwater total freshwater usage.
recharge. (iv) By 2025, the demand for industrial water
(b) Rooftop rainwater harvesting: is expected to surpass the demand for
Capturing rainwater from rooftops domestic water by more than double.
and channeling it into storage tanks (v) Population growth over time exacerbates
or recharge systems for future use. water scarcity.
(vi) Our water resources, such as groundwater,
154. Why is water harvesting needed ? rivers, and lakes, are polluted, making
Ans : SQP 2012
them unsuitable for use without
significant treatment.
Water harvesting is essential for conserving
and managing our precious water resources. 157. What is meant by furrow irrigation ? What
It involves capturing and storing rainwater for is its advantage?
future use, reducing the strain on traditional Ans : MAIN 2008
water sources like rivers and groundwater.
This method also helps in recharging Furrow irrigation is a form of flood irrigation
groundwater levels, which are depleting due where water is directed to flow through narrow
to over-extraction. By providing a reliable channels dug between crop rows, rather than
water supply during dry seasons, water distributing it evenly across the entire field.
harvesting mitigates the effects of drought To ensure uniform water distribution, the
and water scarcity. Additionally, it aids in furrows must have consistent dimensions.
controlling floods and preventing soil erosion This method is particularly effective in
by reducing surface runoff. regions where water is readily available.

155. What is ‘drip irrigation’ ? How is it useful ? 158. Where are tanks most widely used in India
? Why?
Ans : SQP 2000
Ans : COMP 2016
Drip irrigation is the most advanced and
efficient method of watering crops, particularly Tanks are most widely used in South India,
fruits and vegetables. This system uses particularly in states like Tamil Nadu,
perforated pipes placed between crop rows or Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh because of
buried along the root lines, delivering water the following reasons :
directly to the plants. This significantly (i) The Deccan Plateau is extensively
reduces evaporation and conserves irrigation fragmented, featuring numerous natural
water. Additionally, drip irrigation enables depressions.
growers to tailor their irrigation schedules to (ii) The Deccan Plateau is deeply cut with
meet the specific needs of each crop. natural depressions.
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

capture and utilize available water 182. Mention any three water harvesting systems
resources. practiced in India.
(b) The extensive hard and rocky Ans : COMP 2004
terrain of the Indian plateau makes
The three water harvesting systems practiced
the construction of wells and canals
in India are:
difficult, making tank irrigation the
(i) Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting : This
most practical alternative.
method involves collecting rainwater where
(c) Tank irrigation is crucial for storing it falls, using the roof as a catchment area.
excess rainwater that would otherwise The rainwater is gathered from the rooftop
be lost to runoff and go to waste. of buildings and stored for later use.
(iii)Groundwater reserves are depleting (ii) Kuls : In hilly and mountainous regions,
rapidly due to several factors : people construct diversion channels known
(a) Population Growth : A rising as ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’. These are commonly
population increases water demand found in the Western Himalayas and are
for domestic use, putting additional primarily used for irrigation.
pressure on groundwater sources. (iii)Johads and Khadins : In arid and
(b) Intensified Irrigation : Expanded semi-arid regions, agricultural fields
agricultural irrigation leads to are transformed into rain-fed storage
excessive groundwater extraction to structures, which allow water to percolate
support farming activities. and moisten the soil. This system is
(c) Industrialization : Growing referred to as ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and
industries consume more water for ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan.
various processes, further draining 183. Give a geographical reason for each of the
groundwater reserves. following :
181. (i) What type of regions are expected to face (i) Well irrigation is confined mainly to the
water shortage? alluvial plains.
(ii) In which areas rainwater harvesting is (ii) In Tamil Nadu, nearly one-third of the net
used? irrigated area is under canal irrigation.
(iii)Name regions where these rainwater (iii)Drip irrigation reduces loss of water
harvesting techniques are used. through evaporation.
(a) Dongs Ans : SQP 2012

(b) Cheruva (i) Well irrigation is primarily practiced in

Ans : SQP 2000 alluvial plains because the soft soil allows
(i) Arid and semi-arid regions, areas with for easy digging of wells and supports
erratic rainfall, overpopulated regions, high agricultural productivity. Wells
and regions with depleting groundwater are typically located centrally and on
levels are most likely to face water higher ground within fields, while the
shortages. presence of perennial rivers helps sustain
(ii) Rainwater harvesting is used in the states groundwater levels.
of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, (ii) Tamil Nadu receives the majority of its
Assam and Karnataka. rainfall during the winter, leaving the
(iii)(a) Dongs : Used by the Bodo tribes in summer months dry. As a result, canal
Assam. irrigation becomes crucial for providing
(b) Cheruva : Practiced in Andhra water during the dry season and
Pradesh. compensating for the lack of rainfall in
the summer.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 181

(i) The water conservation practice shown in (i) Importance of Water for Life : Water is
the image is rainwater harvesting. essential for life on Earth. It is believed
(ii) This system helps reduce floods by that life initially emerged in water before
collecting and storing rainwater, which migrating to land. In fact, water is a
reduces surface runoff and prevents fundamental prerequisite for the existence
excessive water accumulation in drainage of life.
systems during heavy rainfall. (ii) Water’s Role in Agriculture : The
(iii)Water conservation is necessary because : cultivation of crops relies heavily on the
(a) Climate change is causing a decline in availability of water. Water dissolves
groundwater levels, leading to limited minerals and other nutrients present
water availability. To address this, in the soil, allowing plant roots to
conserving water is essential to help absorb these vital nutrients. As India is
replenish groundwater and mitigate predominantly an agricultural nation, the
water shortages when levels drop presence of sufficient water is crucial for
significantly. its farming activities.
(b) As the population continues to grow (iii)Water’s Importance in Industry : Water
rapidly, water sources are diminishing. plays a critical role in the industrial
To prevent water scarcity, we must sector, primarily serving as a cooling
conserve as much water as possible agent to regulate temperatures during
and ensure its availability for future various manufacturing processes.
generations. (iv) Water for Domestic Use : Water is also
vital for drinking and other domestic
165. What is water scarcity? Mention any four needs. With increasing urbanization
factors responsible for water scarcity. and the adoption of modern lifestyles,
Ans : SQP 2018, 2015, 2013 the demand for water continues to rise
Water scarcity refers to the shortage or steadily each day.
insufficient availability of water resources 167. (i) What is a tube-well ?
to meet the demands of a population, (ii) Mention any three geographical conditions
agriculture, or industry. favoring its installation.
Four factors responsible for water scarcity:
(i) Rapid population growth : Increases Ans : COMP. 2015

demand for water for domestic, (i) A tube-well is a deep well, typically over
agricultural, and industrial uses. 15 meters in depth, from which water
(ii) Over-extraction of groundwater : is extracted using a pumping system
Excessive withdrawal of groundwater powered by an electric or diesel motor. It
depletes reserves faster than they can be is capable of providing water for irrigation
replenished. more efficiently than traditional wells.
(iii)Pollution of water bodies : Industrial (ii) Three geographical conditions
waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated favoringinstallation of tube-well
sewage contaminate rivers and lakes, (a) Abundant Groundwater Supply :
reducing usable water. There should be a sufficient quantity
(iv) Climate change : Altered weather patterns, of groundwater available, as a tube-
such as droughts and reduced rainfall, well can irrigate around 2 hectares
affect the availability of freshwater. per day, compared to just 0.2 hectares
per day with a traditional well.
166. Why is there a need to conserve water (b) Shallow Water Table : The water table
resources ? should be around 15 meters deep. If
Ans : COMP 2019, 2010 the water level exceeds 50 meters,
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

144. Mention two advantages that surface wells 148. “Need of the hour is to conserve and manage
have over inundation canals. our water resources.” Mention any four
Ans : SQP 2016
reasons.

(i) They are the most straightforward and Ans : SQP 2022

cost-effective irrigation method, while (i) To protect against health risks.

inundation canals require significant (ii) To ensure food security.
investment. (iii)To prevent the degradation of our natural
(ii) Wells offer year-round irrigation, whereas ecosystem.
inundation canals supply water only (iv) To safeguard future generations from
during the rainy season. water scarcity.

145. From which river the following canal draws 149. Name two techniques of rooftop rainwater
water? harvesting.
(i) Upper Bari Doab Canal Ans : SQP 2006
(ii) Sirhind Canal
(i) Recharge through hand pump.
Ans : MAIN 2002
(ii) Recharge through abandoned dugwell.
(i) Upper Bari Doab Canal draws water from
the Ravi River. 150. Tank irrigation is appropriate in Deccan
(ii) Sirhind Canal draws water from the Plateau. Justify by giving two reasons.
Satluj River. Ans : COMP 2020

146. Mention the major objective of the Narmada (i) Groundwater is limited in quantity.
Bachao Andolan. (ii) The hard rock terrain makes canal
excavation challenging.
Ans : MAIN 2014

The major objective of the Narmada Bachao 151. What is the need of rainwater harvesting ?
Andolan was to stop the construction of Ans : COMP 2010

large dams, particularly the Sardar Sarovar (i) To address the issue of water scarcity.
Dam on the Narmada River, and to advocate (ii) It is an environmentally friendly method.
for the rights of the people displaced by (iii)It is cost-effective.
the project. The movement aimed to
protect the environment and ensure proper 152. How has irrigation changed the cropping
rehabilitation and compensation for the pattern?
affected communities, including tribal people Ans : COMP 2001
and farmers.
Irrigation has enabled the cultivation of
147. (i) Mention any two regions which are water-intensive crops like rice and sugarcane
expected to face water shortage. in areas with insufficient rainfall. It allows
(ii) Mention any three freshwater resources. for multiple cropping, improving agricultural
productivity throughout the year.
Ans : SQP 2018
Additionally, it has expanded farming into
(i) (a) Rajasthan : Due to its arid climate arid regions and increased the production of
and low rainfall. cash crops.
(b) Punjab : Due to over-extraction of
groundwater for intensive agriculture. 153. (i) What is meant by rainwater harvesting ?
(ii) Precipitation, surface run off and (ii) State any two methods of rainwater
groundwater. harvesting ?
Ans : MAIN 2023
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 183

171. Mention two factors that favour the water through pipes. Given the
development of tube well irrigation in Punjab. scarcity of water in these regions, this
Ans : MAIN 2019
method is economical and promotes
water conservation by providing
(i) High Water Table : Punjab has a relatively uniform distribution.
high water table, making it easier and (b) Tube wells should be installed in
more economical to access groundwater fertile and productive areas to ensure
for irrigation through tube wells. that the costs of construction and
(ii) Availability of Cheap Electricity : The operation are recouped through
state has a well-developed infrastructure increased agricultural output.
for electricity supply, ensuring a reliable
and affordable power source for operating 173. (i) What is meant by rainwater harvesting ?
tube well pumps. (ii) Mention any two rainwater harvesting
systems practiced in India.
172. (i) Give a reason for the significance of
irrigation in : Ans : COMP 2018

(i) Punjab (i) Water harvesting involves the direct

(ii) Rajasthan collection of rainwater, which can be
(ii) Name a state where : stored for immediate use or recharged
(i) Tube wells are common into groundwater. In different regions, it
(ii) Tank irrigation is popular is referred to as Khatri or Kuhl in the
(iii)Give one Geographical reason for each of Western Himalayas, Boalis or Dighis in
the following : the Gangetic plains, Johads in Central
(i) Sprinkler irrigation is practised in India, Korambu in the Eastern Ghats,
arid and semi-arid regions. and Zing in Ladakh.
(ii) A tube well should be installed in a (ii) Rainwater harvesting in India is achieved
fertile and productive region. through the following methods :
Ans : COMP 2017 (a) Catchments : Areas designed to collect
and channel rainwater for storage or
(i) (a) Punjab : Rainfall is inconsistent,
recharge.
varying year by year and across
different locations. The Rabi crop (b) Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting :
requires water during the winter. Collecting rainwater from rooftops
This region has a strong agricultural and directing it into storage tanks or
base and features fertile plains. Due recharge systems.
to limited winter rain, irrigation is (c) Check Dams : Small barriers built
essential. across streams or watercourses to
(b) Rajasthan : In West Rajasthan, slow down water flow, allowing it
rainfall is below 25 cm, making to percolate into the ground and
irrigation necessary. recharge groundwater.
(ii) (a) Tube wells are prevalent in Uttar
174. What are the disadvantages and advantages
Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana,
of tube-wells.
Rajasthan, and West Bengal.
(b) Tank irrigation is commonly practiced Ans : SQP 2013 , 2012, 2011

in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, (i) Disadvantages of tube-wells :

Telangana, and Karnataka. (a) Dependence on Cheap Power : Tube-
(iii)(a) Sprinkler irrigation is utilized in wells require affordable electricity,
arid and semi-arid areas because it which is not readily available in many
minimizes water loss by delivering states.
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

159. Mention two disadvantages of tank irrigation. THREE MARKS QUESTIONS

Ans : MAIN 2020

(i) Tanks accumulate silt quickly, requiring 163. Give a reason to explain each of the following:
frequent desilting to remain effective for (i) Sprinkler irrigation is gaining popularity
irrigation. in recent times.
(ii) When the monsoons are inadequate, (ii) Tube well irrigation is used in Punjab.
tanks dry up, making them an unreliable (iii)North India has more area under canal
source of irrigation. irrigation.
160. Why is drip irrigation called ‘trickle Ans : MAIN 2023

irrigation’ ? Give its two advantages. (i) Sprinkler irrigation is gaining popularity
Ans : SQP 2002 because it allows for efficient water
distribution, reducing water wastage
Drip irrigation, often referred to as “trickle
and ensuring even coverage, which is
irrigation,” involves a steady dripping of
particularly useful in areas with limited
water rather than a rapid flow. Its two main
water resources.
advantages are :
(ii) Punjab relies heavily on groundwater
(i) The consistent drip minimizes water
for irrigation, making wells a crucial
wastage.
irrigation source. They can cover large
(ii) Water is delivered directly to the roots
areas in a relatively short time and
of plants or trees, promoting efficient
provide year-round irrigation.
absorption.
(iii)Northern India’s soil is permeable, and
161. What are the factors of water scarcity? the groundwater level is high, allowing
Ans : COMP 2006
for the efficient development of canal
irrigation systems in the region.
The factors contributing to water scarcity
are: 164. (i) Name the water conservation practice
(i) Industrialisation and urbanisation shown in the above picture.
increase water demand.
(ii) Poor water management leads to wastage.
(iii)Waste disposal pollutes water sources.
(iv) Lowered water table from over-extraction.

162. Write down the different regional names of

rainwater harvesting in India.
Ans : MAIN 2010

The various names for rainwater harvesting

in India are as follows:
(i) Johads (small earthen dams) and
Kunds (covered underground tanks) in
Rajasthan.
(ii) Tankas (small underground tanks) and
Khadin (embankments used to store (ii) How does this system help to reduce
runoff water) in Gujarat. floods?
(iii)Cheruvu (reservoirs) in Andhra Pradesh. (iii)Why is water conservation necessary?
(iv) Dongs (ponds) used by the Bodo tribes in (Any two reasons)
Assam.
Ans : MAIN 2024
(v) Kere (tanks) in Karnataka.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 185

178. (i) Differentiate between surface water and (ii) The two objectives of rainwater harvesting
groundwater. are:
(ii) Mention two reasons to explain as to why (a) To capture rainwater and prevent it
we are facing water scarcity in recent from flowing away, thereby reducing
times. soil erosion and flooding in nearby
Ans : SQP 2001
areas.
(b) To fulfill water demands during dry
(i) Diference between surface water and seasons.
ground water :
180. Give a geographical reason for each of the
Aspect Surface Water Groundwater following :
Source Found on Located (i) Inundation canals are being converted to
the surface beneath perennial canals.
(rivers, lakes). the Earth’s (ii) Tank irrigation is preferred over other
surface means of irrigation in Peninsular India.
(aquifers). (iii)Groundwater reserves are depleting at a
Availability Seasonal and Available fast rate.
depends on year- Ans : MAIN 2008
rainfall. round but
(i) Inundation canals are being converted to
replenishes
perennial canals for several reasons:
slowly.
(a) Inundation canals take water directly
Usage Used for Extracted for
from rivers without using regulating
large-scale irrigation,
systems like weirs, while perennial
irrigation and domestic
canals ensure a steady water supply
drinking. use, and
throughout the year.
industries.
(b) Inundation canals depend on seasonal
(ii) We are facing water scarcity in recent flooding and provide water only
times due to following reasons : during the rainy season, whereas
(a) Over-extraction of groundwater : perennial canals offer a continuous
Excessive use of groundwater for water flow all year round.
irrigation, industry, and domestic (c) These canals often dry up during
purposes has led to the depletion of drought periods.
aquifers.
(d) Inundation canals are unlined, leading
(b) Climate change : Irregular rainfall
to water seepage into nearby areas,
patterns, prolonged droughts,
which can result in the formation of
and increasing temperatures have
swamps, unlike perennial canals.
reduced the availability of freshwater
resources. (e) Without a regulatory system at
their head, inundation canals cannot
179. (i) Name two methods of water harvesting in India. efficiently irrigate higher elevation
(ii) Mention any two objectives of rainwater areas, making perennial canals more
harvesting. suitable for diverse irrigation needs.
Ans : COMP 2023 (ii) Tank irrigation is preferred over other
irrigation methods in Peninsular India for
(i) The two methods of water harvesting in
several reasons:
India are:
(a) Rooftop rainwater harvesting. (a) The region’s uneven and rocky plateau,
(b) Recharge of groundwater. combined with irregular rainfall,
allows tank irrigation to effectively
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

(b) High Groundwater Extraction polluted by urban waste, industrial

Costs : Farmers bear the expense of effluents, and agricultural chemicals.
groundwater extraction, making it (ii) Groundwater Preservation : Over-
costly. exploitation of groundwater has led
(c) Lowering of Water Table : Over- to a decline in water tables, making
extraction of groundwater has conservation necessary to restore balance.
significantly reduced water levels in (iii)Future Generations : Saving potable
several states. water ensures that future generations
(ii) Advantages of tube-wells : have access to clean and safe drinking
(a) Reliable Irrigation Source : Tube- water.
wells provide a dependable source of
irrigation. 177. Differentiate between Surface water and
(b) Easy Installation : They can be dug Ground water.
quickly and with relative ease. Ans : MAIN 2018

175. Give a geographical reason for each of the Aspect Surface Water Groundwater
following :
Definition Water found Water stored
(i) Need to adopt different means of
on the Earth’s beneath the
irrigation.
surface in Earth’s surface
(ii) Need for conserving water.
lakes, rivers, in aquifers.
(iii)Man is responsible for water crisis in
and reservoirs.
India.
Ans : SQP 2014 Source Rainfall, Infiltration
(i) Adopting various irrigation methods melting snow, of rainwater
is essential for ensuring sustained and surface and surface
agricultural productivity and overall runoff. water through
development. soil and rock
(ii) (a) Excessive extraction of groundwater layers.
frequently leads to a significant drop
Location Easily Hidden
in the water table.
accessible, from view,
(b) Water is a fundamental resource for
located in found deep
agriculture; a shortage of water would
visible bodies. underground.
reduce food production, causing
scarcity of essential goods. Quality Often affected Typically
(c) To prevent a water crisis for future by pollution, cleaner
generations. sediment, and but can be
(iii)Over-extraction of groundwater, pollution temperature contaminated
of water bodies, deforestation, and poor changes. by surface
water management practices by humans pollutants.
have led to severe water shortages and
declining water quality across the country. Usage Commonly Primarily used
used for for drinking,
176. Give three reasons for conservation of water
irrigation, irrigation,
resources.
recreation, and industrial
Ans : MAIN 2022 and drinking purposes.
(i) Health Protection : Conservation helps water.
mitigate health risks associated with
contaminated water, which is often
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 187

(iii)Drip irrigation greatly minimizes water made the land unsuitable for agricultural
loss through evaporation by precisely use.
delivering water directly to the plant
roots in a slow, carefully regulated 186. (i) Name two states in which tubewells are
manner, utilizing an intricate system of extensively used.
pipes, valves, and tubing. (ii) State why tubewell irrigation is important
in Punjab.
184. (i) Name any two states where well irrigation Ans : SQP 20002
is practised.
(ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage (i) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
of tubewell irrigation. (ii) Tubewell irrigation is crucial in Punjab
due to the following factors :
Ans : COMP 2016
(a) Access to abundant groundwater at
(i) Two states where well irrigation is significant depths.
practiced are: (b) Flat terrain and soft soil, making it
(a) Uttar Pradesh suitable for tubewell installation.
(b) Punjab (c) A vast fertile area that can be
(ii) Advatage and disadvantage of tubewell effectively irrigated.
irrigation : (d) Consistent availability of affordable
(a) Advantage : Tubewell irrigation electricity to operate the tubewells.
provides a reliable and continuous
water supply, especially in areas with 187. (i) What is watershed management ?
a high water table, allowing for year- (ii) How is it beneficial reason for each of the
round irrigation. following
(a) Disadvantage : Tubewell irrigation Ans : MAIN 2010

can lead to groundwater depletion if

(i) Watershed Management : Watershed
overused, especially in regions where
management entails the efficient
the water table is already low.
conservation and administration of both
185. Give a geographical reason for each of the surface and groundwater resources. It aims
following : to reduce runoff and increase groundwater
(i) Canals make the soil infertile. replenishment through techniques such as
(ii) Tubewell irrigation is quite expensive. percolation pits, recharge wells, borewells,
(iii)Excessive accumulation of salts make the and dugwells.The Central Government
soils unsuitable for cultivation. has launched a watershed development
initiative named ‘Haryali.’ This program
Ans : MAIN 2020
is designed to empower rural communities
(i) In canal irrigation, when the water table to preserve water for diverse applications,
is only a few feet below the surface, including irrigation, drinking, fisheries,
alkaline salts can rise to the surface, mix and afforestation.
with the soil, and render it unproductive. (ii) Significance of Watershed Management:
(ii) This method is costly as it relies on a
(a) Watersheds play a vital role in
continuous supply of electricity.
supplying drinking water, offering
(iii)Large areas of arid and semi-arid land
recreational activities, and enhancing
in India have been abandoned for
the aesthetic appeal of an area.
cultivation due to salt accumulation.
However, the replacement of natural
Excessive irrigation and inadequate water
vegetation with impermeable surfaces
management have led to waterlogging
such as roads and rooftops negatively
and a gradual buildup of salts. This
impacts watershed health. This
progressive increase in soil salinity has
CH 7 : WATER RESOURCES

alteration leads to increased runoff (i) Modern irrigation techniques are

speed and volume, which in turn perfect for conserving water, as they
causes soil erosion, higher turbidity reduce wastage and improve efficiency,
levels in water bodies, and the minimizing water loss.
degradation of wildlife habitats. (ii) Sprinkler irrigation supplies water
(a) Forested regions are essential for directly to crops in a regulated way,
the well-being of watersheds. The reducing evaporation and runoff, thus
canopy cover and layer of leaf litter minimizing water wastage and conserving
help absorb moisture, preserving water resources.
soil structure. Additionally, the (iii)Spray irrigation requires the installation
root systems of trees improve soil of specialized equipment such as pipes,
permeability and stability, facilitating pumps, and sprinkler heads, and its
effective moisture storage. operation depends on a reliable power
supply, making the system costly to set
188. Give a geographical reason for each of the up and maintain.
following :
(i) Many farmers in India still use wells. 190. Differentiate between modern methods
of irrigation and traditional methods of
(ii) There is very little recharge of
irrigation.
groundwater.
(iii)The traditional wells dry up. Ans : MAIN 2022

Ans : COMP 2006

Aspect Modern Traditional
(i) Wells are a convenient and cost-effective Methods of Methods of
source of water for small-scale irrigation, Irrigation Irrigation
especially in regions with accessible Water High water Low water
groundwater, making them a preferred Efficiency efficiency, efficiency,
method for many farmers. minimal significant
(ii) Due to factors like deforestation, wastage wastage
urbanization, and over-extraction of Cost Higher setup Lower
groundwater, there is reduced infiltration cost due to initial cost
of rainwater into the ground, leading to advanced but higher
limited recharge of groundwater reserves. equipment long-term
(iii)Excessive extraction of groundwater wastage
through tubewells and borewells lowers Water Controlled Uneven
the water table, causing traditional Distribution distribution distribution,
shallow wells to run dry, particularly in directly to over- or
times of drought or inadequate rainfall. plant roots under-
irrigation
189. Give a geographical reason for each of the
Technology Uses pumps, Relies on
following :
pipes, manual
(i) Modern means of irrigation are gaining sprinklers labor and
popularity. simple tools
(ii) Sprinkler irrigation helps in conserving
Water Minimizes High water
water.
Conservation evaporation loss due to
(iii)Spray irrigation is quite expensive. and runoff evaporation
Ans : SQP 2014 and seepage
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 189
Ans :
CASE BASED QUESTION COMP 2001

(i) The diagram illustrates the rooftop

rainwater harvesting method.
191. Study the diagram below and answer the (ii) Two objectives of rainwater harvesting
questions that follow. are:
(a) To provide a straightforward solution
for replenishing groundwater and
raising its levels.
(b) To maximize the utilization of
rainwater and minimize runoff or
wastage.

www.nodia.in

(i) What does the picture shows?

(ii) What can be done in this regard?
Ans : MAIN 2023

(i) The image highlights the importance of

conserving the precious water on Earth.
(ii) We can take several measures to save
water, such as:
(a) Recycling and reusing water.
(b) Implementing rainwater harvesting
systems to prevent run off.

192. Study the diagram below and answer the

questions that follow.

(i) Name the activity shown in the diagram.

(ii) Give two objectives of the activity.
CH 8 : MINERAL RESOURCES

CHAPTER 8
MINERAL RESOURCES

(ii) Hematite : The second-best quality

SUMMARY iron ore, containing 50% to 60% iron,
is referred to as ‘oxide of iron.’ Major
1. MINERALS production areas include Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
A mineral is a combination of two or more
Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, and
elements with a definite chemical composition,
Maharashtra.
formed through inorganic processes. Typically
(iii)Limonite : Also called ‘hydrated iron
found in the Earth’s crust as ore, minerals
oxide,’ limonite is of inferior quality,
serve various purposes after being processed.
containing 40% to 60% iron. It typically
Their potential value is realized once they are
appears yellow or brown and is found in
extracted and refined.
Raniganj (West Bengal), Uttar Pradesh,
2. TYPES OF MINERALS Uttarakhand, and Himachal Pradesh.
(iv) Siderite : Known as ‘iron carbonate,’
Minerals are classified into three forms:
siderite has a low iron content of 10% to
metallic minerals, non-metallic minerals, and
40% and contains various impurities.
energy minerals.
(i) Metallic Minerals : Found in igneous 3.1 Uses of Iron Ore
rocks, these minerals contain metals
and are crucial for industrialization and 1. Iron and Steel Industries : Approximately
economic development. Examples include 90% of iron ore is utilized in these
iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, industries for extraction and processing,
copper, and gold. contributing to construction, automobiles,
(ii) Non-Metallic Minerals : Also referred railways, and machinery.
to as fossil fuels, these minerals are 2. Pigments : Iron ore is used in polishing
significant energy sources. Key examples compounds, medicines, and magnetic
include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. inks.
3. Sponge Iron Production : Low-grade
3. IRON ORE iron ore is transformed into sponge iron,
Haematite and magnetite are the highest which is then converted into pellets and
quality iron ores, containing 50% to 70% exported.
iron. Iron is a key indicator of a country’s
3.2 Distribution
economic growth, and there are four main
types of iron ore found in India: India holds about 20% of the world’s iron
(i) Magnetite (‘Blado Ore’) : Known for ore reserves, primarily found in peninsular
its high quality, magnetite has about regions. The key iron ore-producing states
70% iron content and strong magnetic are:
properties, earning it the nickname ‘black 1. Odisha : The leading producer, with
iron.’ It is sourced from Andhra Pradesh, major mines at Gorumahisani, Sulaipat,
Goa, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. and Badampahar in Mayurbhanj, and
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 191

Bagiaburu and Bonai in Kendujhar and 4. Andhra Pradesh : Main production

Sundergarh, respectively. between Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam,
2. Karnataka : Ranked second, with with other districts including
important mines at Donai Malai in Vijayanagaram, Cuddapah, and Guntur.
the Bellary-Hospet region, Bababudan
in Chikmagalur, and Kudreinlikh in 5. COPPER
Chitradurga. Copper, often referred to as “the red metal,”
3. Chhattisgarh : Third in production, is a non-ferrous base metal that occurs
featuring significant mines at Dalli naturally in a usable metallic form. It is
Rajhara in Durg and Bailadilla in Bastar. malleable, ductile, and has a wide range of
4. Jharkhand : Fourth in production, with applications, including in space programs,
mines located at Noamundi, Singhbhum, railways, and telecommunications.
and Hazaribagh.
5.1 Uses
4. MANGANESE 1. Electrical Industry : Predominantly used
Manganese is a hard, black metal that occurs in copper wires and various electrical
as natural oxides. It is primarily used in the equipment.
steel industry as a key raw material for ferro- 2. Meteorology : Utilized in rain gauges.
manganese alloys, as well as in dry batteries
and dye manufacturing. 3. Heat Conductor : Effective in refrigeration,
cooking utensils, and electrical wires due
4.1 Uses to its excellent heat conductivity.
1. Alloys : Enhances the quality of iron and 4. Aerospace and Telecommunications
steel; approximately 10 kg of manganese : Essential in space programs and
is used for every tonne of steel produced. communication systems.
2. Industrial Applications : Used in
manufacturing bleaching powder and 5.2 Distribution
insecticides. India accounts for about 3.4% of global
3. Specialty Alloys : Creates ferro-manganese copper production. Major copper-producing
alloys for specific properties. states include:
4. Glass Manufacturing : Employed in 1. Jharkhand : Notable reserves in Singbhum
producing colored glass. and Hazaribagh.
5. Batteries : Used in dry cell batteries. 2. Madhya Pradesh : Home to the
Malanjkhand copper belt, with significant
4.2 Distribution
reserves in Balaghat, making it the largest
India is the seventh-largest producer of copper-producing state in India.
manganese ore, following China, South Africa, 3. Rajasthan : Key regions include the
Australia, Brazil, Gabon, and Kazakhstan. Khetri copper belt, along with important
Key producing states include: deposits in Singhana and Udaipur.
1. Madhya Pradesh : Major production in
Balaghat and Chhindwara districts. 6. BAUXITE
2. Maharashtra : Notable belts in Nagpur Bauxite is the primary ore of aluminum,
and Bhandara, with high-grade ore in predominantly found in tertiary deposits and
Ratnagiri. associated with laterite rocks. It is commonly
3. Odisha : Manganese sourced from Gondite located in the plateau regions, hilly areas of
deposits in Sundergarh and Keonjhar, as peninsular India, and coastal tracts.
well as Khondolite deposits in Kalahandi
and Koraput.
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CH 8 : MINERAL RESOURCES

17. _____ is essential for plant growth and ONE MARK QUESTIONS
reduction of nitrates in green plants.
(a) Mica
(b) Iron 23. Name any three varieties of coal produced in
(c) Manganese India.
(d) Copper Ans : MAIN 2024

Ans : COMP 2003 Three varieties of coal produced in India are

Thus (c) is correct option Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite.

18. _____ is the earliest metal used by man. 24. Name the variety of coal widely used in Iron
(a) Iron (b) Manganese and Steel Industries of India.
(c) Bauxite (d) Copper Ans : COMP 2024

Ans : MAIN 2005 The variety of coal widely used in the Iron
Thus (d) is correct option and Steel Industries of India is Bituminous
coal.
19. Which of the following is a principal
combination in which copper occurs in 25. Name the state that is the largest producer of
nature? iron ore in India.
(a) Sulphides Ans : SQP 2024
(b) Oxides
The largest producer of iron ore in India is
(c) Carbonate
Odisha.
(d) All of the above
Ans : SQP 2007 26. Name any one mining area of Iron ore from
the state mentioned by you.
Thus (d) is correct option
Ans : MAIN 2024
20. _____ is a good conductor of electricity,
One mining area of iron ore from Odisha is
highly malleable and ductile.
the Keonjhar district.
(a) Copper (b) Iron
(c) Bauxite (d) Mica 27. Name the state of India that leads in the
Ans : COMP 2009 production of Manganese.
Thus (a) is correct option Ans : COMP 2023

Odisha.
21. Copper is alloyed with _____ and nickle to
make stainless steel. 28. Name two states where coal is mined in
(a) Zinc (b) Tin abundance.
(c) Iron (d) Brass
Ans : MAIN 2023
Ans : MAIN 2011
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh.
Thus (c) is correct option
29. Name the mineral that toughens steel and
22. Copper is alloyed with _____ to make makes it rust proof.
bronze.
Ans : SQP 2018
(a) Iron (b) Tin
(c) Nickle (d) Zinc Manganese.
Ans : SQP 2013 30. What is the importance of Manganese for the
Thus (c) is correct option Iron and Steel industry ?
Ans : SQP 2023
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 193

6. Good quality minerals are _____ in Ans : MAIN 2010

quantity than low quality minerals. Thus (a) is correct option

(a) Equal
(b) Lesser 12. About 90 per cent of iron ore is used to make
(c) Higher _____.
(d) Poorer (a) Bauxite
Ans : COMP 2004
(b) Steel
(c) Brass
Thus (b) is correct option (d) Bronze
7. _____ is one of the most widely distributed Ans : SQP 2012

minerals found in the earth’s crust. Thus (b) is correct option

(a) Iron ore
(b) Copper 13. ______ is a raw material used for smelting
(d) Coal of iron ore.
(d) Limestone (a) Manganese
Ans : MAIN 2004
(b) Magnetite
(c) Mica
Thus (a) is correct option (d) Feronite
8. Which ore of iron is reddish in colour? Ans : MAIN 2016

(a) Magnetite Thus (a) is correct option

(b) Hematite
(c) Limonite 14. Manganese is used to make resistant to rusint
(d) All of the above. (a) Copper
Ans : SQP 2006
(b) Bronze
(c) Bauxite
Thus (b) is correct option (d) Steel
9. _____ is also known as ‘Black ore’. Ans : SQP 2018

(a) Limonite Thus (d) is correct option

(b) Hematite
(c) Magnetite 15. _____ is used in dry cell batteries.
(d) None of the above (a) iron ore
(b) Manganese
Ans : COMP 2008
(c) Copper
Thus (c) is correct option (d) Bauxite

10. The main iron ore exporting ports in India Ans : COMP 2020

are Mormugao and _____. Thus (b) is correct option

(a) Paradip
(b) Haldia 16. An excess of _____ in plants and animals
(c) Visakhapatnam is toxic.
(d) Kandla (a) Iron ore
(b) Magnetite
Ans : COMP 2014
(c) Manganese
Thus (b) is correct option (d) Hematite

11. _____ is the best quality of iron that Ans : SQP 2001

contains more than 70 per cent of iron. Thus (c) is correct option
(a) Magnetite (b) Limonite
(c) Hematite (d) Ironite
CH 8 : MINERAL RESOURCES
6.1 Uses
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. Aluminum Production : Extracted as
hydrated aluminum oxides, which are
used to produce aluminum. 1. Bauxite is the ore of :
2. Lightweight Applications : Aluminum’s (a) Aluminium
light weight and rust resistance make it (b) Copper
ideal for manufacturing aircraft, ships, (c) Manganese
and utensils. (d) Iron
3. Electrical Industry : Its good conductivity Ans : MAIN 2024
makes it useful in electrical applications. Thus (a) is correct option
6.2 Distribution
2. Copper is alloyed with Zinc to form :
India ranks as the 5th largest producer of (a) Stainless steel
bauxite globally. Major producing states (b) Brass
include: (c) Bronze
1. Odisha : The largest producer, with key (d) Aluminium
districts including Kalahandi, Balangir, Ans : MAIN 2023
Koraput, Sundergarh, and Sambalpur.
Thus (b) is correct option
2. Gujarat : The second-largest producer,
with significant districts such as 3. Minerals are natural substances having
Jamnagar, Sabarkantha, Kutch, and definite chemicals and_____properties.
Surat. (a) Chemical
(b) Physical
3. Jharkhand : Third in production, mainly
(c) Biological
from Ranchi, Palamu, Lohardaga, and
(d) Both (a) and (b)
Singhbhum districts.
Ans : MAIN 2000
4. Chhattisgarh : Important areas include
Surguja, Durg, Rajgarh, Bilaspur, and Thus (b) is correct option
Jashpur districts.
4. _____ Mineral is used to regulate blood
5. Maharashtra : Bauxite mining began sugar levels and to support the immune
later here, initially in Thane, now also system.
in Kolaba, Ratnagiri, and Kolhapur (a) Manganese
districts. (b) Iron ore
6. Madhya Pradesh : Key areas include the (c) Mica
Amarkantak plateau in Shandol, along (d) Copper
with Mandla, Balaghat, and Katni in Ans : MAIN 2022
Jabalpur.
Thus (a) is correct option
7. Other Producers : Significant deposits are
found in Karnataka (Belgaum district) 5. ______ is a ferrous mineral.
and Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris, Madurai (a) Copper
districts). (b) Bauxite
(b) Iron ore
(d) Coal
Ans : SQP 2002

Thus (c) is correct option

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 195

Manganese is crucial for steelmaking as it 40. Name any two iron ores.
improves strength, removes impurities and Ans : MAIN 2012
enhances durability.
(i) Hematite
31. Which two districts of Chhattisgarh are the (ii) Magnetite.
leading producers of iron ore ?
41. Name the largest producer of iron ore in
Ans : COMP 2008
India.
Baster and Durg. Ans : SQP 2014

32. Name different types of iron ore found in Odisha.

India.
42. Name any four major minerals of India.
Ans : MAIN 2009
Ans : COMP 2010
(i) Magnetite
(ii) Hematite. Iron, manganese, bauxite and copper.

33. Name one area in Odisha and one area in 43. Name any four centres of iron in Odisha.
Chhattisgarh where iron ore is mined. Ans : COMP 2016

Ans : COMP 2008 Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack and

Odisha - Sundargarh Koraput.
Chhattisgarh - Bailadila in Bastar district. 44. Name the two important centres of iron ore
34. Name any two states which are the leading in Jharkhand.
producers of manganese. Ans : MAIN 2018

Ans : COMP 2014, 2012 Singhbhum and Palamau.

Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. 45. Name any two countries to which iron ore
35. Copper is used in power cables”. Give reasons. from India is exported.
Ans : SQP 2020
Ans : MAIN 2019

Because it is a good conductor of electricity. Japan, Korea, European and Gulf countries.

36. Name the best quality of iron ore.

Ans : COMP 2015
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Magnetite

37. Name two states where it is found 46. Which is the best quality iron ore ? Mention
Ans : MAIN 2017 its two characteristics.
Tamil Nadu and Karnataka Ans : SQP 2016, 2009

Magnetite.
38. Name two main coal bearing areas of India.
(i) It contains more than 70% of iron.
Ans : SQP 2019 (ii) It has excellent magnetic qualities.
West Bengal - Raniganj, Jharkhand - Jharia.
47. Name the following :
39. State any one disadvantage of coal found in (i) An off-shore oil field of India.
India ? (ii) An iron ore mine of Karnataka.
Ans : MAIN 2000 Ans : COMP 2016

Calorific value of coal found in India is low. (i) Mumbai-High

CH 8 : MINERAL RESOURCES

70. With reference to manganese answer the as a raw material for chemical products
following questions : like fertilizers and plastics. Its diverse
(i) Which state is the leading producer in applications make it a highly valuable
India? resour
(ii) Name its largest buyer.
(iii)Why its exports are constantly decreasing ? 72. With reference to iron ore in India, answer
the following questions :
Ans : COMP 2012
(i) What grade of iron is mostly mined in
(i) Odisha is the leading producer of India? Name the states that lead in the
manganese in India. production of iron ore.
(ii) Japan is the largest buyer of manganese (ii) Importance of iron ore for Indian industry.
from india. (iii)How is the low grade iron ore utilized?
(iii)The exports of manganese from India Ans : SQP 2012

are constantly decreasing due to the (i) High-grade hematite iron ore (60% to
growing domestic demand for manganese 70% iron content).
in the steel and manufacturing industries, Leading states : Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
limiting the amount available for export. Karnataka, Jharkhand.
Additionally, restrictions on mining (ii) Iron ore is vital for the steel industry,
and environmental concerns have also supporting construction, infrastructure
contributed to the decline in exports. and manufacturing. It also boosts exports.
(iii)Low-grade iron ore is upgraded through
71. Give a geographical reason for each of the
beneficiation and used in steelmaking,
following :
sponge iron production and the cement
(i) Many port cities have their own oil
industry.
refineries.
(ii) Petroleum is called a ‘fossil fuel’. 73. With reference to copper answer the following
(iii)Coal is called a versatile mineral. questions :
Ans : MAIN 2015 (i) Any three uses of copper.
(ii) Any two states which are the leading
(i) Many port cities have their own oil
producer of copper.
refineries because crude oil is imported
(iii)Electric industry is the major consumer
from other countries and refineries located
of copper. Give reason.
at port cities reduce transportation costs
by refining the oil close to the point of Ans : COMP 2022, 2018

import. This ensures quick access to (i) Uses of copper :

raw materials and facilitates efficient (a) Electrical wiring and cables due to its
distribution of refined products. excellent conductivity.
(ii) Petroleum is called a ‘fossil fuel’ because (b) Manufacture of electronics and
it is formed from the remains of ancient telecommunications equipment.
marine plants and animals that were (c) Production of alloys such as brass
buried under layers of sediment millions and bronze.
of years ago. Over time, heat and pressure (ii) Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
transformed these organic materials into (iii)Copper has high electrical conductivity,
petroleum. making it ideal for electrical wiring,
(iii)Coal is called a versatile mineral because transformers and other electrical
it can be used in various industries, components, as it efficiently transmits
including electricity generation, steel electricity with minimal energy loss.
production, cement manufacturing and
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 197

61. Bauxite is an oxide of which metal ? Where (Talcher, Ib Valley), West Bengal (Raniganj)
are the deposits of Bauxite found in India? and Madhya Pradesh (Singrauli, Sohagpur).
Ans : MAIN 2013
66. Distinguish between Anthracite and Lignite
Bauxite, an oxide of aluminum, is primarily coal.
found in Odisha (Kalahandi, Koraput), Ans : COMP 2017
Jharkhand (Ranchi, Lohardaga), Chhattisgarh
(Surguja, Bastar), Madhya Pradesh (Katni) Anthracite Lignite
and Maharashtra (Kolhapur).
This is the best quality It is a lower grade
62. What is the importance of iron ? coal containing about coal containing
Ans : SQP 2015
80% carbon. about 60% carbon.

(i) Steel production : It is the main raw It has the highest It has the low
material for steel, crucial for construction, heating value. hearting value.
infrastructure and manufacturing.
(ii) Manufacturing : Used in machinery, tools, 67. State two uses of aluminium.
vehicles and appliances. Ans : COMP 2011

(iii)Construction : Essential for building (i) It is utilized in the manufacture of pots,

bridges, buildings and structures. pans and automobile components.
(iv) Economy : Supports industrial growth (ii) It is employed in the production of
and creates jobs. electrical wires.
63. Name three important States which form the
tertiary coal distribution chain.
Ans : MAIN 2007 THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Gujarat are
three key states that comprise the tertiary 68. Write any three uses of manganese.
segment of the coal distribution chain. or
64. State why Jharkhand State in known for its State any two important industrial use of
coal fields. manganese.
Ans : SQP 2009
Ans : SQP 2010, 2017, 2017

Jharkhand is renowned for its coal fields, (i) It is utilized in the production of iron,
with about 50% of India’s total coal steel and their alloys.
production coming from the Jharia mines. (ii) It enhances the strength of steel.
Other significant coal mines in Jharkhand are (iii)It is employed in the manufacturing of
located in Bokaro, Giridih, North Karanpura paints, glass, chemicals and more.
and South Karanpura. 69. Name the states in which the following mines
are located :
65. Is India rich in coal ? If yes, describe India’s (i) Singhbhum Copper mine
situation and places, where we can found coal ? (ii) Khetri copper mine
Ans : COMP 2005 (iii)Kudermukh iron ore mine
Yes, India is rich in coal, holding the fourth- Ans : MAIN 2012
largest reserves globally and supplying (i) Singhbum copper mine - Jharkhand
around 70% of its energy needs. Major coal- (ii) Khetri - Rajasthan
producing areas include Jharkhand (Jharia, (iii)Kudermukh - Karnataka
Bokaro), Chhattisgarh (Korba), Odisha
CH 8 : MINERAL RESOURCES

(ii) Bababudan Hills 54. Name one important area that has large coal
deposits in the States of Jharkhand and West
48. Name the following : Bengal.
(i) An iron ore mine of Karnataka.
Ans : SQP 2005
(ii) Name best variety of iron ore.
Ans : SQP 2016
Jharia coalfield in Jharkhand ; Raniganj
coalfield in West Bengal.
(i) Bababudan Hills.
(ii) Magnetite. 55. Name one refinery which belongs to the
private sector and one in the public sector.
49. Give the names of four important types of
Ans : SQP 2002
iron ore found in India.
Ans : COMP 2017
Jamnagar refinery belongs to the private
sector.
(i) Magnetite Guwahati refinery (Assam) belongs to the
(ii) Hematite public sector.
(iii)Limonite
(iv) Siderite 56. What are the two types of minerals ?
Ans : COMP 2004
50. What is lignite ? Name any two areas where
lignite is found in India. (i) Metallic minerals.
Ans : MAIN 2011
(ii) Non-metallic minerals.

