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Galler Transermaein ie aS al ane C= Bdarrrmisec Nears BOKMSeC Michelson —Merley experimen’ we rreapure velo 1° an & ether. tion bIw eat 4 IN Phen ay PYVIF aH FVVOOVIVIIGVIGIIDD OO OY OOAV Pp Chelson Morte, experiment To verity presence ot ether Ma, ‘Wye: anes a) Niewing Screen cor >) + rpecked peaulh elmer CuTreP ~ Ue ener “fs presen —> destrickhe ykerferente a \hekner fs absen®, —> constructive wwrerference 2 Oubcome ay ound Chegae’d kor he) ® soy Ume aren by Ray. t tree SpP'P ve, ka ern Ler's [ si=2*) Woo’ \n A SAG j — Ayre aed? i S ~TUTE TATA TTR Ta om ae qt = ah [7 => an Cite -)| Fer Ray @ cuwerd direckion Oe eee Og Ge pocnwars divecklen ot @=- ctv Ta= a a. - VAS - cay “Oo WF are ae . er 7 ie ar? FOR ere =H ow Time difference ots T2777) - ¥ > ak UR/ Ae) es aa (Fae oT = ps Ly Be — on Retering go” ey i AY aa : ’ ata Tote! rea utterenes | 2a i em Ria OWEKS = ow ce C Ering shift ast 7 N 7 3ty Ace f ' ho U Neo. 4) catty there ig fringe ishitk bat prastically nh jerime shite observed. Se exis tence & cantirmed ot etne 8! 4)Ovdtome ’ No unversay 4 No change Tame of Yeterence \n Ane light speed Be Spe Dperlal Theory of Relotvity Posbiletes AA jnerval Fon hes vatue 2-29 ® Pevavs ot physics vatis 1” @_ Speca ok Wor in we Spare SME cee Lorendsz transformation awe K Gav) Bl=% w=az pose a= Kuve) as Rave Aa K (kev) oe) = Kt CEE oe! — m- K*(a-v) Kv Ve ee ee ee ul j KV i Te = xe- -at i491 ee Frm cecond porsvese ot spesta) Areery ser * oe i i Sas rm e ack = klo-v &y cae elearve od. _-9 ae KO ave) ce eevee? Tees KE COMPS - -®sion S87 deronstorre a eA a 9 bO6bdbbbbbEECIIIIIIIIM! & e tx xn. @ Ao ee wv 3 p “-4) tle & Mag 8 > «ae exten) "= Co BCE ~ eS fee ~ re, Binsrein Graltiean | —> spees «const. =D Change arrer “wansiormalten —> lo) High cpoee — > \ow speed — Time is nok consta eels Time 1S conBt- Urerd -~*wvo oOUNS 7‘Gaaean invariance crea’) — ,s!Cmetter? Qe avs ie) Zoe pla Velocay “Wansiermalter a ot AE os. = Loa's was), Tey eeyd 7 Tue'= usd ay= os) Tay'= ayy acer is qrveriant - ast a2) Velocity masisie = v eC 1yQa vd ~ eoO- S2E.8 Oo Vries eee Tf oe = = ew eee eee SS Se ices (oe Ws avi, del ee Goes a \ a 7 wey \ [ae WIR N2' a \ Ty Z ct ate @ Ebtant tsentered- | Nas CAN e | (aS cae | | a ener[ers SR [P= FS | Time diletion The eck wil be gouly +e clock s* vest- tr moving FoR. An womyrorison a RH (he “42 - TUL Ma BUN S2 Dd a by Won’ pistence deravell & ae => aro i Time vests Fer Later DD Lo _*te : o ac c an SE c oe Be perre. ae wo | Xe Le . 4 = a Nk A Dee ag eves oe ae ko oie a Ee pe De o \y pare yw @d"= = =) “BB Lime Where’ F ST ynoving F.o-R- ioe preasures i) (eo ye Aleve he ley u i. oy Niejdent! e ot Time ayant: > \oKm Jakien 2.299 KL OF Meee — N= = @.2rmsec- qravelied by Tens + rer ne “nivers? ona do cert > DPI ce > ND BoA IE bs 6 eahle = 654 de be pow: ce 7 a ye Dee = 8 gue See: + (22) k= Bag ras 7 agareliet wD ers VO a4et7* a ayo”1.10 VARIATION OF MASS WITH VELOCITY ee MT VELOCITY. We € have seen that length and time are not absoh ati Ame of reference from which th a Smantities, but depend upon the fr ey are