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Ospf Lsa Summary

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13 views29 pages

Ospf Lsa Summary

Uploaded by

Muhoza Aime lionel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSPF LSA Types

Link-State Announcements

When OSPF neighbors become adjacent, the LSDBs synchronize between the OSPF
routers. As an OSPF router adds or removes a directly connected network link to or from its
database, the router floods the LSA out all active OSPF interfaces.

The OSPF LSA contains a complete list of networks advertised from that router.

LSA Types 1, 2, and 3 are used for building the SPF tree for intra-area and interarea route
routes.
LSA Types 4, 5, and 7 are related to external OSPF routes (that is, routes that were
redistributed into the OSPF routing domain).

LSA Header

Each LSA has a 20-byte common LSA header.


LSA Header Format

LSA Sequences

• OSPF uses the sequence number to overcome problems caused by delays in LSA propagation in
a network.
• The LSA sequence number is a 32-bit number for controlling versioning.
• When the originating router sends out LSAs, the LSA sequence number is incremented.
• If a router receives an LSA sequence that is greater than the one in the LSDB, it processes the
LSA.
• If the LSA sequence number is lower than the one in the LSDB, the router deems the LSA old
and discards the LSA.
LSA Age and Flooding

• Every OSPF LSA includes an age that is entered into the local LSDB and that will increment by 1
every second.
• When a router’s OSPF LSA age exceeds 1800 seconds (30 minutes) for its networks,
the originating router advertises a new LSA with the LSA age set to 0.
• As each router forwards the LSA, the LSA age is incremented with a calculated (minimal) delay
that reflects the link.
• If the LSA age reaches 3600 (60 minutes), the LSA is deemed invalid and is purged from
the LSDB.
• The repetitive flooding of LSAs is a secondary safety mechanism to ensure that all routers
maintain a consistent LSDB within an area.

Type 1 Router LSA

• Generated by each router for each area to which the router belongs.
• These packets describe the states of the router’s link to the area and are flooded only within a
particular area.
o A Type 1 LSA entry exists for each OSPF-enabled link (that is, every interface and its attached
networks).
• All the router’s links in an area must be described in a single LSA.
• Type 1 LSAs are the essential building blocks within the LSDB.
• The Router LSA indicates whether it's an ABR, ASBR or an endpoint of a Virtual Link.
During the SPF tree calculation, network link types are one of the following:
Packet Format
Router LSA - Packet Capture
Different Router Link Types

Router LSA Example


Type 2 Network LSA

• A Type 2 LSA represents a multi-access network segment that uses a DR.


• The DR always advertises the Type 2 LSA and identifies all the routers attached to that network
segment.
• If a DR has not been elected, a Type 2 LSA is not present in the LSDB because the
corresponding Type 1 transit link type LSA is a stub.
• Like Type 1 LSAs, Type 2 LSAs are not flooded outside the originating OSPF area.
• When the DR changes for a network segment, a new Type 2 LSA is created, causing SPF to run
again within the OSPF area.
Network LSA Packet Format

Network LSA - Packet Capture

Network LSA Example


Type 3 Summary LSA

• Type 3 LSAs represent networks from other areas.


• The role of the ABRs is to participate in multiple OSPF areas and ensure that the networks
associated with Type 1 LSAs are reachable in the non-originating OSPF areas.
• ABRs do not forward Type 1 or Type 2 LSAs into other areas.
• When an ABR receives a Type 1 LSA, it creates a Type 3 LSA referencing the network in the
original Type 1 LSA; the Type 2 LSA is used to determine the network mask of the multi-access
network. The ABR then advertises the Type 3 LSA into other areas.
• If an ABR receives a Type 3 LSA from Area 0 (the backbone), it regenerates a new Type 3
LSA for the nonbackbone area and lists itself as the advertising router, with the additional cost
metric.
• An ABR advertises only one Type 3 LSA for a prefix, even if it is aware of multiple paths from
within its area (Type 1 LSAs) or from outside its area (Type 3 LSAs). The metric for the best path
is used when the LSA is advertised into a different area.
How metric is calculated?

The advertising router for Type 3 LSAs is the last ABR that advertises the prefix. The metric in the Type 3
LSA uses the following logic:

• If the Type 3 LSA is created from a Type 1 LSA, it is the total path metric to reach the originating
router in the Type 1 LSA.
• If the Type 3 LSA is created from a Type 3 LSA from Area 0, it is the total path metric to the
ABR plus the metric in the original Type 3 LSA.

Example 1
Example 2

Example 1:

• R4 does not know if the 10.56.1.0/24 network is directly attached to the ABR (R5) or if it is
multiple hops away.
• R4 knows that its metric to the ABR (R5) is 1 and that the Type 3 LSA already has
a metric of 1, so its total path metric is 2 to reach the 10.56.1.0/24 network.

Example 2:

• R3 does not know if the 10.56.1.0/24 network is directly attached to the ABR (R4) or if it is
multiple hops away.
• R3 knows that its metric to the ABR (R4) is 65 and that the Type 3 LSA already has
a metric of 2, so its total path metric is 67 to reach the 10.56.1.0/24 network.
Summary LSA Packet Format

Summary LSA - Packet Capture


Summary LSA Example
Type 4 ASBR Summary LSA

• A Type 4 LSA locates the ASBR for a Type 5 LSA.


