Energy Efficiency of Cooling Load through The

Glass Facade of Office Buildings in Surabaya

Ulil Albab1 and Tri Joko Wahyu Adi1
Abstract―The aims of this article is to obtain an alternative The main reason for architects and building owners to
type of glass on the envelope buildings of full glass on all design buildings with curtain walls is commercial appeal.
surface envelope, cost of glazed facades and to obtain energy The wide glass window displays the view around the
efficiency of cooling load through the glass facade of office building which can increase the value of the building [3].
buildings in Surabaya. The shape of the building in this article
External heat from the windows and walls of a typical
uses a simulation of regular form (squares) and differences in
building orientation. The calculation method is uses the OTTV office building in Jakarta is around 63%, while internal
method (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) for the value of heat heat from equipment, lighting and occupancy is around
gain through the building envelope and the CLTD method 37%. This shows enormous energy saving opportunities
(Cooling Load Temperature Difference) to calculate the cooling through carefully designed and appropriate building
load affected by the glass facade. The results obtained in this envelopes to reduce air cooling loads. Most of the energy
article simulation show that the most efficient value is double in buildings in Indonesia is used by HVAC systems
glazing with using SC ≤ 1.9 and U value glass ≤ 2.6 W / m2K, so regardless of the type of building. In terms of office
that the energy efficiency of the cooling load obtained can buildings in Jakarta, HVAC contributes 55% of the
decrease until 6%. The savings were obtained at the value of
building's total energy consumption [3].
OTTV is 25.60 W/m2 with the price of glass facade in the
amount of Rp. 4,005,333/m 2. The importance of studying glass as one of the
buildings’ envelop components during the design phase, as
Keywords―Energy Efficiency, Cooling Load, Façades, well as its effects on the energy consumption of the
Office Building. building. that building orientation and glass specifications
can control heat losses and gains, which subsequently
I. INTRODUCTION1 reflected on the heating and cooling demands, which lead
The use of glass on the facades of office buildings to saving energy and money [4].
provides comfort and psychological effects for its
residents. Glass as a direct link between the outer and inner
environments of buildings is a key factor in determining
energy performance in buildings, especially in cooling
energy requirements. The use of the glass field as part of
the facade (building envelope) is an environmental control
element, which modifies the external environment into the
environment inside the building for the comfort of
occupants [1]. Therefore, many designs of office buildings
(high-rise buildings) use glass as a building facade for
comfort and work productivity for its occupants. Glass
material and its hadow elements have a major influence on Figure 1. Average temperature in Surabaya 2018.
the creation of a climate in the building.
High-rise buildings with glass curtain walls are potential
energy uses where most energy is needed to activate the air
system to ensure a certain level of comfort in it. The
amount of energy needed for air conditioning systems is
largely determined by heat gain (cooling load) that occurs
through glass curtain walls with conduction, convection
and thermal radiation. The wider the wall of the glass
curtain, the greater the energy use of the building [2].

1Ulil Albab and Tri Joko Wahyu Adi are with Departement of

Management Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Figure 2. Average Humidity in Surabaya 2018.
Surabaya, Indonesia. E-mail: ulilalbab1202@gmail.com;
trijokowahyuadi@gmail.com.
 The main problem in creating energy-efficient buildings ones [2]. Building envelopes are building elements that
comes from the activation of solar heat in buildings and wrap around buildings, namely transparent walls and roofs
through the air conditioning system. Limiting OTTV is one (skylights) or those that are not transparent. Most thermal
of the energy efficiency strategies [5]. energy moves through these elements. The building
The simulation office building is located in the city of envelope is also a part of getting direct sunlight [7].
Surabaya. Geographically, the city of Surabaya is between The function Building envelopes consist of opaque
07,210 South Latitude to 112,540 East Longitude. components (eg walls) and phenestration systems or
Surabaya is a lowland with an altitude of 3-6 meters above translucent components (such as windows) that separate the
sea level, except in the South, 25-50 meters above sea level interior of buildings from the outside environment.
[6]. Building envelopes provide protection against undesirable
Surabaya is one of the tropical cities in Indonesia, the external environmental influences such as heat, radiation,
temperature level is quite high, based on BMKG data in wind, rain, noise, pollution etc. Building envelope has an
2018 the average temperature is 34 ° C can be seen in important role in reducing energy consumption for cooling
Figure 1. This causes high year-round sun exposure to and lighting. In medium and high-rise buildings, the walls
building facades that affect the space inside the use of are much larger than the roof area. Therefore, the design of
cooling energy in space. Air humidity in the city of the vertical building envelope, especially the window, must
Surabaya is quite high throughout the year, based on be done carefully to avoid excessive heat entering the
BMKG data in 2018 with an average humidity of 75% can building [7].
be seen in Figure 2. OTTV is a value determined as a design criteri for the
The main aims of this article is to obtain a type of facade walls and glass of the outer part of a conditioned building
glass and analyze the energy efficiency of cooling loads in (equipped with an air system) to replace energy use. OTTV
the most optimal glass facade of an office building. The takes into account the elements of heat gain through the
research in this article was conducted by simulating the external wall of a building, such as: heat conduction
shape of regular form and the difference in orientation of through opaque walls and glass windows as well as solar
the building. The building facade simulation was radiation through glass windows. SNI 6389 of 2011 assign
conducted in Surabaya, because Surabaya became one of that Value of OTTVmay not more 35 watts/m2 [7].
the cities in Indonesia having a tropical climate with an The foundation of an energy efficient building starts
average temperature 340 C. with its design process. The main issue in creating an
energy efficient building comes from the absorption of the
II. LITERATUR REVIEW building’s solar heat load through its air conditioning
Building envelopes are material materials and structures system. Aligning the direction of the building’s façade to
that cover buildings and function the same as skin in East and West and choosing light colors for wall finish are
humans. Building Facade is defined as the face of the some examples of the common design practice to reduce
building. The building envelope of glass material is called solar heat input. Limiting OTTV (Overall Thermal
curtain wall and can be defined as a load-bearing outer wall Transfer Value) is one of the energy efficiency strategies
which is generally assembled from repetitive industrial [5].
assembly elements (glass, aluminum, ordinary steel,
stainless steel) and produced under quality control strict

Figure 3. The simulation on orientation differences.