observed, Relativistic ideas of Space and time conclude thatN pELATIVISTIC MECHANICS Ta dy is not an invariable property under all circumstances. In fact, mass is & the mass of 2 bot Jocity of the body. It increases with increasing velocity represented by the fanction of the ve relation: (89) where mp is the rest mass of body, c is the speed of light and v is the velocity of the body. Tet us consider an elastic collision between two exactly identical perfectly elastic spherical particles A and B. The frames 'S and S’ are obtained as shown in Fig. 1.15 and S’ moving Poipe + x direction with respect to S at the velocity v. Bofore the collision, particle A had y peen at rest in frame S and particle B iy frame S’. Then at the same instant, y vs “d- ‘A was thrown in the +y direction at the speed V, while B was thrown in 8 FRAME “y direction at the speed Vp, where eeeae Va > Vp x ‘Therefore, the behaviour of A as seen from $ is exactly same as the x behaviour of B as seen from S% > When A and B collide, particle A rebounds in — y direction at the speed | Vy while particle B rebounds in +y Fig. 115. direction at the speed V,’. Collision occurs at the midpoint of the total distance between them i.e., at 1 y=5Y : —z _ for 5 also yay 3¥ Therefore, round-trip Ty for A as measured to frame S is, therefore, (40) : 41) If linear momentum is conserved in the S frame it must be true that (42) mV, = mgVy , Vz are their velocities as measured in the frame. BisENGINEERING PHYSicg a In S the speed V, is given as (4) (44) Eqn, (43) becomes Vy = z aa i sul) 0 ¢ Eqn. (42) becomes xin, Xf Mae Me Le pean (46) T£'V', and Vy << v. In this case an observer in S will see Bay 5 v, making a glancing collision PProach A with the velocity M4 =m, (rest mass) Mg =m +. Relativistic mass +(47) This is the formula for the variation of mass with its velocity,Relewis¥e energy s ~fEs ' ps oy ( ar , We A wey AS . TONG ' N Ww SNS RS Cnty fe Jrdge ovy~ U troy a4 = Mr We _mev? mo ( YL av Jae NU ce ek dacs _ = ok me Pom cat fy V3 we Lag one TT ee xmeeptee - meee co | Et We rats mot (1-5 CcEvidence showing the Equivalence of Mass and Energy (i) In the Following nuclear reaction: sli? + ,H' > 2 ,Het Mass defect in this nuclear reaction Am = (Mass of reactants) — (Mass of products) = (7.0166 + 1.0076) - (2 x 4.0028) = 0.0186 amu = 0.0186 x 1.66 x 10-27 kg It corresponds to an energy E =Am.c? = (0.0186 x 1.66 x 10-7) (3 x 108)? 0.278 x 10" Joule 0.278 x 1074 16x107” This energy should be released in the reaction. This value agrees with the experimentally observed value. (i) Consider the annihilation of matter er + e ee eV = 17.36 MeV. (Positron) (electron) Tn this 1.02 MeV energy is released in the form of a pair of d-ray photons. Reverse of this phenomenon is known as pair production in which at least 1.02 MeV energy gives rise to a pair of an electron and positron. eeND MOMENT 1.12 RELATIVISTIC RELATION BETWEEN ENERGY Al Um 2 EB =me = Zoe Sac) 1-2 2 mov and, p=my = Be aa) = ve 2 92 22 Ets MOC and pr = MOU 1-4 2 & “2 2 262 _ mu _ pee a 2 Subtracting p’c? from E? yields 2 of 9222 EP — pict = Mac! = mgt = snes z mc