• A Type 5 LSA is flooded through the OSPF domain, and the only mechanism to identify the
ASBR is the RID. Routers examine the Type 5 LSA, check to see whether the RID is in the local
area, and if the ASBR is not local, they require a mechanism to locate the ASBR. Type 4
LSAs provide a way for routers to locate the ASBR when the router is in a different area from the
ASBR.
• A Type 4 LSA is created by the first ABR, and it provides a summary route strictly for the ASBR
of a Type 5 LSA.
Metric's logic to reach ASBR

The metric for a Type 4 LSA uses the following logic:

• When the Type 5 LSA crosses the first ABR, the ABR creates a Type 4 LSA with a metric set to
the total path metric to the ASBR.
• When an ABR receives a Type 4 LSA from Area 0, the ABR creates a new Type 4 LSA with a
metric set to the total path metric of the first ABR plus the metric in the original Type 4 LSA.

An ABR advertises only one Type 4 LSA for every ASBR, even if the ASBR advertises thousands
of Type 5 LSAs.

ASBR Summary Packet Format


Summary ASBR - Packet Capture

ASBR Summary LSA Example


Type 5 External LSA

• The external LSA defines routes to destinations external to the AS.


• The external route is flooded throughout the entire OSPF domain as a Type 5 LSA, except
to stubby areas.
• Type 5 LSAs are not associated with a specific area and are flooded throughout the OSPF
domain.
• Only the LSA age is modified during flooding for Type 2 external OSPF routes.

To install an external LSA in the RIB, two essential things must take place:
1. The calculation router must see the ASBR through the intra-area or inter-area route, which
means that it should have either a Type 1 Router LSA or a Type 4 ASBR Summary LSA, in
case of multiple areas.
2. The forwarding address must be known through an intra- or inter-area route.

External Route Calculation


External LSA Packet Format

External packet captutre


• Link State ID: External network number.
• Advertising Router: RID of ASBR.
• Netmask: Network mask of the external network.
• Bit E: Specifies the external type.
o If set, it’s an External Type 2; otherwise, it’s a Type 1.
• Forwarding Address: Indicates the address to which data traffic to the advertised network
should be forwarded.
o 0.0.0.0 means that the traffic should be forwarded to the ASBR.
• External Route Tag: Not used by OSPF
External LSA Example
Type 7 NSSA External LSA

• An ASBR injects external routes as Type 7 LSAs in an NSSA.


• The ABR does not advertise Type 7 LSAs outside the originating NSSA, but it converts the Type
7 LSA into a Type 5 LSA for the other OSPF areas.
• If the Type 5 LSA crosses Area 0, the second ABR creates a Type 4 LSA for the Type 5 LSA.
R4# show ip ospf database
! Output omitted for brevity
OSPF Router with ID (192.168.4.4) (Process ID 1)
..
Summary ASB Link States (Area 1234)

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum


192.168.5.5 192.168.4.4 193 0x80000001 0x002A2C

Type-5 AS External Link States

Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Tag


172.16.6.0 192.168.5.5 176 0x80000001 0x0045DB0

R5# show ip ospf database nssa-external


OSPF Router with ID (192.168.5.5) (Process ID 1)

Type-7 AS External Link States (Area 56)


LS age: 122
Options: (No TOS-capability, Type 7/5 translation, DC, Upward)
LS Type: AS External Link
Link State ID: 172.16.6.0 (External Network Number )
Advertising Router: 192.168.6.6
LS Seq Number: 80000001
Checksum: 0xA371
Length: 36
Network Mask: /24
Metric Type: 2 (Larger than any link state path)
MTID: 0
Metric: 20
Forward Address: 10.56.1.6
External Route Tag: 0
NSSA LSA Packet Format
NSSA LSA Example
Summary

LSA Type 1

• Generated by every router in the OSPF domain


• Describes its directly connected links
• Used to build the graph for intra-area SPF

LSA Type 2

• Generated byDR on broadcast and non-broadcast network types


o Not flooded outside area
• Describes who is adjacent with the DR
o Link cost to the DR
o Implies link cost to all other adjacent to that DR
• Used to reduce redundant information in the database
LSA Type 5

• Generated by ASBR
o Flooded to all non-stub areas
• Describes routes ASBR is redistributing

LSA Type 3

• Generated by ABR
o Flooded from Area 0 into non-backbone areas and vice-versa
• Describes ABR’s reachability to links in other areas
o Includes cost, but hides ABR’s actual path to destination
• SPF not run for ABR advertised routes
o ABR can reach link A via SPT in cost X
o I can reach ABR via SPT in cost Y
o Implies I can reach link A via SPT in cost X + Y

LSA Type 4

• Generated by ABR
• Describes ABR’s reachability to ASBRs in other areas
• SPF not run to reach inter-area ASBR
o ABR can reach ASBR via SPT in cost X
o I can reach ABR via SPT in cost Y
o Implies I can reach ASBR via SPT in cost X + Y
Thanks

Rakesh

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