LM358 IC Pin Configuration,

Working, LM358 Circuit

Examples
Description:
The LM358 contains two independent high gain operational
amplifiers, low power, dual channel op-amp, high gain with
internal frequency compensation. Single power supply will be
required to operate both op-amps in LM358. We can also use a
split power supply. The device has low power supply voltage.

LM358 IC can also be used as transducer standard operational

amplifier and it is suitable for our needs. It can handle voltage
from 3V to 32V DC supply and current up to 20mA per channel.
It consists of 8 pins which contains two operational amplifiers.
In this IC we have two operational amplifier which can we use as
a comparator. LM- The low power drain also makes the LM358 a
good choice for battery operation. Generally we obtain signal
from sensor are usually have small rating. We cannot do
anything with this rating for example we obtain 0.3V from
sensor. By using 0.3V we cannot ON/OFF led or relay. The LM-
358 IC get signal from the sensor and compare to the reference
voltage. Then this IC will decide whether the voltage is greater
or less than reference voltage by giving output high or low.
The LM358 is a versatile uses it can be used as comparator to
compare different signals, amplifying signals from a variety of
transducers or sensors to dc gain blocks or any op-amp function.

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Pin configuration of LM358:
Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 OUTPUT 1 This pin is the output of first operational amplifier

2 INPUT 1 – This pin is the inverting input of first op-amp

3 INPUT 1 + This pin is the non-inverting input of first op-amp

4 GND or This ground or negative supply to op-amp

5 INPUT 2 + This pin is the non-inverting input of second op-amp

6 INPUT 2 – This pin is the inverting input of second op-amp

7 OUTPUT 2 This pin is the output of the second op-amp

8 This pin is the positive voltage supply to both op-am

Operational amplifier:
An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is
fundamentally a DC coupled high gain voltage amplifying device
they are ideally designed for signal conditioning, DC
amplification, filtering and to be used with external feedback
components such as capacitors and resistors between its output
and input terminals.
The op-amp perform different function depending upon its
feedback configuration whether it resistive, capacitive or both on
the bases of this it can be used differential amplifier, integrator
or summer.
Non-inverting input:
The operational amplifier non-inverting input is marked by a “+”
sign on the circuit diagram in LM-358 the non-inverting input is
pin number 3. It is found that a positive voltage applied to the
non-inverting input then it will not be change and it will produce
a positive swing at the output. If a changing waveform, such as a
sine wave is applied to the non-inverting input such as pin
number 3 in LM-358, then it will appear in the same sense at the
output. It has not been inverted.

Inverting input:
The operational amplifier inverting input is marked by a “-” sign
on the circuit diagram in LM-358 the inverting input is pin
number 2.

A negative voltage swing will be produce when positive a positive

voltage is applied at the inverting input. Thus a sine was applied
to the inverting input, will appear inverted at the output.

LM358 Rating:
If the rating of the LM-358 exceed from these values it will be
damage it will work on the rating given below:

 Integrated with two Op-Amps in a single package

 Wide power supply Range
 Singe supply – 3V to 32V
 Dual supply – ±1.5V to ±16V
 Input differential voltage range ±32
 Low Supply current – 700uA
 Input common mode voltage range -0.3 to 32
 Single supply for two op-amps enables reliable operation
  Junction temperature 150˚C
 Operating ambient temperature – 0˚C to 70˚C
 Storage temperature range – 65˚C to 150˚C
 Soldering pin temperature – 260 ˚C (for 10 seconds – prescribed)
 Short circuit protected outputs
 Available packages: TO-99, CDIP, DSBGA, SOIC, PDIP, DSBGA

Advantages of LM358:
LM-358 has different advantages, a few of which are given
below.