Lignite is a lower quality coal containing 57. What are metallic minerals ?
about 60% of carbon. It is also known as Ans : MAIN 2006
brown coal. Areas :
(i) Nevali : Tamil Nadu Minerals from which we get metals are called
(ii) Palna : Rajasthan metallic minerals, e.g., ores of iron, gold,
copper, lead, tin.
51. Name the coalfield that is oldest and one that
is largest in India. 58. What are non-metallic minerals ?
Ans : SQP 2008
Ans : COMP 2021

Gondwana coalfield is oldest and Tertiary These are those minerals which do not
coalfield is largest. contain metals, e.g., coal, petroleum, mica,
manganese.
52. What type of mineral is copper ? Name any
two states where copper is found in India. 59. A mineral X is used for making iron and steel.
It increases the strength of steel. Identify the
Ans : SQP 2003
mineral. Which country of South Asia is the
It is a highly valuable industrial metal renowned leading producer of that mineral ?
for its excellent electrical conductivity, Ans : COMP 2022
exceptional ductility and malleability, making
it ideal for manufacturing electric wires and a Mineral X is manganese. India is the leading
variety of other equipment.Copper is a non- producer of manganese.
ferrous metallic mineral found primarily in 60. What is an ore ?
Rajasthan and Jharkhand.
Ans : MAIN 2001

53. Why does India have to import oil ? A naturally occurring deposit which contains a
Ans : MAIN 2011 mineral or minerals in sufficient concentration
India is deficient in Petroleum, so India have to justify commercial exploitation, e.g.,
to import oil. Bauxite is ore of Aluminium.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 199

74. What is the difference between Metallic and ore, boasting over 70% iron content. Its
Non-metallic minerals ? magnetic properties are the reason behind
Ans : COMP 2023
its name. It is primarily located in Tamil
Nadu and Karnataka.
Aspect Metallic Non-metallic (iii)Limonite : Exhibiting a yellow or
Minerals Minerals light brown color, limonite contains
approximately 35% to 50% iron. It is
Composition Contain Do not
part of the iron stone group found in the
metals in contain metals
Raniganj coalfield and is also present in
their raw
regions such as Garhwal (Uttarakhand),
form
the Mirzapur district (Uttar Pradesh) and
Examples Iron, Limestone, the Kangra Valley (Himachal Pradesh).
Copper, Mica, Coal
Gold 76. What is a mineral ? State two characteristics
of minerals.
Appearance Shiny with Dull, non-
metallic metallic Ans : SQP 2021

luster appearance Minerals are naturally occurring substances

Conductivity Good Poor of either organic or inorganic origin,
conductors conductors characterized by specific chemical and
of heat and of heat and physical properties.
electricity electricity Characteristics of Minerals :
Extraction Extracted Used in (i) Uneven Distribution : Minerals are
for industries like not uniformly spread across different
industrial construction geographical areas.
metal use and energy (ii) Inverse Quality - Quantity Relationship :
High-quality minerals are typically found
Uses For metals, For building in smaller quantities, whereas lower-
tools, materials, quality minerals are more abundant.
machinery energy and (iii)Exhaustible Resources : Minerals are finite and
and manufacturing deplete over time. They require long geological
electronics periods to form and cannot be replenished
quickly to meet immediate demands.
75. Name the three varieties of Iron Ore mined
in India. Name one each state where each is 77. Give a reason for each of the following :
found ? (i) Manganese is an important raw material
Ans : MAIN 2019
in the iron and steel industry.
(ii) Bauxite is used in electrical equipment
Three varieties of Iron ore found in India are : industry
(i) Hematite : Known for its reddish color and (iii)Raw iron needs to be alloyed in order to
often referred to as “Red Ore,” haematite be useful in construction and automobile
contains between 60% to 70% pure iron. industry.
It is predominantly found in the states
Ans : MAIN 2011
of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
Karnataka and Maharashtra. (i) Manganese is used as an alloy to
(ii) Magnetite : This ore is characterized by strengthen steel, improve its toughness
its dark brown to blackish hue, earning and increase its resistance to wear and
it the name “Black Ore.” Magnetite corrosion. Manganese also helps in the
is considered the highest quality iron removal of oxygen and sulfur impurities
during steel production.
CH 8 : MINERAL RESOURCES

(ii) it is the primary ore of aluminum, which (iii)Because it is lightweight, strong and
is lightweight, highly conductive and resistant to corrosion. These properties
resistant to corrosion. These properties make it suitable for reducing the overall
make aluminum ideal for use in electrical weight of the aircraft while maintaining
wiring and components. structural strength and fuel efficiency.
(iii)Pure iron does not possess the strength
and hardness required for construction 80. (i) Name two characteristics of Iron Ore
and other applications. To enhance deposits in India that facilitate their
its durability, it is alloyed with other optimum use in the iron and steel plants.
elements, thereby strengthening and (ii) Name two industries that require Iron
hardening it. This improved material is Ore as raw material.
then utilized in construction, automobiles Ans : MAIN 2006

and various forms of transportation, (i) (a) Powdered iron is utilized in the
including trucks, trains and train tracks. production of metallurgical products,
78. (i) Which state is the largest producer of magnets, high-frequency cores,
mineral oil ? automotive components and catalysts.
(ii) Mention any two advantages of hydel (b) Radioactive iron, comprising 59
power. percent iron, is employed in the
medical field as a tracer element
Ans : SQP 2002
and is also used in biochemical and
(i) Assam State metallurgical research.
(ii) Advantages of Hydroelectric Power: (ii) Construction and Automobiles Industries
(a) Clean and Non-Polluting :
Hydroelectric energy is an 81. Name the major iron ore belts of India with
environmentally friendly source that one important characteristic of each.
does not contaminate the air or water, Ans : SQP 2008

as it does not generate harmful waste The major iron ore belts in India are :
or poisonous by-products. (i) Odisha - Jharkhand Belt : This region
(b) Renewable Energy Source : stands as India’s top iron ore producer.
Hydroelectric power is sustainable In Odisha, high-grade haematite ore is
and can be harnessed repeatedly extracted from the Badampahar mines
without depleting resources. located in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar
79. Give a reason for each of the following: districts. Meanwhile, the Palamau and
(i) Magnetite is so called. Singhbhum districts in Jharkhand are
(ii) Copper is used for making electric wires. significant sources of haematite iron ore.
(iii)Aluminium is used for makingaircraft. (ii) Durg - Bastar - Chandrapur Belt : Situated
across Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra,
Ans : COMP 2004
this belt is renowned for its high-grade
(i) Magnetite is so called because it exhibits haematite found in the well-known
natural magnetic properties, making it Bailadila hill range within Chhattisgarh’s
one of the most magnetic minerals on Bastar district. The ore from this region
Earth. is exported to Japan and South Korea
(ii) Because it has excellent electrical through the Vishakhapatnam port.
conductivity, allowing electricity to flow (iii)Bellary - Chitradurga - Chikmagalur-
efficiently with minimal energy loss. Tumkur Belt : Located in Karnataka,
Copper is also ductile and resistant to this belt boasts substantial iron ore
corrosion, making it ideal for electrical reserves. The Kudremukh mines in the
wiring. Western Ghats of Karnataka operate as
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 201

a fully export-oriented unit. The deposits

in Kudremukh are recognized as some of
the largest globally.
(iv) Maharashtra - Goa Belt : Covering the
state of Goa and the Ratnagiri district
of Maharashtra, this belt may not have
the highest quality ores, but they are
efficiently mined. The extracted iron ore
is exported via the Marmagao port.

MAP BASED QUESTION

82. On the outline map of India mark and name

two centres where each of these minerals are
found :
(i) Iron ore
(ii) Manganese
(iii)Copper
(iv) Bauxite
Ans : COMP 2010

www.nodia.in
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

CHAPTER 9
ENERGY RESOURCES

SUMMARY exports to countries including Bangladesh,

Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Myanmar, Japan, Hong
Kong and Malaysia.
1. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
2.2 Advantage
These include coal, petroleum, natural gas
Advantages of coal are as follows:
and hydel power. Except for hydel, they are
1. It is easy to burn
expensive and limited. Coal and petroleum, as
2. It produces high energy upon its
fossil fuels, cause air pollution and contribute
combustion.
to global warming. Despite these issues, they
3. It is available in an abundant supply.
are widely used in many industries.
4. It is safer as compared to nuclear energy.
2. COAL 2.3 Disadvantages
India is the third-largest coal producer
Disadvantages of coal are as follows:
globally. Coal, a fossil fuel from sedimentary
rocks, is a conventional and combustible 1. Its mining activity is dangerous for
energy source. High-quality coal is mainly mining workers.
produced in Bihar and West Bengal. The 2. Due to its mining, deforestation, land
four primary types of coal are peat, lignite, degradation take place and also habitats
bituminous and anthracite. of wildlife get affected.
4. It is a non-renewable source.
2.1 Distribution
Coal distribution in India is concentrated in 3. PETROLEUM
seven key states, each playing a vital role in The word ’petroleum’ is derived from the
the nation’s coal reserves. Jharkhand has the Latin terms ’petra’ (rock) and ’oleum’ (oil),
largest reserves, featuring major coalfields like meaning ’rock oil’. It is a key source for
Jharia and Bokaro. Odisha ranks second with products such as kerosene, diesel, paraffin
significant coalfields in the Mahanadi basin, wax, vaseline and benzene. Petroleum is of
such as Talcher and Rampur. Chhattisgarh organic origin and is found in sedimentary
is third, home to important coalfields like basins, shallow depressions and marine areas.
Korba and Bishrampur. In West Bengal, Crude petroleum, also known as ’mineral
the Raniganj coalfield is the second largest oil’, is a mixture of hydrocarbons in solid,
in India, alongside the newly discovered liquid and gaseous forms. India has limited
Mejia coalfield. Madhya Pradesh is the petroleum resources and ranks 24th in global
fourth largest producer, with key mines in production.
Singrauli and Pench Valley. Andhra Pradesh
holds the fifth position, while Maharashtra 3.1 Distribution
is sixth, particularly in the Nagpur-Wardha 1. North Eastern Region
region. These states not only meet domestic (i) Assam : Home to the oldest oil field,
energy demands but also support India’s coal Digboi, along with Naharkatiya, Moran,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 203

Galeki, Rudrasagar and Hugrijan in the 4. NATURAL GAS

Upper Assam or Naharkatiya-Moran Natural gas is a naturally occurring
region. hydrocarbon gas mixture, primarily composed
(ii) Arunachal Pradesh : Hosts the Nigru oil of methane. It is a toxic, colorless and
field in Tirap district. odorless fossil fuel used for heating, cooking
(iii)Nagaland : Contains the Borholla oil field and electricity generation. Increasingly
near the Assam-Nagaland border. important in India, natural gas is typically
2. Western Region found alongside oil reserves.
(i) Located in the Khambhat basin, Gujarat 4.1 Distribution
plain and Mumbai coast.
Most of India’s natural gas production comes
(ii) Key oil fields in Gujarat include
from the Western offshore regions. Key areas
Ankleshwar, Kalol, Navagam, Sanand
include:
and Lunej.
3. East Coastal Region 1. Mumbai : Holds approximately 70% of
India’s natural gas reserves.
(i) Situated in the Krishna, Godavari and
Kaveri basins. 2. Andhra Pradesh : Gas discovered near
(ii) Maharashtra is the largest petroleum- the Krishna-Godavari basin by Reliance
producing state in India. Industries.
(iii)Despite its limited reserves, petroleum 3. Rajasthan : Reserves located in the
remains a vital energy source for India’s Khambhat Basin and Jaisalmer.
industries and economy. 4. Additional reserves are present in Tamil
Nadu, Gujarat, Assam and Tripura.
3.2 Advantages of Petroleum

1. Primary Energy Source : Second only to 4.2 Advantages of Natural Gas

coal in India’s energy supply. 1. Direct Combustion : Can be burned
2. Easy Transportation : Can be efficiently directly for energy.
moved via pipelines or tankers. 2. Cost-Effective and Eco-Friendly : Cheaper
3. Clean Combustion : Produces no ash and better for the environment.
when burned. 3. Versatile Uses : Utilized in electricity
4. Industrial Support : Essential for generation, vehicle fuel, fertilizers and
petrochemical, fertilizer and chemical more.
industries. 4.3 Disadvantages of Natural Gas
5. Versatile Fuels : Includes ethane, gasoline, 1. Limited Reserves : Finite and depleting
kerosene and LPG. resource.
3.3 Disadvantages of Petroleum 2. Safety Hazards : Leakage can cause fires
or explosions.
1. Environmental Pollution : Burning
3. Non-Renewable : Exhaustible energy
releases significant CO2, contributing to
source.
global warming.
2. Non-Renewable : Finite resource that is 5. HYDEL POWER
depleting. India is the fifth largest producer of
3. Toxicity : Harmful to humans, animals hydroelectric power worldwide. Hydel power,
and plants. generated from falling or fast-running water,
is clean, renewable and cost-effective, helping
4. High Costs : Expensive extraction and
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
processing require substantial investment.
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

Major Dams : 4. Eco-Friendly : Reduces fossil fuel

1. Bhakra Nangal Dam: dependence and emissions.
(i) Location : Punjab, Rajasthan, Himachal
6.2 Wind Energy
Pradesh on the Sutlej and Beas rivers.
(ii) Features: 226 meters high, 518 meters Wind energy is generated using wind turbines
long. and windmills to produce power for heating
(iii)Functions : Flood control, irrigation, and lighting. Fluctuating wind speeds can
electricity generation and tourism impact power generation.
through Gobind Sagar Lake. Generation :
2. Hirakud Dam India’s wind power capacity has surged
(i) Location : Mahanadi River, Odisha. to 32.72 GW, making it the fourth largest
(ii) Features : Longest major earthen dam in globally. Windmills are primarily installed
India. in open, coastal and hilly areas, especially in
(iii)Functions : Flood control, irrigates the South-West and North regions.
75,000 km², generates electricity with two Advantages :
powerhouses and supports industries via 1. Cost-Effective : Economical to produce.
three canals. 2. Clean Energy : Environmentally friendly.
6. NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY 3. Abundant and Domestic: Inexhaustible
and locally available.
Renewable energy sources are naturally
replenished by elements like sunlight, water, 4. Sustainable : Long-term energy solution.
tides, wind and air. Unlike non-renewable 5. Low Operational Costs: Minimal
sources, which are limited and can be maintenance expenses.
completely exhausted, renewable energy 6.3 Tidal Energy
offers an abundant and sustainable supply.
Below are the primary non-conventional India’s 7,500 km coastline, especially
energy sources: Gujarat’s Gulf of Cambay and Gulf of Kutch,
is ideal for tidal power. Tides drive turbines
6.1 Solar Energy to generate inexpensive, renewable and
Solar energy is harnessed from sunlight and pollution-free electricity.
is a key part of India’s energy portfolio, Generation :
with a solar grid capacity of 15.60 GW. It is Floodgate dams trap water during high
generated using: tide. When the tide recedes, the water flows
1. Electric Collectors : Convert sunlight into back through turbines via pipes, producing
heat for fluids. electricity.
Advantages :
2. Photovoltaic Cells : Generate electricity
for lighting. 1. Clean and Safe : Environmentally friendly.
3. Solar Cookers : Trap heat for cooking and 2. Simple Process : Easy to implement.
heating. 3. High Capacity : Generates significant
4. Solar Heaters : Heat water for domestic power.
use. 4. Efficient : More efficient than solar or
Advantages wind energy.
1. Renewable : Infinite and sustainable. 6.4 Geothermal Energy
2. Cost-Effective : High returns on initial
investment. Geothermal energy is derived from the
3. Versatile : Used for heating, cooking, Earth’s internal heat and is a vast, clean
drying and electricity. power resource.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 205

Generation Advantages of Biogas :

Water penetrates the Earth’s crust through 1. Eco-Friendly : Minimizes environmental
cracks, heating up and turning into steam. impact.
This steam drives turbines connected to 2. Pollution Reduction : Decreases soil and
generators, producing electricity. Geothermal water contamination.
energy is used both for electricity generation 3. Organic Fertilizer : Produces natural
and direct applications. In India, two fertilizers.
experimental projects harness this energy:
1. Puga Valley, Ladakh
2. Parvati Valley, Himachal Pradesh
Advantages MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
1. Renewable : Sustainable energy source.
2. Eco-Friendly : Minimal environmental 1. Identify the source of energy that leads to
impact. pollution:
3. Cost-Effective : Inexpensive and widely (a) Tidal energy
accessible. (b) Wind energy
6.5 Nuclear Power (c) Natural gas
(d) Geo-thermal energy
Nuclear power is India’s fourth largest source
Ans : MAIN 2024
of electricity, developed in August 1956.
India is one of six countries with established Thus (b) is correct option
nuclear power stations.
2. Hirakud dam is based on which of the
Generation following rivers?
Nuclear energy is produced in controlled (a) River Godavari
reactors through the splitting of uranium or (b) River Mahanadi
thorium atoms. This process releases heat, (c) River Krishna
which generates steam to drive turbines and (d) River Narmada
produce electricity. Ans : COMP 2024

Advantages of Nuclear Energy Thus (b) is correct option

1. Cost-Effective : More economical than
thermal power plants. 3. Which types of resources of energy are coal,
petroleum and natural gas?
2. Efficient Fuel Use : No issues with fuel (a) Conventional sources
transportation, storage, or handling. (b) Non-renewable sources
3. Low Manpower : Requires fewer workers (c) Non-conventional sources
to operate. (d) Both (a) and (b)
4. Compact : Takes up less space compared Ans : SQP 2023

to thermal plants. Thus (d) is correct option

6.6 Biogas 4. _____is the oldest coalfield in India.
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic (a) Raniganj
decomposition of organic materials such as (b) Jharia
agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, (c) Korba
plant material, sewage, green waste and food (d) Singrauli
waste. As a renewable energy source, biogas Ans : SQP 2013
is utilized for heating, electricity generation
Thus (a) is correct option
and various other applications.
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

ONE MARK QUESTIONS 34. Name the largest oil refinery in the Public
Sector.
Ans : MAIN 2015
27. How is Bhakra Nangal dam beneficial for
Guwahati Refinery (Assam)
Punjab?
Ans : MAIN 2023 35. Which type of coal is mostly used in Iron and
steel industries ?
The Bhakra Nangal Dam benefits Punjab
by providing irrigation water for agriculture Ans : SQP 2016

and generating hydroelectric power for the Anthracite.

region’s energy needs.
36. Copper is used in power cables. Give reasons.
28. Mention one advantage of using wind energy. Ans : COMP 2019
Ans : MAIN 2023
Because it is a good conductor of electricity.
It is a renewable and clean source of energy,
producing no greenhouse gases or pollution, 37. Which multipurpose project provide power
making it environmentally friendly. to both Punjab and Himachal Pradesh ?
Ans : MAIN 2018
29. Name any two raw-materials derived from
coal. Bhakra Nangal project.
Ans : SQP 2009 38. Name any two sources of nuclear energy.
Coke and Coal tar. Ans : SQP 2019

30. Name two industries that use a high quantity Uranium and Thorium.
of coal. 39. State the most important use of iron ore :
Ans : COMP 2013
Ans : COMP 2015
Iron and steel industry and cement industry.
Iron ore - Iron Extraction.
31. Name two coastal and two inland oil-refineries
in India. 40. Name a metallic mineral for which the
Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh is
Ans : MAIN 2013
famous.
(i) Coastal : Mumbai and Kochi. Ans : MAIN 2019
(ii) Inland : Indian Oil Corporation Limited Manganese
and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation
Limited. 41. Name the source of energy found in the
sedimentary rocks.
32. Name any two oil fields of western India.
Ans : SQP 2014
Ans : SQP 2009
Petroleum
(i) Ankleshwar
(ii) Ahmedabad. 42. Name any two offshore oil fields of India.
Ans : COMP 2018, 2009
33. What are the different varieties of coal that
are used for domestic purposes and why ? Bombay - High and Bassein.
Ans : COMP 2014
43. State any one disadvantage of coal found in
Anthracite and Bituminous. Because both India ?
these varieties contain high percentage of Ans : SQP 2001
carbon with high calorific value.
Calorific value of coal found in India is low.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 207

Thus (a) is correct option Thus (d) is correct option

16. _____is the first refinery in the private 22. Wind power accounts for ____ per cent
sector in India. of India’s total installed power generation
(a) The Reliance Petroleum Ltd. capacity.
(b) The Vadinar Oil Refinery (a) 10
(c) Bina Oil Refinery (b) 20
(d) Panipat Oil Refinery (c) 25
Ans : COMP 2004
(d) 40

Thus (a) is correct option Ans : COMP 2016

Thus (a) is correct option

17. Most of the non-conventional sources of
energy are _____. 23. Tidal energy can be harnesed at _____ .
(a) Exhaustible (a) Gulf of Kutch
(b) Inexhaustible (b) Sundarbans
(c) Polluting (c) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(d) Expensive (d) All of the above
Ans : MAIN 2006 Ans : MAIN 2022

Thus (b) is correct option Thus (d) is correct option

18. India has higher amount of solar energy 24. Geothermal energy is independent of ____
because of India’s location on the ____. and season.
(a) Tropic of Cancer (a) Time
(b) Tropic of Capricorn (b) Atmosphere
(c) Poles (c) Weather
(d) Equator (d) Winds
Ans : SQP 2008 Ans : SQP 2018

Thus (a) is correct option Thus (c) is correct option

19. Most parts of India have ____ clear sunny 25. The process of splitting of radioactive
days in a year. substances is called _____ .
(a) 365 (b) 350 (a) Nuclear fission
(c) 300 (d) 200 (b) Nuclear fusion
Ans : COMP 2010
(c) Nuclear reaction
(d) Nuclear bombing
Thus (c) is correct option
Ans : COMP 2015
20. Solar cells are known as _____ cells. Thus (a) is correct option
(a) Super (b) Photonic
(c) Photovoltaic (d) Solaratic 26. Nuclear power is the _____ largest source
Ans : MAIN 2012
of electricity in India.
(a) Second
Thus (c) is correct option (b) Fourth
21. Solar energy is used to ____ water in (c) Fifth
regions with limited clean water suplies. (d) Sixth
(a) Boil (b) Freeze Ans : SQP 2014
(c) Condense (d) Distill Thus (c) is correct option
Ans : SQP 2014
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

5. Coal is a_____solid stratified rock of (a) Industrial

organic and mineral matter. (b) Calorific
(a) Combustible (c) Volatile
(b) Non-combustible (d) Demand
(c) Renewable Ans : COMP 2009
(d) None of the above.
Thus (b) is correct option
Ans : COMP 2010

Thus (a) is correct option 11. _____is also known as brown coal and is
lower grade coal.
6. The Neyveli Lignite coal field in_____is (a) Peat
the largest lignite deposit field in South India. (b) Lignite
(a) Andhra Pradesh (c) Anthracite
(b) Telangana (d) Bituminous
(c) Puducherry Ans : MAIN 2011
(d) Tamil Nadu
Thus (d) is correct option
Ans : MAIN 2017

Thus (d) is correct option 12. The liquid petroleum is called_____.

(a) Crude oil
7. _____Coal has_____per cent of carbon (b) Liquid oil
content and is the most preferred variety of (c) Natural gas
coal. (d) Natural oil
(a) Lignite, 40 Ans : SQP 2019
(b) Peat, 50
(c) Anthracite, 90 Thus (a) is correct option
(d) Bituminous, 80 13. Light distillates : gasoline :: middle distillates
Ans : MAIN 2015 :______.
Thus (c) is correct option (a) Diesel
(b) Lubricating oils
8. Bituminous coal is also known as (c) Naphtha
(a) Coking coal (d) LPG
(b) Peat Ans : COMP 2021
(c) Steam oven
(d) Gas stove Thus (a) is correct option

Ans : SQP 2007 14. Petroleum is used

Thus (a) is correct option (a) As a fuel
(b) As raw material
9. Gondwana coal has variable quantities (c) For power generation
of____. (d) All of the above
(a) Low moisture Ans : MAIN 2023
(b) Small sulphur
(c) Small variable quantity of phosphorus Thus (a) is correct option
(d) All of the above. 15. Name the main component of LPG.
Ans : COMP 2015 (a) Methane
Thus (d) is correct option (b) Butane
(c) Propane
10. Anthracite is ideal for domestic use as it is (d) Ethane
smokeless and has high_____value. Ans : SQP 2002
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 209

44. Why does India have to import oil ? TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : COMP 2003

India is deficient in Petroleum, so India have 52. Why is conventional source of energy not
to import oil. considered an ecofriendly source of energy?
45. What are the qualities of the tertiary coal ? Ans : MAIN 2023

Ans : SQP 2019 Conventional energy sources like coal, oil and
natural gas are not eco-friendly as they emit
The tertiary coal contains low percentage of
greenhouse gases, cause pollution and deplete
carbon and high percentage of sulphur and
finite resources, contributing to climate
moisture.
change and environmental degradation.
46. Where are the tertiary coal fields located ?
53. Name the following :
Ans : COMP 2021
(i) Largest coal field of India.
Tertiary coal fields are located mainly at (ii) Oldest oil-field of India.
Makum in Assam and Palna in Rajasthan. Ans : SQP 2016

47. Which coal fields supply coal to Rourkela (i) Jharia Coalfield (located in Jharkhand)
Steel Plant ? (ii) Digboi Oil Field (located in Assam).
Ans : MAIN 2023
54. Which are the two richest and oldest coal
Jharia, Raniganj, Talcher and Korba coal fields of India ? Name the state where these
fields supply coal to Rourkela Steel Plant. lie.
Ans : COMP 2013, 2009
48. Name one coal field each in Chhattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh. The two richest and oldest coal fields of India
Ans : SQP 2002
are:
(i) Jharia Coalfield : Located in Jharkhand.
Korba coal field is located in Chhattisgarh (ii) Raniganj Coalfield : Located in West
and Singrauli coal field is located in Madhya Bengal.
Pradesh.
55. With reference to nuclear energy answer the
49. Name the largest coal field in India. following questions :
Ans : COMP 2004 (i) “It has vast potential for future
Lower Gondwana coal field is the largest coal development”. Give reason.
field in India. (ii) State any two sources of nuclear energy.
Ans : MAIN 2022
50. Name the oldest coal field in India.
(i) Nuclear energy has vast potential because
Ans : MAIN 2006
it can generate a large amount of energy
Raniganj is the oldest coal field in India. from a small amount of fuel, making it
highly efficient. It also produces minimal
51. Why should we conserve coal ?
greenhouse gas emissions, offering a
Ans : SQP 2008 cleaner alternative to fossil fuels, which is
We should conserve coal because it is crucial for meeting future energy demands
exhaustible and non-renewable source of while combating climate change.
energy. (ii) Uranium and thorium, used in the
production of nuclear energy, are found
in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Kerala.
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

56. Which region (State) is the largest producer 60. With reference to biogas answer the following
of petroleum in India ? Name the refinery questions :
where the production is refined. (i) Name any two sources of biogas.
Ans : COMP 2013, 2009
(ii) “Biogas is an ideal domestic fuel”. Give
three reasons.
Bombay-High (Mumbai-High) in Maharashtra
is India’s leading producer of mineral oil, Ans : COMP 2019, 2018

contributing over 60% of the nation’s total (i) Animal dung and poultry waste.
production. The mineral oil extracted from (ii) (a) Eco-friendly : It produces minimal
this region is refined in Trombay. pollution.
57. Name one refinery which belongs to the (b) Cost-effective : It is inexpensive and
private sector and one in the public sector. uses local waste.
(c) Efficient and safe : Burns smokelessly
Ans : MAIN 2005
and is efficient for cooking and heating
Jamnagar refinery belongs to the private
sector. 61. With reference to petroleum answer the
Guwahati refinery (Assam) belongs to the following questions :
public sector. (i) Why is it called mineral oil ?
(ii) Write two of its uses.
58. Name the four different varieties of coal and
name the largest producer of coal in South Ans : MAIN 2012

Asia. (i) Petroleum is oil obtained from rocks,

Ans : SQP 2007
particularly sedimentary rocks of the
earth. So it is called mineral oil.
The four varieties are - Anthracite, (ii) Two uses of mineral oil :
Bituminous, Peat and Lignite. The largest (b) Fuel : Used as petrol, diesel and
producer is India. kerosene for transportation and
59. Distinguish between the conventional and energy.
non-conventional sources of energy. (b) Industrial Raw Material : Used in
the production of plastics, synthetic
Ans : SQP 2018
fibers and chemicals.
Aspect Conventional Non- 62. Mention any two advantages of Nuclear
Sources of Conventional power.
Energy Sources of Ans : SQP 2022
Energy
(i) High energy output : It produces large
Definition Traditional Newer amounts of energy from small fuel
sources of sources quantities.
energy that of energy (ii) Low emissions : It generates
have been developed minimal greenhouse gases, making it
used for a more environmentally friendly.
long time. recently
63. How is coal formed ?
Exhaustibility Limited and Mostly
exhaustible renewable Ans : COMP 2009

(finite in and Coal is formed as a result of the action of high

nature). inexhaustible pressure and temperature on the remains of
(infinite in forest products and plants buried deep into
nature). the earth for a long period of time.
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64. Name the states where Gondwana coal is 67. State why Jharkhand State in known for its
found. coal fields.
Ans : MAIN 2011 Ans : SQP 2014

Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, West Jharkhand is renowned for its rich coal
Bengal, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. fields, contributing about 50% of India’s
total coal output through the Jharia mines.
65. How is Gondwana coalfield different from Additionally, significant coal mines are
tertiary coalfield in terms of location and located in Bokaro, Giridih, North Karanpura
quality? and South Karanpura.
Ans : MAIN 2022
68. What is meant by conventional sources of
Gondwana coalfields are located in central energy ? Name any two conventional sources
and eastern India, like Jharkhand, Odisha of energy.
and Chhattisgarh, while tertiary coalfields
are found in the northeastern states like Ans : COMP 2016

Meghalaya and Assam. Gondwana coal is Conventional sources of energy are traditional
older and higher quality, mainly bituminous, energy sources that have been used for a long
whereas tertiary coal is younger and lower time and are typically derived from fossil
quality, mostly lignite. fuels or natural resources. These sources are
non-renewable and can deplete over time.
66. Name the two coastal oil-refineries, one on Two conventional sources of energy:
the west coast of India and the other on (i) Coal
the east coast of India. Name one inland oil (ii) Petroleum
refinery. List the sources of crude oil for these
refineries. 69. Where is natural gas found in India ? Name
Ans : COMP 2001
two coastal and two inland oil-refineries in
India.
(i) Two coastal oil refineries :
Ans : MAIN 2018
(a) West Coast : Mumbai Refinery
(Maharashtra) India’s natural gas is primarily sourced from
(b) East Coast : Vishakhapatnam Mumbai High, with additional production
Refinery (Andhra Pradesh) occurring in Assam, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan
and Tripura. The country operates two
(ii) One inland oil refinery : Barauni Refinery coastal oil refineries located in Kochi (BPCL)
(Bihar) and Chennai (IOC), along with two inland
(iii)Sources of crude oil : refineries in Diglaoi (IOCL) and Trombay
(a) Mumbai Refinery : Receives crude oil (BPCL).
from Mumbai High (offshore), Middle
70. Name the best quality of coal. Where is it
East and Africa.
found in India ?
(b) Vishakhapatnam Refinery : Sources
Ans : SQP 2013
crude oil from the Krishna-Godavari
Basin (domestic) and imports from Anthracite is the best quality of coal. It is
the Middle East. found in Jammu & Kashmir State of India.
(c) Barauni Refinery : Receives crude 71. Name the most commonly used type of coal
oil via pipelines from Assam (Digboi in India.
oilfields) and imports from the Middle
Ans : COMP 2015
East.
Bituminous coal is the most commonly used
type of coal in India.
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS 105. Name the following:

(i) A mineral used to generate nuclear
energy.
103. (i) Mention two ways in which Hirakud dam (ii) The non-conventional energy source that
has helped the people of Odisha? has the most widespread potential usage
(ii) Across which river is the Hirakud dam in India.
built? (iii)An offshore oil field of India.
Ans : MAIN 2024 Ans : MAIN 2023

(i) Two ways in which hirakund dam has (i) Uranium.

helped the people of odisha : (ii) Solar energy.
(a) Irrigation : It provides water for (iii)Bombay High.
irrigation, helping farmers to cultivate
crops even during dry seasons. 106. Name the states in which the following mines
are located :
(b) Flood Control : The dam helps in
(i) Singhbhum Copper mine
controlling floods in the Mahanadi
(ii) Khetri copper mine
river basin, protecting nearby areas
(iii)Kudermukh iron ore mine
from flood damage.
Ans : MAIN 2012
(ii) The Hirakud Dam is built across the
Mahanadi river. (i) Singhbhum Copper Mine: Located in
Jharkhand.
104. Give reasons for each of the following: (ii) Khetri Copper Mine : Located in
(i) Geothermal energy is not popular in Rajasthan.
India.
(iii)Kudremukh Iron Ore Mine : Located in
(ii) Solar energy is gaining popularity.
Karnataka.
(iii)Petroleum is considered a harmful source
of energy. 107. Give a reason for the following :
India’s location is advantageous for the
Ans : MAIN 2024
generation of solar power.
(i) India has limited geothermal resources Ans : SQP 2019
and the cost of tapping geothermal energy
is high due to the need for advanced India’s location is advantageous for the
technology and infrastructure, making generation of solar power because it lies in the
it less viable compared to other energy tropical region, receiving abundant sunlight
sources. throughout the year. Most parts of the
country experience clear skies and long sunny
(ii) Solar energy is renewable, abundant and days, especially in states like Rajasthan,
environmentally friendly. With advances Gujarat and Maharashtra, making India ideal
in solar technology and decreasing costs, for harnessing solar energy on a large scale.
it is becoming a more accessible and
sustainable option for energy generation. 108. With reference to coal, answer the following
(iii)The combustion of petroleum releases questions :
greenhouse gases and pollutants into the (i) Mention one of its use
atmosphere, contributing to air pollution, (ii) Why is it called black gold ?
global warming and environmental (iii)Where is it found in India ?
degradation. (iv) What are the four varieties of coal ?
Ans : SQP 2016
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 213

81. What is meant by hydel power ? 85. Name one coal field each in the following
Ans : MAIN 2015
States: Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal,
Chhattisgarh.
Hydroelectricity, also known as hydel power,
is generated from the energy of falling water. Ans : SQP 2023

A large dam is built to collect and store river

water. When the water is released, it falls State Coal field
from a height, causing turbine blades at the Jharkhand Jharia
dam’s base to spin. Orissa Talcher
82. Why are tertiary coal fields considered West Bengal Raniganj
inferior ? Name two states, one from North Chhattisgarh Korba
India and one from South India having such
reserves. 86. What are the uses of coal ?
Ans : SQP 2017 Ans : COMP 2002

Tertiary coal fields are considered inferior because Use of coil :

the coal is younger, lower in carbon content and (i) Basic source of energy : Coal is a primary
mostly consists of lignite or sub-bituminous coal, energy source crucial for industrial
which has lower energy efficiency and produces growth.
more ash than Gondwana coal.
(ii) Electricity generation : Coal is used to
States with tertiary coal fields:
generate thermal power for electricity.
(i) North India : Assam
(iii)Railway system : Coal still plays a role in
(ii) South India : Tamil Nadu
powering parts of the railway system.
83. Write a brief note on Gondwana coal. (iv) Raw material for smelting : Coal is used
Ans : COMP 2019
as a raw material in smelting iron ore for
steel production.
Gondwana coal is a form of bituminous
coal marked by alternating dull and bright 87. What are the objectives of N.T.P.C. ?
layers. It is nearly moisture-free but contains Ans : MAIN 2004
varying levels of sulfur and phosphorus.
Overall, Gondwana coal is well-suited for use The objectives of N.T.P.C. are :
as steam or gas coal. (i) Organizing and overseeing the
comprehensive development of thermal
84. What is meant by irreplaceable and power plants throughout India.
replaceable sources of power ? (ii) Strategizing and planning for the
Ans : MAIN 2021 construction of new thermal power plants
(i) Irreplaceable Sources of Power : These to meet growing energy demands.
are energy sources that cannot be (iii)Ensuring the implementation of better and
replenished after they have been used. more efficient technologies within thermal
Once consumed, they cannot be restored power units to enhance performance and
or replaced, hence they are called sustainability.
irreplaceable sources of power.
(ii) Replaceable Sources of Power : These are 88. What are the major uses of mineral oil ?
energy sources that can be renewed or Ans : SQP 2006
replenished by nature or through human The major uses of mineral oil are as follows :
efforts after utilization. Because they (i) Kerosene, a by-product of petroleum, is
can be restored, they are referred to as commonly used as a domestic fuel.
replaceable sources of power.
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

72. Which type of coal is commonly used in the 77. Name four products that are obtained during
production of thermal electricity ? the refining process of petroleum.
Ans : MAIN 2017 Ans : MAIN 2003

Lignite coal is commonly used in the (i) Petrol (Gasoline)

prodiation of thermal electricity. (ii) Diesel
(iii)Kerosene
73. (i) Name two States that have deposits of (iv) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
the Gondwana coal.
(ii) Name two industries that use large 78. State any two advantages of using petroleum
quantity of coal. as a source of power.
Ans : SQP 2015 Ans : SQP 2005

(i) West Bengal, Jharkhand. (i) Petroleum serves as a primary fuel source,
(ii) (a) It is used in metal industries in blast with derivatives such as ethane, diesel,
furnace especially in smelting iron. gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene and LPG. It
(b) In thermal power station to produce provides lubrication and offers a compact,
electricity. convenient fuel, making it essential for
transportation across land, sea and air.
74. Where is Mumbai High? What is Sagar (ii) In India, petroleum is utilized for
Samrat? generating power primarily in select
Ans : COMP 2007 thermal power stations located near oil
Mumbai High is an offshore oilfield located wells and refineries. Additionally, it is used
approximately 176 kilometers off the coast of in diesel and gas turbine power plants.
Mumbai in the Arabian Sea. 79. With reference to the Bhakra Nangal Dam,
Sagar Samrat is a self-propelled, jack-up type answer the following :
drilling platform used for extracting oil from (i) Name the river on which it has been
depths over 1,400 meters. It operates at the constructed.
Mumbai High oilfields. (ii) Name two states that benefit from this
75. Why is coal often used near the source of its project.
mining whereas mineral oil is transported to Ans : SQP 2011
great distances ? (i) Sutlej River
Ans : MAIN 2009 (ii) Punjab and Haryana
Coal is typically utilized close to its production 80. (i) On which river is Hirakud Dam located ?
sites because most industries are located (ii) Give any two uses of this dam.
near coal fields. In contrast, oil refineries are
usually situated far from oil fields, which Ans : COMP 2013

necessitates transporting mineral oil over (i) Hirakud Dam is constructed across the
long distances. Mahanadi River, located about 15 km
from Sambalpur in Odisha
76. What is nuclear power ? (ii) Two uses of hirakund dam :
Ans : MAIN 2012 (b) The dam regulates the river’s flow
Nuclear power is obtained from energy stored and generates hydroelectric power
in the nuclei of atoms of naturally occuring through multiple hydroelectric plants.
radioactive elements like Uranium, Thorium (b) It plays a crucial role in controlling
and Plutonium. floods in the Mahanadi delta and
irrigates 75,000 square kilometers of
land.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 215

Electricity generated by wind power can be Ans : MAIN 2005

utilized for domestic purposes, helping to (i) Solar energy : Bhadla Solar Park,
reduce monthly electricity bills. Any surplus Rajasthan
power produced can be sold back to the
(ii) Wind energy : Muppandal Wind Farm,
local grid, further increasing savings and
Tamil Nadu
contributing to the overall energy supply.
This not only benefits homeowners financially (iii)Tidal energy : Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat
but also supports the broader use of clean, (iv) Geothermal energy : Puga Valley, Ladakh
renewable energy.
100. State any two advantages of using geothermal
96. How is wind energy utilised to produce energy.
electricity?
Ans : SQP 2007
Ans : MAIN 2015
(i) Environmentally friendly : Geothermal
Wind energy is utilized to produce electricity energy produces minimal greenhouse gas
through wind turbines. When the wind emissions and has a low environmental
blows, it turns the blades of the turbine, impact.
which are connected to a rotor. The rotor (ii) Reliable and sustainable : It provides
spins a generator, which converts the kinetic a consistent and continuous source of
energy of the wind into electrical energy. This energy, unlike some renewable sources
electricity can then be used locally or fed into that depend on weather conditions.
the power grid for wider distribution.
101. How is biogas beneficial for the farmers and
householders?
Ans : COMP 2009
97. Give two advantages of using wind energy.
(i) Clean and Affordable Energy : Biogas is a
Ans : SQP 2001 cheap, clean and non-polluting source of
(i) Eco-friendly : Wind energy is a clean and energy.
renewable source of power that produces (ii) Direct Gas Supply : The gas is supplied
no greenhouse gas emissions or air directly from the plant, eliminating any
pollution. storage issues.
(ii) Cost-effective : Once installed, wind (iii)Rich Fertilizer Byproduct : The residual
turbines have low operating costs and sludge is a nutrient-rich fertilizer
can reduce dependence on fossil fuels, containing beneficial bacterial biomass.
lowering energy expenses over time.
102. Name two minerals used for the generation
98. What are wind farms ? Where are they of nuclear energy. Name two nuclear power
usually located ? plants in India.
Ans : COMP 2003 Ans : MAIN 2011

Wind farms are groups of wind turbines that Uranium and Thorium are two key minerals
generate electricity on a large scale. They are used for generating nuclear energy. In India,
usually located in windy areas like coastal the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant in
regions, hilltops, plains, or offshore, where Tamil Nadu and the Tarapur Atomic Power
wind speeds are consistently high. Station in Maharashtra are notable nuclear
power plants.
99. Name one area each where solar, wind, tidal
and geothermal energy is generated in India.
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

(i) Varieties of coal found in India : 114. (i) State two advantages of coal as a source
(a) Anthracite of power.
(b) Bituminous (ii) Where is the oldest oilfield located in
(c) Lignite India?
(d) Peat Ans : MAIN 2017
(ii) Characteristic of each type of coal :
(a) Anthracite : It has the highest (i) Two advantages of coal as a source of
carbon content, burns efficiently with power :
minimal smoke and generates the (a) Abundant supply : Coal is widely
most heat. available and one of the most
(b) Bituminous : It is widely used for abundant fossil fuels, providing a
electricity generation and has a high reliable energy source.
carbon content with good heating (b) Cost-effective : It is relatively
capacity. inexpensive to mine and use for
(c) Lignite : It has lower carbon content electricity generation, making it an
and is softer, producing less heat affordable energy option.
compared to higher-grade coal. (ii) The oldest oilfield in India is located at
(d) Peat : It is the lowest grade of coal Digboi in Assam.
with the least carbon content and 115. What is Natural Gas ? Name two variants of
heating capacity, often used in its natural gas.
natural state for fuel in rural areas.
Ans : SQP 2019

113. Give a geographical reason for each of the Natural gas is a fossil fuel composed primarily
following : of methane, found deep beneath the Earth’s
(i) Petroleum is called ‘liquid gold’. surface. It is a clean-burning energy source
(ii) Natural gas is a fossil fuel. used for heating, electricity generation and as
(iii)CNG is an eco-friendly fuel. an industrial raw material.
Ans : COMP 2015 Two Variants of Natural Gas:
(i) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
(i) Petroleum is known as “liquid gold”
(ii) Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
because every part of crude oil is utilized
without any waste. Not even the smallest 116. (i) Why do the natural gas deposits mostly
fraction goes unused, underscoring its accompany oil deposits ?
immense value. (ii) What is added to domestic gas cylinders,
(ii) Natural gas is classified as a fossil fuel which gives a foul smell ? Why ?
because it forms from the decomposed Ans : COMP 2021
remains of plants and animals that were
(i) Natural gas is a fossil fuel that often
buried beneath the Earth millions of
accompanies oil deposits because it is
years ago. These natural gas deposits
formed from the decomposed remains of
often accompany oil reserves.
plants and animals buried underground
(iii)Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is over millions of years.
considered an eco-friendly fuel because (ii) The primary component of Liquefied
it causes less environmental damage. Petroleum Gas (LPG) is butane, along
Composed mainly of methane, it results with propane and ethane. While LPG is
in lower carbon emissions compared to naturally odorless, the gas in our domestic
other fossil fuels. cylinders has a distinct foul smell. This
odor comes from ethyl mercaptan, a
strong-smelling substance added to LPG
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 217

