GENERAL STUDIES-I

1. History of Indian Culture, covering the salient aspects of art forms, literature, and
architecture from ancient to modern times.
2. Modern Indian history (1757–1947): significant events, personalities, and issues.
3. Freedom Struggle: its various stages & important contributors from different parts of
country.
4. Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country (till 1965).
5. History of the world, focusing on events from the 18th to the mid-20th century, such as
the French Revolution (1789), Industrial Revolution, World Wars, redrawing of national
boundaries, Socialism, Nazism, Fascism, and their impact on society.
6. Salient features of Indian society and culture.
7. Role of women in society, women’s organizations, population and associated
issues, poverty and developmental challenges, urbanization problems, and
remedies.
8. Liberalization, privatization, globalization: meaning & effects on economy,
polity, soc. structure.
9. Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism, and secularism.
10.Distribution of major natural resources worldwide—water, soils, forests—wrt South &
Southeast Asia, particularly India. Factors affecting industrial location, especially in India.
11.Salient features of physical geography: earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic activity, cyclones,
ocean currents, winds, and glaciers.
12.Oceanic resources of India and their potential.
13.Human migration and the refugee problem, with a focus on India.
14.Frontiers and boundaries with reference to the Indian subcontinent.
15. Population and settlements: types, patterns, urbanization, smart cities,
and smart villages.
GENERAL STUDIES-II
1. Indian Constitution: historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant
provisions, basic structure, and the Supreme Court's role in constitutional development.
2. Functions and responsibilities of the Union and States: issues and challenges of the federal
structure, devolution of powers, finances to local levels, and challenges.
3. Role of the Finance Commission in Centre-State financial relations.
4. Separation of powers, dispute redressal mechanisms, institutions, and ADR methods.
5. Comparison of the Indian constitutional framework with major democratic countries.
6. Parliament & State Legislatures: structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers, privileges, issues.
7. Structure, organization, and functioning of the Executive and Judiciary: ministries,
departments, pressure groups, associations, and their roles. Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
8. Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act.
9. Appointment to various constitutional posts, powers, functions, and responsibilities.
10.Statutory, regulatory, and quasi-judicial bodies, including NITI Aayog: features and
functioning.
11.Government policies for development in various sectors; issues in design, implementation, &
ICT.
12.Development processes: roles of NGOs, SHGs, associations, donors, charities, etc.
13.Welfare schemes for vulnerable populations by the Centre and States: performance,
mechanisms, laws, and institutions for protection and betterment.
14.Issues related to development & mngmt of the social services: health, education, human Res.
15.Issues of poverty and hunger and their implications on politics.
16.Important aspects of governance: transparency, accountability, e-governance models, citizen
charters, successes, limitations, and institutional measures.
17.Role of civil services in a democracy in the context of emerging trends.
18.India’s relationships with neighbouring countries.
19.Bilateral, regional, and global groupings/agreements involving or affecting India’s interests.
20.Effects of policies of developed & developing countries on India’s interests; Indian diaspora.
21.Important international institutions and agencies: structure, mandate, and functioning.
22.Current affairs and events of regional, national, and international importance.
GENERAL STUDIES-III
1. Economic planning in India, objectives and achievements. Role of NITI Aayog, Pursuit of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's).
2. Issues of Poverty, Unemployment, Social justice and inclusive growth.
3. Components of Government Budgets and Financial System.
4. Major Crops, Different types of irrigation and irrigation systems, storage, transport and
marketing of agricultural produce, e-technology in the aid of farmers.
5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices, Public
Distribution System- objectives, functioning, Limitations, revamping, issues of buffer stocks
and food security, Technology missions in agriculture.
6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream
and downstream requirements, supply chain management.
7. Land reforms in India since independence.
8. Effects of liberalization and globalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and
their effects on industrial growth.
9. Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.
10.Science and Technology-developments and applications in everyday life and in National
Security, India's Science and Technology policy.
11.Achievements of Indians in science & technology, indigenization of technology. Developments
of New technologies, transfer of technology, dual and critical use technologies.
12.Awareness in the fields of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Space
Technology, Computers, Energy resources, nano- technology, microbiology, biotechnology.
Issues relating to intellectual property rights (IPR) and digital rights.
13.Environmental security and Ecosystems, Conservation of Wild life, Biodiversity,
Environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
14.Disaster as a Non-traditional security and safety challenge, disaster mitigation and
management.
15.Challenges of International Security: Issues of Nuclear proliferation, Causes and spread of
extremism, Communication networks, role of media and social networking, Basics of cyber
security, money laundering and human trafficking.
16.India's internal security challenges: Terrorism, corruption, insurgency and organized crimes.
17.Role, kind and mandate of security forces, Higher defence organizations in India
18.Issues in Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry and Animal Husbandry.