 There is no need separate supply to the op-amp

 LM-358 is Compatibility with all forms of logic.
 Two Op-amps, compensated internally we can use both op-amp at a time or if
we need only one op-amp we can used it .
 Power drain suitable for battery operation.
 Removes the necessity of dual supplies
 Permits direct sensing close to GND & VOUT
 DC gain block due to which it has minimum interference to RF signals
 General signal conditioning because it can be used as comparator it compare
two signals
 Transducer amplifiers it can convert sound signals into electrical signals
 General signal amplification it amplify signal
 Active filters because it remove noise from the signal
 Operational amplifier circuits.
 Current loop transmitters for 4 to 20mA.
 Conventional op-amp circuits
 It can be used as Integrator, Summer, Differentiator, adder, Voltage follower,
etc.,
 Power supplies and mobile chargers
  Motor control: AC induction, brushless DC, brushed DC high-voltage, low-
voltage, permanent magnet, and stepper motor
 Desktop PC and motherboard contains LM-358
 Indoor and outdoor air conditioners
 Washers, dryers, and refrigerators

Replacement / Equivalent / Other Part

Numbers:
LM2904, LM258, LM324 may also be used as a replacement for
LM 358 if space is not a problem.

Single Supply and Dual Operational Amplifiers:

These dual operational amplifiers feature low power drain, a
common mode input voltage range means it give amplification to
the signal that appear on the common extending to ground/VEE,
and single supply or split supply operation. The LM358 series
contain two operational amplifier is equivalent to one−half of an
LM324 which contains four operational amplifiers.

Features
 Single and Split Supply Operation
 Short Circuit Protected Outputs
 Internally Compensated
 True Differential Input Stage
 Low Input Bias Currents
 Single Supply Operation of LM-358 3.0 V to 32 V
 Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply

Principle
If we want to use it as comparator we can give voltage from 3V
to 32V. If we want to use the LM-358 as operational amplifier
then we will give the voltage from ±1.6V to ±16V. Pin 8 is main
power supply input.LM-358 contains two operation amplifier the
input of the first amplifier is pin 2 and pin 3 and the output is pin
1, if we want to use the second amplifier the input for this
amplifier is at pin 5 and 6 and the output is at pin 7.

If we want to compare two signals then we will give one signal at

pin 2 and the other signal at pin 3. The voltage of pin 2 will be
compared with that of pin 3, and the voltage of pin 6 is compared
with that of pin 5, corresponding to two independent outputs:
1OUT and 2OUT.

When the input at non-inverting (+) pin 2 is greater than input at

inverting input (-) pin 3, similarly When the input at non-
inverting (+) pin 5 is greater than input at inverting input (-) pin
6 the output of both op-amps will be high.

When the input at non-inverting (+) pin 2 is less than input at

inverting input (-) pin 3, similarly When the input at non-
inverting (+) pin 5 is less than input at inverting input (-) pin 6
the output of both op-amps will be low.

No pull-up resistor is required at the output of LM358.

LM358 Based projects:

IR Proximity sensor with LM358:
Components Used:

 LM358
 10K ohm Resistor
 220 ohm Resistor
 IR transmitter LED
  IR receiver LED
 Colored LED
 Battery 5V
 10K ohm variable resistor

IR led:
An IR led is solid lightning device that emits some form of
electromagnetic radiation when powered up. IR led send out
light longer than visible light. From our household experience,
we have known LEDs that emit visible light. But, there are also
some special LEDSs that emit infrared rays. Just as there can be
visible led of different colours, IR led also emit rays of different
wavelengths. Infrared rays can be of varying wavelengths and
can take up any value belonging to their waveband. So , it is very
important that the IR photodiode used must be able to detect the
particular wavelength of INFRA RED given out by the IR led.

IR PHOTODIODE:
It is a special type of diode it t generates current when exposed
to light it is connected in reverse bias for IR rays detection . In
the absence of IR radiation, when light is not fall on it, it has a
very high resistance and small amount of current flow through it
known as dark current. But when the IR rays fall on to it more
charge carriers are generated and its resistance decreases and a
current starts flowing which is proportional to the intensity of
the radiation falling on the photo diode. In proximity sensor this
mechanism is used by the photodiode to generate electrical
signal.
How it work:
The principle follow by proximity sensor is very simple. The IR
led and Photo diode are connected in parallel to each other
which will act as transmitter and receiver. The Photo diode is
connected in reversed bias. When an obstacle comes in front of
emitter rays which is IR led which will emit light , when this
light is reflected back, it is intercepted by the photo diode which
act like a receiver . The rays which is reflected will decrease the
resistance of the photodiode due to which large charge carriers
will be produced and electrical signal will be generated.