(i) The production of iron, steel and a wide (iii)Because coal is a major source of energy
range of chemicals relies heavily on the for industries. Industries that rely on coal
availability of coal. for power generation and raw materials
(ii) Coal is often referred to as “black gold” tend to develop near coalfields to reduce
due to its significant role as an energy transportation costs and ensure a reliable
source and as a vital raw material for energy supply.
numerous industries.
(iii)The main coal-producing states in India 110. (i) Name the multi-purpose project based on
include Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, the River Satluj.
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and (ii) Briefly answer the following :
Andhra Pradesh. (a) Why is petroleum often referred to as
(iv) Four varieties of coal are : “liquid gold” ?
(b) Anthracite (90% Carbon) : Characterized (b) State one disadvantage of using coal
by its jet-black color, anthracite burns as a source of power.
slowly without producing smoke or Ans : MAIN 2019

soot. It is clean to handle and possesses

(i) Bhakhra Nangal Project
a high heating value.
(b) Bituminous Coal (50-80% Carbon) : (ii) (a) Petroleum is referred to as “liquid
This type of coal is used to produce gold” because of its high economic
coke, which is essential for the value and widespread use in fueling
smelting of iron ore. transportation, industries and as a
(c) Lignite (40% Carbon) : Lignite appears raw material for numerous products.
brown or brownish and contains high Its scarcity and global demand make
levels of ash and moisture. Its by- it as valuable as gold.
products provide various materials (b) Coal combustion releases a significant
for industrial use. amount of pollutants, including
(d) Peat : Peat is considered inferior to carbon dioxide, which contributes to
the other three types of coal due to air pollution and climate change.
its lower carbon content.
111. (i) Name the following :
109. Give geographical reasons.
(a) An offshore oil field in the Gulf of
(i) Anthracite is used for domestic purposes.
Cambay.
(ii) Oil refineries are located close to oilfields
or near ports. (b) An oil refinery in Bihar.
(iii)The location of coalfield is an important (ii) State an important industrial use of Coal.
factor in industrial development. Ans : SQP 2017

Ans : COMP 2012

(i) (a) Mumbai High
(i) It is the highest grade of coal, with a high (b) Barauni Refinery
carbon content, making it burn efficiently,
(ii) Coal is primarily used in the steel industry
produce less smoke and generate more
for the production of steel through the
heat compared to other types of coal.
process of coking, where it is used as a
(ii) Oil refineries are located close to oilfields
reducing agent to convert iron ore into
or near ports to reduce transportation
iron.
costs and ensure a steady supply of crude
oil. Being close to oilfields minimizes 112. (i) Name the varieties of coal found in India.
transport expenses, while proximity to (ii) Give a characteristic of each type of coal.
ports facilitates easy import of crude oil
from other countries. Ans : SQP 2013
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

122. State any three disadvantages of hydel power. 124. State three advantages of dams.
Ans : COMP 2010 Ans : SQP 2014

(i) Environmental impact : Hydel power Three advantages of dams :

projects can disrupt ecosystems and (i) Hydel power is clean and non-polluting,
biodiversity. as it produces no harmful wastes or
(ii) Displacement of people : Dams often greenhouse gases, preventing air and
force communities to relocate. water contamination and mitigating
(iii)High initial costs : Building hydropower global warming effects.
infrastructure requires significant (ii) Renewable energy source, hydel power can
investment. be used repeatedly, making it sustainable
and economical compared to fossil fuels
123. Name the region in which India’s main and nuclear power.
coalfields are located. What is the quality of (iii)Dams for hydroelectricity help conserve
coal found here ? What are its uses ? water and provide a cost-effective
Ans : MAIN 2012 alternative to energy production, reducing
The oldest coalfield in India is located at the need for fossil fuels.
Raniganj in West Bengal, while the largest 125. State three disadvantages of building, a big
coalfield is found at Jharia in Jharkhand. dam
(i) Quality of Coal in India : In India,
coal deposits are mainly found in rock Ans : COMP 2016

sequences from two geological ages : Three disadvantages of building, a big dam
(a) Gondwana Formations : These are :
are over 200 million years old. The (i) Displacement of communities : Large
Gondwana coalfields predominantly dams often require the relocation of
contain bituminous coal, which has people living in the area, leading to social
a carbon content ranging from 50% and economic disruptions.
to 80%. This is the most commonly (ii) Environmental damage : Dams can
available coal type in India. cause deforestation, alter ecosystems and
(b) Tertiary Deposits : Formed about negatively impact wildlife, particularly
55 million years ago during a later aquatic species.
geological epoch. However, India does (iii)High construction costs : Building a
not have extensive deposits of the big dam requires significant financial
highest grade anthracite coal (which investment and the construction process
contains about 90% carbon). can take many years.
(ii) Uses of Coal in India : Coal is extensively
used in India in the following three ways: 126. Give a reason for each of the following :
(a) Generation of Thermal Power : Coal (i) Conventional sources of energy are called
is a primary fuel for thermal power the resources of the future.
plants, producing a significant portion (ii) India is an advantageous position in
of the country’s electricity. terms of solar energy.
(b) Iron and Steel Industry : It serves as a (iii)Harvesting of solar energy does not
vital raw material for the production require much maintenance.
of iron and steel. Ans : MAIN 2022

(c) Brass Foundries : Coal is used as a (i) Because they are abundant, well-
fuel in brass foundries for melting and established and are expected to remain
casting processes. critical in the energy mix for many years,
despite the rise of renewable alternatives.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 219

so that any gas leakage can be detected extends from Mahesana in Gujarat in the
immediately. north to the continental shelf off the coast of
Ratnagiri in Maharashtra in the south.
117. Give two advantages and one disadvantage of Uses : As a raw material for petrochemicals
natural gas. – Petroleum is used to produce plastics,
Ans : MAIN 2023 synthetic rubber and chemicals.
(i) Advantages of natural gas: In the production of lubricants – Petroleum
(a) Clean energy : Natural gas burns is refined to create lubricating oils used in
cleaner than other fossil fuels, machinery and engines.
producing fewer pollutants and lower 120. Give a reason for each of the following:
carbon dioxide emissions. (i) Magnetite is so called.
(b) Efficient energy source : It provides (ii) Copper is used for making electric wires.
efficient and reliable energy for (iii)Aluminium is used for makingaircraft.
heating, electricity generation and
transportation. Ans : MAIN 2006

(ii) Disadvantage of natural gas : Despite (i) Magnetite is so called because it exhibits
being cleaner, natural gas is still a fossil natural magnetic properties, making it
fuel and its reserves are finite, making it one of the most magnetic minerals on
unsustainable in the long term. Earth.
(ii) Copper is used for making electric wires
118. (i) Which state is the largest producer of due to its excellent electrical conductivity,
mineral oil ? which allows electricity to flow efficiently
(ii) Mention any two advantages of hydel with minimal energy loss. It is also ductile
power. and resistant to corrosion, making it ideal
Ans : SQP 2002 for wiring.
(i) Rajasthan state. (iii)Aluminium is used for making aircraft
(ii) Two advantages of hydel power : because it is lightweight, strong and
(b) Renewable energy source : resistant to corrosion, which helps
Hydropower uses water, a renewable improve fuel efficiency while maintaining
resource, ensuring sustainable energy structural integrity.
production. 121. State any three disadvantages of using
(b) Environmentally friendly : petroleum.
Hydropower generates electricity
without emitting greenhouse gases, Ans : SQP 2008

making it a clean energy option (i) Petroleum is a natural, non-renewable

fossil fuel with limited availability. Due
119. Where are the deposits of Petroleum normally to ever-increasing demand, petroleum
located ? Give two uses of Petroleum besides resources are rapidly depleting.
being used as a fuel. (ii) Extracting and burning petroleum
Ans : COMP 2004 release green house gases that contribute
India’s entire oil production comes from to environmental pollution and global
three main regions: the Assam-Arakan belt, warming.
the Gujarat Cambay belt and the Bombay (iii)Its costs are quite high because of its
High offshore zone. The Assam-Arakan belt limited supply and high demand.
stretches from the far northeast of Assam to (iv) Petroleum is highly flammable and poses
the eastern borders of the Brahmaputra and a risk of causing fires.
Surma valleys. The Gujarat Cambay belt
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

(ii) Petrol and diesel, derived from mineral (ii) The coastal regions and their offshore
oil, are fuels for automobiles, aircraft and continental shelves.
railway engines. (iii)The Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
(iii)Mineral oil provides several valuable by- (iv) The Thar Desert.
products, such as lubricants, terylene, (v) The plains of Gujarat.
paraffin wax, tar and vaseline.
92. How is the poor quality Indian coal being
(iv) It is also used for the generation of
utilized?
electricity.
Ans : COMP 2014
89. Briefly mention how petroleum is obtained.
Low-quality Indian coal, specifically lignite,
Ans : COMP 2008 is mainly used for combustion in industries
Petroleum is extracted from sedimentary like fertilizers, paints and chemicals. Another
rocks. It forms through the decomposition of poor-quality coal, peat, is commonly used as
marine organisms that settle in silt or mud fuel in households and various small-scale or
on the seabed over an extended period. The cottage industries.
weight of overlying sediments, combined with
93. What are power resources ? In India, which
Earth’s movements, transforms the silt and
power resources we can found ?
mud into rock, with organic remains filling
the pores. Under high heat and pressure, Ans : MAIN 2016

these organic remains are converted into Coal, petroleum, water and nuclear materials
mineral oil and natural gas. are the primary sources of power. South
Asia is rich in water and coal but lacks
90. What steps should be taken to conserve coal ?
significant petroleum reserves. Due to the
Ans : MAIN 2010 ample availability of water and coal, the
Following steps should be taken to conserve region can maximize power generation. India,
coal : being part of South Asia, also has abundant
(i) Coal wastage can be minimized by coal and water resources, which has enabled
preventing selective mining practices. it to develop a strong electricity generation
capacity.
(ii) Efforts should be made to explore new
coal reserves. 94. What are non-conventional sources of energy?
(iii)Advanced technology must be Ans : SQP 2022
implemented in the mining, production
Non-conventional sources of energy are
and utilization of coal.
renewable energy sources that are sustainable
(iv) Lower-grade coal should be mixed with
and environmentally friendly. These sources
higher-quality coal to optimize use.
are not based on fossil fuels and are
(v) Investment from the private sector in coal replenished naturally. They have gained
mining should be promoted. importance due to their low environmental
91. Name the important oil producing regions of impact and potential to reduce dependency
India. on conventional, non-renewable resources.
Examples are : Solar energy, Wind energy,
Ans : SQP 2012
Biomass energy, Tidal energy, Geothermal
The important oil producing regions of India energy
are as follows :
(i) The northern plains stretching from 95. Wind energy can generate additional income
the Brahmaputra Valley to Punjab via for the land owners.
Bangladesh. Ans : COMP 2018
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(ii) India is fortunate to receive a significant are made from thin wafers of semiconductor
amount of solar energy, approximately materials like silicon and gallium. When
5,000 trillion kWh annually, due to its sunlight hits these cells, they convert solar
location along the Tropic of Cancer. Most energy into electricity. Multiple solar cells
regions in the country experience around combined in a solar panel can generate a
300 sunny days each year, with solar significant amount of electricity. Solar cells
energy availability ranging from 5 to 7 are commonly used in rural, forest, hilly and
kW per hour per square kilometer. desert areas for lighting, railway signaling
(iii)Solar energy systems require minimal and rural telecommunication systems.
maintenance because they have no
moving parts, meaning there is no wear 129. State any three advantages of using solar
and tear. Once the initial installation cost energy.
is covered, the need for maintenance and Ans : MAIN 2001

repair is very low. Advantages of solar energy :

127. How is India in an advantageous position to (i) Renewable and sustainable : Solar
harness solar energy ? energy is a limitless resource that can be
harnessed continuously without depleting
Ans : SQP 2018
natural resources.
India is in an advantageous position to (ii) Environmentally friendly : It produces no
harness solar energy due to the following greenhouse gas emissions or air pollutants,
reasons : reducing the carbon footprint.
(i) Location of India : Positioned on the (iii)Low operating costs : Once solar panels
Tropic of Cancer, India receives around are installed, the maintenance and
5,000 trillion kWh of solar energy per operating costs are minimal compared to
year. Most regions enjoy about 300 conventional energy sources.
sunny days annually, with solar energy
130. What is tidal energy ? Give an advantage of
availability between 5 to 7 kW per hour
using tidal energy.
per square kilometer.
Ans : SQP 2003
(ii) Thar Desert : India’s Thar Desert has
the potential to become a solar energy Tides refer to the periodic rise and fall of
powerhouse, offering vast open land for ocean waters, caused by the gravitational
large-scale solar installations. pull of the Moon and Sun. This movement
(iii)Versatile Uses : Solar energy has multiple generates tidal energy.
applications such as cooking, water Advantages of tidal energy :
pumping, refrigeration and street lighting, (i) Tidal energy plants produce no carbon
leading to increased future demand. emissions, making it environmentally
(iv) Developing Country : As India continues friendly.
to develop, energy consumption is (ii) Tidal energy can be generated even with
expected to rise, boosting the need for slow-moving water.
renewable energy sources like solar power. (iii)Tides are driven by the Earth, Moon
and Sun’s gravitational forces, making
128. State briefly how the sun’s energy can be tidal energy a reliable and inexhaustible
used to generate power. source.
Ans : COMP 2015
131. (i) What is geothermal energy ?
Solar photovoltaic systems and solar (ii) How is geothermal energy used to produce
collectors are used for power generation. electricity ?
Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, Ans : COMP 2005
CH 9 : ENERGY RESOURCES

(i) Geothermal energy is the heat stored 133. What is biogas ? How is biogas produced ?
within the Earth, originating from the Ans : SQP 2009
planet’s core, volcanic activity and the
decay of radioactive materials. This Biogas is an energy-rich gas produced from
energy is found in the form of steam, hot organic waste such as farm residues, shrubs,
water, or hot rocks beneath the Earth’s animal waste and human waste.
surface. (i) It is a non-conventional energy source.
(ii) Generation of Geothermal Energy : (ii) Biogas has a higher thermal efficiency
Geothermal resources include steam, compared to fuels like kerosene, cow
hot water and hot rocks located deep dung, coal and charcoal.
beneath the Earth’s surface. High- Biogas Generation : A digester tank is
pressure steam from deep reservoirs is installed underground to process the dung-
used to spin a turbine connected to a water mixture, which enters through an
generator, producing electricity. Hot inlet pipe. The digested waste, or slurry,
water is pumped from underground and is discharged through an outlet pipe on
when the pressure drops at the surface, it the other side. A gas outlet, controlled by
turns into steam. This steam drives the a pipe, releases the generated biogas.
turbine to generate power. After cooling www.nodia.in
in a tower, the steam condenses back into
water, which is then pumped back into
the Earth to restart the cycle.

132. Name the process involved in generation of

nuclear energy. State any three advantages of
using nuclear power.
Ans : MAIN 2007

The process involved in the generation of

nuclear energy is nuclear fission, where
the nucleus of an atom (typically uranium
or plutonium) is split into smaller parts,
releasing a large amount of energy.
Advantages of using nuclear power :
(i) Nuclear energy helps reduce reliance
on fossil fuels like coal and oil, leading
to lower fossil fuel consumption and a
decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.
(ii) It not only conserves raw materials
but also cuts down on transportation,
handling and extraction costs. The cost
of nuclear fuel, particularly uranium,
accounts for just 20% of the total cost of
energy production.
(iii)Nuclear power provides a continuous
supply of electricity, with nuclear plants
operating nearly 90% of the time each
year. This stability helps mitigate the
price fluctuations of other fuels, such as
petroleum.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 223

CHAPTER 10
AGRICULTURE

2.3 Fragmented Landholdings

SUMMARY
Due to population pressure and the division
of family landholdings over generations, farms
1. IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN INDIA in India are becoming increasingly smaller
(i) Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian and fragmented. This fragmentation leads
economy, playing a vital role in supporting to reduced efficiency and difficulties in using
the livelihoods of more than half of the modern farming techniques and machinery.
population. It contributes significantly to the
country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 2.4 Lack of Access to Modern Technology
and is a key sector in ensuring food security. Indian farmers often have limited access
Indian agriculture also provides raw materials to modern farming equipment, high-yield
to various industries such as textiles, sugar
seeds, fertilizers and scientific advancements
and edible oils.
(ii) In rural India, agriculture is not only a source
in agriculture. This lack of modernization
of employment but also the primary economic hampers the potential to improve yields and
activity that drives regional development. crop quality.
It supports ancillary industries and fosters
2.5 Soil Degradation
trade both domestically and internationally.
With India being one of the top producers Overuse of chemical fertilizers, pesticides
of cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables and intensive farming practices have led to
globally, agriculture also plays a crucial role soil degradation in many regions, further
in international trade, boosting the country’s reducing productivity.
foreign exchange.
2.6 Farmer Indebtedness
2. PROBLEMS IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE
Many farmers rely on loans to finance their
2.1 Low Productivity crops. In cases of crop failure, especially due
to weather extremes, farmers often fall into
One of the main challenges in Indian a cycle of debt that is difficult to escape,
agriculture is low productivity per hectare. resulting in economic distress.
Traditional farming practices, limited use
of advanced technology and poor irrigation 3. REFORMS IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE
infrastructure contribute to inefficiencies in
crop production. 3.1 Green Revolution

2.2 Monsoon Dependency Introduced in the 1960s, the Green

Revolution brought about the use of high-
A large portion of Indian agriculture is yield variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers
still dependent on the monsoon rains. and improved irrigation facilities. This
Unpredictable weather patterns and initiative led to a significant increase in food
insufficient irrigation systems make farmers production, particularly in wheat and rice,
vulnerable to droughts or excessive rains, making India self-sufficient in food grains.
leading to crop failures.
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE
3.2 Irrigation Projects fertilizers or pesticides. The produce is
The government has implemented various mainly for local consumption and crops
large-scale irrigation projects to reduce the like rice, wheat and pulses are common.
dependency on monsoon rains. These projects (iii)Regions : It is prevalent in parts of
include the construction of dams, canals and eastern and northeastern India, where
water conservation techniques such as drip the landholdings are small and the focus
irrigation and rainwater harvesting. is on self-sufficiency.

3.3 Subsidies and Loan Schemes 4.2 Commercial Farming

The government provides financial support (i) Purpose : This type of farming is done
to farmers through subsidies on fertilizers, primarily for the market, with the
seeds and electricity. Loan waiver programs intention of earning profits.
and low-interest loans are also offered to help (ii) Characteristics : Commercial farming
farmers manage their finances and invest in involves large-scale production, the use of
agricultural inputs. modern equipment and the cultivation of
cash crops like sugarcane, cotton, tea and
3.4 Promotion of Organic Farming coffee. It is capital-intensive and relies
There is a growing emphasis on sustainable heavily on modern techniques.
agricultural practices, such as organic (iii)Regions : It is practiced in states
farming, which reduces the dependence on like Punjab, Haryana and parts of
chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Organic Maharashtra, where agriculture is highly
farming is being promoted to restore soil mechanized.
health, reduce environmental degradation
4.3 Shifting Cultivation (Slash and Burn)
and cater to the increasing demand for
organic products globally. (i) Purpose : Farmers clear a patch of land
by cutting down vegetation and burning
3.5 Digital Agriculture it. The land is then cultivated for a few
The introduction of digital platforms and apps years before being abandoned when the
provides farmers with real-time information soil fertility diminishes.
on weather patterns, crop prices and best (ii) Regions : It is commonly practiced in
farming practices. E-market platforms like the hilly areas of northeastern India. The
e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) allow practice is environmentally damaging due
farmers to sell their produce at competitive to the deforestation involved.
prices directly.
4.4 Intensive Farming
4. TYPES OF FARMING IN INDIA (i) Purpose : To maximize output from
Indian agriculture is highly diverse due to small landholdings through high inputs
the varying geography, climate and cultural like labor, fertilizers and irrigation.
practices. The farming systems range from (ii) Characteristics : It focuses on the
subsistence farming to highly commercialized cultivation of crops such as rice, wheat
farming. and sugarcane using high-yield varieties
(HYV) and other intensive techniques.
4.1 Subsistence Farming Intensive farming is labor-intensive and
(i) Purpose : Primarily aimed at producing aims at increasing productivity per unit
food for the farmer’s family with little area.
surplus for sale. (iii)Regions : Found in regions with high
(ii) Characteristics : This type of farming population densities, such as West
is practiced on small landholdings with Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
traditional tools and minimal use of
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 225
4.5 Extensive Farming 5.1 Rabi Season (Winter Season)
(i) Purpose : Practiced on large areas of land (i) Sowing Period: October to December.
with relatively lower inputs of labor and (ii) Harvesting Period: March to April.
capital per hectare. (iii)Climate: Requires a cool and dry climate
(ii) Characteristics : Extensive farming during sowing and warm temperatures
involves large landholdings, mechanized during harvesting.
farming and focuses on crops like wheat (iv) Key Crops: Wheat, barley, mustard, peas
and corn. The output per unit area and gram.
is lower, but the total production is (v) Regions: Northern states like Punjab,
significant due to the vast area under Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are known
cultivation. for Rabi crops.
(iii)Regions : Found in sparsely populated
5.2 Kharif Season (Monsoon Season)
areas like parts of Rajasthan and Madhya
Pradesh. (i) Sowing Period: June to July, with the
onset of monsoon rains.
4.6 Plantation Farming (ii) Harvesting Period: September to October.
(i) Purpose : Plantation farming is practiced (iii)Climate: Warm and humid conditions
for the cultivation of a single crop on with adequate rainfall are ideal for these
large estates, usually for export. crops.
(ii) Characteristics : This type of farming (iv) Key Crops: Rice, maize, millet, cotton,
is capital-intensive and requires a groundnut and pulses.
significant investment in infrastructure (v) Regions: States like West Bengal, Odisha,
like processing factories and irrigation. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are
Crops like tea, coffee, rubber and spices major Kharif crop producers.
are common.
5.3 Zayad Season (Summer Season)
(iii)Regions : Practiced in regions with
favorable climates for the cultivation (i) Sowing Period: March to June.
of specific crops, such as Assam (tea), (ii) Harvesting Period: June to July.
Kerala (rubber and spices) and Karnataka (iii)Climate: Zayad crops thrive in warmer
(coffee). conditions and are often grown using
irrigation.
4.7 Mixed Farming (iv) Key Crops: Watermelon, cucumber,
(i) Purpose : Combines crop cultivation and muskmelon and fodder crops.
livestock rearing on the same farm. (v) Regions: Predominantly practiced in
(ii) Characteristics : Mixed farming allows areas with access to irrigation, such as
farmers to diversify income sources by parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
producing crops and raising animals like
cows, goats, or poultry. It is practiced in 6. MAJOR CROPS IN INDIA
regions where both farming and animal Climatic Conditions, Soil Requirements and
husbandry are feasible. Methods of Cultivation
(iii)Regions : Found in parts of Punjab,
6.1 Rice
Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh.
(i) Climatic Conditions: Warm, humid
climate with 100-200 cm of rainfall.
(ii) Soil Requirements: Alluvial, clayey soil
5. AGRICULTURAL SEASONS IN INDIA with good water retention.
India experiences three main cropping seasons (iii)Cultivation Methods: Transplantation
based on climatic conditions: method is common, though some regions
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

practice direct seeding. Advanced soil fertility. They are grown without
techniques like SRI (System of Rice intensive fertilizers.
Intensification) are also being used to (iv) Processing and Distribution: Pulses
increase yield. are cleaned, de-husked and split before
(iv) Processing and Distribution: After distribution. India is the world’s largest
harvesting, rice is milled and processed. producer and consumer of pulses, with
India is a leading exporter of rice globally, key production in Madhya Pradesh,
with major production states being West Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra
Pradesh. 7. COMMERCIAL CROPS

6.2 Wheat 7.1 Sugarcane

(i) Climatic Conditions: Requires a cool and (i) Climatic Conditions: Hot and humid
dry climate for growth, with temperatures climate with a long growing season of 10
ranging from 12°C to 25°C. to 18 months.
(ii) Soil Requirements: Well-drained loamy (ii) Soil Requirements: Deep, well-drained
soil with moderate fertility. fertile soil with a high water table.
(iii)Cultivation Methods: Wheat is sown (iii)Cultivation Methods: Sugarcane is
using traditional or modern machinery, propagated using cuttings and requires
depending on the region. The crop is heavy irrigation. The crop is labor-
irrigated and fertilized for optimal growth. intensive.
(iv) Processing and Distribution: Wheat is (iv) Processing and Distribution: Sugarcane
processed in mills and is a staple food is processed into sugar, jaggery and
across northern India, where major ethanol. Major producing states are Uttar
production occurs in states like Punjab, Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
7.2 Oilseeds (Groundnut, Mustard, Soya Bean)
6.3 Millets (Bajra, Jowar) (i) Climatic Conditions: Warm, sunny
(i) Climatic Conditions: Thrive in warm and weather with moderate rainfall.
dry climates with moderate rainfall. (ii) Soil Requirements: Well-drained loamy
(ii) Soil Requirements: Light, sandy soil with soil with adequate nutrients.
low fertility can support millet growth. (iii)Cultivation Methods: Oilseeds are grown
(iii)Cultivation Methods: Millets are typically using traditional and modern methods.
grown in rainfed areas, requiring minimal Groundnut is often grown in sandy soil,
irrigation. while mustard prefers cooler climates.
(iv) Processing and Distribution: Millets (iv) Processing and Distribution: Oilseeds
are processed into flour or used whole are processed into edible oils and other
in cooking. Major millet-growing states by-products. Gujarat, Rajasthan and
include Rajasthan, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh are leading producers.
Maharashtra.
7.3 Cotton
6.4 Pulses (i) Climatic Conditions: Warm and sunny
(i) Climatic Conditions: Semi-arid regions weather, with rainfall during the growing
with low to moderate rainfall are ideal season and dry weather during harvest.
for pulse cultivation. (ii) Soil Requirements: Black soil with good
(ii) Soil Requirements: Well-drained loamy or moisture-retention capacity.
sandy soil. (iii)Cultivation Methods: Cotton is grown
(iii)Cultivation Methods: Pulses are usually using genetically modified seeds (BT
grown as a rotation crop to replenish cotton) in many regions to improve yield
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 227

and resistance to pests. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

(iv) Processing and Distribution: Cotton is
processed in ginneries and used for textile
production. Gujarat, Maharashtra and 1. Which of the following farming method is
Telangana are major producers. used to grow tea on a large scale?
(a) Subsistence farming
7.4 Jute (b) Plantation farming
(i) Climatic Conditions: Hot and humid (c) Mixed farming
weather with heavy rainfall (100-200 cm). (d) Shifting agriculture
(ii) Soil Requirements: Alluvial soil with high Ans : MAIN 2024
water-retention capacity.
Thus (b) is correct option.
(iii)Cultivation Methods: Jute is grown in
low-lying flood-prone areas and harvested 2. Wheat and barley are associated with which
in the rainy season. agricultural season?
(iv) Processing and Distribution: Jute is (a) Kharif
processed into fibers for use in packaging (b) Zaid
and textiles. West Bengal and Assam are (c) Rabi
leading producers. (d) None of the above
7.5 Tea Ans : SQP 2024

(i) Climatic Conditions: Cool, humid climate Thus (c) is correct option.
with frequent rainfall and well-distributed
sunshine. 3. The_____content in sugarcane decreases if
(ii) Soil Requirements: Well-drained, acidic heavy rains continue for long time.
soil. (a) glucose
(iii)Cultivation Methods: Tea plants are (b) fructose
cultivated in terraced fields on hilly (c) sucrose
slopes. Hand-picking of tea leaves is (d) lactose
common for higher-quality varieties. Ans : SQP 2024

(iv) Processing and Distribution: Tea leaves Thus (c) is correct option.
are processed into black, green, or oolong
tea. Assam, Darjeeling (West Bengal) 4. Which of the following is NOT a problem of
and Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu) are famous tea- Indian agriculture?
growing regions. (a) Dependence on monsoon
(b) Small land holdings
7.6 Coffee (c) Two main cropping seasons
(i) Climatic Conditions: Warm, tropical (d) Use of traditional methods of farming
climate with moderate rainfall and Ans : MAIN 2023
consistent humidity.
(ii) Soil Requirements: Fertile, well-drained Thus (c) is correct option.
soil rich in organic matter. 5. Which of the following is a staple food grain
(iii)Cultivation Methods: Coffee is grown on of Indians?
hilly terrain under shade trees to maintain (a) Wheat
quality. (b) Rice
(iv) Processing and Distribution: Coffee (c) Gram
beans are processed and exported to (d) Arhar
international markets. Karnataka, Kerala
Ans : MAIN 2023
and Tamil Nadu are key coffee-producing
states. Thus (b) is correct option.
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE
Ans : SQP 2006
53. An inferior substitute for jute which is more
Thus (c) is correct option. coarse and less strong than jute is_____.
(a) Testa
48. _____is the leading producer of soyabean. (b) Mesta
(a) Rajasthan (c) Cesta
(b) Maharashtra (d) Jesta
(c) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Gujarat Ans : MAIN 2011

Ans : MAIN 2017

Thus (b) is correct option.

Thus (c) is correct option. 54. The_____soil gives the heaviest yield of
Jute
49. Cotton is tropical crop that requires uniformly (a) clayey
high _____. (b) loamy
(a) rainfall (c) siety
(b) temperature (d) sandy
(c) humidity
(d) All of the above Ans : SQP 2011

Ans : SQP 2016

Thus (d) is correct option.

Thus (b) is correct option. 55. _____softens the outer bark of jute and
facilitates the early removability of the fibre
50. Cotton plant is extremely sensitive to_____ within.
which can kill the plant and destroy the crop (a) Jetting
(a) temperature (b) Retting
(b) rainfall (c) Metting
(c) frost (d) Netting
(d) humidity
Ans : COMP 2015
Ans : COMP 2020
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
56. Tea develops most vigorously under_____
51. _____soil is ideal for cotton cultivation. and no_____.
(a) Alluvium (a) sunshine, rains
(b) Black (b) light shade, dry spells
(c) Laterite (c) moisture, high temperature
(d) Red (d) clear sky, no rains
Ans : COMP 2012
Ans : MAIN 2001
Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.
52. The fibre or lint is separated from the cotton 57. High humidity, heavy_____and morning
seeds by a process known as_____. _____are good for the rapid development
(a) ginning of young tea leaves.
(b) spinning (a) dew, fog
(c) pruning (b) rainfall, sunshine
(d) deseeding (c) rainfall, dew
Ans : SQP 2018 (d) shade, fog
Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2006

Thus (a) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 229

16. _____type of farming involves cultivation 21. The farming which involves cultivation of
of small farms using large inputs of labour, single agricultural crop over large tracts of
manures and fertilizers. land or estates is_____.
(a) Extensive (a) Subsistence agriculture
(b) Shifting (b) Commercial agriculture
(c) Intensive (c) Plantation farming
(d) Commercial (d) Mixed farming
Ans : COMP 2019
Ans : MAIN 2016
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
17. Which type of agriculture is mainly practised
22. Tea, coffee, rubber or spices are crops.
in the irrigated areas of the plains of northern
(a) Plantation farming
India and the coastal area of south India?
(b) Intensive farming
(a) Plantation
(b) Shifting (c) Extensive farming
(c) Extensive (d) Commercial farming
(d) Intensive Ans : COMP 2018

Ans : MAIN 2013 Thus (a) is correct option.

Thus (d) is correct option.
23. _____crops are associated with the south-
18. The input of labour per unit area is low west monsoon.
in_____farming. (a) Rabi
(a) Extensive (b) Kharif
(b) Intensive (c) Zayad
(c) Plantation (d) None of the above
(d) Subsistence Ans : SQP 2011

Ans : COMP 2015 Thus (b) is correct option.

Thus (a) is correct option.
24. Which of the following is not a kharif crop?
19. _____farming is an eco-friendly method as (a) Sugarcane
it involves less use of chemical fertilizers. (b) Cotton
(a) Subsistence (c) Rice
(b) Commercial (d) Wheat
(c) Intensive
Ans : COMP 2015
(d) Extensive
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : SQP 2004

Thus (d) is correct option. 25. The kharif crops are sown in June and July
and harvested in_____and_____
20. A plantation is usually a_____over a (a) September and October
large area which does not include naturally (b) October and November
occurring plants.
(c) March and April
(a) monoculture
(d) August and September
(b) apiculture
(c) horticulture Ans : SQP 2022

(d) arboriculture Thus (a) is correct option.

Ans : COMP 2009

Thus (a) is correct option.

CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

6. In Subsistence farming, the output is not very 11. _____agriculture is also known as ‘slash
high and is consumed within the_____. and burn method’.
(a) village (a) Subsistence
(b) community (b) Shifting
(c) family (c) Intensive
(d) state (d) Extensive
Ans : MAIN 2000 Ans : SQP 2011

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

7. In Subsistence farming, these is a dominance 12. _____and_____crops are associated

of_____crops and is never any surplus for with Shifting agriculture.
the_____. (a) Rice and wheat
(a) commercial, market (b) Tea and coffee
(b) food, market (c) Yams and tapioca
(c) food, family (d) Jute and cotton
(d) plantation, village Ans : COMP 2008
Ans : SQP 2001
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
13. _____is practised in many areas as an
8. The crops grown in Commercial farming are alternative to Shifting cultivation.
known as_____. (a) Rotation of crops
(a) Beverage crops (b) Intercropping
(b) Cash crops (c) Nitrogen fixation
(c) Fibre crops (d) Dry farming
(d) Plantation crops Ans : MAIN 2012
Ans : COMP 2005
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
14. Intercropping involves growing of two or more
9. Cultivation of crops and raising of animals is crops next to each other at the same_____.
a feature of_____. (a) time
(a) Intensive farming (b) space
(b) Extensive farming (c) height
(c) Commercial farming (d) distance
(d) Plantation farming
Ans : COMP 2018
Ans : MAIN 2008
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
15. _____tree plantation is being promoted to
10. Commercial farming is prevalent in areas check the practice of Shifting cultivation.
where landholdings are_____and market (a) Mango
economy is well developed. (b) Orange
(a) large (c) Apple
(b) small (d) Timber
(c) consolidated
Ans : SQP 2022
(d) poor in fertility
Ans : COMP 2006
Thus (d) is correct option.

Thus (a) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 231
Ans : SQP 2004
42. Groundnut crop requires 50 to_____
Thus (a) is correct option. rainfall.
(a) 100 cm
37. The yield from each successive ratoon crop is (b) 150 cm
_____than the previous one. (c) 200 cm
(a) better (d) 250 cm
(b) higher
(c) lesser Ans : COMP 2020

(d) worse Thus (a) is correct option.

Ans : SQP 2005
43. India is the_____largest producer of
Thus (c) is correct option. groundnuts in the world.
(a) fifth
38. Sugarcane is a_____exhausting crop. (b) fourth
(a) soil (c) third
(b) water (d) second
(c) nitrogen
(d) oxygen Ans : MAIN 2013

Ans : COMP 2003

Thus (d) is correct option.

Thus (a) is correct option. 44. _____is the leading producer of groundnuts
in India.
39. Which of the following states is not a major (a) Telangana
producer of sugarcane?
(b) Gujarat
(a) Kerela
(c) Maharashtra
(b) Punjab
(c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Rajasthan
(d) Maharashtra Ans : SQP 2014

Ans : MAIN 2013 Thus (b) is correct option.

Thus (c) is correct option.
45. _____oil is obtained from flaxseeds.
40. Groundnut contains per cent oil. (a) Linseed
(a) 30 (b) Rapeseed
(b) 42 (c) Castor
(c) 50 (d) Safflower
(d) 60 Ans : SQP 2003

Ans : COMP 2015 Thus (a) is correct option.

Thus (b) is correct option.
46. Soyabean has a high_____content.
41. Groundnut oil is extracted from the nuts (a) calcium
found in the_____of the plant. (b) protein
(a) stem (c) zinc
(b) leaves (d) sodium
(c) roots Ans : COMP 2005
(d) branches
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2019
47. Soyabean : Kharif :: Mustard ::_____.
Thus (c) is correct option.
(a) Kharif (b) Zaid
(c) Rabi (d) None of the above
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

26. The crops which are raised throughout the 31. Rice grows best in_____, _____areas.
year are known as_____. (a) warms, humid
(a) Kharif (b) cold, dry
(b) Rabi (c) hot, rainy
(c) Zaid (d) hot, dry
(d) Baid Ans : COMP 2014
Ans : COMP 2023
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
32. Rice thrives in the_____soils grown along
27. Indian agriculture is largely dominated the river banks.
by_____crops. (a) laterite
(a) food (b) red
(b) fibre (c) black
(c) cash (d) alluvial
(d) spices Ans : MAIN 2013
Ans : MAIN 2002
Thus (d) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
33. In the dry method of rice cultivation, seeds are
28. _____are all kinds of grass-like plants, sown in rows with drills in areas of_____.
which have starchy edible seeds. (a) low rainfall
(a) Cereals (b) heavy rainfall
(b) Spices (c) moderate rainfall
(c) Beverages (d) scanty rainfall
(d) Oilseeds Ans : SQP 2013
Ans : SQP 2023
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
34. In a sugarcane, the sugar is stored in its
29. India ranks_____in the production of (a) roots
cereals in the world. (b) stem
(a) first (c) leaves
(b) second (d) fruit
(c) third Ans : COMP 2012
(d) fourth
Thus (b) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2024

Thus (c) is correct option. 35. _____are cutting taken from old plants
and planted to grow new canes.
30. India is the_____largest producer of rice (a) Setts (b) Retts
in the world. (c) Ratoons (d) Batoons
(a) fifth
Ans : MAIN 2021
(b) fourth
(c) third Thus (a) is correct option.
(d) second
36. The second or any other successive crop
Ans : MAIN 2015 obtained from the roots of the leftover crop
Thus (d) is correct option. is called
(a) Ratoon (b) Stalk
(c) Stem (d) Cane
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 233

58. The process of growing tea shrubs in nurseries 63. _____is the largest producer of tea in
from cutting of high yielding varieties is India.
known as_____. (a) Tamil Nadu
(a) clonal sapling (b) Kerala
(b) clonal planting (c) West Bengal
(c) clonal cuttings (d) Assam.
(d) clonal trimmings Ans : MAIN 2017
Ans : COMP 2008
Thus (d) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
64. Which of the following are non-traditional
59. The tea shrub continues to be productive for coffee producing areas?
about_____years. (a) Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
(a) 20 (b) Kerala and Karnataka
(b) 25 (c) Manipur and Tripura
(c) 50 (d) Bihar and Punjab
(d) 70 Ans : COMP 2018
Ans : COMP 2019
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.

60. _____variety of tea is greenish brown in

colour. ONE MARK QUESTIONS
(a) Oolong
(b) Brick
(c) Black 65. What is mixed farming?
(d) Green Ans : MAIN 2024,2018,2017

Ans : COMP 2015 Mixed farming involves both crop cultivation

Thus (a) is correct option. and livestock rearing on a single farm to
diversify income and increase profits.
61. _____variety of tea is normally area under
tea production in the world. 66. Mention any one advantage of mixed farming.
(a) China Ans : MAIN 2024
(b) Sri Lanka Mixed farming helps maintain soil fertility,
(c) India promotes soil biodiversity, minimizes soil
(d) Kenya erosion and aids in water conservation.
Ans : SQP 2019
67. With reference to tea cultivation, explain the
Thus (c) is correct option. term ‘fine pluck’.
62. _____has the largest area under tea Ans : MAIN 2024
production in the world. Fine pluck in tea cultivation refers to the
(a) China selective harvesting of only the top two leaves
(b) Sri Lanka and a bud from the tea plant, ensuring high-
(c) India quality tea production.
(d) Kenya
Ans : COMP 2017
68. Name the Indian state that leads in coffee
production.
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : MAIN 2024

The Indian state that leads in coffee

CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

Aspect Plantation Mixed Farming cultivation of a single crop, similar to

Farming factory production. It is typically marked
by expansive estates, substantial capital
Type of Cultivates a Involves both investment and the use of modern, scientific
Crops/ single cash crop cultivation farming techniques. Examples include tea
Livestock crop (e.g., tea, and livestock and coffee plantations.
coffee) rearing
Scale and Large-scale Smaller scale, 131. Name a crop cultivated in India:
Purpose commercial used for (i) During the Kharif season.
farming, often subsistence (ii) During the Rabi season.
for export and income Ans : COMP 1995
generation (i) Kharif season crop : Rice
from both crops (ii) Rabi season crop : Wheat
and livestock
132. Name the months when the Kharif crops are :
128. Differentiate between Intensive farming and (a) Sown
Extensive farming. (b) Harvested.
Ans : MAIN 2023 Ans : COMP 2004, 2008

Differentiate between Intensive farming and (a) Sown : Kharif crops are sown between
Extensive farming : June and July.
(b) Harvested : Kharif crops are harvested
Intensive Farming Extensive Farming between October and November.
Practiced on small Practiced on large
land areas with high land areas with low 133. What are the two methods of cultivation
inputs. inputs. of rice? Which one is known for its better
yields?
High yields per Lower yields per
hectare. hectare. Ans : SQP 2002

Common in densely Common in sparsely Two methods of cultivation of rice :

populated regions. populated regions. (i) Sowing
(ii) Transplanting
129. Mention two problems faced by the Indian The transplantation method is known for
farmers. its better yields because it allows for better
spacing of plants and more effective weed
Ans : MAIN 2023
control, leading to healthier crops.
Mention two problems faced by the Indian
farmers : 134. Why should the production of pulses be
(a) Dependence on unpredictable monsoon : increased? Give two reasons.
Farmers often rely on rainfall, which can Ans : MAIN 2015, 2018
be erratic, leading to droughts or floods. The production of pulses should be increased
(b) Small land holdings : Many farmers have due to following reasons :
fragmented and small plots of land, which 1. Nutritional value : Pulses are a rich source
limits productivity and efficient farming of protein and essential nutrients, making
practices. them an important part of a balanced
130. What is plantation agriculture ? diet, especially in regions where meat is
not widely consumed.
Ans : COMP 2009,2014
2. Soil fertility : Pulses are nitrogen-fixing
Plantation farming involves large-scale crops, meaning they help enrich soil
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 235

convenient height of about 40 to 50 cm. It 92. How long does the jute plant take the mature?
encourages the growth of new shoots with Ans : MAIN 2012
softer leaves.
The jute plant takes 4 to 6 months to mature.
85. Why cotton is a labour intensive crop.
93. Name the largest tea growing country in the
Ans : SQP 2018
world.
Cotton balls are to be plucked manually so it Ans : SQP 2015
is a labour intensive crop.
India is the largest tea growing country in
86. Give the geographic term for the following : the world.
The residue left behind after the crushing of
oilseeds. 94. Name the state in India that is the largest
producer of tea.
Ans : MAIN 2015
Ans : COMP 2013
Oil cake
Assam is the largest producer of tea in India.
87. After oil extraction, what other uses can be
oilseed be put to ? 95. Name the largest tea-exporting port of India.
Ans : MAIN 2005
Ans : SQP 2000

After oil extraction, oilseed residue foil cake Kolkata port is the largest tea-exporting port
and can be used as a cattle feed and as a of India.
fertilizer for plants. 96. When and where was the first coffee
88. Name any two non-edible oil-seeds grown in plantation set-up in India ?
India. Ans : SQP 2006

Ans : SQP 2001 The first coffee plantation set-up in India in

The two non-edible oil-seeds are Linseed and Karnataka in the year 1830.
Castor seed. 97. How are the young coffee plants protected
89. What is meant by the term ‘agriculture’ ? from heat ?
Ans : COMP 2007
Ans : SQP 2006

The use of land in order to grow crops and The young coffee plants are protected from
rear livestock is called agriculture. heat by growing them in the shade of trees.

90. Name the most important cash crop of West 98. When were rubber plantation first started in
Bengal. India?
Ans : MAIN 2008
Ans : MAIN 2011

The most important cash crop of West Bengal Rubber plantations first started in India in
is Jute. the year 1902.

91. Give one climatic feature that favours its 99. What is the advantage of bud grafting in the
cultivation. propagation of rubber plants ?
Ans : SQP 2007
Ans : COMP 2006

One climatic feature that favours its By bud grafting, the characteristics of mother
cultivation is temperature of 27ºC-35ºC and plant are transmitted to the grafted plant.
high percentage of humidity and rainfall 100. Name the two main centres where tea is
around 170-250 cm. auctioned.
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

production is Karnataka. rains providing the necessary moisture for its

growth during the Kharif season.
69. Give one advantage of transplantation
method of sowing rice. 76. Name the two main agricultural seasons of
Ans : MAIN 2023
India.

