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32 views6 pages

(Benjamin Claycomb) The Science of Biology Notes

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claycomb.benjamin
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Name: Benjamin Claycomb​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Period: 8-9​

Date: 8/28/2023

The Science of Biology


Chapter 1

◼​ Chapter 1 Essential Question: What role does science play in the study of life?

◼​ 1.1 What is Science


◼​ Key Questions:
▪​ What are the goals of science?
To better understand the natural world around us.

▪​ What procedures are at the core of scientific methodology?


Observing, asking questions to form a hypothesis, conducting experiments, and drawing
conclusions.

◼​ What Science Is and Is Not


▪​ Not a collection of… unchanging beliefs
▪​ Not a list of… facts
▪​ Science as a way of knowing – Science is an organized way of gathering and
analyzing evidence about the natural world.

▪​ Goals of Science:
▪​ provide natural… explanations for events in the natural world.
▪​ use those explanations to… understand patterns in nature and to make
useful predictions about natural events.
▪​ Science is different from other disciplines:
◼​ Deals only with ... the natural world
◼​ Collects and organizes... information in an orderly way, looking for
patterns and connections among events

◼​ Proposes explanations that… are based on evidence, not belief, and


they test those explanations with more evidence
◼​ Science, Change, and Uncertainty
▪​ Discoveries often raise more questions.
▪​ Rarely ... “proves” anything
▪​ Scientists aim for the best understanding of the natural world though current
methods.
▪​ Allows us to make useful… predictions about the natural world.

◼​ Scientific Methodology, The Heart of Science


▪​ No single “scientific method”.
▪​ Scientists “Think something that nobody has thought yet, while looking at
something that everybody sees” – Arthur Schopenhauer
▪​ Scientific methodology – a flexible multi step process that allows one to draw
conclusions

▪​ Observing and Asking questions – observation is noticing something and


describing it in a precise way

▪​ Inferring and forming a hypothesis – an inference is a logical interpretation


based on what we know. A hypothesis is an explanation for an observation
that can be tested.

▪​ Designing Controlled Experiments – only one variable that is changed and


all other variables are kept constant.

◼​ If more than one variable is changed… we can’t tell what led to the
results.

◼​ Independent variable – intentionally changed or manipulated.

◼​ Dependent variable – observed and changes as a result of


independent variable.

◼​ Control group – held under the same conditions as the experimental


group except for the independent variable. May have several
experimental groups.

▪​ Collecting and Analyzing Data – data is detailed records of experimental


observations.

◼​ Quantitative data – numbers obtained by counting or measuring.

◼​ Qualitative data – descriptive and involve characteristics that cannot


usually be counted.
◼​ May involve simple or complex tools including… charts, graphs and
computers.
◼​ Try to avoid sources of… error and large sample sizes are always
better.
▪​ Drawing Conclusions – use experimental data to support, refute, or revise
hypothesis being tested. Then draw conclusions

▪​ Experiments may not be possible when... observing animals in the wild or


when it is unethical to experiment. Scientists then observe and/or perform
correlation studies.

Label the Conclusions and Hypothesis Loop


◼​ 1.2 Science in Context
◼​ Essential Questions:
▪​ What scientific attitudes help generate new ideas?
Curiosity, Skepticism, Open-Mindedness, Creativity
▪​ Why is peer review important?
Because someone might see something that you missed and it removes bias.
▪​ What is a scientific theory?
A hypothesis that has been tested many times.
▪​ What is the relationship between science and society?
​ ​ Science involves an understanding of society
◼​ Exploration and Discovery: Where Ideas Come From
▪​ Often research ideas come from ... practical problems
▪​ Technology, science and society are … closely linked
◼​ Communicating Results: Reviewing and Sharing Ideas
▪​ Communication and sharing of ideas are… important to science
▪​ Scientists publish their work in … peer reviewed articles. Papers are reviewed by
anonymous experts to ensure that the findings are free of bias, fraud, and
mistakes
▪​ Findings often… spark new questions for further research.
◼​ Scientific Theories
▪​ Theory – a well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and
hypothesis.

▪​ Not the same in everyday life and science.


▪​ Ties hypotheses… together.
▪​ May become dominate view and … as close to a “fact” as possible.

◼​ Science and Society


▪​ In order to use science we must understand… its context in society and its
limitations.
▪​ Science is about the … “why” and “how” not the “should we”.
▪​ Science attempts to be... objective
▪​ Bias – a preference or viewpoint that is personal.
▪​ Understanding and Using Science
▪​ Science will “change” as long as… we keep experimenting and researching.
▪​ Understanding science helps … us to make decisions.
▪​ Science helps us … predict outcomes.

1.3 Studying Life


◼​ Key Questions:
▪​ What characteristics do all living things share?
Contain cells, grow, contain DNA, react to stimuli, and reproduce
▪​ What are the central themes of biology?
​ Dissection, cloning, and observing
▪​ How is the metric system important in science?
Because it is the global system for science and it is easier to convert
◼​ Characteristics of Living Things
▪​ Biology is … the study of life
▪​ Living things share a set of characteristics.
▪​ Made of one or more cells.
▪​ Based on a universal genetic code – DNA molecule stores this information
which is passed from parent to offspring
▪​ Obtain and use materials and energy – metabolisms is sum of chemical
reactions through which an organism builds up and breaks down materials
▪​ Grow and develop
▪​ Reproduce – sexual reproduction occurs when two parents combine their
genetic information in offspring. Asexual reproduction occurs when a single
organism produces identical offspring
▪​ Respond to their environment – a stimulus is a signal to which an organism
responds
▪​ Maintain a stable environment - homeostasis
▪​ Evolve (change) over time – evolutionary change links all forms of life

◼​ Big Ideas in Biology


▪​ Cellular basis of life
▪​ Information and heredity
▪​ Matter and energy
▪​ Growth development and reproduction
▪​ Homeostasis
▪​ Evolution
▪​ Structure and function
▪​ Unity and diversity of life
▪​ Interdependence of nature – the biosphere connects all organisms
▪​ Science is a way of knowing
◼​ Fields of Biology
▪​ Many overlapping fields ...

▪​ Global ecology
▪​ Biotechnology
▪​ Evolutionary Biology
▪​ Epidemiology and infectious disease
▪​ Genomics and molecular biology
◼​ Performing Biological Investigations
▪​ Scientific measurement – utilizes the metric system which is based on units of 10.
AKA System international or SI measurement.
▪​ Safety – follow written and verbal instructions. Wash your hands

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