This signal in practice is the voltage across the 10k resistor

which is potentiometer we can adjust this voltage by adjusting
this voltage the distance will also vary. It is directly fed to non-
inverting end of op-amp. The function of the op-amp is to
compare the two inputs given to it at pin 2 and pin 3. The signal
from the photodiode is given to the non-inverting pin (pin 3) with
which 10k resistor is connected and the threshold voltage from
potentiometer is given to the inverting pin (pin 2) which is
adjustable. If the voltage at the non-inverting pin 2 is greater
means that light is not falling on the photo diode than the voltage
at the inverting pin the op-amp output is high otherwise the
output is low.

Digital output is in the form of either high or low. Obstacle

avoiding robots or line follower robot use digital output signal of
a proximity sensor to stop the motion of the robot or to change
the direction of the robot. As soon as, the obstacle comes close
enough, the signal can be directly fed to the input pins of motor
through h-bridge circuit to drive the motors.

Analog output is a continuous range of values from zero to some

finite value. Motor driver or other switching devices cannot use
analog signal directly. First they need to be processed by the
microcontrollers and converted into digital form through ADC
and some coding. This output form requires an additional
microcontroller but eliminates the use of op-amp.

The operating mode of the comparator is simple:

If Vin > Vref, then Vout = Vcc,

The refrence voltage is set at pin number 2 and if Vin < Vref,
then Vout = 0 because we connect the pin to ground.

It is worth mentioning that at the output voltage will be

approximately equal to the supply voltage Vout ~ Vcc.

Given these things, we will connect the IR Receiver output to the

non-inverse input (plus) means we connect IR receiver it input
pin 2 of the LM-358. Initially we said we will have about 0.56V
out of the photo diode when it does not capture infrared
radiation.
So, we have to initially give a Vref higher than the 0.56V voltage.
Here, we will use the potentiometer to set a value higher than
0.56V to pin Vref. In this case in state 0 we have Vin < Vref and
Vout = 0, so the led will be off.

When the receiver will capture the radiation, it will allow a

higher current to pass, a current that will overtake Vref and we
will have Vin> Vref and Vout = Vcc, about 9V

Solar tracker using LM-358:

Components Required
COMPONENT NAME QUANTITY

LM-358 1

BC-547 2

BC-557 2

1 KΩ Resistor 2

10 KΩ Resistor 2

DC Motor 1

Potentiometer 50 KΩ 1

LDR 2

Battery 9-12V 1
BC547 Transistor
Two BC547 transistor are used in this project. The BC547 is
an NPN Bipolar Junction Transistor. This is normally used as a
switch and amplifier. We have used BC547 as a switch in this
circuit. The smaller amount of current applied at the base, it can
control the larger amount of currents at collector and emitter.
BC557 Transistor
The BC547 is a PNP Bipolar Junction Transistor. This is normally
used as a switch and amplifier. When the ground(0) voltage is
applied on the base, then the collector and emitter will be closed
(Forward biased) and when the positive voltage is applied on the
base, then the collector and emitter will be opened (Reverse
biased)
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
The LDR or Light Dependent Resistor is a variable resistor. It is
also known as a photoresistor. These LDR, Light Dependent
Resistor or Photoresistor works on the principle of “Photo
Conductivity”. The LDR resistance is change depends on the light
intensity falls on the LDR surface. When light falls on the
surface of the LDR then the resistance of the LDR decreases and
increases the conductance of the element. When no light falls on
the surface of the LDR then the resistance of the LDR is high and
decreases the conductance of the element.
LM358 based Solar Tracker Circuit Wiring
LDR1 is connected with R1 (10K) in series which will change
the voltage. The connection point of LDR1 and R1 is the input
to the non-inverting pin LM358, which is connected to pin
3 of the LM358 IC which are the inputs of first operational
amplifier.
Similarly, LDR2 is connected with R2 (10K) in series.
The connection point of LDR2 and R2 is the Output of the
LDR2, which is connected to pin 5 of the LM358 IC. Pin 5 is
the non-inverting input terminal of the LM358 IC of the
second operational amplifier.
The 10K Variable resistor (RV1) fixed terminal 1 is connected
to Vcc and fixed terminal 2 is connected to ground.
The Variable terminal of the Variable resistor (RV1) is
connected to IC pin 2 and 6. The pin 2 and 6 are the inverting
input terminals of the IC’s Op-Amp 1 and Op-Amp
2 respectively.
The Op-Amp 1 output pin (IC pin 1) is connected to the base
terminal of the transistor Q1 and Q3, and the Op-Amp 2
output pin (IC pin 7) is connected to the base terminal of the
transistor Q2 and Q4.
Transistor (BC547) Q1 and Q2 collector terminal is connected
with Vcc, and Transistor (BC557) Q3 and Q4 collector terminal
is connected with Ground.
The Emitter terminal of the transistor Q1 and Q3 both
are shorted and connected to the motor terminal through the
connection point of diode D1 and D3. The Emitter terminal of
the transistor Q2 and Q4 both are shorted and connected to
the motor terminal through the connection point of diode D2
and D4.