One advantage of the transplantation method Ans : SQP 2018

of sowing rice is that it allows the selection of Kharif and Rabi

healthy seedlings, which leads to better crop
yield. 77. Name the state that leads in the cultivation
of rice.
70. What is ‘Ginning’ ? Ans : SQP 1994
Ans : MAIN 2023
West Bengal.
Ginning is the process of separating cotton
fibers from their seeds. 78. Name a cash crop which is also a kharif crop.
Ans : COMP 2008
71. Name any two pulses grown in India.
Cotton.
Ans : MAIN 2023

Two pulses grown in India are Gram and 79. Which state in India produces the largest
Arhar (Pigeon Pea). quantity of raw cotton?
Ans : COMP 2001,2010
72. What is meant by ‘Retting’ ?
Gujarat produces the largest quantity of raw
Ans : MAIN 2023
cotton.
It is a microbiological process that softens
the bark, making it easier to remove fibers 80. Name two states which are leading producers
from the stalk. of wheat in India.
Ans : SQP 2001
73. What kind of soil is required for the cultivation
of tea? Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

Ans : MAIN 2023 81. Name a state which produces short staple
Tea can grow in alluvial, mountain and food.
laterite soils and thrives in loamy soils as Ans : COMP 2012

well. Uttar Pradesh

74. Why is pruning necessary for tea plant? 82. Which is the largest tea growing country in
Ans : MAIN 2023 the world ?
Pruning is essential for tea plants as removing Ans : MAIN 2011

the central stem promotes the rapid growth China

of lateral branches, making hand plucking
easier. 83. What is meant by pruning ?
Ans : SQP 2018
75. Why is cotton grown as a Kharif crop in
India? Trimming of overgrown branches of tea plant
is known as pruning.
Ans : MAIN 2012

Cotton is grown as a Kharif crop in India 84. State the reason for pruning.
because it requires warm temperatures and Ans : COMP 2017
a long growing season, with the monsoon
Pruning is done to keep the shrub at a
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 237

115. Name any two insects that attack cotton. 123. Mention two different ways in which sugarcane
Ans : MAIN 2009
is propagated.

Boll weevils and wilt attack cotton. Ans : COMP 2007

(i) Sett method

116. What is lint ? (ii) Ratoon method.
Ans : COMP 2018
124. State the leading producer of sugarcane in
The raw-material from which the seeds have India.
been removed is called lint.
Ans : MAIN 2004
117. Why is jute called the “golden fibre” ? Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of
Ans : SQP 2016 sugarcane in India.
Jute is known as golden fibre because of its
colour and because of its economic importance
as it earns foreign exchange.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
118. Name the three cropping seasons in India.
Ans : SQP 2005 125. State any two steps being taken by the
Rabi, Kharif and Zaid. government to discourage shifting cultivation.
Ans : MAIN 2024
119. Name the two states where rice is grown as a
cash crop. Why ? It poses a significant threat to the
environment by accelerating soil erosion and
Ans : COMP 2007
contributing to floods and silting in the lower
Punjab and Haryana because here self parts of river floodplains. Additionally, the
consumption is very less. burning of vegetation releases higher levels of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
120. What kind of soil is needed for the cultivation
of wheat ? 126. Why is agriculture considered an important
Ans : MAIN 2009 sector of Indian economy? (Any two points)
Clay loam soil or black soils or alluvial soil or Ans : MAIN 2024

friable loam. The soil should be able to retain Agriculture considered an important sector
moisture. of Indian economy due to following reasons :
1. Agriculture also supports livestock rearing
121. Name the crop which is being planted. Give
by providing suitable environmental
one benefit of this method of planting this
conditions and fodder. With over 60% of
crop
India’s land being arable, about 70% of
Ans : SQP 2018 rural families depend on agriculture for
Rice, The process of transplantation allows their livelihood.
better penetration of the roots in the soil. 2. Agriculture generates employment
for millions of people. It is the largest
122. Name of one state in North and one in South private sector occupation, providing jobs
India where sugarcane is grown extensively to approximately 58.4% of the country’s
Ans : COMP 2004 workforce.
Uttar Pradesh in the north and Tamil Nadu 127. Give two points of difference between
in the south are the states which produce Plantation and Mixed Farming.
sugarcane in large quantities.
Ans : MAIN 2024
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE
Ans : COMP 2011
Maize is cultivated extensively in Bihar,
North-East India and South India are the Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
two main centres where tea is auctioned.
108. Name any three millets.
101. Name two important regions where tea is Ans : COMP 2013
grown it South India.
The three millets are Jowar, Bajra and Ragi.
Ans : COMP 2016

In South India, tea is grown in Nilgiri and 109. In which state in South India rice is grown
Palni. extensively. Why?
Ans : COMP 2011
102. Name two main varieties of coffee grown in
India. Tamil Nadu is an important producer of
rice. About 75 per cent of the produces is
Ans : MAIN 2003
contributed by Thanjaner South Arcot,
Two main varieties of coffee grown in India Chingleput. North Arcot and Madurai.
are :
(i) Coffee arabica 110. What do you understand by the term
(ii) Coffea robu ‘cereals’ ?
Ans : SQP 2008
103. Why are youn coffee plants protected from
heat ? The term ‘cereals’ denotes all types of grass
like plants, which have starchy edible seeds.
Ans : MAIN 2009

The youn coffee plants are protected from 111. What kind of soil is needed for the cultivation
heat because the direct rays of the sun are of millets ?
injurious to the coffee plant. Ans : MAIN 2004

104. With reference to the type of soil only state, As far as soil is concerned millets, do not
why Ragi is grown in Tamil Nadu ? have any special requirements but loamy
sandy and clayey deep regur and alluvium
Ans : SQP 2005
are best suited.
Ragi is grown in Tamil Nadu due to its
inferior alluvial soil. 112. What improved method of cultivation can
help raise rice production in India?
105. What are millets ? Ans : COMP 2008
Ans : MAIN 2015
The Japanese method of cultivation can help
Several species of the grass family such as to raise the rice production in India.
Jowar, Bajra and ragi have been given a
common name called ‘millets’. 113. Name three states leading in the production
of wheat.
106. What are the uses of maize besides as an Ans : SQP 2002
article of food ?
Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh is the
Ans : SQP 2023
leading producer of wheat in India.
Besides as an article of food, maize is also
used as fodder for cattles. 114. Name two states which produce long staple
cotton.
107. Name three states of India where maize is Ans : SQP 2004
cultivated extensively.
Punjab and Haryana.
Ans : MAIN 2009
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fertility by naturally adding nitrogen, nurseries :

reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. 1. Transplantation allows for deeper
root penetration, enabling the plants
135. Name the months when the kharif crops are to establish more firmly in the soil.
sown and harvested. 2. Transplantation significantly
Ans : SQP 1993 enhances crop yield by ensuring
Kharif crops are sown during June and July healthier, stronger plants that are
and harvested in October and November. better spaced and less susceptible to
weeds.
136. Which are the two staple food crops of India?
Name against each the agricultural season in 140. How has poverty and fragmentation of land
which it is grown. become problems of agricultural India ?
Ans : SQP 1993
Ans : COMP 2014

The two staple food crops of India are: (i) Fragmentation of land and poverty
1. Rice : Grown during the Kharif season. prevent farmers from affording modern
2. Wheat : Grown during the Rabi season. inputs such as fertilizers, high-yield
variety (HYV) seeds and pesticides.
137. State the three coarse grains (millets) grown (ii) Poverty limits farmers’ ability to invest
in India. Name two states where these are in modern machinery like tractors and
grown on a large scale. harvesters, resulting in low per hectare
Ans : COMP 1993 productivity.
The coarse grains grown in India include 141. What is Zayad/Zaid cropping season ?
Jowar, Bajra and Ragi. Ragi is cultivated
Ans : MAIN 2022
in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, while
Bajra is primarily grown in Karnataka In addition to rabi and kharif crops, farmers
and Maharashtra. Ragi is also produced in cultivate an additional crop during the
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan. summer months of April, May and June,
right after the rabi harvest. This is known as
138. Mention two features of subsistence the Zaid season. The crop season is short and
agriculture. it primarily includes the cultivation of fruits
Ans : COMP 2008 and vegetables.
(i) Farmers grow crops primarily for their 142. (i) Name once important plantation crop.
own consumption, rather than for sale in (ii) Explain two important characteristics of
the market. plantation farming with reference to the
(ii) It is labor-intensive, relying heavily on crop named above.
manual labor and traditional farming Ans : COMP 1995
methods.
(i) Tea is a plantation crop.
139. With reference to rice cultivation, answer the (ii) Two important characteristics of
following : plantation farming with reference tea
(i) Name two leading states in the production crop are :
of rice. (a) Plantation farms are typically large,
(ii) Give two advantages of growing rice in with the size of the farm ranging from
nurseries. 5 to 40 hectares.
Ans : COMP 2008, 2013 (b) These farms employ a large workforce,
as the cultivation and processing of
(i) West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh.
crops require significant labor.
(ii) Two advantages of growing rice in
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

143. Mention a leading beverage crop of India. 1. Climate : Sugarcane thrives in hot and
What are its requirements in terms of soil humid climates, with an ideal temperature
and rainfall ? range of 20°C to 30°C.
Ans : SQP 2008
2. Rainfall : It requires 75 to 150 cm of well-
distributed rainfall, or adequate irrigation
A leading beverage crop of India is tea. Soil in dry areas.
and rainfall requirements of tea are : 3. Soil : Sugarcane grows best in deep,
(i) Soil requirements : Tea requires well- fertile, well-drained loamy soil rich in
drained, acidic soil rich in organic matter. organic matter.
(ii) Rainfall requirements : Tea grows best in 4. Growing season : A long, sunny growing
regions with heavy and evenly distributed season of 8 to 10 months is needed for
rainfall, typically between 150 to 250 cm optimal growth.
annually.
148. The yield of sugarcane is higher in the
144. State two important aspects of the Japanese Deccan’. Give reason.
method of rice cultivation.
Ans : MAIN 2015
Ans : SQP 2006
(a) The sugar content in sugarcane is higher
1. Transplantation : Rice seedlings are first in the southern states due to ideal climatic
grown in nurseries and then transplanted conditions, such as warmer temperatures
to the main field, ensuring better plant and better irrigation systems.
spacing and healthier growth. (b) Favourable geographical conditions,
2. Use of fertilizers : The Japanese method including fertile soil, adequate rainfall
emphasizes the use of high-quality and longer growing seasons, contribute to
fertilizers and nutrients to enhance crop increased crop yield.
productivity and increase yields.
149. “India has very large area under sugarcane
145. What is meant by the term ‘oilcake’ ? cultivation but still the production is less as
Ans : COMP 1998, 2001, 2010
compared to Cuba”. Give reason.
Ans : COMP 2010
Oilcake refers to the solid residue left after oil
is extracted from oilseeds, such as mustard, (a) The sugarcane grown in India is typically
groundnut, or soybean. It is commonly used of the thin variety with a lower sugar
as animal feed or as an organic fertilizer due content, leading to reduced overall sugar
to its high nutrient content. production.
(b) The sugar industry in India has not fully
146. Name the state where rice is grown almost developed due to factors like outdated
exclusively as a cash crop. What makes rice technology, inefficient processing and
the staple food crop of India ? limited modernization in farming and
Ans : MAIN 2011 production techniques.
West Bengal is the state where rice is mainly 150. Why must the sugar mills be near the sugar
grown as a cash crop. Rice is the staple food fields?
of India due to its adaptability to various
Ans : SQP 2010
climates, high yield and being a major source
of carbohydrates for the population. Sugar mills must be located near sugar fields
because sugarcane is a perishable crop that
147. What are the geographical requirements of begins to lose its sugar content soon after
sugarcane ? harvesting. Proximity to the fields ensures
Ans : SQP 2002, 2017 that the cane can be processed quickly,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 241

preserving its sugar quality and maximizing it either directly or indirectly. It provides
production efficiency. This also reduces essential raw materials for industries,
transportation costs and prevents spoilage. generates foreign exchange through exports
of agricultural products and contributes 30%
151. Why is a lot of labour required for its to the nation’s income.
cultivation?
Ans : COMP 2010
155. Write two differences between intensive and
extensive farming.
A lot of labor is required for sugarcane
cultivation because it is a labor-intensive Ans : COMP 2003, 2013

crop that involves multiple stages, such as

planting, weeding, irrigating and harvesting, Aspect Intensive Extensive
which often need to be done manually. Farming Farming
Additionally, sugarcane harvesting requires Method of Production is Production is
precision and is typically done by hand, Increasing increased by increased by
further increasing the demand for labor. Production using higher bringing more
inputs such land under
152. ‘Which state is the leading producer of jute’ ? as fertilizers, cultivation.
Give any two factors responsible for this. irrigation
Ans : SQP 2009 and modern
West Bengal is the leading producer of jute techniques.
because : Location Practiced Practiced
1. The region experiences heavy and evenly in densely in sparsely
distributed rainfall (170 cm - 200 cm), populated populated
which is essential for jute cultivation. areas where areas where
2. Alluvial soil in the Ganga-Brahmaputra additional more land is
delta is ideal for jute, as the plant thrives land is not available.
in this soil and regular flooding helps available for
replenish nutrients, compensating for the expansion.
fact that jute is a soil-exhausting crop.
156. Which are two factors according to you
153. Which is the most important and widespread responsible for the low yields of crops per
fibre crop of India. What kind of soil is suited hectare in India ?
to this crop and why ?
Ans : SQP 2003, 2010
Ans : MAIN 1996
(i) Traditional farming methods : Many
Jute is a significant and widespread fiber
farmers still rely on outdated techniques
crop in India. Being a soil-exhausting crop, it
and lack access to modern agricultural
requires the soil to be replenished annually. In
tools and technologies.
the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, annual floods
(ii) Soil depletion: Continuous farming
deposit fresh layers of alluvium, renewing
without proper soil management has led
the soil and creating ideal conditions for jute
to decreased soil fertility, impacting crop
cultivation.
productivity.
154. Why is agriculture called the main stay of
157. Mention two problems faced by the
Indian economy ?
agricultural sector of India.
Ans : SQP 2018
Ans : COMP 2022
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian
1. Fragmentation of landholdings : Due
economy, as 67% of the population relies on
to inheritance and population growth,
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

agricultural land is divided into smaller, economy as about 67% of the population
less productive plots, making efficient depends on it directly or indirectly.
farming difficult. (ii) It supplies essential raw materials to
2. Inadequate irrigation : A large portion industries, supporting sectors like textiles,
of farmland depends on erratic monsoon food processing and more.
rains, leading to water shortages and
inconsistent crop yields. 162. State two reasons to explain why the
cultivation of oil seeds is lagging behind in
158. Why is cotton grown widely in the deccan recent times.
plateau? Ans : COMP 2003
Ans : SQP 2004
The major reasons for the decline in oilseed
Cotton is widely grown in the Deccan Plateau cultivation in recent times are:
because : (i) Increased vegetable oil imports, which
(i) Favorable climate : Cotton requires a reduce the demand for domestically
warm climate with temperatures between produced oilseeds.
21°C to 27°C and abundant sunshine (ii) Drought conditions, which negatively
during its growth. These conditions are impact the growth and yield of oilseed
prevalent in the Deccan Plateau. crops.
(ii) Soil : Cotton thrives in black soil, which
is found in most parts of the Deccan 163. Which oilseed is inedible by man ? State any
Plateau, providing the necessary nutrients two uses of its oil.
and moisture retention for the crop. Ans : MAIN 2000

159. Why is tea considered a labour intensive The oilseed castor is inedible by humans.
crop? Name two states where it is grown. Two uses of castor oil:
1. Industrial use: Castor oil is used as a
Ans : COMP 2004
lubricant in machinery and engines.
Tea is considered a labour-intensive crop 2. Pharmaceutical use: It is used in
because key activities like sowing, pruning medicines, particularly as a laxative and
and plucking require a significant number of in skincare products.
both skilled and unskilled workers.
164. State the soil and water requirements of
160. Give the geographical conditions required for jute and name the state which is the leading
the production of cotton. producer of jute.
Ans : MAIN 2006, 2012 Ans : COMP 1993

1. Climate : Warm temperatures between Jute requires 175-200 cm of rainfall and clean,
21°C to 27°C with abundant sunshine. soft water for the retting process. It thrives in
2. Rainfall : Moderate rainfall of 50 to 100 friable alluvial soil, rich in salts, or in sandy
cm or irrigation in drier areas. and loamy soils. West Bengal is the leading
3. Soil : Grows best in well-drained black producer of jute in India.
soil.
4. Growing season : Requires a long, frost- 165. Mention any two problems of agriculture in
free period of 6 to 8 months. India.
Ans : SQP 2000
161. What is the importance of agriculture in
India? Mention two factors. 1. Indian agriculture is mainly subsistence-
based, utilizing extensive manual labor
Ans : SQP 2012
to produce just enough food for family
(i) Agriculture is the mainstay of the Indian consumption, with only a minimal surplus
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 243

available for sale in the market. cultivation.

2. A large part of India’s soil has been 2. Climate: Pulses or gram thrive in high
degraded because it has been continuously temperatures, ranging from 20°C to 30°C
ploughed for the past 4,000 to 5,000 years. and can grow well with low to moderate
rainfall of 50 cm to 75 cm.
166. What is meant by ‘pruning’ ? State the
reason for pruning. 171. Why is South India in a better position for
Ans : SQP 2003
production of tea ?

Pruning refers to the removal of the central Ans : SQP 2015

leading stem to shape the tea plant into a South India is well-suited for tea production
small bush. This process encourages the due to its favorable climate and the sloping
growth of new shoots, resulting in softer, terrain of the Nilgiri Hills, which provide
tender leaves. ideal conditions for tea cultivation.

167. Write a short note on upland rice. 172. What is the main use of processed jute ?
Ans : COMP 2005
What other uses have been found for the
crop?
Upland rice is cultivated in hilly regions and
is typically sown in March or April, with Ans : COMP 2017

harvesting occurring in September-October. The main use of processed jute is for making
This type of agriculture relies solely on sacks and bags used for packaging agricultural
rainfall distribution. The crop takes about products like rice, wheat and pulses.
six months to mature and is primarily grown Other uses of jute include :
for local consumption. 1. Textiles : Jute is used in the production
of carpets, rugs and curtains.
168. How are the pulses harvested in India ? 2. Furniture and handicrafts : It is used to
Ans : MAIN 2006 make furniture upholstery, decorative
Pulses are often rotated with other crops items and handicrafts.
because, as leguminous plants, they have the 3. Geotextiles : Jute is used in geotextiles for
ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. soil erosion control and road construction.
This process helps to naturally enhance soil 173. Why must cotton bolls be picked immediately?
fertility, benefiting subsequent crops.
Ans : SQP 2006
169. What kind of soil is needed for the cultivation Cotton bolls must be picked immediately to
of wheat ? prevent destruction by birds or pests such as
Ans : MAIN 2008 boll weevils, bollworms and wilt, which can
Suitable soils for cultivation include clay significantly damage the crop.
loam, black soils, alluvial soils and friable 174. What two conditions favour the growth of tea
loam. These soil types are preferred because in the Nilgiris ?
they have the ability to retain moisture
effectively, ensuring that the crops receive Ans : MAIN 1999

the necessary water for optimal growth. 1. The Nilgiris’ temperature range of 27º
to 35ºC and rainfall of 150 to 300 cm
170. State the climatic conditions suitable for the create ideal climatic conditions for tea
cultivation of pulses. cultivation.
Ans : SQP 2012 2. The region’s red and yellow, well-drained
1. Soil: Pulses or gram can be grown in dry, soils, along with frost-free hill slopes,
light soils that are well-suited for their further support the growth of tea.
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

175. State three factors which favour the modern technology result in lower yields
cultivation of coffee in south India. Name the and poor quality sugarcane.
leading producer of coffee in India. (ii) Delayed payments : Farmers often face
Ans : SQP 1999
delays in payments from sugar mills,
causing financial strain.
Three factors favoring coffee cultivation in Role of the Central Government :
South India: (i) The government provides subsidies for
1. Warm, humid climate (15°C to 28°C). inputs like fertilizers, seeds and irrigation
2. Well-distributed rainfall (125 to 200 cm). to reduce production costs.
3. Hilly terrain in the Western Ghats (ii) The government enforces regulations to
provides good drainage. ensure sugar mills make timely payments
176. With which crop do you associate Ratooning? to farmers and implements schemes like
the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP)
Ans : COMP 1998
to secure farmers’ incomes.
Ratooning is a method used in sugarcane
cultivation, where the cane is cut close to the 179. What conditions of soil and climate are
ground after the first harvest. After a few suitable for the cultivation of maize ?
days, the plant begins to regrow, producing Ans : COMP 2007

a second crop known as the ratoon. This (i) Soil conditions for maize cultivation:
technique is commonly associated with the (a) Maize grows best in well-drained,
sugarcane crop. fertile loamy soil with good organic
content.
177. Which are the two most important oilseed
(b) The soil should have a neutral pH
crops of India? State the crop season and
(6.5 to 7.5) for optimal growth.
the major areas in which each one of them
(ii) Climate conditions for maize cultivation:
is grown ?
(a) Maize requires a warm climate with
Ans : COMP 2008
temperatures ranging between 21°C
1. Groundnut : to 27°C.
(i) Crop season : Kharif season (June to (b) It needs moderate rainfall of about
October) 60 to 100 cm, but it is sensitive to
(ii) Major areas : Grown in Gujarat, waterlogging and frost.
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and
Maharashtra. 180. Is maize a rabi or kharif crop ? Name three
2. Mustard : leading producers of maize ?
(i) Crop season : Rabi season (October Ans : MAIN 2004

to April) Maize is primarily a Kharif crop, but in

(i) Major areas : Grown in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, it is cultivated as a Rabi crop.
Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, it is grown in both Rabi and Kharif
seasons. The leading producers of maize are
178. Mention two problems faced by the sugarcane
Uttar Pradesh, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh.
cultivators in India and state the role of
the Central Government in solving these 181. Why are the millets so widely grown ?
problems.
Ans : SQP 2008
Ans : SQP 2005
Millets, being part of the grass family, do not
Two problems faced by sugarcane cultivators have specific soil requirements. They thrive
in India: in warm weather and can grow with minimal
(i) Low yield and poor quality : Traditional rainfall, making them widely cultivated due
farming methods and lack of access to to their adaptability to various conditions.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 245

182. Why is the yield of sugarcane higher in the 186. Give two reasons stating the economic
Deccan? importance of the tea industry.
Ans : COMP 2003 Ans : MAIN 2005

The higher yield of sugarcane in the Deccan (i) Being labour-intensive, it provides
is due to : employment to over a million workers.
(i) Favorable geographical conditions and (ii) The tea industry significantly contributes
(ii) The implementation of modern scientific to the country’s economy by earning
cultivation methods. substantial foreign exchange.

183. What is meant by agro-industry ? 187. Why is jute called the “brown paper bag of
Ans : MAIN 2000
wholesale trade” ?

Agro-industry refers to industries that Ans : SQP 2007

process and transform agricultural products Jute is referred to as the “brown paper
into finished goods or value-added products. bag of wholesale trade” because jute fabric
This includes activities like processing crops, is extensively used for packaging various
livestock and other raw materials produced agricultural and industrial products, such
by agriculture into food products, textiles, as rice, wheat, cotton bales, cement and
beverages and other goods. fertilizer.

184. Discuss the drug obtained from the annual 188. What is meant by “Retting “?
castor plant and its properties. Ans : COMP 2019
Ans : SQP 2005
Retting is a microbiological process used in
The drug obtained from the annual castor jute processing, where the outer bark of the
plant is castor oil, which is extracted from jute stalk is loosened, making it easier to
the seeds of the plant. separate the fibers from the stalk.
Properties :
(i) Laxative : Used to relieve constipation. 189. Describe the appearance of a fully-grown jute
(i) Anti-inflammatory : Moisturizes skin and plant.
reduces inflammation. Ans : MAIN 2009

(iii)Antimicrobial : Helps treat minor The fully-grown jute plant typically reaches
infections. a height of 2-4 meters and resembles a spear.
(iv) Lubricant : Used in machinery due to its The stem is about 1 inch thick, with a few
high viscosity. branches emerging near the top. The fiber is
185. Name the non-edible oil seeds. Why are they extracted from the inner bark of the stem.
so called? 190. Where in India does long staple cotton grow?
Ans : COMP 2013
Ans : COMP 2010

Non-edible oil seeds include castor, neem and In India, long staple cotton is cultivated in
jatropha. Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu
They are called non-edible because the oil and Andhra Pradesh.
extracted from these seeds is not safe for
human consumption due to the presence of 191. What is meant by Green Revolution ?
toxic compounds or their industrial uses.
Ans : MAIN 2010
These oils are primarily used in products
like lubricants, biodiesel, soaps and cosmetics The Green Revolution refers to the significant
rather than for cooking or food. rise in India’s agricultural production and
productivity, particularly in major cereal
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

crops like wheat, following the adoption of 2. Contribution to the economy: It helps
the New Agricultural Strategy in the late in generating significant revenue for the
1960s. country by producing surplus crops for
export, supporting economic growth and
192. State the economic importance of the tea development.
industry in India.
Ans : SQP 2017
196. Agriculture in India is a gamble on the
monsoon. Explain.
The economic significance of the tea industry
in India includes the following: Ans : SQP 2018

(i) As one of the largest tea producers, India The agricultural prosperity of India heavily
earns a significant portion of its foreign relies on timely and well-distributed rainfall.
exchange through tea exports. When the monsoon fails, agriculture suffers
(ii) Tea plantations and the industry provide significantly, which is why Indian agriculture
employment to millions of men and is often referred to as a gamble dependent on
women. the monsoon. A poor summer monsoon can
(iii)The tea industry supports related sectors lead to famines and food shortages, making
such as fertilizer, plywood and transport the monsoon a crucial factor for Indian
industries. farmers.

193. Mention the problems associated with coffee 197. How is shifting cultivation carried out ?
cultivation in India. Ans : COMP 2015
Ans : MAIN 2013
It is an ancient agricultural method where a
The problems related to coffee cultivation in section of forest is cleared by cutting down
India are: trees and burning the stumps. The cleared
(i) The current yield of coffee per hectare is area is farmed for several years until the soil’s
relatively low. fertility is significantly depleted.
(ii) The quality of coffee varies based on
climatic factors and other environmental 198. Where is shifting cultivation practised in
conditions. India? State any one disadvantage of shifting
cultivation.
194. State any two characteristics of Green Ans : SQP 2020
Revolution.
Shifting cultivation is practiced in the
Ans : COMP 2018
northeastern states of India, such as Assam,
(i) The use of large capital and technological Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur,
inputs to enhance agricultural Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh.
productivity. One disadvantage of shifting cultivation is
(ii) The adoption of modern scientific farming that it leads to deforestation and soil erosion,
methods to improve efficiency and yields. as repeated clearing and burning of forests
degrade the land over time, reducing its
195. State any two advantages of Commercial ability to support vegetation and increasing
farming. environmental degradation.
Ans : MAIN 2023
199. What is Organic farming ?
1. Higher productivity and profitability:
Commercial farming focuses on large-scale Ans : COMP 2021

production, leading to higher yields and “Organic agriculture is a distinctive

profitability due to the use of advanced production system aimed at promoting and
technology, better seeds and machinery. improving the health of agro-ecosystems,
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 247

including biodiversity, biological cycles and 204. In which region is ragi grown in India? Why?
soil biological activity. This is achieved Ans : SQP 2017
through the use of on-farm agronomic,
biological and mechanical methods, while Ragi is one of the most resilient crops, capable
completely avoiding synthetic, off-farm of thriving in areas with minimal rainfall and
inputs.” enduring extreme drought. It is commonly
cultivated in regions with an average annual
200. What is Cooperative farming ? rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm and temperatures
Ans : SQP 2021
ranging from 20°C to 30°C. Major growing
areas include West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh,
Cooperative farming is a collaborative farming Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Tamil Nadu.
initiative aimed at tackling shared challenges
and ensuring mutual benefit. While each 205. In which part of the year is wheat grown in
farmer retains individual ownership of their India ? Why ?
land, all farming activities are conducted Ans : MAIN 2000
collectively with other farmers. The profits
are distributed based on the proportion of Wheat is cultivated during the winter season
land owned by each member-farmer. in India as it thrives in the favorable climatic
conditions of this period. It is the main crop
201. What is meant by the term Ratooning ? of the rabi or winter season, benefiting from
Ans : MAIN 2008
light rainfall during its growth phase, which is
brought by western disturbances, retreating
Ratooning is the practice of allowing the monsoons and northeast monsoon winds.
stubble or lower part of a harvested plant
to grow a second crop from its existing root 206. Why is wheat not grown in the eastern and
system. It saves time and effort, commonly in the extreme southern parts of India ?
used with crops like sugarcane, though it Name the state that is the largest producer
often results in lower yields than the initial of wheat.
crop. Ans : COMP 2005

202. What is meant by the term Retting. Wheat is not cultivated in the eastern and
Ans : SQP 2011
extreme southern parts of India because the
temperature in these regions does not drop
Retting is a microbiological process where to the necessary level for its growth. Wheat
jute stems are immersed in soft, flowing water requires temperatures between 10°C and
to loosen the outer bark, making it easier to 15°C, which are not typically met in these
separate the fibers from the stalk. areas. Uttar Pradesh is the largest wheat-
203. State three factors which favour the growth producing state in India..
of tea in Assam. 207. Which is a useful ‘rotation crop’ ? Give
Ans : COMP 2003 reasons to support your answer.
Three factors that favor the growth of tea in Ans : SQP 2003
Assam are as follows: Leguminous crops, such as pulses (e.g., peas,
(i) The hilly slopes ensure excellent drainage. beans, lentils), are valuable rotation crops.
(ii) Ample rainfall is well-distributed Reasons :
throughout the year. 1. Nitrogen Fixation : These crops fix
(iii)The well-drained, light loamy soil with nitrogen in the soil through bacteria in
optimal pH levels supports tea cultivation. their root nodules, enriching soil fertility.
2. Soil Health : By enhancing soil fertility,
leguminous crops promote healthier soil,
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

1. Increased Export Opportunities : increased use of agricultural inputs.

Globalization has opened up international
markets for Indian agricultural products, 242. With reference to jute, answer the following
leading to higher exports of commodities questions :
like tea, spices and cotton, thus boosting (i) State the soil conditions that favour the
the income of farmers. growth of jute.
2. Introduction of Advanced Technologies: (ii) Why are floods beneficial for the growth
Globalization has facilitated the of jute ?
introduction of modern agricultural (iii)What are climate requirements for
technologies and practices, such as high- growing jute.
yield seeds and improved irrigation Ans : COMP 2001

methods, enhancing productivity and (i) The alluvial soil deposited by the
efficiency in Indian agriculture. Brahmaputra River supports the growth
240. State three advantages of Cooperative of jute.
farming. (ii) Although jute plants deplete soil fertility,
floods bring fresh alluvial deposits each
Ans : SQP 2010
year, replenishing the soil and benefiting
(i) Cooperative farming allows small farmers jute cultivation.
to combine their resources, purchase (iii)The three key climatic conditions favoring
inputs at bulk rates and increase jute cultivation are:
production volumes, enabling access to (a) Soil: Jute thrives in sandy and clayey
new markets. loams and grows well in the alluvial
(ii) It helps farmers negotiate better prices, soils of river plains and deltas, where
spread risks and share knowledge, skills floods annually renew the soil.
and labor efficiently. (b) Temperature: Jute flourishes at high
(iii)It enhances the quality of life for member- temperatures around 34°C with
farmers by allowing them to manage relative humidity of 80% to 90%,
time off, care for children and receive but it can also grow in areas with a
additional help when needed. minimum temperature of 27°C.
(c) Rainfall: Jute requires heavy rainfall
241. What was the impact of Green Revolution on between 170 cm and 200 cm during its
Indian agriculture ? growth period, as it cannot withstand
Ans : COMP 2011 continuous drought.
The Green Revolution had the following 243. Give a geographical reason for each of the
impact on Indian agriculture: following :
(i) It transformed Indian agriculture from (i) Plantations are managed by large
subsistence farming to a more commercial multinational companies.
and market-driven approach. (ii) Fields are rotated instead of crops in
(ii) It promoted the development of an shifting cultivation.
intensive agricultural system that boosted (iii)In Extensive agriculture, yield per hectare
production, leading to self-sufficiency in is low but total yield is large.
food grains.
(iii)The adoption of new technologies Ans : SQP 2004

during the Green Revolution generated (i) Plantations require large-scale

more employment opportunities in the investments in infrastructure, machinery
agricultural sector. and labor, which are typically beyond the
(iv) It allowed farmers to achieve higher capacity of small farmers. Multinational
returns from agriculture through companies have the resources and
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 249
Ans : MAIN 2009
resistant and require fewer resources,
1. Alluvial Soil : Jute grows well in fertile, making them a sustainable choice for
well-drained alluvial soils. farming.
2. Moisture Retention : The soil should (iii)More than two ratoon crops are not
retain moisture, as jute requires consistent advisable for sugarcane farmers because
moisture. repeated ratooning depletes soil nutrients,
3. pH : Jute prefers slightly acidic to neutral leading to a decline in crop quality and
soil with a pH of 6.4 to 7.2. yield.

217. In what way is Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta 220. (i) Name the most important fibre crop in
suitable for jute cultivation ? West Bengal.
Ans : SQP 2015
(ii) Describe two geographical conditions
which favour the growth of this crop.
Since jute depletes soil fertility, the Ganga-
Brahmaputra Delta holds a virtual monopoly Ans : SQP 2005

in jute cultivation because the soil in this (i) The most important fiber crop in West
region is enriched annually by the alluvial Bengal is jute.
deposits brought by seasonal floods. (ii) Two geographical conditions which favour
the growth of this crop :
218. What is meant by “transplantation”? State (a) Rainfall : Jute requires heavy rainfall
two of its advantages. of about 170 cm to 200 cm, evenly
Ans : SQP 2007 distributed throughout the growing
Transplantation is the process of growing period. Prolonged drought can
seedlings in a nursery and then transferring severely damage the crop.
them to the main field. (b) Temperature : Jute thrives in a hot
Two advantages of transplantation : and humid climate, with temperatures
1. It produces stronger, healthier plants. ranging from 24°C to 35°C and high
2. It ensures better spacing for improved relative humidity.
growth and yield.
221. Give one reason for each of the following :
(i) Tea is grown mainly on hill and mountain
soil.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS (ii) The groundnut crop is often used as a
rotation crop with bajra, jowar and gram.
(iii)Ratoon cropping is popular in sugarcane.
219. Give one reason to explain each of the Ans : COMP 2007, 2012, 2015, 2018
following:
(i) West Bengal is a leading producer of jute. (i) Because tea roots cannot tolerate
(ii) Millets are fast becoming the popular stagnant water, growing on hill slopes
food crops. ensures proper drainage.
(iii)More than two ratoon crops are not (ii) Groundnut roots contain rhizobium
advisable for sugarcane farmers. bacteria, which convert atmospheric
nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds,
Ans : MAIN 2024
enriching the soil for the next crop.
(i) West Bengal produces a large amount of (iii)Ratoons mature faster and the cultivation
jute due to its hot and humid climate, cost is significantly lower since replanting
along with fertile alluvial soil, which is is not required.
ideal for jute cultivation.
(ii) Millets are gaining popularity because
they are highly nutritious, drought-
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

222. Differentiate between a Rabi crop and Kharif 224. With reference to the cultivation of tea in
crop. southern India :
Ans : COMP 2015
(i) Name one important tea growing area.
(ii) Name the most important port for the
Aspect Rabi Crop Kharif Crop export of tea.
(iii)Why are pulses so widely grown all over
Sowing Sown in Sown in
India? Give one reason why pulses are a
season winter monsoon
good rotation crops for rice.
(October to (June to
(iv) Define : Ratooning, Retting.
December) July)
Ans : COMP 1998, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2013
Harvesting Harvested in Harvested
season spring (April in autumn (i) Kerala
to June) (September (ii) Kolkata Port
to October) (iii)Pulses are a major source of protein for
people. They serve as excellent rotation
Water Requires Requires
crops because, as leguminous plants,
requirement less water, more water,
they help restore soil fertility by fixing
grows in dry depend on
nitrogen.
conditions monsoon
(iv) (a) Ratooning : In sugarcane cultivation,
rains
ratooning involves cutting the cane
Examples Wheat, Rice, maize, close to the ground. After a period of
barley, cotton time, the stem begins to regrow and
mustard produces a second crop, known as the
ratoon.
223. Define the following terms : (b) Retting : Retting is a process used in
(i) Broadcasting jute cultivation where bundles of jute
(ii) Dribbling stalks are submerged in soft, running
(iii)Drilling water for 2 to 3 weeks to separate the
Ans : COMP 2004, 2013, 2011 fiber from the stems.
(i) Broadcasting : It is a method of sowing 225. How is sugarcane propagated ?
seeds where they are scattered by hand
Ans : MAIN 2010, 2015
or mechanically across the field without a
specific pattern. This method is typically Sugarcane is propagated by following two
used for small seeds or in areas where methods :
uniform seed placement is not essential. (a) Sett Method : In this methods, setts are
(ii) Dribbling : It is a method of sowing taken from a healthy sugarcane plant
where seeds are dropped one by one and planted at equal intervals in furrows.
or in small groups at regular intervals, Within about two weeks, the plant begins
either manually or using a special tool. to grow, with new stalks emerging from
This method ensures more accurate seed the soil and leaves appearing shortly
placement compared to broadcasting. thereafter.
(iii)Drilling : Drilling is the most economical (b) Ratooning : In this method, the cane is
method of sowing seeds in straight lines cut close to the ground. After some time,
at regular intervals. It involves using a the stem regrows, producing a second
bamboo shaft attached to a plough, crop, known as the ratoon.
which creates furrows for precise seed
226. Differentiate between commercial agriculture
placement.
and subsistence agriculture.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 251
Ans : SQP 2007
Rice Wheat
Aspect Commercial Subsistence An average It requires varying
Agriculture Agriculture temperature of climates for sowing
Purpose Grown for sale Grown 25ºC is ideal for the and harvesting.
and profit, primarily crop. In the early During the early
often for large for family growing stages, a stages, a temperature
markets. consumption temperature range range of 10ºC to
and local of 16ºC to 20ºC 15ºC is needed, while
needs. is preferred, while during the ripening
during the ripening stage, temperatures
Scale of Conducted on Conducted stage, temperatures between 25ºC to
Operation large farms on small between 18ºC and 28ºC are ideal.
with modern plots with 32ºC are most
equipment. traditional suitable.
tools.
It requires rainfall Rainfall of 50 cm-75
Use of High use Minimal use ranging between cm is sufficient.
Technology of modern of modern *150 cm to 300 cm.
technology, technology,
machinery relies on It requires loamy Loamy, domat
and fertilizers. manual labor and alluvial soil. and black soils are
preferred, with the
Crop Focuses on Focuses on soil needing to be
Variety cash crops food crops like well-drained, have
like cotton, rice, wheat a good texture and
sugarcane and and maize. contain humus along
tea. with a small amount
of lime.
227. State an important difference between the
climatic requirements for growing cotton and 229. How is the government helping Indian farmers
jute. in increasing their agriculture production ?
Ans : MAIN 2022 Explain any four points.
Ans : COMP 2000, 2019
Aspect Cotton Jute
1. Launching of Irrigation Schemes : The
Climate Warm and Hot and
government has developed numerous
dry climate humid
multipurpose projects to provide both
climate
power and irrigation facilities to farmers.
Rainfall Moderate Heavy 2. HYV Seeds and Agricultural Universities
rainfall (50 to rainfall (170 : To boost production, the government
80 cm) to 200 cm) distributes High-Yielding Variety (HYV)
Temperature 21°C to 27°C 27°C to 34°C seeds to farmers, conducts specialized
seminars and has established many new
agricultural universities.
3. Public Procurement System and
Agriculture Price Commission : The
228. Compare the geographical requirements of
Agriculture Price Commission has been
wheat and rice.
established to set advance prices for
Ans : SQP 2011
agricultural products, enabling farmers
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

to know the expected returns for their 232. Explain the following :
produce. Additionally, government (i) The propagation of sugarcane by
agencies like the Food Corporation ratooning.
of India (FCI) purchase agricultural (ii) The propagation of paddy by trans-
products directly from farmers. plantation.
Ans : MAIN 2012
230. What are the geographical conditions
necessary for the cultivation of groundnuts? (i) (a) After harvesting the first crop, the
Ans : SQP 2008
lower part of the cane and the roots
are left in the field.
Groundnut is a tropical leguminous plant (b) The remaining stem begins to grow
cultivated during both the Kharif and Rabi and produces a second crop called
seasons. a ratoon, which is a successive crop
(i) Temperature : Groundnut thrives in obtained from the leftover roots and
regions with temperatures ranging from cane after the first harvest.
22°C to 28°C. (ii) (a) Transplanting is the process of
(ii) Rainfall : Being drought-resistant, moving seedlings from the nursery to
groundnut can grow in areas with low the main field.
rainfall. It performs best in regions (b) This process allows farmers to select
receiving 50-75 cm of well-distributed only healthy and robust seedlings for
rainfall, particularly during the flowering cultivation, while rejecting weaker
stage. ones.
(iii)Soil : Groundnut grows optimally in light
sandy soils, as well as in red and black 233. Explain the following terms and name the
soils. crop with which each is associated.
(i) Retting
231. Give geographical reasons for the following : (ii) Ratooning
(i) Jute has to be retted. (iii)Ginning
(ii) Cotton grows widely in Maharashtra.
Ans : SQP 2017
(iii)Clonal planting is the best method for tea
propagation. (i) Retting : Retting is a microbiological
(iv) Oilseeds are an important commercial process where jute bundles are soaked
crop grown in India. in clean, soft water for 2-3 weeks. This
Ans : SQP 2012, 2018
soaking helps loosen the outer bark,
making it easier to extract the fibers from
(i) Retting separates jute fibers from the the stalk.
woody core by soaking stems in water, (ii) Ratooning : Ratooning is a method used
enabling microorganisms to break down in sugarcane cultivation where the cane is
non-fibrous material for clean fiber cut close to the ground, leaving the roots
extraction. intact in the soil. This allows new shoots
(ii) Black soil and a semi-arid climate with to grow from the remaining root stock,
moderate rainfall and long sunny periods producing a second or successive crop
make Maharashtra ideal for cotton known as a ratoon.
cultivation. (iii)Ginning : Ginning is the process of
(iii)It ensures uniform growth, higher yields separating cotton fibers from their seeds
and preserves desirable traits like flavor or raw material, preparing the fibers for
and adaptability. further processing into textiles.
(iv) They provide edible oil, suit diverse
climates and have by-products used as
cattle feed and fertilizers.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 253

234. With the reference to the rice cultivation, portion of India’s population relies on
answer the following : agriculture for their livelihood, with
(i) Name the soil suitable for its growth. the rural economy still centered around
(ii) Name the state that is the largest agriculture and agro-based industries like
producer of this crop in India. cotton textiles, jute, sugar and tobacco.
(iii)In which cropping season is it generally 2. Foreign Exchange : India earns significant
grown in India. foreign exchange by exporting agricultural
Ans : COMP 2022
products such as cotton, tea, cashew
nuts, spices and oilseeds to industrialized
(i) Alluvial soil is ideal for rice cultivation, nations.
as it retains water and is rich in nutrients. 3. Rural Stability : Agriculture provides a
(ii) West Bengal is the largest producer of reliable source of income, helping to reduce
rice in the country. the migration of the rural population to
(iii)Rice is generally grown during the Kharif urban areas to some extent.
season (June to November) in India.
237. What are fibre crops ? Give two examples of
235. Answer the following : plant fibre crops.
(i) Name the months when the kharif crops
are : Ans : SQP 2004

(a) sown Fibre crops are plants grown specifically for

(b) harvested. the extraction of their fibers, which are used
(ii) Give two geographical requirements for to make textiles, ropes and other products.
growing joar in India. Two examples of plant fibre crops are:
(iii)Name the state that leads in the 1. Cotton
cultivation of jowar. 2. Jute
Ans : SQP 1999
238. Describe briefly the processing of jute.
(i) Kharif crops: Ans : COMP 2006
(a) Sown: Kharif crops are typically sown
in June-July with the onset of the The following are the three steps involved in
monsoon. preparing jute for export:
(b) Harvested: Kharif crops are harvested (i) The jute plants are harvested and left to
in October-November. dry for 2-3 days until the leaves fall off.
(ii) Two geographical requirements for The stalks are then bundled into 25 cm
growing jowar in India : diameter bundles.
(a) Climate : Jowar requires a warm (ii) The retting process begins by submerging
and dry climate with temperatures the bundles in soft, flowing water for 2-3
between 26°C and 33°C. weeks. The process is complete when the
(b) Soil : Jowar grows best in well-drained fibers easily slip out when the stalk is
alluvial and loamy soils, though it can pressed between the finger and thumb.
also thrive in red and black soils. (iii)The stalks are beaten with a wooden
(iii)State leading in jowar cultivation : mallet to loosen the fibers. The extracted
Maharashtra is the leading state in the fibers are washed, wrung and dried in
cultivation of jowar in India. the sun. They are then sorted by quality,
pressed into 180 kg bales and made ready
236. Why is agriculture said to be the backbone of for export.
the Indian economy ?
239. Give any of two effects of globalisation on
Ans : MAIN 2000
Indian agriculture?
1. Agricultural Dependency : A large Ans : MAIN 2024
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

5. Spinning : The sliver is fed into spindles 3. Development of Irrigation Infrastructure

and spun to produce cotton yarn, ready : To ensure consistent irrigation, the
for textile manufacturing. government has constructed large water
reservoirs and extensive canal systems.
262. With reference to groundnuts, answer the 4. Formation of Cooperative Societies :
following questions : Cooperative societies have been set up to
(a) Which two states in India are the leading address and resolve the various challenges
producers of groundnut ? faced by farmers, providing them with
(b) What conditions of temperature and necessary support and resources.
rainfall favour the growth of groundnut?
(c) Mention the main uses of groundnut. 264. State the economic importance of oilseeds.
Ans : SQP 2011 Ans : MAIN 2016

(a) Groundnut oil is commonly used for The economic significance of oilseeds is as
cooking and its oil-cake serves as cattle follows:
feed. The nuts are consumed roasted, (i) Oilseeds hold great importance in Indian
salted, or sweetened. Gujarat and Andhra agriculture, ranking just below cereals in
Pradesh are the top groundnut-producing terms of value and contribution to the
states in India. economy.
(b) Conditions of temperature and rainfall (ii) Vegetable oil is a key dietary component,
favour the growth of groundnut are : with over 80% of the oil produced being
(i) Temperature: Groundnuts thrive consumed as food.
in temperatures between 20°C and (iii)Vegetable oils, such as linseed oil, have
25°C. Dry weather is essential during industrial uses in products like paints,
the ripening stage. varnishes and lubricants.
(ii) Rainfall: Groundnuts require light to (iv) The oil industry, from small to large
moderate rainfall, typically between scale, provides substantial employment
50 to 100 cm, with well-distributed opportunities.
rainfall throughout the season. (v) Oil cake, a by-product of oil extraction,
(c) The primary uses of groundnut are : serves as cattle feed and is also used as
(i) Groundnut oil is widely used as an fertilizer for crops like cotton, tea and
edible cooking oil. tobacco.
(ii) Groundnuts are also grown as a
rotational crop to improve soil
fertility.

