1. Discuss any four characteristics of IoT.

IoT is defined by the following characteristics:

1. Interconnectivity: IoT devices are connected through various network protocols, enabling
seamless data exchange.

2. Sensing: Sensors collect environmental or operational data, crucial for IoT functionality.

3. Data Processing and Analysis: IoT systems process raw data to provide actionable insights using
AI and machine learning.

4. Automation: IoT devices enable automation in processes, reducing human intervention.

2. Differentiate between Consumer IoT and Industrial IoT.

Feature Consumer IoT Industrial IoT

Focus Enhances personal convenience Optimizes industrial operations

Environment Homes, personal spaces Factories, warehouses

Examples Smart homes, wearable devices Predictive maintenance, robotics

Scale Typically small-scale Large-scale, involving critical systems

3. Discuss any three application areas of IoT.

1. Healthcare: IoT devices like wearable health monitors track vital signs, enabling remote patient
care.

2. Smart Agriculture: IoT sensors monitor environmental conditions like soil moisture, improving
crop management.

3. Transportation: IoT enables real-time tracking of vehicles, improving logistics and reducing
delays.

4. Write short notes on:

(a) Machine-to-Machine (M2M): Communication technology enabling devices to exchange information

without human involvement. Used in telemetry and asset management.
(b) Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS): Systems integrating physical and digital components, used in
automation, robotics, and smart grids.
(c) Web of Things (WoT): Extends IoT by using web protocols like HTTP for device interactions,
simplifying development.
5. With the aid of a diagram, briefly explain the fundamental components of an IoT system.

1. Sensors and Actuators: Collect data and perform actions based on processed data.

2. IoT Gateway: Aggregates and pre-processes data before sending it to the cloud.

3. Cloud Services: Store, process, and analyze data.

4. User Interface: Allows interaction through dashboards or mobile applications.

(Include a diagram showing sensors → IoT gateway → cloud → user interface.)

6. Explain the four layers of service-oriented architecture of IoT.

1. Perception Layer: Captures data from the physical environment.

2. Network Layer: Transmits data using protocols like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.

3. Processing Layer: Analyzes data in real-time or batch mode.

4. Application Layer: Provides specific services such as smart home apps.

7. Write briefly on:

(a) Hydraulic Actuators: Use fluid pressure to create motion, ideal for heavy-duty applications like
cranes.
(b) Pneumatic Actuators: Employ compressed air to move devices, commonly used in manufacturing.
(c) Electric Actuators: Utilize electrical energy for precise movements, found in robotics and automation.

8. Differentiate between passive and active sensors.

Feature Passive Sensors Active Sensors

Power Source Do not require an external power source Require external power

Examples Thermistors, photoresistors Radar, sonar sensors

9. Privacy and security are among the significant challenges of IoT, discuss.

• Data Breaches: Unauthorized access to sensitive data.

• Device Hijacking: IoT devices can be exploited to disrupt operations.

• Weak Encryption: Poorly secured communication channels make IoT systems vulnerable.

10. With the help of examples, differentiate between IoT network protocol and data protocol.
 • IoT Network Protocols: Handle device connectivity (e.g., Zigbee, LoRaWAN).

• IoT Data Protocols: Manage data format and transmission (e.g., MQTT, CoAP).

11. Differentiate between IPv4 and IPv6, give three features of each.

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address Length 32 bits 128 bits

Security Optional (via IPSec) Built-in security features

Scalability Limited Supports a vast number of devices

12. Write briefly on:

(a) IoT Node: Devices like sensors or actuators that interact with the environment.
(b) IoT Gateway: Facilitates data transfer between nodes and cloud.
(c) IoT Proxy: Optimizes communication by acting as an intermediary.

13. Why is Gateway Prefix Allotment needed in IoT?

Gateway Prefix Allotment ensures unique identification of devices within a network, reducing data
collisions and improving routing efficiency.

14. Define Multihoming. Differentiate between the ways to perform multihoming.

• Definition: Connecting a device or network to multiple ISPs to ensure redundancy.

• Methods:

o Single Link Multihoming: One device connects to multiple ISPs.

o Multiple Link Multihoming: Multiple devices connected to various ISPs for better fault
tolerance.

15. Differentiate between IoT stack and web stack.

Feature IoT Stack Web Stack

Application Layer Custom for IoT HTTP-based

Transport Layer Lightweight (e.g., MQTT) TCP

Security Layer Encryption tailored to IoT HTTPS

 Data Size Small packets Larger packets

16. How is RFID technology applied in IoT environment?

RFID tags track and identify objects wirelessly, enabling applications in inventory management, smart
transportation, and retail.

17. Discuss the components of a Mobile Wireless Sensor Network (MWSN).

1. Nodes: Mobile sensors collect environmental data.

2. Base Station: Acts as a data aggregation point.

3. Communication Protocols: Ensure data transfer between mobile nodes.

18. Briefly discuss any three applications of wireless sensor networks.

1. Disaster Management: Real-time monitoring of environmental hazards.

2. Military: Battlefield surveillance.

3. Healthcare: Patient monitoring in hospitals.

19. Compare and contrast mobile and stationary sensor networks.

Feature Mobile Sensor Networks Stationary Sensor Networks

Mobility Nodes are mobile Nodes remain fixed

Coverage Area Dynamic Static

20. Why is the need for Interoperability important to fulfill the IoT objectives?

Interoperability ensures seamless communication and operation among heterogeneous IoT devices and
systems, which is crucial for scalability and efficiency.