Working of Single Axis Solar Tracking System using LM358

LM358 is the main controller that controls the whole system.
Here its works as a voltage comparator, the output of the voltage
comparator will be High when the voltage at the non-inverting
input terminal (+) is greater than the voltage at the inverting
input terminal (-).

When no light falls on the LDR surface its resistance is high, then
all voltage is allocated across the LDR and output
is Low(ground). When light falls the LDR surface its resistance is
low, then the all voltage is allocated across the resistor and
output is High(VCC).

The variable resistor is used to set the reference voltage at

the Inverting (-) terminal of the Op-Amp 1 and Op-Amp2.

The transistors BC547 and BC557 are making an H-Bridge

formed, which is control the motor direction.

When the light falls increases on an LDR, then the output

voltage of LDR is increasing. So, the voltage at the non-inverting
(+) terminal also increases, when this voltage is greater than the
reference voltage then the output of the Op-Amp goes HIGH.

INPUT A INPUT B OUTPUT

0 0 STOP

0 1 CLOCK WISE

1 0 ANTICLOCKWISE

1 1 STOP

Complimentary symmetry transistors BC547 and BC557 form H-

bridge with the help of which we control the motor rotation.

1. Consider the case when the output of first comparator is high and output of
second comparator is low. Motor will rotate clockwise direction when the Q1
and Q4 will turn on.
2. Consider the case when the output of the first comparator is low and the
output of the second comparator is high. The motor will rotates anticlockwise
when transistors Q2 and Q3 will turn on.
 If the output of both comparators are low, transistors Q3 and Q4 turns on, but
no current will flow through the motor.
1. Similarly if the output of both comparators are high, transistors Q1 and Q2
turns on, but no current will flow through the motor.

Battery monitoring Using LM358:

Battery Level Indicator Circuit Using Dual Op Amp Ic LM358 To
Monitor 12V Battery’s low, normal and full level.
Components Uѕеd:
Rеѕіѕtоrѕ: (1/4 Wаttѕ)
R1 – 10K
R2 – 10K
R3 – 10K (Potentiometer)
R4 – 10K (Potentiometer)
R5 – 1.5K
R6 – 1.5K
R7 – 1K
R8 – 1.5K
R9 – 1.5K
LM358 IC
LEDѕ:
Rеd
Green
Yellow
100mA Fuѕе
12V Bаttеrу
Circuit Description:
Thіѕ сіrсuіt monitors thе 12V bаttеrу vоltаgе. It will show the
charging level of battery an indication of low voltage, normal
voltage and full voltage. The potentiometer adjust thе роіnt at
whісh thе red/уеllоw аnd yellow/green LEDѕ are оn оr off. Fоr
example thе rеd LED turns ON аt 11V and the green LED аt 12V.
The уеllоw LED rеmаіnѕ ON between thеѕе values. This project
can also be use to to monitor 4v, 6v, 24v etc with slight
modification.

Photodiode with LM358:

Components used:
 LM358
 Photodiode
 10K potentiometer
 10K Resistor
 Transistor BC547
  Led

10K resistor is connected with photodiode in series the output of

the of photodiode is given to the pin number 3 of LM-358In this
project when radiation will fall on the photodiode the led will be
on and off. The potentiometer is connected at pin 2 which will
work as reference voltage. The output of the op-amp is given at
the base of BC547. The collector is connected with the led and
the emitter is connected with ground.