263. State the remedial action taken by the

government to overcome the problems of CASE BASED QUESTION
sugarcane farmers.
Ans : SQP 2015
265. Study the picture given above and answer
1. Establishment of Fertilizer Plants : The the following questions :
government has established numerous (i) Name the crop which is being planted.
fertilizer manufacturing facilities to Give one benefit of this method of
supply farmers with the necessary planting this crop.
nutrients for their crops. (ii) Mention the climatic conditions which
2. Land Consolidation Initiatives : Measures favour the cultivation of the crop being
have been implemented by the government planted.
to merge smaller agricultural plots into (iii)Why does the cultivation of rice require a
larger, more efficient landholdings. lot of manual labour ?
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 255

expertise to manage these operations where farmers grow crops primarily to meet
efficiently and to market the produce the needs of their family or local community,
internationally. with little to no surplus for trade or sale.
(ii) In shifting cultivation, soil fertility is Two features of subsistence farming:
quickly exhausted due to continuous 1. Small Land Holdings : It is usually
cropping. Therefore, fields are rotated to practiced on small plots of land, with
allow the soil to naturally regain nutrients minimal use of modern technology and
while a new patch of land is cleared for inputs.
cultivation. 2. Low Productivity : The primary goal
(iii)Agriculture prioritizes boosting is self-sufficiency, so the output is often
production by utilizing the natural limited, with little surplus for market
fertility of the soil, favorable climate sale. The focus is on staple crops needed
and suitable terrain. This approach is for the farmer’s own consumption.
implemented on large-scale farms to
achieve higher overall yields. As a result, 246. State why is organic farming gaining
total crop production is substantial due popularity in recent times.
to extensive landholdings, although the Ans : SQP 2015

yield per unit area remains relatively low. Organic farming is becoming popular due to:
Key Features : 1. Health Benefits : It produces chemical-
(a) Large Farm Size: Farms are typically free, healthier food.
expansive in size. 2. Environmental Sustainability : It
(b) Use of Machinery: Agricultural promotes eco-friendly practices that
machinery is extensively utilized in protect soil and biodiversity.
farming practices. 3. Increased Demand : Growing awareness
(c) Crop Specialization: Farmers focus about health and the environment has
on cultivating one or two major increased demand for organic products.
commercial crops.
247. Define the benefits of the ‘New Strategy in
244. (i) What type of farming is practised in areas Indian Agriculture’.
where population is sparse and land is in
Ans : SQP 2019
plenty ?
(ii) Name two areas in India where such type The Intensive Agriculture Development
of farming is practised ? Programme (IADP), also known as the
Green Revolution, aimed to increase food
Ans : MAIN 2018
production to meet the growing population’s
(i) Extensive farming is carried out on large needs. Key measures include:
farms using machinery, with minimal (i) Introduction of high-yield seeds to boost
labor input per unit area. The focus is food crop production.
on maximizing production and the main (ii) Development of irrigation facilities to
crops cultivated include rice, wheat and withstand drought.
sugarcane. (iii)Use of fertilizers to enhance crop yield.
(ii) This type of farming is practiced in the (iv) Provision of rural electrification,
Terai region of the Sub-Himalayas and in agricultural credit and other farmer
parts of North-Western India. support services.
245. What is Subsistence farming ? Mention two (v) Establishment of agricultural universities
features of Subsistence farming to promote modern farming techniques.

Ans : MAIN 2019

Subsistence farming is a type of agriculture

CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

248. Give a few important characteristics of Indian agriculture ?

agriculture. (iv) How has the consolidation of land
Ans : MAIN 2019
holdings helped the farming community ?
Ans : COMP 2016
Important Characteristics of Indian
Agriculture: (i) Two features, which reflect a shift from
1. Monsoon Dependency : Indian agriculture subsistence farming to commercial
has traditionally relied on the monsoon farming are :
rains, which are highly unpredictable. (a) Increased use of high-yield variety
Only about one-third of the cultivated (HYV) seeds and modern machinery,
land benefits from extensive irrigation leading to higher production aimed at
systems. market sale
2. Diverse Geography and Climate : India’s (b) Specialization in cash crops like
vast and varied topography, along with cotton, sugarcane and tea, which are
its range of soil types and climatic grown for profit and export rather
conditions, supports the cultivation of a than for family consumption.
wide array of crops. (ii) (a) Use of poor quality seeds and
3. Focus on Food Crops : A key feature of dependence on monsoons, along with
Indian agriculture is the predominance the practice of primitive farming
of food crops over other types, driven by methods.
the necessity to feed a large and growing (b) Poverty and illiteracy among
population. farmers, limited use of manures,
4. Three Major Crop Seasons : India small landholdings and deforestation
experiences three primary cropping leading to soil erosion.
seasons, each influenced by seasonal (iii)Characteristics of plantation agriculture :
changes: (a) Plantation agriculture involves the
(a) Kharif Season : Crops grown during cultivation of a single crop over large
this season include rice, maize, bajra areas.
and cotton. These are typically sown (b) Crops typically take 2 to 4 years to
with the onset of the monsoon rains. yield and require significant capital
(b) Rabi Season : This season includes investment.
crops such as wheat, barley, jowar, (c) This type of farming depends on
gram and tobacco. These are usually cheap and skilled labor and follows
planted in the winter months. scientific methods of cultivation.
(c) Zaid Season : During the short (iv) Consolidation of landholdings has
summer period between the Rabi and benefited the farming community by
Kharif seasons, crops like maize, rice, preventing land fragmentation, improving
groundnut, fruits and vegetables are access to irrigation, enabling greater use
cultivated. of machinery, allowing crop rotation,
ensuring a steady income and promoting
249. In the context of the Indian Agricultural the use of scientific farming methods.
answer the following :
(i) Mention two features, which reflect a shift 250. What are the climatic conditions that favour
from subsistence farming to commercial the cultivation of cotton ?
farming. Ans : SQP 2013
(ii) Give the reasons why the yield of Indian 1. Temperature : Cotton requires a warm
Agriculture is low as compared to world climate, with temperatures ranging
standards ? between 21°C to 27°C during its growing
(iii)State the characteristics of plantation period.
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2. Rainfall : Cotton thrives in regions with leaves undergo chemical changes under
moderate rainfall of about 50 cm to 80 controlled humidity and temperature.
cm annually, but it requires a dry, sunny This process gives the tea leaves a reddish
climate during the harvesting period to color and develops their characteristic
avoid damage to the crop. taste.
3. Frost-Free Season : Cotton needs a frost- 4. Firing : The fermented leaves are dried
free period of about 200 frost-free days, by placing them on conveyor belts in an
as it is highly sensitive to frost. oven heated to 70ºC to 75ºC. This drying
4. Sunlight : Abundant sunlight is crucial step imparts a rich black color to the tea
for the healthy growth and maturation of and stops further fermentation.
cotton plants. 5. Sifting : Special sifters or screens are used
to sort the tea leaves. Leaves are separated
251. Explain the reason for the following stages in based on size and quality, distinguishing
the processing of tea : between large, small, broken and unbroken
(i) Withering leaves using different mesh sizes.
(ii) Rolling 6. Tasting and Blending : Expert tea tasters
(iii)Fermentation evaluate the quality of the tea. They
(iv) Firing blend different batches to create specific
(v) Sorting brands and ensure consistent quality.
Ans : COMP 2015 7. Grading : Tea is categorized based on its
(i) Withering : This process softens the tea quality and brand. Each grade is assigned
leaves, making them flexible for further a specific name to differentiate it in the
handling. market.
(ii) Rolling : Rolling helps to develop the 8. Packing : The graded tea is packed into
characteristic flavor of the tea. tinfoil and plywood chests. This packaging
(iii)Fermentation : During fermentation, protects the tea from moisture, ensuring
tannins are partially oxidized, changing it remains dry and maintains its quality
the leaves’ color to a coppery-red. for export.
(iv) Firing : This process turns the tea leaves 253. Mention four of the problems that jute
into their final black color. industry faces two of which should be
(v) Sorting : The tea leaves are sorted by size international problems.
using different meshes and given names
such as Pekoe, Orange Pekoe and Dust. Ans : COMP 2016

Following are the problems that jute industry

252. Name the different stages of tea processing faces:
before it is sent out to the market. 1. Stiff competition from synthetic fibers
Ans : MAIN 2013 : Jute faces competition from cheaper
Different Stages of Tea Processing : synthetic substitutes like plastic.
1. Withering : Tea leaves are spread out 2. High production costs : Jute processing
on shelves called withering racks. Air is involves high costs, making it less
circulated over the leaves to reduce their competitive in the global market.
moisture content, making them soft and 3. Decline in international demand : Global
flexible. demand for jute has decreased due to the
2. Rolling : The leaves are twisted to break preference for synthetic alternatives.
their cells. This exposes the juices to 4. Competition from Bangladesh :
the air, promoting fermentation and Bangladesh, being a major jute producer,
enhancing the tea’s unique flavor. affects India’s share in the international
3. Fermentation : Tannins in the tea jute market.
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

254. State two geographical conditions suitable 256. Give a geographical reason for each of the
for the cultivation of rice ? following:
Ans : MAIN 2009
(i) Coffee is grown on the slopes of the hills
in Peninsular India.
Condition essential for cultivation of rice : (ii) Coffee estates have coffee inter-planted
(i) Soil : Rice thrives in alluvial soil with with orange trees, cardamom and pepper
an impervious clay subsoil that prevents vines.
water drainage. It also grows well in heavy (iii)Tea bushes are pruned at regular intervals.
loam, but sandy soils are unsuitable.
Terraced hill slopes can also support rice Ans : SQP 2006

cultivation. (i) Because the slopes provide good drainage,

(ii) Climate : Rice needs abundant water, preventing waterlogging and the climate
growing best in areas with 150 to 300 at higher altitudes is cooler, which is ideal
cm of rainfall or where irrigation is for coffee cultivation.
available. Fields must be flooded during (ii) Coffee estates have coffee inter-planted
the initial weeks. It also requires warm with orange trees, cardamom and pepper
temperatures, ranging from 16°C to 20°C vines because these plants provide shade
in the early stages and 18°C to 32°C for the coffee plants and increase overall
during ripening. land productivity, creating a more
efficient and diversified farming system.
255. Give a geographical reason for each of the (iii)Tea bushes are pruned at regular intervals
following : to encourage the growth of fresh, tender
(i) Wheat cultivation is confined to the leaves, which are the most suitable for
northern parts of the country. producing high-quality tea.
(ii) Punjab is the leading producer of wheat
in India. 257. What is Ratooning ? State two advantages of
(iii)Government of India is encouraging Ratooning.
cultivation of pulses. Ans : COMP 2006
Ans : MAIN 2010
Ratoon cropping is a method used in
(i) Wheat grows best in a cool climate sugarcane farming where the mature cane is
with moderate rainfall. It requires cut close to the ground, allowing the plant to
temperatures between 10°C and 15°C regrow and produce a second crop, known as
during its growing phase and 25°C to ratoon.
28°C at ripening. Moderate rainfall of 50 Advantages of Ratoon Cropping :
cm to 100 cm is ideal during the growing (i) The cost of field preparation and planting
season, with a slight rainfall before is eliminated, significantly reducing the
ripening enhancing its quality. overall cultivation expenses.
(ii) Punjab is the leading producer of wheat (ii) Ratoon crops mature faster.
in India due to its favorable climate,
fertile alluvial soil and well-developed 258. State any three problems faced by sugarcane
irrigation facilities, which provide optimal cultivators.
conditions for wheat cultivation. Ans :
(iii)Pulses are an essential part of the Indian Problems faced by sugarcane cultivators in
diet, especially for those consuming a India include:
starchy vegetarian diet, as they provide (i) Sugarcane depletes soil nutrients and
vegetable protein. As leguminous crops, requires large amounts of manure and
pulses help fix atmospheric nitrogen, water for healthy growth.
thereby enriching soil fertility naturally. (ii) The distance between mills and growing
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 259

areas, along with issues related to chemical treatments. This combination

irrigation and transportation, pose adversely affects crop productivity and
significant challenges. sustainability.
(iii)The government-fixed prices are often (iii)Water Resource Management Issues
not profitable for farmers. : Effective management of water
resources is lacking and groundwater
259. Describe briefly the Dry Parchment method levels are depleting. Over 35% of cotton
of processing of coffee. cultivation areas depend on rain-fed
Ans : agriculture with poor irrigation facilities,
The Dry Parchment method of processing making production highly vulnerable to
coffee involves several steps: fluctuations in the monsoon season.
1. Harvesting : Ripe coffee cherries are (iv) Lack of Modern Technology and Quality
handpicked from the plants. Control : The absence of advanced
2. Drying : The cherries are then spread out technology in both cultivation and
in the sun to dry for several days. During ginning processes has negatively impacted
this time, the outer fruit layer shrinks yields and resulted in contamination.
and hardens, forming a dry husk. Cotton is prone to quality degradation
3. Hulling: Once the cherries are fully dried, during harvesting, marketing and ginning
they are processed through a machine to if proper care is not taken. Additionally,
remove the outer husk and extract the the genetic purity of cotton varieties and
coffee beans inside. hybrid seeds is deteriorating, leading to
4. Sorting and Grading: The beans are then inconsistencies in fiber composition. This
sorted and graded based on size, weight makes it challenging for export firms that
and quality before being packed for sale prioritize consistent quality. Moreover,
or further processing. there is increasing competition from
synthetic fibers, which are cheaper to
260. What are the problems associated with the produce and offer greater consistency.
growing of cotton?
261. Describe the process or stages in Ginning of
Ans :
Cotton.
Problems Facing Cotton Cultivation in India: Ans : COMP 2002
(i) Rising Input Costs and Financial Strain
: The escalating costs of seeds, fertilizers 1. Ginning : Once cotton is harvested, either
and labor have become a major issue. manually or using machines, it undergoes
The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for the ginning process. Ginning involves
cotton is significantly lower than what is separating the cotton fibers (lint) from
needed to cover these high input expenses. the seeds and removing the short fibers
Additionally, genetically modified (GM) (linters) that stick to them.
companies charge premium prices for 2. Seed Processing : The separated cotton
cotton seeds and fertilizers. These factors seeds are often crushed to extract
have led many farmers to accumulate cottonseed oil. The leftover seed residue
unmanageable debts, resulting in is then used as cattle fodder.
numerous suicides. 3. Baling : The cotton lint is compressed
(ii) Declining Yields and Soil Degradation : into bales, making it easier to transport
There is a noticeable decline in both the to manufacturing areas.
quantity and quality of cotton yields. 4. Washing and Combing : The fibers are
Continuous use of pesticides has led to the thoroughly washed and combed to create
deterioration of soil fertility, while pests a continuous, rope-like bundle known as
are increasingly developing resistance to sliver.
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

benefiting future crops in the rotation. and friable loamy soils, ideal for tea
cultivation.
208. What extra care needs to be taken for soil
health sugarcane is cultivated ? 213. Define the following terms :
Ans : COMP 2009
(a) Clonal Planting
(b) Pruning.
Sugarcane depletes the soil’s fertility, so it is
necessary to supplement the soil with organic Ans : MAIN 2014

manures and nitrogenous fertilizers to restore (a) Clonal planting is utilized in tea
its nutrient balance. cultivation by taking cuttings from a
mother plant and growing them into new
209. Give two climatic factors that favour the tea shrubs. This method ensures that
cultivation of coffee. the new plants produce tea of the same
Ans : SQP 2007 superior quality as the original mother
1. Temperature : Coffee grows best in a plant.
moderate climate with temperatures (b) Pruning involves the selective removal of
ranging between 15°C to 28°C. Extreme branches from a tree. The objectives are
heat or cold can damage the crop. to eliminate unwanted branches, improve
2. Rainfall : Coffee requires adequate rainfall the tree’s structure and encourage the
of about 125 cm to 250 cm annually, growth of new, healthy branches.
evenly distributed throughout the year, 214. Name the leading producer of tea in India.
with a dry period for ripening. State two factors that have helped it to
210. Name the three varieties of coffee plants become the leading state in tea production
grown on commercial scale in India. Name Ans : SQP 2016
one state where coffee is grown extensively. The leading producer of tea in India is Assam.
Ans : MAIN 2020 1. Assam’s abundant rainfall, exceeding
The three varieties of coffee plants grown 250 cm annually, creates highly favorable
on a commercial scale in India are Arabica, conditions for tea cultivation.
Robusta and Liberica, with Karnataka being 2. The region’s warm temperatures,
a state where coffee is extensively cultivated. consistently above 20°C, contribute
to Assam’s success as the leading tea-
211. State any two conditions that favour the producing state.
growth of tea in the Nilgiris.
215. Why is mesta an inferior substitute for jute ?
Ans : SQP 2004
Where is it growth ?
Two conditions that favor the growth of tea Ans : COMP 2012
in the Nilgiris are as follows:
(i) The Nilgiri Hills receive rainfall year- Mesta is considered an inferior substitute for
round. jute because its fibers are coarser, less durable
(ii) The hilly slopes offer excellent drainage. and of lower quality compared to jute. This
makes mesta less suitable for producing high-
212. State the advantages of growing tea plants quality textiles and products that require
on hill slopes. fine, strong fibers like those made from jute.
Ans : COMP 2006 Mesta cultivation is undertaken in some parts
of Assam, Bihar, Odisha and Kerala.
1. Tea is grown on hill slopes to prevent
waterlogging, which is detrimental to the 216. State the soil conditions that favour the
growth of tea bushes. growth of jute.
2. Hill slopes provide well-drained, deep
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 261

267. (a) Mention two steps taken by the government

to boost agricultural production in India.
(b) (i) Name two varieties of millet grown in
India.
(ii) What is the soil requirement for
growing millet ?
(c) Study the picture given below and answer
the questions that follow :

Ans : COMP 2010, 2018

(i) Rice: This method allows for the selection

of only the healthiest and strongest
seedlings for crop cultivation.
(ii) Favorable conditions:
(a) Temperature : Around 24ºC.
(b) Rainfall : Between 150 cm to 300 cm.
(c) Soil : Alluvial soil.
(iii)Both transplanting and harvesting
involve manual labor, requiring hands-on (i) Mention the climatic condition that
processes. is suitable for the cultivation of this
crop.
266. Study the picture given below and answer
(ii) Name the state that produces the
the questions that follow :
largest amount of this crop.
(iii)In which cropping season is this crop
grown in India ?
(d) Give a geographical reason for each of the
following :
(i) Cultivation of wheat is confined to
the northern part of India.
(ii) Practicing mixed farming gives
security to farmers.
(iii)Ratoon cropping is gaining popularity
among sugarcane cultivators.
Ans : SQP 2019,2022
(i) Name one State where this crop grows (a) (i) Irrigation schemes launched: Several
well. multipurpose projects have been
(ii) Why are mostly women employed to constructed to provide both power
harvest it ? and irrigation facilities for farmers.
Ans : COMP 2016 (ii) HYV seeds and Agricultural
(i) Assam Universities: To boost production,
(ii) Tea plucking is a skilful task that the government is distributing
demands both patience and judgment. High-Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds
It is typically performed by women, who to farmers. Special seminars are
are considered to be more adept at the being organized and numerous new
delicate process of picking. Agricultural Universities have been
established.
CH 10 : AGRICULTURE

(b) (i) Examples of crops: Jowar, Bajra. (c) Mention the climatic conditions which
(ii) Soil type: Red and sandy soil. favour the cultivation of the crop being
(c) (i) The ideal conditions for cultivation planted.
of crop include a temperature range Ans : SQP 2018
of 21ºC to 27ºC and well-distributed
rainfall between 50 cm and 80 cm. (a) The Japanese method, introduced in 1953,
(ii) Leading state : Gujarat. is an improved form of transplantation
(iii)The harvesting seasons vary by that has gained popularity in recent
region: In Punjab and Haryana, years. This method uses high-yielding
harvesting takes place between April seed varieties called ‘Japonica’ and
and May, while in Tamil Nadu, crops follows these practices:
are grown during both the Kharif and (i) Seedlings are prepared in nurseries,
Rabi seasons. similar to traditional methods.
(d) (i) Reason for cultivation in winter: (ii) The plants are spaced with rows 25
It is a temperate crop, grown in cm apart and 15 cm between each
the northern regions of India where plant, making it easier for farmers to
winter temperatures do not exceed weed and care for the crops.
10ºC to 15ºC. (b) (i) The Deccan Plateau receives only 50-
(ii) Mixed farming: In this method, crops 80 cm of rainfall, which is insufficient
are cultivated alongside livestock for rice cultivation. Additionally,
rearing. while rice requires clayey loam soil,
(iii)Ratoon cropping: Ratoon crops the plateau is rich in black soil, more
mature earlier and the production suitable for cotton cultivation.
cost is significantly lower. (ii) In Punjab, 97% of rice fields are
irrigated and the high input of HYV
268. Study the picture given below and answer seeds, fertilizers, mechanization and
the following questions : finance leads to the highest per-
hectare yield.
(iii)Wheat thrives in loamy soil because
it needs well-drained, aerated loam,
making it the primary crop of
Northwestern India on the loamy
plains.
(c) (i) Rice requires an average temperature
of 25°C. During the early stages,
temperatures between 16°C and 20°C
are ideal, while during the ripening
stage, temperatures between 18°C
and 32°C are necessary.
(a) Name the other method of planting
(ii) It requires rainfall between 150 cm
the crop. In which area is this method
and 300 cm.
practised?
(iii)It grows best in loamy and alluvial
(b) Give a geographical reason for each of the
soils.
following :
(i) Rice is not the main crop in the
Deccan Plateau.
(ii) Punjab is the largest producer of rice
despite deficient rainfall.
(iii)Wheat grows well in loamy soil.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 263

MAP BASED QUESTION

269. On the outline map of India, shade and mark:

(a) The highest wheat producing state in
India.
(b) Any two rice producing states in South
India.
(c) One ragi producing region.
(d) Two major areas for cultivation of pulses.
Ans : COMP 2019

(ii,iii,iv)

270. On an outline map of India, shade and mark

the areas where the following are cultivated :
(i) Sugarcane ;
(ii) Groundnut;
(iii)Mustard
(iv) Soyabean.
Ans : MAIN 2013 www.nodia.in
(i)
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

CHAPTER 11
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

SUMMARY and factory workers, particularly in states

like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil
Nadu. India is one of the largest producers
Industries are the backbone of a nation’s
of sugar in the world and this industry plays
economy, playing a crucial role in its
a pivotal role in generating revenue for both
overall development. They not only provide
the government and farmers. Additionally,
employment opportunities but also enhance
by-products like molasses and bagasse are
the country’s infrastructure, stimulate
utilized in the production of ethanol, alcohol
technological advancements and improve
and paper, further contributing to industrial
the standard of living. In India, industries
growth.
contribute significantly to the GDP and offer
livelihood to millions of people. The Indian 1.2 Textile Industry (Cotton and Silk)
industrial sector can be broadly classified
The textile industry, especially cotton and
into two categories based on the source of
silk production, is one of the largest agro-
raw materials: Agro-based industries and
based industries in India. The cotton textile
Mineral-based industries. Both categories
industry is the largest organized modern
are critical in shaping the nation’s economic
industry in the country and supports a vast
landscape, fostering both rural and urban
network of cotton farmers. India is one of the
development.
world’s largest producers and exporters of
1. AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES cotton textiles, ranking third after the USA
and the UK. The silk industry, on the other
Agro-based industries rely on agricultural
hand, has a significant cultural and economic
products as their primary raw materials. These
impact. India is renowned for its high-quality
industries are vital for rural development,
silk and ranks as one of the largest producers
as they provide employment opportunities
of raw silk globally. The silk industry,
in regions where agriculture is the primary
concentrated in states like Karnataka and
source of income. Agro-based industries
Tamil Nadu, generates significant export
ensure the effective utilization of agricultural
earnings and provides employment, especially
produce, thereby supporting farmers and
to women in rural areas.
contributing to national economic growth.
Some key examples of agro-based industries 2. MINERAL-BASED INDUSTRIES
in India are:
Mineral-based industries rely on minerals,
1.1 Sugar Industry ores and metals as their raw materials.
These industries are foundational for the
The sugar industry is one of the oldest
growth of infrastructure, manufacturing
and most important agro-based industries
and technological sectors. They are capital-
in India. It plays a significant role in
intensive, but their contribution to national
supporting rural economies, as sugarcane
development is immense as they provide
is the primary raw material. The industry
raw materials for other industries and play
provides employment to millions of farmers
a critical role in the export economy. Key
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 265

examples of mineral-based industries in India large-scale projects. It also plays a vital role
include: in the economic development of Chhattisgarh,
providing employment to thousands and
2.1 Iron and Steel Industry
promoting regional growth.
The iron and steel industry is the backbone
3. Rourkela Steel Plant
of industrial development in any country.
Situated in Rourkela, Odisha, this plant is
In India, this sector is a cornerstone of
another key unit under SAIL. Established
industrialization, providing raw materials for
in 1959 with technological support from
various industries, including construction,
Germany, Rourkela Steel Plant was the first
manufacturing, transportation and defense.
public sector steel plant in India. It produces
India is one of the largest producers of steel
a wide range of steel products, including hot
in the world and the industry plays a key
and cold-rolled steel, sheets and special alloy
role in meeting domestic demand as well as
steel. The plant is equipped with advanced
exporting to international markets. Major
technology and is known for its innovation
steel plants in India include TISCO (Tata
in steel production. Its strategic location in
Iron and Steel Company), Bhilai Steel Plant,
Odisha allows easy access to raw materials,
Rourkela Steel Plant and Visakhapatnam
such as iron ore and coal. Rourkela Steel
Steel Plant.
Plant has been instrumental in the industrial
1. TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) development of Odisha and is a major
Located in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, TISCO contributor to India’s steel exports.
is one of the oldest and most prominent steel
4. Visakhapatnam Steel Plant
plants in India. Established by the Tata
Located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,
Group in 1907, it is recognized as a pioneer in
this steel plant is often referred to as “Vizag
the Indian steel industry. TISCO has played
Steel” and is managed by Rashtriya Ispat
a crucial role in the growth of India’s private
Nigam Limited (RINL). Established in
sector and is renowned for its high-quality
1971, it is one of the most modern and
steel products. The plant has undergone
technologically advanced steel plants in
continuous modernization to stay competitive
India. Visakhapatnam Steel Plant is known
globally and has a strong presence in both
for producing high-quality steel and catering
domestic and international markets. TISCO
to both domestic and international markets.
is not only known for its steel production
The plant’s strategic location near the coast
but also for its emphasis on corporate social
provides it with easy access to export markets
responsibility and community development
and raw materials. Vizag Steel has played
in the region.
a significant role in the industrialization of
2. Bhilai Steel Plant Andhra Pradesh and has created a large
Located in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, this number of direct and indirect employment
public sector steel plant is managed by the opportunities in the region.
Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
Established in 1959 with assistance from 2.2 Petrochemical Industry
the Soviet Union, it is one of India’s leading The petrochemical industry is a fast-growing
producers of steel plates and structural steel. sector in India, processing petroleum and
Bhilai Steel Plant is especially noted for natural gas into chemicals that are used
its production of rails, which are essential in the production of everyday products
for India’s extensive railway network. The like plastics, synthetic fibers, rubber and
plant has contributed significantly to the fertilizers. The importance of this industry
development of India’s infrastructure, lies in its versatility, as petrochemicals are
supplying steel for bridges, buildings and used in various sectors, including agriculture,
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

manufacturing, healthcare and construction. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

The growth of the petrochemical industry is
crucial for reducing dependency on imports
and ensuring self-sufficiency in vital raw 1. Which of the following is NOT a centre for
materials for many other industries. the iron and steel industry?
(a) Bhilai
2.3 Electronics Industry (b) Bengaluru
The electronics industry is a rapidly (c) Rourkela
expanding sector that is essential for the (d) Vishakhapatnam
technological advancement of the country. Ans : MAIN 2024
This industry produces a wide range of
Thus (b) is correct option.
products, from consumer electronics like
mobile phones, televisions and computers, 2. Which of the following is a basic/key
to industrial electronics and components for industry?
sophisticated machines and systems. The (a) Iron and Steel Industry
mineral-based nature of this industry means (b) Silk Industry
it heavily relies on materials like copper, (c) Electronic Industry
silicon and rare earth metals. The growth of (d) Cotton textile Industry
the electronics industry is vital for India’s
Ans : MAIN 2023
ambition to become a global manufacturing
hub, especially with the rise of initiatives like Thus (a) is correct option.
“Make in India.” It is also a key driver of
3. India is one of the top_____industrialised
innovation, research and development in the
countries.
country.
(a) five
3. SIGNIFICANCE OF AGRO-BASED AND MINERAL- (b) seven
BASED INDUSTRIES (c) eight
(d) ten
Both agro-based and mineral-based
industries are crucial for the economic and Ans : COMP 2011

social progress of India. They create millions Thus (c) is correct option.
of jobs, generate revenue and contribute to
the development of infrastructure. Agro- 4. The products of agro-based industries mostly
based industries, in particular, are vital consist of_____.
for rural development, providing a steady (a) consumer goods
source of income for farmers and helping (b) medicinal goods
to reduce poverty in agricultural regions. (c) beverages
The development of these industries ensures (d) consumetics
that agricultural produce is used efficiently, Ans : MAIN 2015
minimizing waste and maximizing output.
Thus (a) is correct option.
Mineral-based industries, on the other
hand, are essential for the country’s industrial 5. _____industries are also known as
growth and infrastructure development. household industries.
They provide the raw materials needed for (a) Basic
constructing buildings, roads, bridges and (b) Cottage
vehicles, which are necessary for economic (c) Cooperative
growth. Additionally, these industries play a (d) Village
significant role in international trade, as India Ans : COMP 2016
is a major exporter of minerals and metals.
Thus (d) is correct option.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 267

6. Iron and steel industry which provide public 11. Which of the following is a by-product of
utility based services. sugar industry used for making cardboard,
(a) Tertiary paper and insulation boards?
(b) Ancillary (a) Press mud
(c) Basic (b) Molasses
(d) Secondary (c) Bagasse
Ans : COMP 2001
(d) All of the above

Thus (c) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2003

Thus (c) is correct option.

7. _____are the industries which provide
public utility based services. 12. Name the by-product of sugar industry used
(a) Basic Industries for making wax, carbon paper and shoe
(b) Cooperative Industries polish.
(c) Ancillary Industries (a) Press mud
(d) Tertiary Industries (b) Molasses
Ans : MAIN 2015
(c) Bagasse
(d) Khandasari
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2014
8. Railways, Banking, Post and Telegraph Thus (a) is correct option.
industries are _____ industries.
(a) Tertiary 13. Which of the following cities account for
(b) Secondary nearly half of India’s cotton mill cloth
(c) Ancillary manufactured?
(d) Basic (a) Jaipur and Kanpur
Ans : MAIN 2010
(b) Ahmedabad and Mumbai
(c) Coimbatore and Chennai
Thus (a) is correct option. (d) Panipat and Kolkata
9. _____is used for producing steam which is Ans : MAIN 2006
used as a source of power for sugar industry. Thus (b) is correct option.
(a) Molasses
(b) Bagasse 14. The rearing of silkworm for silk production is
(c) Press mud called_____.
(d) Khandsari (a) Monoculture
Ans : SQP 2000
(b) Pisciculture
(c) Sericulture
Thus (b) is correct option. (d) Apiculture
10. _____are used for the distillation of liquor Ans : SQP 2007
and to produce some chemicals and synthetic Thus (c) is correct option.
rubber.
(a) Press mud 15. _____ industry forms the backbone
(b) Bagasse industrial development in any country.
(c) Khandsari (a) Chemical
(d) Molasses (b) Iron and steel
Ans : (c) Coal
(d) Electronics
Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2018

Thus (b) is correct option.

CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

of the steel. 45. Name a state for each of the following :

(i) Sugar industry
37. Name the largest producer of silk in India. (ii) Mulberry silk
Also mention the type of silk produced by it.
Ans : SQP 2001
Ans : COMP 2015
(i) Uttar Pradesh
Karnataka is the largest producer of silk in (ii) Karnataka
India. It produces Mulberry silk.
46. Which city is known as electronic capital
38. What are the major varieties of silk ? of India? Name any three major centres of
Ans : SQP 2016 electronic products.
Mulberry, tasar, eri and muga are the four Ans : COMP 2009,2018
varieties of silk. Bengaluru is known as electronic capital of
39. Name a by product of sugar industry which India.
is used in the manufacture of wax and shoe Major centres : Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai,
polish. Pune and Lucknow.

Ans : SQP 2018 47. Name two cities that have leading Software
Press mud. Companies.
Ans : SQP 2013, 2014
40. Where are the chief centres of cotton textile
in India? Hyderabad and Bengaluru.

Ans : COMP 2017 48. State the location of iron and steel industry
Mumbai (Maharashtra) set up with German Collaboration.
Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Ans : MAIN 2018

41. Name any two large sugar producing states, Rourkela Steel Plant.
one each in north and south India. 49. Which is the largest mineral-based industry ?
Ans : MAIN 2013
Ans : SQP 2002
Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka Iron and steel industry is the largest mineral
42. Why is the cotton textile industry called an based industry of India.
agro-based industry ? 50. Name any one centres of this industry in the
Ans : COMP 2015 public sector. With whose collaboration was
Cotton, the basic input, is obtained from each one of them set up ?
agriculture. Ans : COMP 2013

43. State one important point of similarity The Bhilai Steel Plant was built with Soviet
between the woollen industry and the silk Union collaboration.
industry. 51. Name four large-scale industries dependent
Ans : SQP 2015 on this basic industry.
Both are agro-based industries. Ans : COMP 2017

44. Name any two by-products of sugar industry. (i) Automobiles industry
(ii) Engineering goods industry
Ans : MAIN 2005,2009,2010,2015,2019
(iii)Shipbuilding industry
(i) Molasses (iv) Locomotives and coaches industry.
(ii) Bagasse
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 269

26. Visakhapatnam is the first_____based 31. What is meant by cooperative sector

steel plant in India. industry?
(a) nuclear power Ans : MAIN 2024
(b) coal
(c) shore A cooperative sector industry is an industry
(d) petroleum owned and operated by a group of individuals
or cooperative societies who share profits
Ans : COMP 2003
and benefits. These industries are typically
Thus (c) is correct option. established for the mutual benefit of the
members, with each member having a say in
27. Visakhapatnam steel plant obtains iron ore the decision-making process.
from_____in Chhattisgarh.
(a) Korba 32. Mention two problems faced by the Sugar
(b) Bailadila industry of India.
(c) Talcher Ans : MAIN 2023
(d) Durg
Two problems faced by India’s sugar industry
Ans : MAIN 2005
are:
Thus (b) is correct option. 1. The seasonal nature of sugarcane
production, leading to irregular cycles.
28. _____are organic chemicals derived from 2. High production costs due to outdated
petroleum products; LPG and coal. machinery and inefficiencies.
(a) Fossils fuels
(b) Pharmaceuticals 33. Where is TATA STEEL located?
(c) Petrochemicals Ans : MAIN 2023
(d) Petro derivatives
TATA STEEL is located in Jamshedpur,
Ans : MAIN 2010
Jharkhand.
Thus (c) is correct option.
34. Why is the Silk industry losing the market in
29. Which of the following are mismatched? recent times?
(a) Electronics: Kanpur Ans : MAIN 2023
(b) Petrochemicals; Chennai
(c) Software: Bengaluru The Silk industry is losing its market due to
(d) Entertainment: Mumbai the increasing competition from synthetic
fibers, which are cheaper and more readily
Ans : SQP 2005
available compared to natural silk.
Thus (c) is correct option.
35. Give an example of private and public sector
industries.
Ans : MAIN 2018
ONE MARK QUESTIONS Private sector industries : Tata Iron and Steel
Industry, Jamshedpur.
30. Based on the ownership, what type of Public sector industries : Bokaro Steel plant.
industry is Visakhapatnam Steel Plant?
36. What are integrated steel plants ?
Ans : MAIN 2024
Ans : SQP 2007
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant is a public sector
It is a plant where all the processes are carried
industry as it is owned and operated by the
out in one complex from handling of raw
government.
material, steel making, rolling and shaping
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

The sugar industry migrates south due to: 110. State two steps taken by the government
1. Favorable climate: Longer crushing to overcome the problems faced by the jute
season and higher sugar content. industry in India.
2. Better fertilizer use: Leads to higher Ans : MAIN 2021
yields.
3. Cooperative sector: Ensures better 1. Mandatory jute packaging for certain
management and farmer returns. products like food grains and sugar.
2. Financial assistance for modernizing
107. Explain why the woollen industry is jute mills to enhance efficiency and
concentrated in north India. competitiveness.
Ans : COMP 2007
111. Mention two problems faced by the sugar
About 80 percent of woollen mills are located industry in India.
in North India due to the following factors: Ans : SQP 2023
(i) India is largely tropical, but North India
experiences cold winters, creating a high (i) Sugarcane farms are located at a
demand for woollen products. significant distance from the sugar mills.
(ii) Sheep rearing is prevalent in northern (ii) The sugarcane crushing season is short,
states like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal making the sugar industry operate on a
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan seasonal basis.
and Uttar Pradesh, ensuring an easy 112. Mention three factors that favour the
supply of raw materials. concentration of the cotton textile mills in
108. (i) Why is it necessary to crush sugarcane Mumbai.
within 24 hours of harvesting ? Ans : MAIN 2000

(ii) Name a by-product of sugar manufacture. (i) Rich Hinterland-providing the raw
Ans : COMP 2015 material for cotton industry.
(i) It is necessary to crush sugarcane within (ii) Hot humid climate
2 hours of harvesting because the sucrose (iii)Soft clean water
content in the cane begins to deteriorate (iv) Harbour facility
quickly after cutting, reducing sugar yield (v) Rail road transport facilites.
and quality. 113. State two reasons why cottage industries have
(ii) A by-product of sugar manufacture is developed in many parts of India? Give the
molasses. names of two important cottage industries.
109. State four geographical factors which should Ans : SQP 2023

be kept in mind while setting up an agro- 1. Abundant Skilled Labor : India has a rich
based industry. tradition of skilled artisans and craftsmen,
Ans : MAIN 2022 especially in rural areas, enabling the
Four geographical factors for setting up an growth of cottage industries.
agro-based industry are: 2. Low Capital Investment : Cottage
1. Proximity to raw materials. industries require minimal capital and
2. Suitable climate for processing. can be operated with simple tools and
3. Availability of water for production. locally available resources.
4. Good transportation for moving raw Two important cottage industries are
materials and finished goods. handloom weaving and pottery.

114. Which do you consider to be the most

important industrial zone ? Give two reasons.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 271

52. Name the basic raw materials used in iron 56. State two conditions that favour the location
and steel industry. of cotton textile industry in Ahmedabad.
Ans : SQP 2015 Ans : MAIN 2024

The main raw materials used in iron and steel Two conditions that favour the location of
industry are iron ore, manganese, limestone, cotton textile industry in Ahmedabad are :
silica, chromate, feldspar, scrap iron, flux and 1. Proximity to Raw Materials: Ahmedabad
fuel. is located near cotton-producing regions,
ensuring a steady supply of raw cotton.
53. List the three basic steps involved in steel 2. Favorable Climate: The humid climate
making. in Ahmedabad is well-suited for cotton
Ans : COMP 2001 spinning and weaving, preventing the
The three basic steps involved in steel making cotton threads from breaking.
are as follows : 57. How are the industries important for India?
(i) Ore reduction (Two points)
(ii) Steel making furnaces
(iii)Rolling mills Ans : MAIN 2023

Industries are important for India due to

54. From where Durgapur Steel Plant gets its following reasons :
iron ore and lime stone ? (a) Economic Growth : They contribute
Ans : SQP 2005 significantly to the country’s GDP and
Durgapur Steel Plant gets its iron-ore provide employment opportunities,
from Singbhum (Jharkhand) and Keoojhar boosting the economy.
(Orissa) whereas it gets limestone from (b) Infrastructure Development : Industries
Birmitrapur. drive the development of infrastructure
like roads, ports and power facilities,
which support further economic and
social growth.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
58. State the difference between Agro based
industry and Forest based industry. Give one
55. Explain the following terms: example for each type of industry.
(a) Sericulture Ans : MAIN 2023
(b) Integrated steel plant
Ans : MAIN 2024 Agro-based Industry Forest-based
(a) Sericulture : Sericulture is the cultivation Industry
of silkworms for silk production. It Relies on agricultural Relies on forest
involves rearing silkworms, primarily on products such as resources like wood,
mulberry leaves and extracting silk fibers crops, fibers, or resin and bamboo
from cocoons to produce threads. livestock for its raw for its raw materials.
(b) Integrated Steel Plant : An integrated materials.
steel plant is a large industrial facility Example: Textile Example: Paper
where all processes, from raw material industry (cotton, industry (wood,
processing (iron ore, coal, limestone) to jute). bamboo).
finished steel production, are completed
in one location. 59. What has made Mumbai an important centre
for cotton textile production? (Write any two
points)
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

16. _____is used for hardening of steel. 21. _____is the oldest steel plant in the
(a) Manganese country.
(b) Copper (a) TISCO
(c) Nickel (b) CISCO
(d) Chromium (c) DELCO
Ans : MAIN 2017
(d) TELCO

Thus (a) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2009

Thus (a) is correct option.

17. Iron is galvanised by using chromium,
_____and tungsten. 22. Bhilai Steel plant was established in
(a) copper collaboration with _____ in _____.
(b) silica (a) Germany; West Bengal
(c) cabon (b) erstwhile USSR; Chhattisgarh
(d) nickel (c) France; Madhya Pradesh
Ans : SQP 2009
(d) Japan; Odisha

Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : SQP 2004

Thus (d) is correct option.

18. The molten iron that is obtained by the
process of ore reduction is known as_____. 23. Bhilai Steel Plant is located in Durg district
(a) Cast iron of_____.
(b) Wrought iron (a) West Bengal
(c) Pig iron (b) Madhya Pradesh
(d) Steel (c) Chhattisgarh
(d) Odisha
Ans : SQP 2008
Ans : COMP 2006,2007,2013
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (c) is correct option.
19. _____is the largest steel making company
24. The main source of power for the Bhilai
in India in the Public sector.
Steel Plant comes from the power station
(a) Steel Production Unit of India.
at_____.
(b) Steel Manufacturing Unit of India.
(a) Korba
(c) Steel Company of India. (b) Balaghat
(d) Steel Authority of India. (c) Durg
Ans : COMP 2007 (d) Bokaro
Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : MAIN 2000

Thus (a) is correct option.

20. Which of the following are the integrated Iron
and Steel plants where SAIL produces Iron? 25. The Rourkela Steel Plant was built with
(a) Bhilai and Durgapur cooperation from_____in_____.
(b) Salem and Bhadravati (a) Britain; Bhirmitrapur
(c) Visakhapatnam and Vijayanagar (b) France; Baradwar
(d) None of the above (c) Russia; Keonjhar
(d) Germany; Sundargarh
Ans : MAIN 2013
Ans : SQP 2001
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (d) is correct option.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 273

1. Karnataka is the largest silk producer, Ans : SQP 2013

ensuring an abundant and easily (i) Ahmadabad: Cotton Textile Industry

accessible supply of raw material for the (ii) Mysore: Silk Industry
silk handloom industry.
2. The region has ample soft water, free 73. With the help of example differentiate
from alkaline salts and iron, which is between basic and consumer industries.
crucial for high-quality silk production. Ans : SQP 2004

69. The largest proportion of industrial workers Basic Consumer

is found in the textile industry. Give reasons.
It is the The industry which
Ans : COMP 2019
industry on produces goods primarily
1. Labor-Intensive Nature : The textile which other for the direct consumption
industry involves multiple stages like industries by the people is called
spinning, weaving, dyeing and stitching, depend. consumer industry.
all of which require a significant amount Iron and steel Automobile industry,
of manual labor, leading to high industry is the textile industry are the
employment. major basic main consumer industries.
2. Widespread Presence : The textile industries.
industry is spread across urban and rural
areas, with a large number of small,
74. Give two seasons why Mumbai is an important
medium and large-scale units, which
Cotton textile industry.
collectively employ a vast workforce.
Ans : MAIN 2017,2002
70. Give reason for the following : 1. Access to Raw Materials : Mumbai is
(i) Cottage industries are significant for our close to cotton-growing regions, ensuring
economy. a steady supply of raw cotton for the
(ii) Petrochemical industries are usually textile industry.
located close to the oil refineries.
2. Port Facility : Mumbai’s port provides
Ans : SQP 2019 easy access for importing machinery and
(i) They require less capital, making them exporting finished products, facilitating
well-suited for our economy. trade and growth in the cotton textile
(ii) They source their raw materials directly sector.
from oil refineries.
75. Why are the cotton textile industries mostly
71. Why is the silk industry considered as a located in the coastal areas.
small-scale industry ? Ans : SQP 2022

Ans : MAIN 2009

1. Proximity to Ports : Coastal locations
The silk industry is considered small-scale provide easy access to ports, which
due to its labor-intensive production, low facilitates the import of machinery
capital investment and operation through and export of finished textile products,
small, family-run units, especially in rural improving trade efficiency.
areas. 2. Favorable Climate : Coastal areas have a
humid climate, which is ideal for cotton
72. Name an agro-based industry based in the spinning and weaving, as it helps prevent
following industrial centres : the cotton fibers from breaking.
(i) Ahmedabad
(ii) Mysore
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Ans : MAIN 2023
crude oil and natural gas.
Two factors that have made Mumbai an 2. Infrastructure: Well-developed ports,
important centre for cotton textile production transportation networks and skilled
are : labor support efficient production and
1. Proximity to raw materials : Mumbai is distribution.
located near the cotton-producing regions
of Maharashtra and Gujarat, ensuring 64. What is a cottage industry ?
easy access to raw cotton. Ans : COMP 1997

2. Favorable climate : The humid coastal A cottage industry is a type of business that
climate of Mumbai is ideal for the spinning is entirely or predominantly operated by
of cotton yarn, reducing breakage during family members, typically from their homes.
the manufacturing process. Examples of cottage industries include the
60. Why are the petrochemical products in great handloom and khadi sectors.
demand? 65. Why is it necessary to crush sugar cane
Ans : MAIN 2023 within 24 hours of harvesting ?
Petrochemical products are in great demand Ans : MAIN 2001,2013,2019

because they are versatile, being used in a Sugarcane must be crushed within 24 hours
wide range of industries, including plastics, of harvesting to prevent a drop in sucrose
synthetic fibers and chemicals and they content, which reduces sugar yield and
are cost-effective compared to traditional quality. Prompt crushing ensures maximum
materials. sugar extraction.
61. Name any four products of petrochemical 66. “The Khadi sector of the textile industry
industry. is still very important even in this modern
Ans : MAIN 2012 large-scale industrial era.” Give reason.
1. Plastics (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene) Ans : SQP 2001,2015

2. Synthetic fibers (e.g., nylon, polyester) The Khadi sector is important as it promotes
3. Fertilizers (e.g., ammonia, urea) self-reliance, sustainable rural employment
4. Synthetic rubber (e.g., styrene-butadiene and traditional craftsmanship. It is also
rubber used in tires) culturally significant, symbolizing India’s
62. State any one advantage of locating Iron and independence and meets growing demand for
Steel industry at Rourkela. eco-friendly products.

Ans : MAIN 2021 67. State two ways by which the government has
One advantage of locating the Iron and Steel encouraged cottage industries.
industry at Rourkela is its proximity to iron Ans : COMP 2000

ore reserves, especially from Odisha and (i) The government offers financial support
Jharkhand, which reduces transportation to cottage industries.
costs for raw materials and makes production (ii) The Khadi and Village Industries
more efficient. Commission has been established to
63. ‘Most of the petrochemical units are in address their specific needs.
Maharashtra or Gujarat’. Give two reasons. 68. Give two reasons for the following :
Ans : SQP 2009 “The silk handloom industry is important in
1. Access to raw materials: Proximity to Mysore.”
oil refineries provides a steady supply of Ans : SQP 2002,2012
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ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 275
Ans : MAIN 2016, 2018, 2019
89. The Iron and Steel industry constitutes the
(i) Karnataka benefits from favorable backbone of modern industrial economy’.
climatic conditions for silkworm rearing Give two reasons to justify the statement.
and has a strong base of skilled workers Ans : SQP 2017
essential for silk production.
(ii) (a) Uttar Pradesh : Gorakhpur (i) Provision of Essential Machinery: The iron
(b) Tamil Nadu : Chennai and steel industry supplies the necessary
machinery required for the manufacturing
86. The ‘Khadi’ and Handloom sectors of the of a diverse range of goods.
textile industry cannot be ignored. Give two (ii) Foundation for Various Industries: Many
reasons to justify the statement. other sectors, including automobiles,
Ans : SQP 2004, 2019
locomotives, rail tracks, shipbuilding,
machinery manufacturing, bridges, dams
(i) It offers job opportunities to both skilled and numerous commercial activities, rely
and unskilled workers. heavily on the iron and steel industry.
(ii) It eases pressure on agriculture and
provides additional income for farmers. 90. The Mumbai-Pune region is the most
important industrial region of India.
87. Explain why : Substantiate the statement giving two
(i) Carpet-making as a cottage industry has reasons.
developed in the Kashmir valley.
(ii) The pure silk handloom industry is Ans : SQP 2007

important in Bengaluru. Mumbai and Pune are the foremost hubs for
Ans : COMP 1998, 2013
cotton textiles, with over 70 mills operating
in the region. Additionally, these cities are
(i) Carpet-making has thrived as a cottage significant centers for the chemical industry.
industry in the Kashmir Valley primarily Moreover, the area plays a crucial role in the
because sheep are bred there for their electronics sector as well.
wool. The wool waste generated is a vital
material for weaving carpets. Additionally, 91. What are petrochemicals ?
the region benefits from the presence of Ans : MAIN 2008,2012,2015
skilled craftsmen who contribute to the
industry’s growth. Petrochemicals are chemical products
(ii) Karnataka is well-known for its derived from petroleum or natural gas. They
sericulture industry, which accounts for serve as raw materials for a wide range of
approximately two-thirds of India’s raw products such as plastics, synthetic fibers,
silk production. rubber, fertilizers, detergents and industrial
chemicals. Petrochemicals are essential
88. Give three reasons to explain why there is a components in industries like manufacturing,
need for rapid industrialisation in India. agriculture and healthcare.
Ans : MAIN 2000
92. Why is iron and steel industry called a basic
(i) To increase national and per capita and heavy industry ?
income. Ans : MAIN 2015
(ii) To eliminate unemployment and
underemployment. The iron and steel industry is called a basic
(iii)Industrialization is essential for addressing and heavy industry because it supplies
regional imbalances. essential raw materials for other industries
and involves large-scale production using
heavy machinery and raw materials like iron
ore and coal.
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

76. Name any one textile industries using animal 2. Coal, the primary energy source for
fibres and another using plant fibres. Write sugar industries, is readily available from
against each one of them an important centre nearby coal mines in Bihar.
of the respective industry.
81. Name four sugar milling centres in the
Ans : COMP 1996
northern plains.
Textile industries using animal fibre : Ans : MAIN 2008
(i) Silk industry : Mysore (Karnataka)
(ii) Textile industries using plant fibre 1. Meerut (Uttar Pradesh)
(iii)Cotton industry : Mumbai (Maharashtra) 2. Muzaffarnagar (Uttar Pradesh)
3. Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh)
77. What is an agro-based industry ? State two 4. Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh)
major agro-based industries in India.
82. Give two reasons for the importance of the
Ans : SQP 1997
silk industry in India.
An agro-based industry is an industry that Ans : SQP 2008
uses agricultural products as its primary raw
materials for manufacturing goods. (i) India generates foreign exchange through
Two major agro-based industries in India are: silk exports.
1. Cotton Textile Industry (ii) The silk industry offers employment
2. Sugar Industry opportunities to both skilled and unskilled
workers.
78. State two economic advantages of the
handloom industry. 83. Give three factors that favour the cotton
industry in Kolkata.
Ans : MAIN 1998
Ans : COMP 2008,2014
1. It generates valuable foreign exchange for
the country. (i) Easy access to raw materials.
2. It provides additional income for farmers. (ii) A climate conducive to cotton
manufacturing.
79. Discuss any three problems of the sugar (iii)Readily available capital for investment.
industry.
84. Explain two factors affecting the development
Ans : MAIN 2012,2015
of the cotton textile in India.
1. The sugarcane produced is of inferior Ans : COMP 2009
quality, possessing a low sugar
concentration. (i) Raw Material : India, being the second-
2. Transportation facilities are limited and largest cotton producer globally, has
not readily accessible. access to abundant and affordable raw
cotton.
3. The sugar mills are small-scale and
(ii) Labour : The cotton textile industry is
operate uneconomically, reducing overall
labor-intensive and India provides a large
efficiency.
pool of both skilled and unskilled labor at
80. Give two reasons to show why the sugar low costs.
industry has flourished in Uttar Pradesh and
85. With reference to the silk industry, answer
Bihar.
the following :
Ans : SQP 2002 (i) Why is Karnataka the largest producer of
1. The fertile plains with heavy rainfall mulberry silk ?
support extensive sugarcane cultivation (ii) Name one silk weaving centre each in
in the region. U.P. and in Tamil Nadu.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 277

Basic Industry: This industry forms the 102. Mention two advantages of setting up a small
foundation for other industries. For example, scale industry.
the iron and steel industry supplies machinery, Ans : MAIN 2020
tools and automobile parts essential for the
growth of various other industries. 1. These industries are small-scale and
Secondary Industry: This industry produces primarily managed by private individuals,
consumer goods and covers a wide range of requiring limited capital investment.
products, from everyday items to industrial- 2. They employ a small number of workers,
use goods. making them ideal for localized operations
with minimal labor needs.
100. Classify industries on the basis of the nature
of products. Give one example of each. 103. Name two by-products of the sugar industry.
Give one use of each.
Ans : COMP 2008
Ans : SQP 2003
On the basis of nature of products, industries
can be classified as: 1. Molasses : Used in the production of
(i) Heavy Industries : Heavy industries are ethanol, alcohol and rum.
those that manufacture capital goods 2. Bagasse : Used as fuel in sugar mills and
and durable consumer products, which as a raw material for making paper and
are generally large and bulky. These cardboard.
industries are essential for producing the 104. Why is the sugar industry highly dispersed
machinery and infrastructure needed for in India ?
other sectors. Example: Machine tool
Ans : COMP 2005
industry.
(ii) Light Industries : Light industries focus The sugar industry is highly dispersed in
on producing goods that are lightweight India because:
and less bulky, making them easier to 1. Sugarcane is grown in many regions, so
handle and transport. These industries mills are set up near farms to reduce
typically manufacture consumer goods transportation costs.
that are used directly by individuals. 2. Favorable climatic conditions across
Examples: Bicycles, sewing machines and various states support sugarcane
electronic goods. cultivation.
3. Sugarcane’s perishable nature requires
101. Give two points of difference between a public quick processing, encouraging mills to be
sector and private sector industry. located near farms.
Ans : MAIN 2023
105. Mention any two features of the cotton textile
Public Sector Private Sector industry in India.
Industry Industry Ans : MAIN 2009

Owned and operated Owned and (i) India is the third-largest cotton producer
by the government. operated by private globally.
individuals or (ii) The cotton textile sector plays a crucial
companies. role in India’s economy, directly or
Aims at public Primarily focused indirectly supporting nearly 40% of the
welfare and national on profit generation country’s workforce.
development. and business growth. 106. Which industry has a tendency to migrate
towards the south ? Why ?
Ans : SQP 2010
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

143. State the importance of electronic industry (i) Two reasons for the need for rapid
in the field of : industrialization in India are :
(a) Space technology (a) Industrialization is critically
(b) Entertainment. needed to address India’s issues
Ans : MAIN 2008,2012,2013,2016
of unemployment and poverty. By
expanding industrial activities, these
(a) Space Technology : The electronic socio-economic problems can be
industry plays a crucial role in developing effectively mitigated.
advanced components for satellites, (b) India exhibits significant regional
communication systems and spacecraft, disparities, with some areas being
enabling accurate data transmission highly developed while others remain
and supporting space exploration and underdeveloped. Industrial growth
research. can help achieve a more balanced
(b) Entertainment : The electronic industry regional development across the
provides essential devices such as country.
televisions, radios, smartphones and (ii) Two major problems of small-scale
gaming consoles, revolutionizing the industries:
entertainment sector by making it more (a) Small-scale industries are
accessible, diverse and interactive. encountering fierce competition from
larger-scale industries, making it
144. (i) What do you understand by mini steel
challenging for them to sustain and
plants?
grow.
(ii) Mention the advantages and disadvantages
(b) There is a scarcity of crucial inputs
of mini steel plants.
such as raw materials, power and
Ans : SQP 2008,2017 capital, which hampers the growth
(i) Mini steel plants are smaller facilities and efficiency of industrial operations.
that do not carry out all processing in
146. Give a reason for each of the following :
one location. They require less capital
(i) Mini Steel plants cause less pollution
investment and are smaller in scale.
than integrated steel plants.
(ii) Advantages of mini steel plants :
(ii) The electronic industry has made an
1. They need less capital investment. impact on both entertainment and
2. They use scrap iron from large steel education.
plants as raw material, promoting
Ans : COMP 2014
iron recycling.
3. Due to their small size, they can be (i) Mini steel plants cause less pollution as
set up in various locations. they use electric and induction furnaces
Disadvantages of mini steel plants: for processing, which are cleaner than
traditional methods.
1. Production is not on a large scale,
(ii) The electronic industry has provided
leading to higher production costs.
products like televisions, computers,
2. Large machines cannot be
laptops, tablets, radios and DTH systems.
manufactured in mini steel plants.
These devices have become key sources
145. (i) Give two reasons to explain why there is of both entertainment and education.
a need for rapid industrialisation in India. They enable easy access to information
(ii) Mention two major problems of small- and its sharing through the internet.
scale industries. Additionally, tools like iPads, CDs, smart
classes and e-books have revolutionized
Ans : MAIN 2000
learning and knowledge-sharing.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 279
Ans : SQP 2000
The following factors are responsible for the
The North-Eastern Industrial Zone is localisation of manufacturing industries :
regarded as the most important industrial (i) Availability of raw materials,
zone due to the following reasons: (ii) Adequate supply of power,
(i) The region has abundant mineral (iii)Water supply,
resources, including iron ore, coal, (iv) Adequate supply of labour and
manganese and bauxite. (v) Transportation.
(ii) The fertile Ganga and Brahmaputra
plains offer ideal land for producing 118. From where Bokaro Steel Plant obtains its
bamboo, sabai grass, timber and jute, raw materials?
supporting a range of industries. Ans : SQP 2022

115. What factors affect the location of an The Bokaro Steel Plant sources its coal from
integrated steel plant? the Bokaro and Jharia coalfields, iron ore
from the Kiriburu mines in Keonjhar district
Ans : SQP 2017
(Odisha), limestone from Bhavantpur and
Following factors affect the location of an dolomite from Palamau (Jharkhand).
integrated steel plant :
(i) Availability of raw materials. 119. Name the units for the production of railway
(ii) Power supply locomotives and coaches.
(iii)Water supply Ans : COMP 2000

(iv) Labour force 1. Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) :

(v) Market Located in West Bengal, it manufactures
(vi) Transport Facilities. electric locomotives.
116. Differentiate between an integrated steel 2. Diesel Locomotive Works (DLW) :
plant and a mini steel plant. Located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, it
manufactures diesel locomotives.
Ans : SQP 2022
3. Integral Coach Factory (ICF) : Located
in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, it produces
Integrated Steel Mini Steel Plant railway coaches.
Plant 4. Rail Coach Factory (RCF) : Located in
Produces steel from Primarily uses scrap Kapurthala, Punjab, it manufactures
basic raw materials steel or sponge iron railway coaches.
like iron ore and as raw materials.
coal. 120. What is a mini steel-plant ? What are its
advantages?
Involves the entire Focuses on specific
steel-making process stages of steel Ans : SQP 2001

from raw materials production, not all A mini steel plant is a small to medium-sized
to finished products. processes. facility that uses electric furnaces and relies
Requires large Requires less capital on scrap or sponge iron as raw materials.
capital investment investment and is Currently, there are 216 mini steel plants. The
and is typically large smaller in scale. key advantages of mini steel plants include
in scale. the efficient use of scrap iron, saving coking
coal by using electric furnaces and promoting
the production of alloy steel.
117. Name five important factors responsible for
the localisation of manufacturing industries. 121. What important factors have favoured the
Ans : MAIN 2020 localization of the cotton textile industry in
Mumbai and Ahmedabad.
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

93. Explain the term ‘mini steel plant’. products ?

Ans : SQP 2001, 2015 Ans : MAIN 2005, 2008, 2014, 2016, 2018

Mini steel plants are smaller steel Raw materials used in the Petrochemical
manufacturing units that do not carry out all Industry:
processing at a single location. These plants 1. Crude Oil
require less capital investment and primarily 2. Natural Gas
use steel scrap in electric furnaces, promoting Advantages of Petrochemical Products Over
recycling and reducing coal consumption. Traditional Products :
94. Why is this industry concentrated in the 1. Durability : Petrochemical products, such
Chhota Nagpur region ? Which is the oldest as plastics, are more durable and resistant
and privately owned plant ? to wear compared to traditional materials
like wood or glass.
Ans : COMP 2007
2. Cost-Effectiveness : These products are
This industry is concentrated in the Chhota often cheaper to produce and transport
Nagpur region for the following reasons : due to their lightweight and mass
(a) The raw materials, such as iron and coal, production capabilities.
are heavy and bulky, so the industry is
located close to their sources, which are 97. Write Short Note on Micro Enterprise and
abundant in this area. Medium Enterprise.
(b) The region has a dense population, Ans : SQP 2000
providing access to cheap labor.
The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) A micro enterprise is defined as a business
in Jamshedpur is the oldest and privately venture where the investment in plant,
owned steel plant. machinery, or equipment does not exceed
one crore rupees. Additionally, the enterprise
95. With reference to the small scale industries maintains an annual turnover that does not
answer the following questions: surpass five crore rupees.
(i) Give two advantages of setting up mini A medium enterprise refers to a business entity
steel plants. in which the investment in plant, machinery,
(ii) Mention one major problem of small- or equipment is capped at fifty crore rupees.
scale industries. Furthermore, the annual turnover of such an
Ans : MAIN 2000
enterprise does not exceed two hundred and
fifty crore rupees.
(i) Two advantages of setting up mini steel
plants : 98. Write Short Note on Heavy and Light
(a) Mini steel plants require less capital industries.
investment compared to large Ans : SQP 2004
integrated plants.
(b) They use electric furnaces, which Heavy Industry: This industry uses heavy raw
reduce coal consumption and materials, such as iron and steel and includes
contribute to its conservation. sectors like heavy machinery manufacturing.
(ii) Productivity is low and inefficient due Light Industry: This industry uses lighter raw
to the use of outdated machinery and materials, such as those used in the woollen
equipment in mills. and pharmaceutical industries.

96. Name two raw material used in the 99. Write Short Note on Basic and Secondary
petrochemical industry. What are advantages industries.
of petrochemical products over traditional Ans : MAIN 2004
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 281

2. Modern Technology : It was set up using easily accessible.

advanced and modern technology, leading (iii)Water Supply : The industry requires
to greater efficiency and higher-quality large amounts of water, which is readily
steel production. available from nearby rivers.
(iv) Research and Development : Adequate
research and development facilities are in
place, with major production centers in
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Hyderabad,
Coimbatore, Kolkata, Gwalior, Delhi and
129. Give one reason to explain each of the Amritsar.
following: 131. Give reasons why iron and steel industry in
(i) Mini-steel plants help in conservation of India is concentrated around Chhota Nagpur
coal. plateau region.
(ii) Location of sugar industry is shifting to
Ans : SQP 2013
the southern part of India.
(iii)The electronic industry is growing at a Most of the iron and steel plants are located
fast rate. on the Chhota Nagpur Plateau due to the
following reasons:
Ans : MAIN 2024
(i) The plateau is well-known for its abundant
(i) Mini-steel plants help in the conservation iron ore deposits, with Bihar, Bengal and
of coal because they primarily use electric Jharkhand supplying the necessary raw
arc furnaces, which rely on electricity materials.
rather than coal, thereby reducing the (ii) Coal, a crucial fuel for steel production, is
consumption of coal in steel production. readily available in this region.
(ii) The location of the sugar industry is (iii)The densely populated area provides an
shifting to the southern part of India due ample supply of affordable labor.
to better climatic conditions for sugarcane (iv) The Damodar Valley Corporation
cultivation, longer crushing seasons and supplies power to the plants.
higher sucrose content in the sugarcane (v) Kolkata Port offers convenient export
grown in southern states like Karnataka and import facilities for the industry.
and Maharashtra.
(iii)The electronic industry is growing rapidly 132. Why is sugar industry located in U.P. ? Give
due to increasing demand for electronic three reasons.
goods, advancements in technology Ans : MAIN 2007
and government initiatives to promote
The sugar industry is primarily located in
manufacturing and innovation in the
Uttar Pradesh due to the following reasons:
sector.
1. Abundant Raw Material : Uttar Pradesh is
130. Give four reasons to justify that the rayon one of the largest producers of sugarcane,
textile industry in India has a great future. providing a steady supply of raw material
for sugar mills.
Ans : SQP 2003
2. Favorable Climate : The climate of U.P.
(i) Raw Material : The primary raw material is ideal for the cultivation of sugarcane,
for producing viscose yarn is cellulose with adequate rainfall and fertile alluvial
pulp, derived from bamboo, eucalyptus soil.
and other softwood trees, which are 3. Availability of Labor : The densely
abundantly available. populated state ensures a continuous
(ii) Chemicals : Essential chemicals like supply of cheap and skilled labor, essential
caustic soda and sodium sulphate are for the labor-intensive sugar industry.
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Ans : MAIN 2002
iron and steel, making it the foundation of
The localization of the cotton textile industry industrial development.
in Mumbai and Ahmedabad is favored by:
1. Proximity to cotton-growing regions, 125. What is an integrated steel plant ? Give one
ensuring easy access to raw materials. example.
2. Favorable humid climate, ideal for Ans : SQP 2003

spinning cotton yarn. An integrated steel plant is one where all

3. Port facilities in Mumbai for easy trade. the three processes from melting of iron in
4. Availability of skilled labor and strong the blast furnace to steel making followed by
transportation networks. shaping of the metal by rolling is carried out
5. Access to capital from financial under one complex.
institutions.
126. State any three factors which affect the
122. Name the main steel-using industries of India. location of an integrated steel plant.
Ans : COMP 2002
Ans : COMP 2006

The main industries that use steel include 1. Proximity to raw materials like iron ore
machine tools, automobiles, shipbuilding, and coal.
aircraft manufacturing, consumer goods, 2. Access to water for industrial processes.
scientific machinery and instruments and 3. Good transportation links for raw
stainless steel utensils. materials and products.
123. Name two Iron and Steel Plants, which 127. How is it advantageous for a mini steel plant:
existed in India before 1947 and two such (i) to use electric furnaces ; and
plants which were set up after 1947 (ii) to be located far from the source of the
Ans : SQP 2003 raw materials ?
Iron and Steel Plants before 1947: Ans : SQP 2017

1. Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) : (i) Use of Electric Furnaces : They are
Jamshedpur, established in 1907. energy-efficient, cost-effective for small-
2. Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO): scale production and can use scrap metal
Burnpur, established in 1919. instead of iron ore.
Iron and Steel Plants after 1947: (ii) Location Far from Raw Materials : Being
1. Bhilai Steel Plant : Chhattisgarh, near markets lowers transportation
established in 1959. costs for finished goods and reliance on
2. Rourkela Steel Plant : Odisha, established scrap metal reduces dependency on raw
in 1959. material sources.
124. Which is the largest mineral-based industry 128. Name the steel plant located in Andhra
in India ? Why is it called the backbone of Pradesh. What two advantages this steel
all industry ? plant have over the other steel plants in the
Ans : MAIN 2013 public sector ?
The largest mineral-based industry in India Ans : COMP 2014

is the Iron and Steel Industry. It is considered The Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (Vizag Steel
a key and basic industry because it supplies Plant) is located in Andhra Pradesh.
essential iron and steel products for a wide 1. Proximity to a Port : Being near
range of uses, including house construction, Visakhapatnam Port facilitates easy import
utensils and machinery. From small tools to of raw materials and export of finished
heavy machinery, every industry depends on products, reducing transportation costs.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 283

content. Additionally, the region enjoys regions, supporting the establishment

a longer crushing season due to favorable and expansion of textile businesses and
weather. reducing financial barriers for industry
(ii) Sugarcane depletes soil nutrients, but the growth.
use of fertilizers is more prevalent in the
south, resulting in higher sugar yields 140. What do you mean by agro-based industries?
compared to northern India. Name a few of them and also state their
(iii)Many sugar mills in the south operate in significance in Indian economy.
the cooperative sector, promoting better Ans : MAIN 2007

worker participation and offering higher Agro-based industries rely on agriculture for
dividends. their raw materials, transforming agricultural
138. Discuss any three problems of cotton textile products into industrial goods. Examples
industry. include textile, sugar, jute, vegetable oil,
paper and plantation industries.
Ans : COMP 2007,2016,2018
Significance:
(i) Problem of raw material : ‘Long staple’ 1. These industries generate employment
fibre is best fibre but most of the cotton for a large number of people.
grown in India is the ‘short staple’ fibre. 2. They produce consumer goods and
(ii) International competition : Countries contribute to the economy by earning
like Taiwan, South Korea and Japan are valuable foreign exchange.
giving a stiff competition.
(iii)Outdated machinery and technology : Due 141. Name two products of each of the following
to outdated machinery and technology industries :
cost of production is high. So India is (i) Petrochemical industry
not in a position to face the international (ii) Heavy engineering industry
competition. (iii)Electronic industry
Ans : SQP 2017
139. Mention three factors that favour the
concentration of the cotton textile mills in (i) Petrochemical Industry : Plastics,
Mumbai. Synthetic fibers.
(ii) Heavy Engineering Industry : Machinery,
Ans : COMP 2006,2010,2019
Shipbuilding.
1. Availability of Raw Materials : This (iii)Electronic Industry : Computers,
region benefits from large-scale cotton Televisions.
production, ensuring a steady and reliable
supply of raw materials essential for the 142. Mention three advantages that a mini steel
textile industry. plant has over an integrated steel plant.
2. Favorable Climate : The area enjoys an Ans : MAIN 2012,2016

equitable climate that is conducive to 1. Most mini steel plants are situated away
cotton cultivation, promoting consistent from integrated steel plants, allowing
and high-quality cotton yields. them to cater to local demand.
3. Export Facilities : Mumbai, being India’s 2. They use scrap or sponge iron from large
primary seaport, provides excellent steel plants as raw material, helping
infrastructure for importing high-quality recycle iron and turn scrap into profitable
cotton and machinery. It also facilitates resources.
the efficient export of finished textile 3. Requiring less investment, they are well-
products to global markets. suited for India’s economic conditions.
4. Access to Capital : Adequate financial
resources are readily available in these
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

(iv) The silkworm species Bombyx mori, which as the main energy sources.
can be reared year-round, is available in (v) Central Industrial Zone Power Sources:
abundance. This zone is powered by a combination
of thermal and hydroelectric energy
159. State any three differences between the sugar generated within the region.
industry of Northern and Peninsular India.
Ans : MAIN 2010
161. For each industrial zone name its two main
industries.
Sugar Industry in Sugar Industry in Ans : COMP 2012
Northern India Peninsular India The two main industries in different industrial
Has a temperate Tropical climate zones are as follows:
climate with lower with black soil, (i) North-Eastern Industrial Zone: Iron and
yields of sugarcane. higher temperatures steel, jute.
and frost-free (ii) Western Industrial Zone: Cotton textiles,
conditions result in cement.
higher yields. (iii)Northern Industrial Zone: Sugar,
Cooperative sugar Cooperative sugar chemicals.
mills are less mills are better (iv) Southern Industrial Zone: Electrical
efficiently managed. managed and more machinery, automobiles.
efficient. (v) Central Industrial Zone: Paper, heavy
chemicals.
Sugarcane has lower Sugarcane has
sucrose content. a higher sucrose 162. What are the disadvantages of the North-
content, improving Eastern Industrial Zone ?
overall production. Ans : SQP 2013

160. Name the main source of power for each The disadvantages of the North-Eastern
industrial zone. Industrial Zone are as follows :
(i) After India’s partition, the North-Eastern
Ans : SQP 2011
jute industry was severely impacted
(i) North-Eastern Industrial Zone Power as most jute-growing areas went to
Sources: The Damodar Valley Project Bangladesh.
and the Hirakud Project supply both (ii) The tea industry also suffered as Assam
thermal and hydroelectric power to this was cut off from Kolkata.
region. (iii)Siltation of the Hooghly River has
(ii) Western Industrial Zone Power Sources: increased maintenance costs for Kolkata
This zone benefits from a diverse port, while substitutes like paper, hemp,
energy mix, including thermal power, sisal and synthetics have reduced jute’s
hydroelectric power and atomic energy. dominance as a packaging material.
(iii)Northern Industrial Zone Power (iv) Outdated machinery and work processes
Sources: The region primarily have led to lower productivity, causing
relies on thermal and hydroelectric India’s jute industry to struggle against
power for its industrial activities. global competition.
Southern Industrial Zone Power Sources:
(iv) Hydroelectric power from the Mettur and 163. Name the chief industrial zones of India.
Pykara projects, the Mahatma Gandhi Choose one of these zones and name three
and Sharavati Hydroelectric Projects, main industries in the region named by you.
along with atomic power from the Ans : COMP 2014
Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station, serve
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 285

147. Regarding the Rourkela Steel Plant answer juice loss.

the following : (ii) Mumbai is often referred to as the
(i) Name the state in which it is located. “Cottonopolis of India” due to the high
(ii) Name any three products of the plant. density of cotton mills concentrated in
(iii)from where it gets : the city. This significant clustering makes
(a) Iron ore Mumbai the central hub for the cotton
(b) Coal textile industry in the country.
(c) Limestone (iii)The silk industry is regarded as a small-
(d) Manganese scale industry because silk production
(e) Power predominantly takes place in rural regions
(f) Water where conditions are ideal for rearing
(g) The foreign collaborator of the iron silkworms. Additionally, the availability
and steel plant at Rourkela. of affordable labor in these areas supports
Ans : SQP 2017
the small-scale nature of silk cultivation
and processing.
(i) The Rourkela Steel Plant is located in
Odisha. 149. Give a geographical reason for each of the
(ii) (a) Hot-rolled coils following :
(b) Plates (i) India produces very little cane-sugar
(c) Cold-rolled sheets though it is one of the largest producers
(iii)(a) Iron ore : Sourced from Bonaigarh, of sugarcane in the world.
Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts. (ii) Higher output of sugar in South India.
(b) Coal: Supplied by Raniganj, Jharia (iii)Sericulture flourishes in Karnataka.
and Talcher. Ans : SQP 2001
(c) Limestone : Obtained from
Birmitrapur and Hirri. (i) The sugarcane cultivated in India is
(d) Manganese : Sourced from Noamundi, of thin quality with low sugar content,
Keonjhar, Barajanda and Sundargarh. resulting in the country’s cane sugar
(e) Power : Supplied by the Hirakud production constituting only five percent
power project. of the global output.
(f) Water : Met by the Brahmani River. (ii) Tamil Nadu boasts higher per hectare
(g) Collaborator: Germany. yields of sugarcane, elevated sucrose
content and a longer crushing season.
148. Give a geographical reason for each of the These factors, combined with the
following: implementation of new machinery, have
(i) Sugar mills are located close to sugarcane led to an increased sugar production in
growing areas. the state.
(ii) Mumbai is known as the ‘Cottonopolis of (iii)Karnataka offers an ideal climate that
India’. supports the effective rearing of silkworms,
(iii)The Silk industry has a small market. essential for sericulture. The region has
Ans : MAIN 2000
an ample supply of soft water, free from
alkaline salts and iron, which is crucial
(i) Sugar mills are strategically situated close for successful sericulture operations.
to sugarcane plantations because the
juice extracted from harvested sugarcane 150. Name five of the important iron and steel
begins to dry within 1 hours after plants in India and give a brief description of
harvesting. Consequently, it is crucial to the factors which have favoured their location
transport the sugarcane rapidly to the and development.
mills to maintain its quality and prevent Ans : COMP 2002
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

133. Name three by-products of sugar industry. Agro-based Mineral-based

Give one important use of each. Industries Industries
Ans : COMP 2005,2009,2010
Use agricultural Use minerals and
1. Molasses is utilized as an organic fertilizer, products as their metals as their raw
cattle feed, fuel for mills and as a raw primary raw materials.
material in the production of paper and materials.
fiberboard. Examples include Examples include
2. Bagasse serves as an organic fertilizer, sugar, cotton textile iron and steel, cement
cattle feed, mill fuel and is used as a raw and jute industries. and aluminum
material in the manufacturing of paper, industries.
fiberboard and synthetic fibers for the
Generally labor- Capital-intensive,
textile industry.
intensive, often usually located near
3. Press Mud is employed in the creation of
located in rural mining areas or
shoe polish, carbon paper and wax.
areas. industrial hubs.
134. Mention any four factors which influence the Support the Support the
location of industries, giving one example of agricultural sector industrial sector by
each. by processing crops. providing materials
Ans : SQP 2005 for construction,
(i) Raw Material : Raw materials are essential machinery and tools.
inputs for any industry. Consequently,
many industries are situated close to 136. (i) Give one reason to explain why cottage
their raw material sources. For example, industries play an important role in
the majority of jute mills are located in India’s development.
West Bengal, adjacent to the Hooghly (ii) State two ways by which the government
River. has encouraged cottage industries.
(ii) Transport : Efficient transportation is Ans : MAIN 1997,2000

crucial, especially for heavy and bulky (i) Cottage industries provide employment,
raw materials. Mumbai, Maharashtra, require minimal capital investment and
exemplifies this as the largest cotton offer farmers a supplementary income
textile hub, benefiting from its extensive during non-farming seasons.
rail and port facilities. (ii) The government supports cottage
(iii)Market : Consumer-oriented industries industries by :
are typically established near major cities (a) Providing improved tools and
where robust markets exist. For instance, equipment at subsidized rates.
the vegetable oil industry is primarily (b) Offering loans, incentives and
located near large urban centers to ensure affordable raw materials.
easy access to consumers.
(iv) Finance : Financial resources are 137. Which agro-based industry has a tendency
fundamental to all industries. Mumbai to migrate towards the south in India ? Give
stands out as a major center for the reasons to justify your answer.
cotton textile industry because it is a Ans : SQP 1997,2014
prominent financial and commercial hub.
The sugar industry in India is shifting towards
135. Distinguish between agro-based and mineral- the south for the following reasons :
based industries. (i) The tropical climate of southern India is
ideal for sugarcane cultivation, producing
Ans : COMP 2003,2017,2022
thicker, sweeter cane with higher sugar
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 287

(i) Sugarcane is a weight-losing crop, opportunities for additional revenue

meaning its sucrose content decreases streams.
over time. As a result, it must be crushed
within 2 hours of harvesting to preserve 156. What are the four special features of the
its sugar content. cotton textile industry in India ?
(ii) Uttar Pradesh, once the largest sugar Ans : MAIN 2007

producer, has been overtaken due to (i) Major Employer : It provides large-scale
outdated mills, labor and management employment across the country.
issues and a shorter crushing season. (ii) Widespread Presence : The industry
(iii)Ahmedabad is called the ‘Manchester is spread across various states like
of India’ due to its resemblance to Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Manchester, UK, which is known for (iii)Abundant Raw Material : India is a
its cotton textile industry. Ahmedabad, major cotton producer, ensuring a steady
like Manchester, has a climate suitable supply.
for spinning fine cotton thread and is (iv) Export Contributor : Cotton textiles are
located on the banks of the Sabarmati a significant part of India’s exports.
River, whose water is favorable for dyeing
textiles. 157. State any three problems faced by sugar
industry.
155. Discuss the problems of the sugar industry in
Ans : COMP 2008
India at present.
Problems faced by the sugar industry :
Ans : COMP 2007
(i) The sugar industry is seasonal, meaning
The sugar industry operates on a seasonal labor cannot be employed year-round,
basis, preventing year-round employment for leading to reduced worker efficiency.
laborers. This seasonal nature reduces worker (ii) Sugarcane is typically grown by small
efficiency and continuity. farmers who sell directly to mill owners,
(i) Sugarcane is predominantly cultivated by resulting in lower returns for the farmers.
small-scale farmers who sell their harvest (iii)Delays in transporting sugarcane to mills
directly to mill owners. This direct selling in some regions lead to a reduction in the
model results in lower financial returns sugar content of the produce.
for the farmers.
(ii) In certain regions of the country, delays 158. What is meant by the term sericulture ? State
in transporting sugarcane to mills lead to the factors responsible for the concentration
a reduction in sugar content, adversely of silk industry in Kanataka.
affecting the quality of the final product. Ans : SQP 2009
Prevalence of Low-Quality
Sericulture : The process of rearing silkworms
(iii)A significant portion of sugarcane grown
for the production of silk is known as
in northern India is of inferior quality,
sericulture.
which negatively impacts overall sugar
The factors contributing to the concentration
production efficiency and output.
of the silk industry in Karnataka are:
(iv) Many sugar mills are outdated, employing
(i) The region has a favorable climate for
inefficient and uneconomical production
silkworm rearing.
methods. This lack of modernization
(ii) Mulberry plants, grown as plantation
hampers productivity and increases
bushes, are readily available.
operational costs
(iii)Karnataka has an ample supply of soft
(v) The by-products generated by the
water, free from alkaline salts and iron,
sugar industry are not being effectively
essential for silk production.
utilized, leading to wastage and missed
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Steel Plant Favourable Factors Problems faced by the Silk Industry:

(i) The Indian silk industry faces strong
Durgapur Coal from Raniganj, iron ore competition from artificial silk, which
Steel Plant from Singhbhum navigation is more affordable and often of better
and railway Transport quality.
facility, water from Damodar (ii) The import of cheaper and higher-quality
river raw silk from China poses a significant
Bokaro Steel Coal from Jharia, iron ore challenge to the Indian silk industry.
Plant from Singhbhum, water from
Tenughat river 153. State any two geographical features favourable
for setting an industry.
Rourkela Coal from Talcher, iron ore
Steel Plant from Mayurbhanj, water Ans : COMP 2005

from Brahmani river (i) Raw Materials : The availability of raw

Bhilai Steel Coal from Korba, iron from materials is a key factor in determining
Plant Balaghat, Durg, water from the location of industries. Early industries
Tendula river in India developed near raw material
sources. For example, textile mills in
Mysore Coal from nearby charcoal,
Mumbai sourced cotton from Gujarat and
Steel Plant iron ore, from Chitaldurg,
jute mills in the Hooghly region obtained
(Bhadravati) Kundremukh etc., water
jute from the Ganga delta.
from Bhadravati river
(ii) Water Supply : Industries require water for
various processes such as manufacturing,
151. With reference to industries of India, explain:
cleaning, cooling and washing. Fresh
(i) Footloose Industries
water is crucial for industries like iron
(ii) Private Sector Industries.
and steel (cooling), textiles (bleaching
(iii)Joint Sector Industries.
and washing), paper, chemicals, food
Ans : MAIN 2003 processing and jute.
(i) Footloose Industries : These industries (iii)Energy : Continuous energy is essential
are not tied to any specific location since for converting raw materials into finished
their raw materials are widely available products. Industries like iron and steel
and their finished products can be are often located near coal resources,
marketed anywhere. Examples include while energy-intensive industries, such as
soap, toys and cosmetics. electro-metallurgical and electrochemical
(ii) Private Sector Industries : These sectors, are established where electricity
industries are owned and operated by is abundant. In regions lacking coal,
individuals or private firms. An example hydropower is often used to sustain
is the Tata Iron and Steel Company industrial activity. Availability of energy
(TISCO) in Jamshedpur. plays a critical role in the location of
(iii)Joint Sector Industries : These industries industries.
are jointly owned by the government and
154. Give a geographical reason for each of the
private individuals, though management
following :
is typically in private hands.
(i) Sugarcane is a weight losing commodity.
152. What is sericulture ? State any two problems (ii) Uttar Pradesh has been relegated to
faced by the silk industry second place in terms of sugar production.
(iii)Ahmedabad is known as the ‘Manchester
Ans : SQP 2004
of India’.
The rearing of silkworms and the production
Ans : SQP 2006
of raw silk is known as sericulture.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 289

The chief industrial zones of India are as 165. Why is the iron and steel industry concentrated
follows : in the Chotanagpur region ? Which is the
(i) The Western Industrial zone, oldest and privately owned Steel plant ?
(ii) The North-Eastern Industrial zone, Ans : SQP 2016
(iii)The Northern Industrial zone,
(iv) The Southern Industrial zone and This industry is concentrated in the
(v) The Central Industrial zone. Chotanagpur region due to the following
The Western Industrial Zone is home to three factors :
key industries: (a) Availability of coal from the Damodar
(i) The cotton textile industry in Mumbai Valley.
and Ahmedabad. (b) Access to iron ore from Singhbhum and
(ii) The sugar industry in Maharashtra. nearby mines.
(iii)The chemical industry, primarily located (c) Affordable hydro and thermal power
in Mumbai, Maharashtra. from major multipurpose projects on the
Damodar and Mahanadi rivers.
164. Give one factor responsible for each of (d) Supply of cheap labor from the densely
following: populated areas of Bihar, Odisha and
(i) Vishakhapatnam as a ship-building West Bengal.
centre. (e) Close proximity to the Kolkata market.
(ii) Bhopal as a heavy engineering centre. (f) Import and export of raw materials and
(iii)Srinagar (Kashmir) as tourist centre. finished goods are facilitated by Kolkata
(iv) Sindri as an important fertilizer centre. Port.
Ans : MAIN 2015
(g) Excellent communication links through
rail and road networks to the Kolkata
(i) Visakhapatnam has all the necessary region.
resources for shipbuilding, including The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO)
steel, teak wood, aluminum, skilled is the oldest privately owned steel plant in
labor and a deep navigable port. It is the region.
home to Hindustan Shipyard, the oldest
shipbuilding facility in India. 166. The following plants were set up with foreign
(ii) Bhopal is a significant heavy engineering collaboration. Name the foreign countries
center supported by the presence of concerned :
BHEL. As the capital of Madhya (i) Bhilai
Pradesh, it has a high demand for heavy (ii) Rourkela
engineering goods and an abundant (iii)Visvesvaraya
supply of raw materials like iron and steel (iv) Durgapur
for machinery production. (v) Bokaro
(iii)Srinagar (Kashmir) is a major tourist Ans : SQP 2017
destination due to the breathtaking
natural beauty of Kashmir. As the The foreign countries associated with the iron
capital city of Kashmir, Srinagar offers all and steel plants at the following locations are:
necessary accommodation and amenities (i) Bhilai : Former Soviet Union
for tourists. (ii) Rourkela : Germany
(iv) Sindri is India’s first fertilizer center, (iii)Peri and Marshall Co. : USA
established in 1951. Located in the Jharia (iv) Durgapur : Britain, Germany and the
coalfield area of Jharkhand, Sindri utilizes former Soviet Union
thermal power from coal for fertilizer (v) Bokaro : Former Soviet Union, now the
production. Russian Federation
CH 11 : MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

MAP BASED QUESTION

167. On the outline map of India mark the

following :
1. The Industrial Region in West India.
2. The three largest Cotton Textile
Industrial centres.
3. One centre of the Sugar Industry in (i)
North India ; and (ii) Peninsular India.
4. Three states where sericulture is practised.
Ans : MAIN 2016

www.nodia.in
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 291

CHAPTER 12
TRANSPORT

SUMMARY 5. Border Roads : Built by the BRO to serve

border regions.
6. Golden Quadrilateral : A 5,846 km 4/6-
1. TRANSPORT lane highway connecting Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai and Kolkata, easing movement
The transport system enables the movement
between cities.
of people and goods, essential for industrial
and urban growth. In India, efficient Advantages of Roadways :
transportation is crucial, with modes like 1. Ideal for transporting heavy and bulky
roadways, railways, airways and waterways. materials.
Importance: 2. Ideal for transporting heavy and bulky
1. Promotes unity among citizens. materials.
2. Connects remote areas, reducing 3. Connectivity : Links remote villages and
disparities. hilly areas to towns and cities.
3. Utilizes natural resources in remote 4. Cost-effective : Cheaper to build than
regions. railways.
4. Provides aid during crises. 5. Adaptability : Can be constructed on
5. Transports raw materials to industries. irregular land and hilly regions.
6. Door-to-door service : Reduces loading
2. MODES OF TRANSPORT and unloading costs.
Different modes of transport are discussed 7. Security : Less risk of theft or pilferage
below: during transportation.
8. Complementary : Connects railway
2.1 Roadway
stations and ports.
India has a vast road network of around 33 9. Efficiency : Allows farmers and producers
lakh kilometers, the second-largest globally. to transport goods independently without
Road Types : relying on railways.
1. National Highways : Managed by Disadvantages of Roadways :
the Central Government and NHAI, 1. Many roads are irregular, making them
connecting the country. NH-7 is the unsuitable for regular vehicular traffic.
longest, from Varanasi to Kanyakumari. 2. Poorly maintained roads lead to heavy
2. State Highways : Link state capitals to wear and tear on vehicles.
district headquarters, maintained by 3. Numerous check posts and tolls slow
state PWD. vehicles, wasting time and frustrating
3. District Roads : Connect district passengers.
headquarters with local areas, managed 4. Indian roads often have weak pavements,
by Zila Parishad. unbridged crossings and lack proper
4. Rural Roads : Cover 80% of the network, amenities and safety measures.
linking villages to districts, crucial for 5. Roads are overcrowded, especially
agriculture. in cities, with varied-speed vehicles,
CH 12 : TRANSPORT

leading to frequent accidents and unsafe 3. Reliance on coal leads to pollution.

conditions. 4. Cannot cross seas or unstable terrain.
5. Increased electricity use with electrified
2.2 Railways
trains raises fares.
Railways in India are a crucial means of 6. Lack of cleanliness and basic amenities.
transportation, playing a vital role in the 7. Does not offer door-to-door service.
economy by moving both passengers and
freight. India’s railways, which began in 1853 2.3 Airways
with a line from Mumbai to Thane, were Air transport is the fastest and most
nationalized in 1951 and now form the fourth comfortable mode of travel. The Airports
largest and busiest network in the world, Authority of India (AAI), established on
transporting over 18 million passengers and April 1, 1995, manages the expansion and
2 million tonnes of freight daily. Stretching modernization of airports, ensuring safe and
over 64,460 km and covering 683 stations, the efficient air traffic services. In 2007, Air India
system is managed by the Railway Board and and Indian Airlines merged under the name
divided into 17 zones. Air India, now the 16th largest airline in Asia.
Suburban rail networks in cities like Private airlines like Jet Airways, SpiceJet,
Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi serve millions GoAir and Indigo also operate domestically
of commuters, while metro systems operate and internationally.
in cities such as New Delhi and Bengaluru. Key airports in India include :
The Konkan railway is a separate, corporate
(i) Indira Gandhi International Airport,
entity under the Railway Ministry.
Delhi
Railway Gauges : (ii) Chhatrapati Shivaji International
1. Broad Gauge (1.676 m) : Widely used, Airport, Mumbai
connecting major cities. (iii)Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
2. Metre Gauge (1 m) : Found in parts of International Airport, Kolkata
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and (iv) Chennai International Airport, Chennai
more.
Pawan Hans Helicopters Ltd. (PHHL),
3. Narrow Gauge (0.762 m) : Mainly used
established in 1985, provides helicopter
in mountainous regions like Shimla and
services for offshore oil exploration and
Darjeeling.
operates in remote, mountainous regions.
Advantages of Railways : It also supports state governments, North-
1. Efficiently transports heavy and Eastern states and tourism promotion.
perishable goods.
Advantages of Airways :
2. Connects raw materials to production
1. Fastest transportation linking distant
centers and markets.
cities.
3. Crucial during natural disasters for
2. Capable of crossing mountains, deserts,
delivering aid.
seas and inaccessible areas.
4. Reduces travel time and connects rural
areas to urban centers. 3. Crucial during natural disasters, offering
5. Integrates the country through an airlifts and supply drops.
extensive network. Disadvantages of Airways :
Disadvantages of Railways : 1. Expensive compared to other modes of
1. Difficult to lay tracks in hilly or forested transport.
areas. 2. Weather-dependent, leading to delays in
2. Long journeys can be tiring compared to unfavorable conditions.
air travel. 3. Reliant on non-renewable petroleum fuel.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 293

4. Faces stiff competition from foreign MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

airlines.
5. High maintenance costs.
6. High freight charges. 1. Which of the following means of transport
has best use during floods / earthquake?
2.4 Waterways (a) Airways
Water transport is the cheapest mode for (b) Railways
moving heavy, bulky goods. India has a vast (c) Roadways
network of rivers, lakes, canals and a 7,517 (d) Waterways
km coastline, yet it contributes only 1% to Ans : MAIN 2024
India’s total transport.
Thus (a) is correct option.
Water transport is divided into:
(i) Inland Waterways : Rivers, lakes and 2. The port in Eastern India which has the
canals regulat----------------------------------- problem of silting is______.
------------------------------------------------------ (a) Chennai
-ed by the Inland Waterways Authority (b) Kolkata
of India (IWAI). (c) Puri
(ii) Oceanic Waterways : Supports 95% of (d) Visakhapatnam
India’s foreign trade by volume and 70% Ans : SQP 2024
by value.
Thus (b) is correct option.
(iii)Ports : Major cargo ports are managed
by the Central Shipping Ministry, while 3. India has the_____largest road network in
minor ports are overseen by coastal the world.
states. (a) second
Advantages of Waterways: (b) third
1. Cheapest mode of transport. (c) fourth
2. Consumes less fuel and is eco-friendly. (d) sixth
3. Offers comfortable travel with ample Ans : MAIN 2001

space and amenities. Thus (a) is correct option.

4. Less traffic compared to roads and
railways. 4. ______are the backbone of road
5. Generates employment and promotes infrastructure in India.
tourism. (a) Border Roads
6. Requires less capital investment due to (b) Expressways
no infrastructure costs. (c) National Highways
(d) State Highways
Disadvantages of Waterways:
1. Poor connectivity between ports and Ans : SQP 2002

hinterlands. Thus (c) is correct option.

2. Dependent on weather conditions.
3. Long travel times can cause discomfort. 5. Which of the following is the longest National
4. Many ports lack basic infrastructure. Highway in India?
5. Limited to navigable rivers and oceans. (a) NH 77
6. Slow handling at ports causes delays and (b) NH 7
losses for shipping companies. (c) NH 5
(d) NH 2
Ans : COMP 2003

Thus (b) is correct option.

CH 12 : TRANSPORT

2. Flexibility and convenience : Road markets, services and opportunities, fostering

transport allows flexible travel schedules balanced regional development.
and short-distance travel, making it more
convenient for daily commuting and 53. “Though an expensive mode of transport,
transporting goods. Airways is gaining popularity in India.”
Explain giving two reasons.
50. Give a reason for each of the following: Ans : MAIN 2023
(i) Northern plain is best suited for the
development of Railways. (i) Airways provide faster travel, making
(ii) Railways are managed completely by the them ideal for long distances and time-
Central Government. sensitive journeys, which is especially
important in a large country like India.
Ans : MAIN 2024
(ii) They offer better connectivity to remote
(i) The Northern plain is best suited for and inaccessible areas, such as the
the development of railways because the northeastern states and hilly regions,
region has flat terrain, making it easier where other modes of transport are less
and more cost-effective to lay tracks and feasible or slower.
it has a dense population, generating
high demand for passenger and freight 54. Why are South Indian rivers not ideal for
transport. inland water transport?
(ii) Railways are managed completely by the Ans : MAIN 2023

Central Government because they form South Indian rivers are not ideal for inland
a national network, requiring uniform water transport because they are mostly
standards, policies and coordination seasonal and have an uneven flow, with many
across states for efficient and consistent sections becoming dry or shallow during
operation across the country. the non-monsoon periods. Additionally,
51. Name two situations where helicopter services they have a rocky terrain and fast currents,
may be used? making navigation difficult.

Ans : MAIN 2024 55. Mention two advantages of waterways.

(i) Helicopter services can be used in Ans : MAIN 2023

inaccessible areas such as the interiors of Advantages of waterways are:

Jammu and Kashmir and the mountainous 1. Water transport is cheaper for moving
regions of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand bulk goods over long distances as it
and the northeastern states. consumes less fuel compared to road or
(ii) They also provide support to ONGC for rail transport.
offshore installations and are essential 2. Waterways have a low environmental
for defense operations or during natural impact, producing less pollution compared
disasters. to other forms of transport like trucks or
52. Why is it important to have a well developed trains.
means of transport in India? 56. Why are roadways considered more important
Ans : MAIN 2023 than any other means of transport?
Efficient transportation boosts trade, Ans : SQP 2023

commerce and industry by facilitating the Roads offer door-to-door service and are
movement of goods and people, driving the most affordable and safest form of
economic growth. It also enhances urban- transportation, connecting villages to urban
rural connectivity, providing better access to centers. They play a crucial role in the
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16. The rivers of Peninsular India are not ideal (a) Thiruvananthapuram
for inland waterways because they are marked (b) Mormugao
by number of_____. (c) Kandla
(a) Estuaries (d) Kochi
(b) Waterfalls Ans : MAIN 2019
(c) Stones and silt on the river beds
(d) Tributaries Thus (d) is correct option.

Ans : SQP 2014 22. The port releases pressure on Mumbai port
Thus (b) is correct option. is_____.
(a) Kandla
17. Which of the following is an advantage of (b) Mormugao
airways? (c) Kochi
(a) Ease of crossing difficult terrain (d) Jawaharlal Nehru Port
(b) Dependencey on weather conditions
Ans : SQP 2020
(c) Carriage of low tonnage
(d) Fuel used is petroleum Thus (d) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2015 23. The deepest landlocked port is_____.
Thus (a) is correct option. (a) Chennai
(b) Kochi
18. Inland waterways are_____and_____. (c) Kandla
(a) Expensive; inaccessible (d) Visakhapatnam
(b) Cheap; environment friendly
(c) Cheap; carry low tonnage Ans : COMP 2022

(d) Cheap; easily cross barriers. Thus (d) is correct option.

Ans : MAIN 2016
24. The port on the east coast of India which
Thus (b) is correct option. exports iron ore and coal to Japan is_____.
(a) Haldia
19. International Trade is between _____
(b) Chennai
countries.
(c) Visakhapatnam
(a) three
(d) Paradip
(b) six
(c) two Ans : MAIN 2023

(d) four Thus (d) is correct option.

Ans : SQP 2017
25. This mode of transport can negotiate steeper
Thus (c) is correct option. slopes:
20. Imports are the products which_____in (a) Railways
country. (b) Airways
(a) reside (c) Roads
(b) leave (d) Waterways
(c) come Ans : MAIN 2000
(d) non-resident
Thus (c) is correct option.
Ans : COMP 2018
26. India has the_____largest road network in
Thus (c) is correct option.
the world.
21. A natural harbour on the west coast of India (a) 4th (b) 3rd
in the state of Kerala is_____. (c) 10 th
(d) 2nd
CH 12 : TRANSPORT

6. What percentage of road traffic is handled by Thus (c) is correct option.

the National Highways?
(a) 10 per cent 11. The railways are divided into the basic
(b) 20 per cent operating units
(c) 35 per cent (a) 20 routes
(d) 40 per cent (b) 18 circles
(c) 20 zones
Ans : MAIN 2004
(d) 18 zones
Thus (d) is correct option. Ans : COMP 2009

7. Which of the following is an important Thus (d) is correct option.

difference between a Highway and an
Expressway? 12. The railway track system is based on which
(a) Presence of multiple roads on an of the following?
Expressway. (a) Width of the track
(b) Controlled access through absence of (b) Length of the track
multiple roads on an Expressway. (c) Route of the track
(c) Presence of large number of intersections (d) Load of the track
on an Expressway. Ans : MAIN 2010

(d) All of the above. Thus (a) is correct option.

Ans : SQP 2005
13. Which of the track is called the India gauge?
Thus (b) is correct option. (a) Narrow Gauge
8. The North South corridor connects (b) Metre Gauge
(a) Porbandar to Silchar (c) Broad Gauge
(b) Mumbai to Odisha (d) All of the above
(c) Srinagar to Kanyakumari Ans : SQP 2011

(d) Lucknow to Ghazipur Thus (c) is correct option.

Ans : COMP 2006
14. The distance between rails in a metre gauge
Thus (c) is correct option. is
9. The two terminal points of East-West (a) 1.67 m
corridor are (b) 1 m
(a) Porbandar and Silchar (c) 0.762 m
(b) Mumbai and Dispur (d) 2 m
(c) Ahmedabad and Imphal Ans : COMP 2012

(d) Surat and Gangtok Thus (b) is correct option.

Ans : MAIN 2007
15. Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic
Thus (a) is correct option. in cities are mostly_____.
10. Which mode of transport allows farmers to (a) Diesel Multiple Units (DMUs)
move their perishable products quickly to the (b) Coal Multiple Units (CMUs)
markets? (c) Electric Multiple Units (EMUs)
(a) Railways (d) Solar Panel Units (SPUs)
(b) Airways Ans : MAIN 2013

(c) Roadways Thus (c) is correct option.

(d) Waterways
Ans : SQP 2008
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 297

ONE MARK QUESTIONS people of this region prefer road transport.

44. Name four cities which have Metro rail

37. Give two reasons why peninsular rivers are network.
not ideal for navigation. Ans : COMP 2018

Ans : SQP 2013

Cities like New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and
(i) These are not perennial. Mumbai have their own metro networks.
(ii) They flow swiftly over the plateaus and
highlands. 45. What is an EMU ?
Ans : SQP 2019
38. Name a port on the east coast which is often
Suburban trains that handle commuter traffic
hit by cyclones during the months of October
are mostly Electric Multiple units (EMUs).
and November.
They usually have nine coaches or sometimes
Ans : COMP 2013
twelve to handle rush hour traffic.
Chennai
46. How many zones do the Indian Railways
39. Why is the Railways an important means of have?
transport as compared to Airways ? Ans : MAIN 2020
Ans : SQP 2017,2019
The Indian Railways have 17 zones.
Railway is cheap mode of transportation.
Railway can carry bulky raw material. 47. Name a port on the east coast which is often
hit by cyclones during the months of October
40. What was the first road from Peshawar to and November.
Kolkata known as ? Ans : COMP 2021
Ans : MAIN 2014
Chennai.
The first road from Peshawar to Kolkata was
known as Grand Trunk Road (G.T. Road) 48. Name the two major projects developed by
NHAI.
41. What is a National Highway ?
Ans : SQP 2022
Ans : SQP 2015
The two major projects undertaken by NHAI:
The main roads which are constructed and (i) Golden quadrilateral.
maintained by the Central Government are (ii) North-South and East-West Corridors.
known as National Highways.

42. Name the organization responsible for the

development and maintenance of highways in TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
India.
Ans : COMP 2016
49. Why is road transport an important means
The National Highways Authority of India
of transport in India? (Any two reasons)
(NHAI) is responsible for the development
and maintenance of highways in India. Ans : MAIN 2024

Road transport an important means of

43. Why is road transport favoured in the
transport in India due to following reasons :
northern plains of India?
1. Door-to-door connectivity : It provides
Ans : MAIN 2017 direct access to remote areas, villages and
Road transport is economical and well urban centers, facilitating easy movement
connected in this region. That’s why the of people and goods.
CH 12 : TRANSPORT
Ans : SQP 2002
32. The international airport in Kolkata is called
Thus (d) is correct option. the______.
(a) Indira Gandhi International Airport
27. These highways are maintained by the (b) Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
CPWD is: International Airport
(a) National Highways (c) Meenambakkam International Airport
(b) District Roads (d) Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
(c) Border Security Roads International Airport
(d) Mountain Roads
Ans : SQP 2009
Ans : COMP 2003
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
33. The Kalka-Shimla line is confined to the
28. _____roads are maintained by the Zila ______.
Parishad. (a) Narrow gauge
(a) Highways (b) Broad gauge
(b) District Roads (c) Medium gauge
(c) Village Roads (d) Metre gauge
(d) State Highways
Ans : COMP 2010
Ans : MAIN 2004
Thus (a) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
34. This mode of transport is not of much use in
29. The North-South Corridor connects the cities hilly areas:
of______. (a) Border roads
(a) Silchar and Porbandar (b) Railways
(b) Delhi and Kolkata (c) Highways
(c) Pune and Bengaluru (d) State Roadways
(d) Srinagar and Kanyakumari
Ans : MAIN 2011
Ans : SQP 2005
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (d) is correct option.
35. This mode of transport connects remote
30. _____highway is also known as Sher Shah areas which are difficult to access:
Suri Marg. (a) Jet
(a) National Highway 1 (b) Aeroplanes
(b) National Highway 2 (c) Helicopter services
(c) National Highway 3 (d) Roads
(d) National Highway 6
Ans : SQP 2012
Ans : COMP 2007
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
36. The National Waterways No. 2 is along
31. The Indian Railways consists of_____. the_____.
(a) four gauges (a) River Ganga
(b) three gauges (b) River Kaveri
(c) two gauges (c) River Narmda
(d) eight gauges (d) River Brahmaputra
Ans : MAIN 2008
Ans : COMP 2013
Thus (b) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 299

economic development of the country and 61. Air transport has gained popularity in recent
also serve as links between railway stations time in India. Give reason.
and ports. Ans : SQP 2013,2018

57. Mention two advantages of using railways as Air transport has gained popularity in India
means of transport. due to its speed and efficiency, making it
Ans : MAIN 2023
ideal for long-distance travel, especially with
the country’s vast size. Additionally, the
Two advantages of using railways as means expansion of low-cost airlines and improved
of transport : connectivity between major cities and remote
1. Railways act as the primary and more areas has made air travel more accessible and
economical mode of transportation for convenient for people.
both goods and passengers.
2. Railways foster integration across regions, 62. State one economic benefit of the Golden
for example, connecting the eastern states Quadrilateral Project.
with the west and the northern states Ans : COMP 2015
with the south.
It enhances trade and commerce by improving
58. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage connectivity between major industrial,
each of inland waterway. agricultural and cultural hubs, reducing
Ans : SQP 2014
transportation time and costs.

(i) Advantage of Inland Waterways : It is 63. NSEW is helpful for India. Give reasons.
a cost-effective way to transport heavy Ans : MAIN 2022
and bulky goods over long distances with
minimal fuel consumption. NSEW is helpful for India because:
(ii) Disadvantage of Inland Waterways : 1. Improves national connectivity by linking
Navigation is dependent on water levels, key regions.
which can fluctuate due to weather 2. Promotes balanced regional development
conditions, making it unreliable at times. by reducing disparities.

59. State any three disadvantages of railway. 64. Roadways are always considered more
important than any other means of
Ans : MAIN 2019
transportation. Give two reasons in support
1. High construction and maintenance costs. of the statement.
2. No door-to-door service, requiring Ans : MAIN 2016,2019,2022
additional transport.
3. Limited access in hilly and remote areas. 1. Constructing roads necessitates a smaller
capital outlay compared to building
60. Mention two advantages and one disadvantage railway systems.
of air transport. 2. Roads can be developed at elevated
Ans : COMP 2013
altitudes and across a variety of terrains,
allowing for greater flexibility in
Advantages of Air Transport : placement.
1. Fastest mode of transport, ideal for long- 3. The expenses associated with maintaining
distance travel. road networks are comparatively minimal.
2. Efficient during emergencies, like natural
disasters and medical evacuations. 65. What is the name of the National Airlines of
Disadvantage of Air Transport : High cost, India?
making it less affordable compared to other Ans : MAIN 2023
modes of transport.
The National Airline of India is Air India.
CH 12 : TRANSPORT

90. Transport is the backbone of a country’s 92. Give two advantages and one disadvantages
economy. Give reasons to support your of railways.
answer Ans : COMP 2017
Ans : MAIN 2015
(i) Advantages of Railways:
Transport is the backbone of a country’s (a) Railways enable the efficient
economy because: transportation of bulky goods and
1. Facilitates trade : It enables the movement perishable commodities over long
of goods and services, boosting economic distances.
activity. (b) Railways help move raw materials
2. Improves connectivity : Links remote to production units and distribute
areas to urban centers, providing access finished goods to markets.
to essential services and jobs. (ii) Disadvantages of Railways:
3. Supports industries : Ensures timely (a) Rail transport lacks route flexibility,
delivery of raw materials and products, as tracks cannot be easily laid in hilly
promoting efficiency. or remote forested areas.
4. Boosts tourism : A good transport (b) Train travel can be lengthy and
network attracts tourists, contributing to exhausting, especially when compared
the economy. to the speed of air travel.
5. Creates jobs : The transport sector
generates employment for millions. 93. Mention any three problems being faced by
the Indian Railways.
91. Give two points of difference between a Port Ans : MAIN 2018
and a Harbour
Problems faced by the Indian Railways are :
Ans : SQP 2016
(i) Trains do not offer door-to-door service,
The difference between a Port and Harbour requiring passengers and goods to depend
are as follows : on road transport to reach their final
destinations.
Port Harbour (ii) Outdated trains, tracks and equipment
Ports are man-made Harbours are natural pose safety risks for railway operations.
commercial places or created places, (iii)Electrification of railways has led to
built along the connecting a piece significant power consumption and
coastline. of land with a large increased tariff rates.
waterbody, which
serve as ports. 94. Give three economic benefits of the Golden
Quadrilateral Project.
The location of Natural harbours
ports is chosen along are surrounded by Ans : SQP 2019

the coastline where land on most sides The main economic benefits of the Golden
water is navigable but have an entrance Quadrilateral Project are :
and is close to point to the sea. (i) It interconnects major cities and ports
land facilities and across the country.
infrastructure. (ii) It boosts truck transport throughout
The main purpose of Harbours are utilised India.
ports is loading and mainly for providing (iii)It promotes industrial growth in small
unloading of cargo safe parking or towns along its route.
ships. anchorage to ships. (iv) It facilitates the transport of agricultural
produce from the hinterland to cities and
ports for export.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 301

Access Open access, Limited access 76. Name the regulatory body looking after
with multiple with controlled air transport in India. State any two of its
entry and exit entrances and functions.
points. exits. Ans : COMP 2011

The Directorate General of Civil Aviation

73. What are National Highways? (DGCA) is the regulatory body responsible
Ans : COMP 2008 for overseeing air transport in India.
The primary roads built and maintained by Safety Regulation and Oversight: Develops
the Central Government are referred to as and enforces safety standards for airlines,
National Highways. These highways span the airports and aviation personnel to ensure
entire country, connecting key ports, state compliance with national and international
capitals, major industrial hubs and tourist regulations.
destinations. They play a crucial role in Licensing and Certification: Issues licenses to
facilitating inter-state transportation and the pilots, engineers and air traffic controllers and
movement of defense personnel and materials certifies aircraft and aviation organizations
in strategic regions. In India, National to meet operational and safety requirements.
Highways are labeled as NH followed by their
respective numbers. 77. Explain the role of oceanic waterways in the
transport sector of India’s economy.
74. What is the Golden Quadrilateral Project ? Ans : MAIN 2012
Ans : MAIN 2009
Oceanic waterways play a significant role in
The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) stands India’s transport sector. They manage 95% of
as India’s most extensive express highway India’s foreign trade by volume and 70% by
initiative. It marks the initial phase of the value. In addition to international trade, these
National Highways Development Project routes are also utilized for transportation
(NHDP) and involves constructing 5,846 between the country’s mainland and its
kilometers of four- and six-lane expressways islands.
that link Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and
Chennai, effectively creating a quadrilateral 78. What are the two prerequisites of waterways
shape. The project is undertaken with an to be navigable ?
investment of `60,000 crores. In January Ans : SQP 2013

2008, it was announced that the scope of the (i) Inland waterways, including rivers,
project would be expanded to encompass canals, backwaters and creeks, must have
6,500 kilometers. sufficient depth to ensure safe navigation
75. How is the Indian rail network one of the for ships and boats.
largest and busiest networks in the world ? (ii) These waterways should also be clear of
obstacles like waterfalls and rapids.
Ans : SQP 2010

In 1947, the year India gained independence, 79. On which river and between which two places
there were forty-two separate rail systems. does the National Waterway No. 2 lie ?
By 1951, these systems were nationalized and Ans : COMP 2014
unified into a single entity, forming one of
National Waterway No. 2 lies on the
the largest rail networks in the world. Indian
Brahmaputra River and it stretches between
Railways now operates both long-distance
Sadiya and Dhubri in the state of Assam.
and suburban rail services across the country.
CH 12 : TRANSPORT

It operates both domestic and international District Roads, overseen by Zila Parishads;
flights, serving as the country’s flagship Rural Roads, maintained by Local Panchayats
carrier. or schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Gram
Sadak Yojana (PMGSY); Border Roads,
66. Name the following : handled by the Border Roads Organization
(i) An important inland waterway of north (BRO); and Expressways, managed by the
east India. NHAI or specific expressway authorities.
(ii) One expressway with its terminal cities.
(iii)A major port which is not located on the 70. Why is road transport in India considered
sea coast and is at a distance of 128 km, more useful than rail transport ? Give reasons
from the coast along the banks of a river. to support your answer.
Ans : SQP 2000 Ans : COMP 2005

(i) National Waterway No. 2 : Brahmaputra Road transport is considered more useful
River between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 than rail transport because :
km) 1. Door-to-door service : Provides direct
(ii) The North-South Corridor, linking delivery to destinations.
Srinagar and Kanyakumari 2. Flexibility : Can access remote areas and
(iii)Kolkata Port follow various routes.
3. Short distances : More efficient and
67. Give two reasons why peninsular rivers are economical for shorter trips.
not ideal for navigation. 4. Diverse vehicles : Supports multiple types
Ans : COMP 2001 of transport vehicles.
1. Seasonal flow fluctuations due to being 71. What is an Expressway ? Name one
rain-fed. expressway.
2. Rapids and waterfalls obstruct smooth
navigation. Ans : MAIN 2006

Expressways are six-lane cemented roads,

68. Give two advantages and two disadvantages specifically designed to facilitate smooth,
of waterways. high-speed travel without any on-road
Ans : MAIN 2003 obstacles such as traffic signals or speed
(i) Advantages of waterways : breakers.
(a) Cost-effective for bulk transport. Example: Yamuna Expressway, connecting
(b) Environmentally friendly with low Greater Noida and Agra.
emissions. 72. Give two points of difference between
(ii) Disadvantages of waterways : Highways and Expressways.
(a) Time-consuming for transit.
(b) Limited to navigable routes only. Ans : SQP 2007

69. Name the types of roads used in India. Which Feature Highway Expressway
agency is responsible for maintenance of each Definition A paved road A four-
category separately? providing lane divided
Ans : SQP 2004 transportation highway with
India has various types of roads, including for vehicles. limited access.
National Highways, maintained by the Lanes May have two Normally four
National Highways Authority of India or four lanes, lanes, divided.
(NHAI); State Highways, managed by the divided or
State Public Works Departments (PWDs); undivided.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 303

areas where railways are unavailable. (ii) Varanasi and Kapurthala.

(c) Lower construction cost : Roads are
cheaper and easier to build compared 88. (i) Name the National Waterways of India.
to railway tracks. (ii) State one advantage of inland waterways.
Ans : MAIN 2018
85. Why are the means of transport called the
lifelines of a nation and its economy ? (i) The government has declared the following
waterways as the National Waterways :
Ans : COMP 2018
(a) National Waterway 1 (NW-1):
Means of transport are called the lifelines of a Allahabad to Haldia (Ganga-
nation and its economy because they connect Bhagirathi-Hooghly river system)
different regions, facilitate the movement of (b) National Waterway 2 (NW-2): Sadiya
goods and people and enable trade, commerce to Dhubri (Brahmaputra River)
and industrial development. Transport (c) National Waterway 3 (NW-3): Kollam
ensures the efficient distribution of essential to Kottapuram (West Coast Canal)
resources and services across the country, (d) National Waterway 4 (NW-4) :
promoting economic growth and integration. Kakinada to Puducherry
(e) National Waterway 5 (NW-5) :
86. A well developed transport not network is Brahmani River and East Coast
important for industrial growth. Give reason. Canal.
Ans : MAIN 2019 (ii) Advantages of inland waterways :
1. Efficient supply of raw materials, reducing (a) Ideal for transporting heavy and
production delays. bulky goods.
2. Easier access to markets for distributing (b) Fuel-efficient and environmentally
finished goods. friendly mode of transport.
3. Lower logistics costs, boosting industrial (c) Experiences minimal wear and tear
competitiveness. compared to other transport modes.
(d) Over 95% of the country’s trade
87. (i) Why is the railways so important today ? volume is carried by sea routes.
(ii) Name any two centres which produce
rolling stock for Indian railways. 89. Give a reason for each of the following:
(i) Nearly seventy percent of Indians do not
Ans : SQP 2018
use air transport.
(i) Railways so important today due to (ii) A well-developed transport network is
following reasons : important for industrial growth.
(a) Indian Railways handle the majority (iii)Water transport is not as popular as land
of long-distance passenger traffic and transport in India.
transport 80% of the country’s total Ans : SQP 2019
freight.
(b) The iron and steel industry relies (i) Because it is expensive compared to
heavily on railways to move raw other modes of transport, making it
materials and finished goods across less accessible for the majority of the
various locations. population.
(c) Indian Railways is a major employer, (ii) It enables efficient movement of raw
providing jobs to a large number of materials to factories and finished
people across the nation. products to markets, reducing costs and
(d) Railways contribute to national increasing productivity.
integration by connecting people from (iii)Water transport is much slower than
different regions and fostering unity. road, rail, or air transport and provides
limited area access.
CH 12 : TRANSPORT

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS transport:

(a) High maintenance costs for tracks,
stations and equipment.
80. Mention two advantages and one disadvantage (b) Overcrowding in passenger trains,
of Inland water transport. especially during peak hours.
Ans : MAIN 2024 (c) Limited reach in remote and hilly
areas, making accessibility difficult.
(i) Advantages :
1. Low operating cost : It is a cost- 83. (i) Which is the cheapest means of transport?
effective mode for transporting large (ii) Mention any three advantages and
and heavy goods over long distances. disadvantages of that means of transport.
2. Environmentally friendly : Inland
Ans : COMP 2016,2019,2017
water transport causes less air
pollution and has a minimal carbon (i) Waterways are the cheapest means of
footprint compared to road and rail transport.
transport. (ii) (a) Three advantages of waterways:
(ii) Disadvantage : It is slower than other 1. Cost-effective for transporting
modes of transport like road or rail, heavy and bulky goods.
making it less suitable for transporting 2. Environmentally friendly, with
time-sensitive goods. low fuel consumption.
3. Low infrastructure cost as
81. Why has airway become more popular than waterways require no construction
other means of transport? (Any three reasons) like roads or railways.
Ans : MAIN 2024 (b) Three disadvantages of waterways :
1. Slow speed, making it unsuitable
Airway become more popular than other
for urgent transport.
means of transport due to following reasons :
2. Weather-dependent, with
1. Speed : Air travel is the fastest mode of
services often affected by adverse
transportation, making it ideal for long-
conditions.
distance and time-sensitive travel.
3. Limited to navigable areas,
2. Accessibility to remote areas : Airways
restricting access to certain regions.
provide connectivity to difficult-to-reach
regions, such as hilly terrains and islands, 84. (i) Name any three agencies which are
where other transport options are limited. responsible for the construction and
3. Comfort and convenience : Air travel maintenance of roads in India.
offers higher comfort levels and shorter (ii) What are the advantages of roads over
travel times, making it a preferred choice the railways ?
for passengers, especially over long
Ans : MAIN 2014,2018
distances.
(i) (a) National Highways Authority of India
82. (i) Which is the principal mode of (NHAI).
transportation for freight and passengers? (b) State Public Works Department
(ii) Mention any three problems of that (PWD).
means of transport. (c) Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
Ans : SQP 2012 (ii) Advantages of roads over railways :
(a) Door-to-door service : Roads provide
(i) Railways are the principal mode of
direct connectivity to homes, offices
transportation for both freight and
and industries.
passengers.
(b) Flexibility : Roads are suitable for
(ii) Three problems of that means of
short and long distances and can reach
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 305

(v) It generates job opportunities in 97. List two advantages and one disadvantage of
construction and increases demand for air transport in India.
materials like cement and steel. Ans : SQP 2022

95. Give a geographical reason for each of the Advantages :

following : (i) It is the fastest mode of transport.
(i) Railways bind the economic and cultural (ii) It is useful during natural calamities for
life of the country. rescue and relief operations.
(ii) Railways are not common in North East Disadvantages :
India. (i) Air transport is expensive.
(iii)North India is better suited for railways (ii) It is weather-dependent, with flights often
and roadways. delayed due to poor weather conditions.
Ans : COMP2020
98. What is the significance of an efficient
(i) Railways play a crucial role in the transport system?
economic and social development of the Ans : COMP 2023
nation. The government is working to
upgrade the railway system. Railways (i) Transportation links backward areas
have brought villages closer to cities, with advanced regions, enabling better
facilitating the transfer of ideas and resource utilization.
innovations to rural areas. They serve (ii) It supports industrialization and
as an integrating force, connecting the urbanization by facilitating the movement
country through an extensive network. of goods and labor.
(ii) The rugged terrain and numerous (iii)Transportation alleviates scarcity during
rivers in North East India make railway crises by enabling the distribution of
construction costly and challenging. essential goods.
(iii)Road and rail transport are preferred (iv) It minimizes the impact of natural
in northern India due to its flat plains, disasters by ensuring the quick delivery
fertile soils and high population density, of aid and rescue operations.
which make infrastructure development (v) Transportation fosters cultural exchange
easier and more efficient. and unity by promoting the movement of
people, bringing diverse communities into
96. Give two advantages and one disadvantage contact.
of helicopter services over aeroplane services.
99. Give a geographical reason for each of the
Ans : MAIN 2021
following.
Advantages of Helicopter : (i) Nearly 70 per cent of Indians do not use
(a) It is the fastest and most comfortable air transport.
mode of transport, connecting remote (ii) A well-developed transport network is
and far-flung areas of the country. important for industrial progress.
(b) Helicopters are crucial during natural (iii)Airways are quite useful during natural
disasters, used to airlift people from calamity.
affected areas and deliver food, medicines Ans : MAIN 2018
and other essentials.
Disadvantages of Helicopter : Air transport (i) Affordability Issues : India remains a
relies on petroleum, a non-renewable source developing nation with a significant
of energy. portion of its population living below
the poverty line, making air travel
unaffordable for the average person.
Consequently, airlines primarily cater to
CH 12 : TRANSPORT

a niche market segment that can afford 101. Explain why India has an extensive network
the high ticket prices. of waterways.
(ii) Economic Connectivity : Air transport Ans : SQP 2003
plays a vital role in linking various
regions of the country, facilitating the India has an extensive network of waterways
transportation of raw materials, fuel due to several geographical and economic
and machinery to production centers. factors :
Additionally, it enables the distribution 1. Vast River System: India is home to
of finished products to markets and many large rivers like the Ganges,
consumer hubs, thereby supporting Brahmaputra, Godavari and Krishna,
industrial growth. which provide natural waterways for
(iii)Disaster Response : Air transport is transportation across large distances.
crucial during natural disasters, as it 2. Long Coastline: With a coastline of over
allows for the evacuation of people 7,500 kilometers, India is well-suited for
from impacted areas and the delivery of coastal shipping, facilitating transport
essential supplies such as food, medicine and trade between coastal cities and
and other necessary items to those neighboring countries.
affected by calamities. 3. Economic Efficiency: Waterways are a
cost-effective mode of transport for bulk
100. Give a geographical reason for each of the goods like coal, iron ore and agricultural
following : products, reducing transportation costs
(i) The Ganga is navigable from its mouth compared to road and rail transport.
right upto Allahabad. 4. Connectivity: Inland waterways help
(ii) The Peninsular rivers are not ideal for connect remote areas, especially in the
inland water transport. northeastern region and riverine states,
(iii)Mumbai is a harbour and a port. where other forms of transportation may
Ans : MAIN 2002
be difficult to establish due to challenging
terrain.
(i) The Ganga originates from the Gangotri
glacier in the Great Himalayas. As it 102. Discuss the contribution of Air India in the
traverses the northern plains, numerous air transport of India
tributaries merge into it. The Yamuna, a Ans : COMP 2004
significant right-bank tributary, joins the
Ganga at Allahabad, making the river Air India has contributed to India’s air
navigable from its mouth all the way up transport in these key ways :
to Allahabad. 1. National Carrier : As the flag carrier,
(ii) Peninsular rivers are characterized by it connects India to major global
multiple waterfalls, which are harnessed destinations, enhancing its presence in
for generating hydroelectric power. international aviation.
Additionally, these rivers have been 2. Extensive Network : Air India provides
dammed for irrigation and electricity domestic and international connectivity,
production. Consequently, they are not linking remote areas to major cities and
suitable for navigation. promoting tourism.
(iii)When natural harbours are equipped 3. Global Reach : It was the first Indian
with comprehensive port facilities, they airline to offer international flights, aiding
operate effectively as ports. For instance, business, tourism and cultural exchange.
Mumbai is a natural harbour that also 4. Crisis Response : Air India plays a key role
serves as the largest port in India. in rescue and evacuation missions during
crises, like the Vande Bharat Mission.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY PAGE 307

5. Employment : It generates significant

employment in the aviation sector.
6. Tourism Boost : It supports tourism by
offering affordable travel options.

103. Give two points of difference between Inland

Waterways and Oceanic Waterways.
Ans : MAIN 2005

Feature Inland Oceanic

Waterways Waterways
Definition Inland Oceanic
waterways waterways
refer to rivers, involve
canals and transportation
lakes used for through seas
navigation and oceans,
within a connecting
country. different
countries and
continents.
Usage Mainly Used for
used for long-distance
transporting international
goods and trade and
people over connecting
short to major global
medium ports.
distances
within the
country.

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CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER 13
WASTE MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY Pollution :
2.1 Air Pollution

1. WASTE MATERIAL Occurs when harmful chemicals or particulates

are released into the air, damaging the
Waste materials refer to substances rejected
ecosystem.
after use in any activity. These include waste
generated by natural vegetation, animals, 2.2 Water Pollution
insects and humans, which can be recycled Results from harmful chemicals and waste
back into the environment. entering water bodies, altering their quality.
According to the Environment Protection Contaminated water can cause diseases like
Act, 1990: diarrhea and typhoid.
(i) Waste is any discarded material, effluent,
or unwanted residue from an activity. 2.3 Soil Pollution
(ii) It includes items that need disposal due Caused by the addition of solid and semi-
to being broken, worn out, contaminated, solid wastes from agriculture, industry and
or spoiled. households. Common pollutants include
1.1 Classification of Waste petroleum, heavy metals and pesticides.

Wastes are categorized as: 3. IMPACT OF WASTE

(i) Biodegradable : Items like vegetable peels Waste accumulation in urban areas spoils
and paper that decompose naturally. landscapes, causes foul odors, spreads diseases
(ii) Non-biodegradable : Materials like plastic and leads to soil and water pollution.
and glass that cannot decompose.
(iii)Toxic : Hazardous wastes such as 3.1 Impact of Waste Accumulation
industrial effluents and medical waste. (i) Health Issues : Indiscriminate dumping
1.2 Waste Sources leads to serious health risks, like
outbreaks of diseases. Pollutants like
(i) Industrial: Chemical gases, liquids and carbon monoxide reduce oxygen in the
solids. blood, while CO2 contributes to global
(ii) Agricultural: Plant and animal waste. warming.
(iii)Domestic: Food waste, plastics. (ii) Pollutants : Chemicals like CFCs damage
(iv) Biomedical: Expired drugs, syringes. the ozone layer and lead causes nervous
(v) Nuclear: Radioactive materials. system damage. Sulfur dioxide leads to
2. POLLUTION smog and acid rain and plastic waste
releases harmful toxins.
Pollution refers to the harmful addition of (iii)Waste Sites : Dumping grounds become
substances to the environment, mainly due breeding areas for disease-carrying pests.
to human activities. The substances causing Recycling toxic materials can expose
pollution are called pollutants. Types of workers to hazardous chemicals.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 309
3.2 Impact on Terrestrial Life and “recycle.” Biomedical and industrial
Toxic waste pollutes soil, water and air, waste should not mix with biodegradable
affecting plants, animals and humans. waste. Proper segregation prevents
Contaminants like heavy metals accumulate contamination of groundwater by
in the food chain, causing long-term health hazardous chemicals.
risks. Domestic animals often ingest plastic, (ii) Open Dumping : Uncovered areas used for
leading to health complications. dumping untreated, unsegregated waste.
Open dumps breed pests and contaminate
3.3 Impact on Aquatic Life water, land and air. Landfills are used
Waste disposal in rivers and lakes reduces instead, where waste is covered daily to
oxygen levels, threatening aquatic life, reduce health risks. However, landfills
including fish. Sewage contamination can cause groundwater contamination
introduces harmful bacteria and pollutants and methane release.
like heavy metals accumulate in organisms, (iii)Composting : A biological process where
impacting human and animal health. organic waste like leaves and fruit peels is
decomposed by fungi and bacteria. This
3.4 Impact on Marine Life
produces compost, which enriches soil and
Oceans, used as dumpsites, face pollution from biogas. Composting can be aerobic (with
oil spills and toxic chemicals like herbicides oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen).
and pesticides. Mangrove forests and coastal Benefits of Composting:
ecosystems are harmed, while radioactive (i) Improves soil resistance to drought
waste disturbs marine life breeding. and diseases.
(ii) Enhances crop nutrient absorption.
4. WASTE MANAGEMENT
(iii)Enriches poor soil with humus.
Rapid urbanization and industrialization (iv) Reduces soil erosion.
have worsened pollution. Waste management (v) Cost-effective for farming by reducing
is essential to prevent environmental the need for water, fertilizers and
and health hazards, including air quality pesticides.
deterioration, acid rain, plastic pollution and
the blocking of drainage systems. Solutions 5. NEED FOR REDUCING, REUSING AND RECYCLING
include recycling, stricter pollution laws and WASTE
eco-friendly technologies. In developing countries, waste management
is becoming a major issue. Governments and
4.1 Steps for Waste Management
local bodies are seeking sustainable ways to
(i) Control population growth. manage waste and reduce its environmental
(ii) Develop infrastructure for waste disposal. impact. Waste management can be done in
(iii)Implement stricter laws against polluting. three key ways:
(iv) Educate farmers on pesticide dangers.
(v) Promote cleaner technologies and auto 5.1 Reducing Waste
fuel. People can control waste generation through:
(vi) Raise awareness and action plans for 1. Avoiding non-biodegradable items like
polluted areas. polythene bags and using cloth or paper
bags.
4.2 Safe Disposal of Waste
2. Using eco-friendly solar products.
Waste should be disposed of according to its 3. Reducing household waste by composting
type, such as solid, liquid, organic, inorganic, vegetable peels, papers and leftovers.
toxic, or non-toxic. The main methods are: 4. Reusing plastic disposables instead of
(i) Segregation of Waste : Dividing waste discarding them immediately.
into categories like “reduce,” “reuse,”
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT
Ans : SQP 2014
22. ______ is the cheapest method of waste
Thus (a) is correct option. disposal.
(a) Open dumping
17. Hepatitis, diarrhoea and corona are_____ (b) Sanitary landfill
diseases. (c) Recycling
(a) Bacterial (d) Incineration
(b) Viral
(c) Fungal Ans : SQP 2020

(d) None of the above. Thus (b) is correct option.

Ans : COMP 2015
23. _____ is a way of disposing waste on land
Thus (b) is correct option. without causing health hazards or public
safety.
18. Dry waste consists of waste that is_____. (a) Dumping
(a) Biodegradable (b) Sanitary landfill
(b) Non-biodegradable (c) Recycling
(c) Non-toxic (d) Incineration
(d) Organic
Ans : COMP 2021
Ans : MAIN 2016
Thus (b) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
24. ______ is an aerobic method of
19. Wet waste is the waste that is_____in decomposing solid wastes.
nature. (a) Incineration
(a) Non-biodegradable (b) Recycling
(b) Organic (c) Compositing
(c) Recyclable (d) Dumping
(d) Toxic
Ans : MAIN 2022
Ans : SQP 2017
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (b) is correct option.
25. The organic waste from households undergo
20. _____of waste is the key to effective waste _____ to form compost.
management. (a) Reduction
(a) Segregation (b) Burning
(b) Modification (c) Decomposition
(c) Solidification (d) Churning
(d) Nitrification
Ans : SQP 2023
Ans : COMP 2018
Thus (c) is correct option.
Thus (a) is correct option.
26. Compositing rejuvenates poor soils by adding
21. Biodegradable waste can be converted into (a) Nutrients
______. (b) Manure
(a) Soil (c) Humus
(b) Humus (d) Oxygen
(c) Rubber
(d) Compost Ans : COMP 2021

Ans : MAIN 2019

Thus (c) is correct option.

Thus (d) is correct option.

ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 311
Ans : MAIN 2004 Ans : COMP 2009

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (c) is correct option.

7. The increase in the number of phytoplanktons 12. The phenomenon of concentrated toxic
and algae reduce the penetration of ____, deposition at the higher trophic level is
light and heat into water body. known as ______.
(a) Small fish (a) Bio-accumulation
(b) Nitrogen (b) Biomagnification
(c) Oxygen (c) Eutrophication
(d) Carbon dioxide (d) Biodegradation
Ans : SQP 2005 Ans : MAIN 2010

Thus (c) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.

8. Domestic waste being organic in nature 13. The accumulation of toxins will be higher in
undergoes ______ and create conditions which of the following?
favourable for the growth of pathogens. (a) Water
(a) Fermentation (b) Algae
(b) Nitrification (c) Small fish
(c) Magnification (d) Big fish
(d) Oxygenation Ans : SQP 2011

Ans : COMP 2006 Thus (d) is correct option.

Thus (a) is correct option.
14. Waste accumulation is a breeding ground for
9. _____is a harmful toxin that affects the _____ like flies, mosquitoes, rodents and
development of a child’s brain. pet animals.
(a) Lead (a) Hectors
(b) Mercury (b) Vectors
(c) Cadmium (c) Spreaders
(d) Zinc (d) Carriers
Ans : MAIN 2007 Ans : COMP 2012

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (b) is correct option.

10. _____ is a chemical that is said to cause 15. Which of the following diseases are Not
cancer. spread by houseflies?
(a) Arsenic (a) Typhoid
(b) Cadmium (b) Diarrhoea
(c) Calcium (c) Cholera
(d) Lead (d) Amoebiosis
Ans : SQP 2008 Ans : MAIN 2013

Thus (a) is correct option. Thus (d) is correct option.

11. The increase in the concentration of various 16. The warming up of the atmosphere due to
toxic substances along the food chain is called the increased concentration of Greenhouse
(a) Eutrophication Gases is known as ______.
(b) Bio-accumulation (a) Global Warming
(c) Biomagnification (b) Climate change
(d) Demagnification (c) Acid rain
(d) Radiation
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CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT
Ans : SQP 2018
industry also recycles materials such as
(i) A sanitary landfill is a method of wood, cloth and used paper to further
waste disposal in which refuse is minimize environmental impact.
carefully managed and placed on land (iii)We should refrain from using polythene
without causing public health risks or carry bags because the melting of plastics
environmental hazards. It is designed to and plastic products breaks down polymer
prevent nuisances such as odor, pests and chains into smaller, harmful units.
pollution.
(ii) The sanitary landfill system for waste 126. State three steps that should be taken by the
disposal is primarily a biological process municipal authorities for the safe disposal of
that occurs in five phases : solid waste.
(a) In the first phase, aerobic bacteria Ans : MAIN 2020

consume the available oxygen, causing (i) Waste Segregation : Implement proper
a rise in temperature. segregation of waste at the source into
(b) During the second phase, anaerobic categories like biodegradable, recyclable
conditions develop, leading to the and hazardous waste to ensure efficient
release of hydrogen and carbon recycling and disposal.
dioxide. (ii) Sanitary Landfills : Establish and maintain
(c) In the third phase, bacterial sanitary landfills with protective liners
populations grow and methanogenic and covers to prevent contamination of
activity begins, producing methane soil and groundwater and manage waste
from the breakdown of organic decomposition in an environmentally safe
matter. manner.
(d) The fourth phase sees the stabilization (iii)Waste Recycling and Composting :
of methanogenic activity. Promote recycling programs for materials
(e) In the fifth phase, organic matter is like plastics, paper and metals and
depleted and the system gradually encourage composting of organic waste
shifts back to an aerobic state. to reduce the amount of waste sent to
125. Give a reason for each of the following : landfills and support resource recovery.
(i) Recycling of waste to produce paper can 127. What is composting ? Give two advantages
reduce deforestation. of using compost.
(ii) Sugarcane waste can be recycled into
Ans : SQP 2021
useful products.
(iii)We should avoid using polythene carry Composting is the process of decomposing
bags. organic waste, such as food scraps, leaves and
Ans : COMP 2019
plant material, into a nutrient-rich substance
called compost, which can be used as a
(i) Bagasse can be employed in the production natural fertilizer.
of paper pulp, thereby conserving trees Two advantages of using compost:
that are typically harvested for this (i) Improves soil fertility: Compost enriches
purpose. the soil with essential nutrients, promoting
(ii) During the sugarcane season, large healthy plant growth and improving soil
quantities of bagasse are generated. This structure.
bagasse can be utilized to produce paper (ii) Reduces landfill waste: Composting
pulp, reducing the need to cut down trees organic waste reduces the amount
for paper manufacturing. Additionally, of waste sent to landfills, decreasing
bagasse is used to create packaging methane emissions and contributing to
materials for dairy products. The paper environmental sustainability.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 313

27. _____process is used for waste disposal by Ans : MAIN 2018

industries and municipalities. Dumping is an activity of depositing waste

(a) Compositing in an area.
(b) Dumping
(c) Incineration 34. What is composting ?
(d) Segregation Ans : SQP 2016,2018

Ans : MAIN 2000 Composting is a biological process in which

Thus (c) is correct option. micro-organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria,
convert degradable organic waste into humus-
28. Waste can be effectively managed by using like substance.
three _____ of waste management.
(a) S’s 35. State one source of gaseous waste.
(b) R’s Ans : COMP 2015

(c) C’s Vehicles.

(d) M’s
Ans : SQP 2001
36. Define Sewage.
Ans : MAIN 2017
Thus (b) is correct option.
The waste water discharge from domestic
29. Which of the following is Not included in premises like residence, institutions and
three R’s of waste management? commercial establishments is known as
(a) Reduce sewage.
(b) Reuse
(c) Recycle 37. Name two diseases which occur because of
(d) Regenerate waste accumulation on land.
Ans : COMP 2002 Ans : MAIN 2003

Thus (d) is correct option. Diarrhoea, Cholera

38. Name two common diseases caused as a result

of gaseous pollution.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
Ans : SQP 2004

Bronchitis and Asthama.

30. Name two common diseases caused as a result
of gaseous pollution. 39. Name three water-borne diseases.
Ans : MAIN 2013 Ans : COMP 2005

Asthma and bronchitis. Cholera, Typhoid and Dysentry

31. Mention any two sources of waste. 40. Name the disease caused by mercury
Ans : SQP 2016
contamination in japan.

Domestic and industrial waste. Ans : MAIN 2006

Minamata Disease.
32. State the main objective of the treatment of
gaseous waste. 41. Name three monuments affected by Acid
Ans : COMP 2013
rain.

To minimize the generation of gaseous waste. Ans : SQP 2007

Parthenon of Athens, the Colosseum of

33. What is dumping ? Rome, the Taj Mahal of Agra.
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

5. Repairing items instead of replacing Ans : MAIN 2024

them. Thus (b) is correct option.

6. Using washable table napkins instead of
paper ones. 2. Which of the following method of waste
disposal is harmful?
5.2 Reusing Waste (a) Composting
Items can be repurposed before disposal: (b) Segregation
1. Returning packaging materials for reuse. (c) Dumping
2. Furnishing offices with reclaimed (d) Vermicomposting
materials. Ans : MAIN 2023

3. Reusing electronics like computers and Thus (c) is correct option.

printers.
4. Shopping for second-hand items like 3. Any material that is discarded after it has
furniture and clothes. served its purpose and is no longer useful is
5. Using fly ash in construction to replace called______.
cement. (a) Compost
(b) Waste
5.3 Recycling Waste (c) Manure
Recycling involves processing waste into (d) Pathogen
new products, saving energy and reducing Ans : MAIN 2000
pollution:
1. Recycling prevents air, land and water Thus (b) is correct option.
pollution. 4. Any material that is rendered useless during
2. Conserves natural resources by reducing or left over in a manufacturing process is
reliance on raw materials. called______.
3. Saves energy as recycling requires less (a) Industrial waste
energy than producing new items. (b) Domestic waste
4. Creates jobs in waste collection and (c) Commercial waste
recycling centers. (d) Mining waste
Methods of Waste Recycling :
Ans : SQP 2001
(i) Paper Recycling: Waste paper is processed
into new paper. Thus (a) is correct option.
(ii) Plastic Recycling: Scrap plastics are
5. Which of the following is NOT a toxic
turned into new products, e.g., plastic
substances present in e-waste?
bottles into chairs.
(a) Cadmium
(iii)Car Recycling: Old cars are dismantled
(b) Lead
and their parts and metals are reused.
(c) Mercury
(d) Methane
Ans : COMP 2003

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Thus (d) is correct option.

6. The process of depletion of oxygen from

1. Which of the following is a biodegradable water bodies occurring either naturally or
waste? due to human activities is called _____.
(a) Broken glass (a) Biomagnification
(b) Wastepaper (b) Oxygenation
(c) Polythene (c) Eutrophication
(d) Plastic bags (d) Acid rain
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 315
Ans : MAIN.2024
populated areas to reduce health hazards.
(i) The waste management method depicted (ii) To avoid environmental pollution : Setting
here is segregation of waste, where up landfills far from the city helps prevent
different colored bins are used for sorting unpleasant odors, pests and pollution in
different types of waste (e.g., recyclable, residential and commercial areas.
non-recyclable, organic and hazardous
waste). 60. Why should Waste Management be practiced
(ii) This method can be implemented at home in every school?
by using separate bins for organic waste Ans : MAIN 2023

(kitchen scraps), recyclable materials Waste Management should be practiced in

(plastics, paper) and non-recyclable every school due to following reasons :
waste, ensuring proper disposal and (i) Environmental responsibility : It teaches
reducing the burden on landfills. students the importance of reducing
57. Explain how waste accumulation can be waste, recycling and protecting the
harmful. (Any two points) environment, fostering eco-friendly habits
from a young age.
Ans : MAIN 2024
(ii) Clean and healthy surroundings : Proper
Waste accumulation can be harmful in the waste disposal helps maintain a clean and
following ways : healthy school environment, reducing the
(i) Environmental Pollution : Accumulated risk of pollution and health hazards.
waste can lead to air, water and soil
pollution, releasing harmful chemicals 61. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage
and toxins into the environment, which of dumping of waste.
can affect human health and biodiversity. Ans : MAIN 2023

(ii) Health Hazards : Piles of untreated waste Advantage and disadvantage of dumping of
attract pests like rodents and insects, waste:
leading to the spread of diseases and (i) Advantage : Dumping of waste is a cost-
creating unhygienic living conditions. effective and easy method for disposing
58. Give two uses of composting. of large quantities of waste, especially in
areas with abundant land.
Ans : MAIN 2024
(ii) Disadvantage : It can lead to environmental
Two uses of composting are : pollution, such as soil and groundwater
(i) Soil enrichment : Compost improves soil contamination and contributes to harmful
structure and provides essential nutrients, emissions like methane, which accelerates
enhancing plant growth. climate change.
(ii) Waste reduction : Composting reduces the
amount of organic waste sent to landfills, 62. How is recycling of waste helpful? Give an
helping to manage waste effectively. example of recycling of waste.
Ans : MAIN 2023
59. Why are landfills set up far away from the
city? (Any two reasons) Recycling of waste is helpful because
it reduces the consumption of new raw
Ans : MAIN 2024
materials, conserves energy and minimizes
Two reasons why landfills are set up far away environmental pollution. An example of
from the city : recycling is converting used paper into new
(i) To minimize health risks : Landfills emit paper products.
harmful gases and can contaminate water
and air, so they are kept away from
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

80. What is Global Warming ? Name any two Ans : SQP 2008

Greenhouse Gases ? Radioactive wastes are more hazardous than

Ans : MAIN 2004
other wastes because they emit harmful
radiation that can persist for thousands of
Global Warming is the gradual increase years. This radiation can cause severe health
in Earth’s average temperature due to the issues, including cancer, genetic mutations
accumulation of greenhouse gases in the and damage to organs and it contaminates
atmosphere, which trap heat. air, water and soil, posing long-term risks to
Two greenhouse gases are: both humans and the environment.
(i) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
(ii) Methane (CH4). 85. What is known as the Minamata Disease ?

81. How does accumulation of waste affect Ans : MAIN 2009

animals and birds ? Minamata Disease is a neurological disorder

Ans : SQP 2005
caused by severe mercury poisoning. It was
first discovered in Minamata, Japan, in the
Scavengers and stray animals like dogs, rats, 1950, when industrial wastewater containing
pigs and cows are directly impacted by waste methylmercury was released into the sea.
when they feed on it. They sometimes ingest This toxic substance accumulated in fish and
toxic materials or non-degradable substances shellfish, which, when consumed by humans,
like plastic bags, leading to choking and led to symptoms such as muscle weakness,
death. Consuming waste also exposes these loss of vision and, in severe cases, paralysis
animals to diseases and other health issues. and death.
82. What impact does the decomposition of waste 86. What chemicals are used to make water
in the open areas have on human health ? totally free from micro-organisms ?
Ans : MAIN 2006
Ans : COMP 2010
(i) Spread of Diseases : Decomposing waste Chlorine and ozone are commonly used
attracts pests such as flies, mosquitoes chemicals to make water free from
and rodents, which can spread diseases microorganisms. Additionally, ultraviolet
like malaria, dengue and cholera. (UV) radiation is also used as a disinfectant
(ii) Air and Water Pollution : Harmful in some water treatment processes.
gases and toxic chemicals released from
decomposing waste can contaminate the 87. Give one example of reusing of waste.
air and water, leading to respiratory Ans : SQP 2011
issues, skin problems and waterborne
diseases in nearby populations. Some waste materials like old glass bottles,
steel tyres and tin cans are reused. For
83. How do solid wastes affect landscape ? example, old tyres are used to make shoes
Ans : COMP 2007
or chappals, leather is repurposed into water
bags and tin cans are transformed into lamps,
Solid wastes spoil the landscape by: showcasing creative reuse of waste.
(i) Ruining Aesthetic Value : They make the
area visually unattractive. 88. Why are recycled plastic bags considered
(ii) Environmental Degradation : Waste leads harmful for environment ?
to soil contamination and attracts pests, Ans : MAIN 2012
degrading the area.
(i) Chemical Contaminants : They can leach
84. Why are radioactive wastes more hazardous harmful chemicals into soil and water
than other wastes ? during recycling.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 317

(ii) Reuse helps in reducing the overall Feature Toxic Waste Non-toxic
generation of waste. Waste
73. Mention two ways in which the decomposition Harmfulness Contains Not harmful
of waste in open areas can affect human harmful and poses no
health. chemicals significant
Ans : SQP 2019
that pose threat to
risks to health or
(i) Open dump sites attract rodents, insects health and environment.
and vermin, posing health risks. Scrap environment.
tires at these sites create ideal breeding
grounds for mosquitoes, which can Disposal Requires Can be
multiply rapidly in stagnant water. special disposed
(ii) Burning solid waste releases harmful handling and of through
gases that can negatively impact the disposal to regular waste
health of people living nearby. avoid management
contami- methods.
74. Name two toxic particulate materials. State nation.
the effect of each on human health.
Ans : MAIN 2023
78. Why is the handling of solid wastes a major
problem?
(i) Asbestos : Prolonged exposure can lead
to lung diseases such as asbestosis, lung Ans : SQP 2001

cancer and mesothelioma. (i) Non-degradable Waste : Many solid

(ii) Lead : Inhalation or ingestion of lead wastes do not decompose and can cause
particles can cause damage to the large-scale pollution of land, soil, water
nervous system, kidney problems and and air, impacting the environment and
developmental issues, particularly in ecology.
children. (ii) Health Hazards : Pollution from solid
waste poses risks to human health, as
75. Give two advantages of dumping waste in well as to animal and plant life.
sanitary landfill. (iii)Soil and Water Contamination : Dumping
Ans : SQP 2015 solid waste deep into the ground can
(i) It avoids air pollution caused by burning result in seepage of harmful substances
waste. into the soil and water through rainwater,
(ii) Health risks are minimized as pests like spreading infection and contamination
flies and rats cannot breed due to the over large areas.
waste being covered. 79. Name the gas produced by the decomposition
76. What is composting ? of accumulated waste. Why is this gas
harmful ?
Ans : MAIN 2020
Ans : COMP 2003
Composting is an aerobic process that
decomposes organic waste into humus, The gas produced by the decomposition of
called compost, which serves as an excellent accumulated waste is methane (CH4).
fertilizer for plants. Methane is harmful because it is a potent
greenhouse gas, contributing significantly to
77. Give two differences between toxic and global warming. It is also flammable, posing
nontoxic waste. a risk of explosions if it accumulates in
Ans : COMP 2000 enclosed areas.
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

42. What is open dumping of wastes ? Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and lung
Ans : COMP 2008
cancer.

In this method waste materials are dumped 51. Mention any two harmful gases.
in open low lands far away from the city. Ans : MAIN 2017

43. What type of impurities are removed from Carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide
water by flocculation ?
52. Name the gases released in the process of
Ans : MAIN 2009
mining.
By flocculation turbidity as well as many Ans : COMP 2018
suspended bacteria in the water are removed.
Methane and carbon monoxide.
44. Name a coagulant added to water for
flocculation. 53. What is oil spilling ?

Ans : SQP 2010

Ans : MAIN 2019

Aluminium Sulphate or alum. Release of liquid petroleum/mineral oil into

the environment is called oil spilling.
45. Give an example of reusing the waste
effectively. 54. Which is the most serious pollutant in the
air ?
Ans : COMP 2011
Ans : SQP 2020
Some solid wastes from the industry can be
utilized directly. Fly-ash from power plants is Sulphur dioxide.
used as a cement substitute. 55. Mention any four sources of oil pollution.
46. Name two useful products which can be made Ans : COMP 2021

from biodegradable domestic waste. Oil spill, garbage dumping, accumulation of

Ans : MAIN 2012 toxic materials and industrial waste.
Compost or Gobar gas.

47. Mention the types of waste on the basis of

decomposition. TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : SQP 2013

Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable 56. With reference to the picture below, answer
the questions that follow:
48. Name the gases contributing potentially
to Global Warming and Climate Change
phenomenon.
Ans : COMP 2014

Carbon dioxide and methane.

49. Mention any four sources of industrial waste.

Ans : MAIN 2015

Chemical units, thermal power plants, (i) Which waste management method is
petrochemical plants and oil refineries. depicted here?
(ii) State one way in which this method may
50. Name the diseases leads by polluted air.
be implemented at our home.
Ans : SQP 2016
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 319

(ii) Microplastic Pollution : They may instead of throwing them away, thereby
break down into microplastics, which extending their life.
accumulate in ecosystems and enter the (iii)Recycle : Process used materials to create
food chain. new products, reducing the need for raw
(iii)Energy Consumption : The recycling materials and energy consumption.
process requires significant energy,
contributing to carbon emissions. 92. What is meant by recycling of waste
(iv) Low Recycling Rates : Many plastic bags effectively? Give one example.
are not recyclable and often end up in Ans : SQP 2016

landfills or oceans, causing long-term Recycling of waste effectively means collecting

environmental harm. and processing used materials into new
89. What is biodegradable waste ? Name two products while maximizing resource recovery
useful products which can be made from and minimizing environmental impact.
biodegradable domestic waste. Example : Recycling plastic bottles into
polyester fibers for clothing or insulation
Ans : COMP 2013 reduces the need for new plastic production
Biodegradable waste refers to organic and minimizes landfill waste.
materials that can be broken down naturally 93. Explain how reusing waste can reduce the
by microorganisms into non-toxic substances, burden of waste disposal.
returning nutrients to the soil.
Two useful products that can be made from Ans : MAIN 2017

biodegradable domestic waste are : Many waste collectors traverse residential

(i) Compost : A nutrient-rich soil amendment areas and industrial sites to gather solid
used for gardening and agriculture. waste. They sort the materials and supply
(ii) Biogas : A renewable energy source them to skilled artisans who create utility
produced through anaerobic digestion, items from these resources, earning a
which can be used for cooking and livelihood through their craft. For instance,
heating. Nek Chand has created a stunning garden
in Chandigarh using waste products such
90. What service is indirectly done by the rag- as tin cans, bottles and broken crockery.
pickers for the disposal of waste? Thus, waste collectors play a crucial role in
Ans : MAIN 2014 facilitating new production processes, helping
In India, poor garbage collectors earn a to reduce the burden of waste disposal.
livelihood by collecting discarded solids, 94. Why is the activated sludge so called ?
effectively removing a significant portion of
waste from garbage dumps. They salvage Ans : SQP 2018

materials such as metal, glass, rubber and The microorganisms in the sludge break down
plastics, which can be recycled into finished the organic matter in the wastewater from the
products, contributing positively to waste primary treatment tank, effectively reducing
management and resource recovery. the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) to an
acceptable low level. After this process, the
91. What are the three R’s of waste management? water exits the aeration tank along with the
Ans : COMP 2015 suspended biomass, which contains organic
(i) Reduce : Minimize the amount of waste matter. A portion of this biomass is reused
generated by consuming less and choosing to consume additional organic matter from
products with less packaging. the wastewater, which is why it is referred to
(ii) Reuse : Find new ways to use items as “activated sludge.”
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

117. Give a geographical reason for each of the food can lead to cancer, liver and kidney
following : damage and neurological disorders.
(i) Marine animals and turtles are found (ii) Reproductive issues : Toxins can disrupt
dead in many coastal areas. hormones, causing birth defects or
(ii) Radioactive waste is more harmful than infertility.
other waste. (iii)Impaired immune system : Long-term
(iii)Uncontrolled burning of waste causes air exposure to toxins can weaken the
pollution. immune system, increasing susceptibility
Ans : SQP 2011
to diseases.

(i) Marine turtles are vulnerable to the effects 119. Explain briefly the need for management of
of consuming marine debris because their waste.
downward-facing spines hinder their Ans : SQP 2013
ability to regurgitate ingested materials.
Additionally, oil drilling poses a threat to Nature has been recycling waste materials
marine life by causing pollution through for millions of years. However, the rapid
oil spills, which harm various marine growth of the human population over the
animals. past century has threatened the environment
(ii) Radioactive waste, generated from nuclear through our activities and the waste they
power reactors, is highly dangerous due to generate. Significant harm is caused to the
its composition of radioactive substances environment by air pollution, soil degradation
such as beta and gamma emitters and and the contamination of water sources like
actinides that release alpha particles, rivers and lakes.
including uranium-234, neptunium-237, If we do not use our resources wisely and
plutonium-238 and americium-241. These reduce waste, our survival will be at risk.
radioactive compounds are harmful Waste leads to pollution, which in turn causes
because they take many years to naturally environmental damage. Therefore, effective
decompose. Exposure to radioactive waste waste management is urgently necessary.
can cause mutations, leading to severe 120. Give a reason for each of the following :
health and environmental consequences. (i) ‘Use and throw’ concept generates more
(iii)Uncontrolled burning of accumulated waste.
waste produces smoke and other air (ii) Run off from fields leads to death in
pollutants that release toxic substances adjacent water-bodies.
into the environment, resulting in (iii)Birds feeding on agricultural waste are at
significant air pollution. the brink of extinction.
118. What is bio-magnification ? What can be its Ans : MAIN 2014

effects on humans ? (i) The “use and throw” mentality has

Ans : COMP 2012 drastically increased both the volume
Bio-magnification is the process by which and complexity of waste produced. Large
the concentration of toxic substances, such piles of solid waste are commonly seen
as pesticides or heavy metals, increases as on street corners, around hospitals,
they move up the food chain. These toxins schoolyards and even near water bodies.
accumulate in the tissues of organisms, Disposing of solid waste in this manner
becoming more concentrated at each higher not only creates an unsightly environment
trophic level. and emits foul odors but also poses
Effects on humans : serious health risks. In some instances,
(i) Health issues : Consuming contaminated the accumulation of waste, particularly
near water sources, can lead to outbreaks
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 321

(ii) Dams can intensify natural disasters, fertilizers to improve soil fertility and
such as earthquakes, leading to more reduce the need for chemical fertilizers.
severe damage.
(iii)In the event of an earthquake, the dam 104. Briefly answer the following:
may crack, increasing the risk of flooding. (i) How is segregation of the waste helpful?
(iv) The aftermath of an earthquake may (ii) Mention one way in which we can reuse
involve dealing with large broken pieces waste.
of the dam, compounding the disaster. (iii)Mention one benefit of Composting.
Ans : MAIN 2023
102. How are the people in the area affected by
the construction of big dams ? (i) Segregation of waste is helpful because it
allows recyclable materials to be separated
Ans : SQP 2001
from non-recyclable ones, making waste
(i) Environmental activists oppose the management more efficient and reducing
construction of big dams due to their the amount of waste sent to landfills.
negative impacts. (ii) One way to reuse waste is by repurposing
(ii) Large areas of forests and agricultural glass jars as storage containers instead of
lands are submerged by water during throwing them away.
dam construction. (iii)One benefit of composting is that it
(iii)These developments result in significant produces nutrient-rich compost, which
environmental damage, including habitat can improve soil fertility and reduce the
destruction. need for chemical fertilizers.
(iv) The socio-economic consequences include
the loss of livelihoods and displacement 105. Why is there a need for waste management in
of communities. large metropolitan cities.
Ans : SQP 2022

The increasing waste is a result of rapid

industrialization and urbanization.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS (i) New types of waste, like packaging
materials, are growing and domestic
103. Explain how waste generated in following waste volumes are rising.
sectors may be made useful. (Give one (ii) E-waste is increasing rapidly, with no
example for each) proper handling methods in place.
(i) Household (iii)These issues highlight the urgent need
(ii) Industry for waste management to ensure a livable
(iii)Agriculture environment for future generations.
Ans : MAIN 2024 106. What impact does the waste accumulation
(i) Household : Household organic waste, have on the following :
such as kitchen scraps and vegetable peels, (i) Quality of air around us.
can be used to create compost, which (ii) Quality of water around us.
enriches soil and supports gardening. Ans : COMP 2019
(ii) Industry : Waste materials like metal
(i) Waste degrades air quality as solid waste
scraps can be recycled in the manufacturing
releases methane and other harmful gases.
sector to produce new products, reducing
(ii) Toxic waste negatively impacts marine
the need for raw materials.
life and indirectly affects humans. When
(iii)Agriculture : Agricultural waste, such as
toxic waste is dumped into oceans, fish
crop residues and animal manure, can be
can ingest harmful chemicals, which may
converted into biogas or used as natural
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

63. Mention any one initiative taken by the Waste segregation is important because it
Government to manage waste ensures that recyclable and biodegradable
Ans : MAIN 2023
materials are separated from non-
recyclable and hazardous waste, allowing
One initiative taken by the government to for proper disposal, recycling and reducing
manage waste is the Swachh Bharat Mission, environmental pollution.
which promotes cleanliness, encourages proper
waste disposal and aims to eliminate open 68. Give two reasons as to why there is need for
defecation and improve waste management safe waste disposal.
across India. Ans : SQP 2018

64. What is Eutrophication ? (i) Waste dumping spoils the area’s

Ans : SQP 2017
landscape.
(ii) Dumping waste leads to diseases like
Eutrophication is the process by which a diarrhea, malaria and plague.
body of water becomes enriched with high
concentrations of nutrients, particularly 69. What is biodegradable waste ? Give two
phosphates and nitrates. This nutrient examples.
buildup leads to excessive growth of algae Ans : COMP 2015,2016
and aquatic plants, which can disrupt the
balance of the aquatic ecosystem and cause Biodegradable waste refers to materials that
oxygen depletion. decompose naturally in the soil, such as fruits
and vegetables.
65. What was the cause of the following ?
(i) The Bhopal Tragedy. 70. What is segregation?
(ii) The Minamata Disease. Ans : SQP 2016,2018

(iii)The Chernobyl Disaster. Segregation involves separating waste into

Ans : COMP 2013 different categories based on the disposal
(i) Bhopal Tragedy : Caused by the accidental method. The most common segregation is
release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas in into biodegradable and non-biodegradable
1984. waste.
(ii) Minamata Disease : Caused by mercury 71. What can an individual do to reduce waste
poisoning due to industrial wastewater at home ?
contamination in the 1950s.
Ans : MAIN 2019
(iii)Chernobyl Disaster : Caused by a nuclear
reactor explosion in 1986, releasing An individual can reduce waste at home by
radioactive materials. using reusable items, composting kitchen
waste and recycling materials properly.
66. What is recycling ? Avoiding single-use plastics and minimizing
Ans : SQP 2017 packaging also helps reduce waste.
Recycling involves collecting and processing 72. How can waste be reused ? Explain with the
used materials to create new products, help of an example.
reducing waste in dustbins and helping to
Ans : COMP 2018,2022
keep the environment cleaner with fresher
air. (i) Waste can be reused by recycling; for
instance, old newspapers and magazines
67. “Waste segregation is important”. Give a can be recycled to produce reusable
reason to support your answer. paper.
Ans : MAIN 2015
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 323

harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Additionally, rainwater can permeate the
sun. refuse, transporting harmful substances to
Harmful effects : various locations.
(i) Increased UV radiation : Depletion Sanitary landfills are unsuitable for human
allows more UV rays to reach the Earth’s settlements because they release methane
surface, leading to higher risks of skin and carbon dioxide gases within the first
cancer, cataracts and other health issues. two years. These gases are produced as solid
(ii) Damage to ecosystems : Increased UV waste begins to decompose underground.
exposure can harm marine ecosystems,
especially plankton and affect plant 115. Explain how eutrophication affects aquatic
growth. life.
(iii)Impact on agriculture : UV radiation can Ans : COMP 2009

reduce crop yields and damage sensitive Eutrophication is the process where oxygen is
crops. depleted from water bodies, either naturally
(iv) Degradation of materials : UV rays can or due to human activities. It occurs when
cause faster degradation of materials like nutrients and chemicals enter the water
plastics and rubber. through domestic sewage, industrial effluents
113. What is E-waste ? Why is it increasing at a and agricultural fertilizers. Algae and
fast rate ? phytoplankton use carbon dioxide, inorganic
nitrogen and phosphates as nutrients,
Ans : MAIN 2007
serving as food for zooplankton. Small fish
E-waste refers to discarded electronic devices feed on these zooplankton and larger fish
and components, such as computers, mobile consume the small fish. When excessive
phones, televisions and other electronic nutrients from waste lead to the overgrowth
appliances. of phytoplankton and algae, the penetration
E-waste is increasing rapidly due to: of oxygen, light and heat into the water is
(i) Technological advancements : Frequent reduced. This results in the death of most
upgrades in technology lead to shorter aquatic organisms, leaving the water devoid
product lifecycles, resulting in faster of oxygen.
disposal of old devices.
(ii) Increased consumption : The growing 116. What harm is done by dumping of waste near
demand for electronic gadgets, driven by water bodies?
consumerism and convenience, leads to a Ans : MAIN 2003
higher volume of electronic waste.
Dumping waste near water sources allows
(iii)Lack of proper recycling : In many areas,
contaminants to seep through the soil into
there are insufficient recycling programs,
water bodies. Direct disposal of untreated
leading to a build-up of discarded
waste in rivers, seas and lakes leads to the
electronics.
accumulation of toxic substances in the
114. Explain briefly how does the industrial waste food chain through plants and animals, a
reach the human beings and affect their process known as biomagnification. Solid
health. waste clogging drains and gully pits causes
waterlogging, especially during the rainy
Ans : SQP 2008
season. This stagnant water becomes a
The buildup of solid waste is unsightly, breeding ground for mosquitoes, spreading
emits unpleasant odors and attracts insects, diseases like malaria and chikungunya.
rats and other animals that can spread
diseases. Open burning of waste in dump
yards generates smoke and foul-smelling air.
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

95. What do you mean by a scrubber ? (iv) Resource Intensive : The production
Ans : COMP 2019
of polythene and styrofoam requires
significant energy and resources,
A scrubber is a device that uses a spray of contributing to carbon emissions.
water to capture pollutants during emissions.
In this process, water is introduced into a 98. What service is indirectly done by the rag-
spray tower through a nozzle, allowing it to pickers for the disposal of waste?
flow downwards. As the polluted gas rises, the Ans : COMP 2022
particulates in the gas collide with the water
droplets from the nozzles. Under the influence In India, numerous impoverished garbage
of gravity, the liquid droplets containing the collectors sustain themselves by gathering
particulates settle at the bottom. discarded materials. These individuals play
a vital role in removing large quantities of
96. Explain clearly how the waste can be reduced waste from landfills. They recover items such
by changing the process of production. as metal, glass, rubber and plastics, which
Ans : MAIN 2020
are then recycled to create new finished
products.
Waste can be reduced in production by:
(i) Improving Efficiency : Optimizing 99. Explain the role of segregation of waste in
techniques and machinery to minimize the safe disposal of waste.
resource use. Ans : MAIN 2023
(ii) Material Substitution : Using sustainable
materials, like biodegradable options In industrialized countries like Japan, waste
instead of plastics. is segregated prior to disposal. In residential
(iii)Process Redesign : Implementing closed- areas, different bins are used to separate
loop systems for material reuse. materials such as glass, metals, paper and
(iv) Reducing Packaging : Minimizing packaging cloth. Each type is then handled individually,
materials and using recyclable options. either through reuse, recycling, or other
(v) Conducting Waste Audits : Identifying accepted waste disposal methods.
waste sources for targeted reduction. 100. What is meant by Environmental Impact
(vi) Employee Training : Educating staff on Assessment ?
waste reduction practices.
Ans : SQP 2018

97. Why should we avoid using polythene carry To reduce the negative environmental impact
bags and styrofoam cups ? of various developmental projects, such as
Ans : SQP 2021 the construction of large dams, railways,
We should avoid using polythene carry bags flyovers, canals and highways, the government
and styrofoam cups because: mandates that an Environmental Impact
(i) Environmental Impact : Both materials Assessment (EIA) be conducted before
are non-biodegradable and can take the commencement of these projects. This
hundreds of years to decompose, ensures that potential environmental effects
contributing to landfill waste and are evaluated and addressed in advance.
environmental pollution. 101. What harm is done to the environment by
(ii) Harm to Wildlife : Animals often mistake building big dams ?
these items for food, leading to ingestion
Ans : MAIN 2000
that can cause harm or death.
(iii)Chemical Leaching : Styrofoam can (i) Building a big dam disrupts the river
release harmful chemicals into food and ecosystem and harms both aquatic and
beverages, posing health risks to humans. terrestrial life.
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 325

of epidemics. (i) Pollution : Open dumps can contaminate

(ii) Toxins present in waste can directly air, soil and water through leaching of
kill aquatic organisms by significantly harmful chemicals and the release of toxic
altering the water’s pH levels, covering gases
the water surface and reducing the (ii) Health Hazards : They attract pests,
amount of dissolved oxygen. such as rodents and insects, that spread
(iii)Birds that feed on agricultural waste are diseases.
at risk of extinction because consuming (iii)Unpleasant Odors : The decomposition
toxins from the waste leads to thinner and of waste produces foul smells that affect
weaker eggshells and increased mortality nearby communities.
rates. (iv) Harm to Wildlife : Animals can ingest
or get trapped in the waste, leading to
121. What do you mean by segregation of waste? injury or death.
How does it ensure safe waste disposal ?
Ans : SQP 2015
123. Give a reason for each of the following:
(i) Vehicles used for transporting waste
Segregation of waste refers to the process of should be covered.
separating waste into different categories, (ii) Waste segregation is key to waste
such as biodegradable, recyclable, non- management.
recyclable and hazardous waste, based on (iii)Roads from plastic waste are environment
their disposal method and potential impact. friendly.
Safe waste disposal can be ensured by :
(i) Efficient Recycling : By separating Ans : MAIN 2017

recyclable materials, segregation enables (i) Vehicles used for transporting waste
more efficient recycling, reducing the should be covered to prevent waste from
amount of waste that ends up in landfills. spilling or blowing away, which can cause
(ii) Prevents Contamination : Hazardous littering, environmental pollution and
waste is kept separate from regular waste, health hazards by spreading harmful
preventing harmful substances from pathogens or attracting pests. Covering
contaminating soil, water, or air. also helps control foul odors.
(iii)Proper Treatment: Different types of waste (ii) Waste segregation is key to waste
can be treated or disposed of in ways that management as it allows different types of
minimize environmental impact, ensuring waste, such as biodegradable, recyclable
safe disposal and reducing pollution. and hazardous materials to be handled
(iv) Promotes Composting: Organic waste appropriately. This enables recycling,
can be composted separately, reducing composting and safe disposal, reducing
landfill burden and returning nutrients to the overall waste sent to landfills and
the soil. minimizing environmental harm.
(iii)Roads made from plastic waste are
122. What is meant by open dumping of waste ? environmentally friendly because they
Why is open dumping not considered as an recycle non-biodegradable plastics, reducing
environment friendly method ? landfill waste and pollution. Additionally,
Ans : COMP 2016 plastic roads are more durable, cutting down
Open dumping of waste refers to the on maintenance costs, while promoting
practice of disposing of waste in uncovered, sustainable reuse of materials.
unregulated areas without proper treatment 124. (i) What is a sanitary landfill ?
or containment. Open dumping not considered (ii) How is waste disposed of in a sanitary
as an environment friendly method because landfill ?
of
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

cause food poisoning when consumed by packaging and plastics.

humans. (ii) Industrial Waste : Produced by factories
and industries, including chemicals, metal
107. Mention some benefits of composting. scraps and byproducts of manufacturing
Ans : MAIN 2022 processes.
Benefits of composting are as follows : 110. How is the ‘use and throw’ concept responsible
(i) It provides essential nutrients for plant for the increase in waste generation ?
growth.
(ii) It helps mitigate the harmful effects of Ans : MAIN 2004

excessive alkalinity, acidity, or overuse of The ’use and throw’ concept is responsible
chemical fertilizers. for increased waste generation because it
(iii)It improves soil texture, making it easier encourages the rapid consumption and
to cultivate. disposal of products. Items like single-use
(iv) It regulates soil temperature, keeping plastics, disposable packaging and cheap,
it cool in summer and warm in winter short-lived goods are discarded after minimal
and prevents erosion by keeping the soil use, leading to a higher volume of waste. This
covered. mindset reduces the emphasis on reuse or
(v) It helps control weed growth in gardens. recycling, contributing significantly to waste
accumulation and environmental pollution.
108. Give a reason for each of the following :
(i) Trees must be planted in the industrial 111. What is acid rain ? State its impact on the
area. environment.
(ii) Chemical fertilizers must be replaced by Ans : SQP 2005
organic manure.
(iii)Plastic and polythene products must be Acid rain is rainfall containing acidic
banned. compounds like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
nitrogen oxides (NOx), produced by burning
Ans : SQP 2019
fossil fuels.
(i) Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release Impact on the environment :
oxygen, improving air quality and (i) Aquatic life : Lowers pH of water bodies,
reducing pollution. harming fish and aquatic organisms.
(ii) Organic fertilizer improves soil health, (ii) Soil degradation : Depletes nutrients,
retains water and makes cultivation easier, affecting plant growth.
making it especially beneficial for growing (iii)Vegetation damage : Weakens trees,
vegetables compared to chemical fertilizers. making them vulnerable to disease.
(iii)Plastic and polythene are non- (iv) Erosion of structures : Corrodes buildings
biodegradable, meaning they do not and monuments, especially those made of
decompose in the soil, leading to long- limestone or marble.
term environmental pollution.
112. What is meant by Ozone layer depletion ?
109. What is waste ? Name two sources of waste. How is it harmful ?
Ans : COMP 2003 Ans : COMP 2006

Waste refers to any unwanted or discarded Ozone layer depletion refers to the thinning
material that is no longer useful or has no of the ozone layer in the Earth’s stratosphere,
further use. primarily caused by the release of chemicals
Two sources of waste are : like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and
(i) Domestic Waste : Generated from other ozone-depleting substances. The ozone
households, including food scraps, layer protects life on Earth by absorbing
ICSE CHAPTERWISE PYQ CLASS 10TH GEOGRAPHY PAGE 327

128. Give a reason for the following : Environmental Standards

(i) plant more trees. (i) Advocating for Clean Air and Water
(ii) use organic manure instead of chemical : When the air and water quality in a
fertilizers. region fall below acceptable standards,
(iii)use mass transport system. local residents can unite and pressure the
Ans : COMP 2022
responsible agencies to take necessary
corrective actions.
(i) Plant more trees to absorb carbon (ii) Taking Legal Action through Public
dioxide, release oxygen and improve air Interest Litigation (PIL) : If appropriate
quality, while also providing habitats for measures are not implemented, community
wildlife and preventing soil erosion. members can file a Public Interest
(ii) Use organic manure instead of chemical Litigation (PIL) under existing laws to
fertilizers to enhance soil health naturally, address and resolve their environmental
reduce soil degradation and minimize the issues.
risk of water pollution from chemical (iii)Individual Responsibility for
runo Environmental Protection : Since society
(iii)Use mass transport systems to reduce is composed of individuals, each person
traffic congestion, lower greenhouse gas has a duty to ensure that their actions
emissions and decrease air pollution, do not contribute to environmental
making urban environments more pollution.
sustainable and energy-efficient.
131. Explain the role of government in waste
129. Name the processes involved in reducing the management.
waste.
Ans : SQP 2000
Ans : MAIN 2002
In India, the Ministry of Environment and
The processes involved in reducing waste are: Forests is the primary agency responsible for
(i) Reduce : Minimizing the amount of waste raising environmental awareness and creating
generated by using fewer resources and and enforcing environmental protection
avoiding unnecessary products. schemes. The government’s environmental
(ii) Reuse : Extending the life of items by policy emphasizes the following areas:
using them multiple times or repurposing (i) Controlling land and water degradation
them for different functions. through programs such as Wasteland
(iii)Recycle : Processing waste materials into Management and Restoration of river
new, useful products, reducing the need water quality.
for raw materials and energy. (ii) Conserving natural resources by
(iv) Composting : Decomposing organic waste designating areas as reserved forests,
to create nutrient-rich compost for use in biosphere reserves, wetlands, mangroves
gardening and agriculture. and protecting endangered species.
(v) Waste Segregation : Separating waste (iii)Monitoring development for
into categories such as biodegradable, environmental protection and enforcing
recyclable and hazardous, to ensure penalties for violations of environmental
proper treatment and disposal. laws.
130. Give three examples to show how social 132. What can an individual do to reduce waste at
initiatives can help minimize the use of home as well as in the office?
resources.
Ans : MAIN 2001
Ans : MAIN 2016
An individual can reduce waste both at home
The Role of Society in Maintaining and in the office by:
CH 13 : WASTE MANAGEMENT

(i) At Home :
1. Composting : Turn kitchen waste like
vegetable peels and food scraps into
compost.
2. Use Reusables : Opt for reusable
items like cloth bags, containers and
water bottles instead of disposables.
3. Avoid Single-Use Plastics : Minimize
the use of plastic bags, straws and
packaging.
4. Recycle Properly : Separate recyclable
materials such as paper, glass and
plastic for proper recycling.
(ii) In the Office :
1. Go Paperless : Use digital documents
and emails instead of printing paper.
2. Reuse Office Supplies : Reuse items
like paper clips, folders and envelopes.
3. Conserve Resources : Be mindful of
energy use and switch off electronic
devices when not in use.
4. Encourage Recycling : Set up
recycling bins for paper, plastic and
e-waste within the office space.

133. Explain the effects of agricultural waste.

Ans : SQP 2003

(i) Agricultural activities produce a

significant amount of waste. While most
agricultural waste is biodegradable,
improper management often leads to
negative environmental impacts.
(ii) After harvesting, crop residue forms
the bulk of agricultural waste. Farmers
commonly burn this residue in the fields,
which destroys essential organic matter
in the soil.
(iii)The ash released from burning floats in
the air, posing health risks to people.
Threshing also produces straw waste,
with particles that remain airborne,
particularly affecting individuals with
asthma. Additionally, dairy farming
contributes to unpleasant odors in the
air.

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