 OTTV is a value determined as a design criteri for the from people/occupants, lights, and equipment/machinery
walls and glass of the outer part of a conditioned building [8].
(equipped with an air system) to replace energy use. OTTV
takes into account the elements of heat gain through the
external wall of a building, such as: heat conduction
through opaque walls and glass windows as well as solar
radiation through glass windows. SNI 6389 of 2011 assign
that Value of OTTV may not more 35 watts/m2 [7].
OTTV for each area of the outer wall of a building, must
be calculated through the equation, the following basic
equations shall be used:
OTTV = α [Uw*(1-WWR)*TDek] + (Uf*WWR*ΔT) +
(SC*WWR*SF) (1)
where:
α = Sun radiation absorption, depending on the
material and color of the exterior wall
Uw = Thermal transmittance of opaque wall
(Watt/m².K).
WWR = Window-to-wall ratio
TDek = Equivalent temperature difference for wall
(10oK for brick wall)
Figure 4. The shape façade simulation office building.
SC = Shading coefficients of fenestrations, specified
by the manufacturer (Asahimas)
SF = Solar factor (W/m²), depends on building
orientation = 130 for North (N), 113 for North
East (NE),112 for East (E), 97 for South East
(SE), 97 for South (S), 176 for South West (SW),
243 for West (W), 211 for North West (NW)
Uf = Thermal transmittance of fenestration
(Watt/m².oK)
ΔT = Temperature difference between exterior
(Surabaya area is 340C) and interior design
condition 250C. (90K)
Then calculate the value of RTTV (Roof Thermal
Transfer Value) which has almost the same meaning as
OTTV, the difference is that RTTV is a value set as design
criteria for roof cover, ordinary roof (not transparent) or
equipped with skylight (transparent). The RTTV
calculation in this article uses an ordinary roof (without
skylights), the following equation used:
RTTV = 𝛼 . (Ur x TDEk) (2)
where :
α = absorbance of solar radiation;
Ur = average roof thermal transmittance (W/m.K);
TDEk = Equivalent temperature difference (K). (refers to
the table). Figure 5. Section façade of office building.
Cooling Load is the total amount of heat energy that Cooling load calculation is needed to resolve external
must be removed in units of time from the cooled room. and internal heat loads. External heat loads are caused by
This load is needed to deal with external and internal heat heat entering through conduction (walls, glass, partitions,
loads. External heat load is caused by heat entering through floors), radiation (glass), and convection (ventilation and
conduction (walls, ceilings, glass, partitions, floors), infiltration). Internal heat load is caused by heat arising
radiation (glass), and convection (ventilation and from people/occupants, lights, and equipment/machinery.
infiltration). Internal heat load is caused by heat arising
The formula for calculating cooling load uses the CLTD Fui = Factor of lighting usage
method [8]. Fsa = Tolerance factor
Calculation of CLTD with heat on the condition of the CLF = Cooling load factor according to occupancy
room can be seen with the following equation used; hours
1. Load of Solar Radiation Through Glass 5. Plug Load
q = A. (SC). (SCL) (5) q = P.Ef.(CLF) (9)
where: Where:
q = Cooling load from solar radiation, W P = Electric plug power used (W/m2)
A = Outer glass surface area, m2 Ef = Efficiency factor
SC = Shading coefficient CLF = Cooling load factor according to occupancy
SCL = Solar cooling load factor with or without hours.
shading device,(W/m2)
2. Sun Conduction Through Glass, Roofs and Walls III. METHODOLOGY
Q = U.A. (CLTD) (6) A. Simulation
where : The simulation in this article uses a building shape from
Q = Cooling Load, W a box with the same length and width of the building
U = The heat transfer coefficient is designed for the (ragular form) with a full glass surface. Simulations
roof or wall or for Glass, W/(m2.K) conducted with different orientations can be seen at Figure
A = The surface area of the roof, outer wall or outer 3 these two differences will be used in the simulation of
glass, m2 this article. The office building simulation parameters that
CLTD = Difference in temperature of cooling load for will be used for analysis are as follows:
roofs, walls or glass. Shape of building : Regular form (square) Building
3. Occupants orientation:W,E,N,S (1st
simulation), SW, NW, NE, SE
qsensibel = N (penambahan Q sensibel).(CLF) (7) (2nd simulation)
Where : Building dimensions : 40 m (length), 40 m (width)
N = the amount of people in the room, the addition of Height floor to floor : 4.5 meters
sensible and latent heat from the occupants. Total building floor : 22 floors
CLF = Cooling load factor according to occupancy hours. Typical floor area : 1,600 m2
4. Lighting Net lettable floor area : 1,344 m2
Roof area : 1,600 m2
q = W. Fui.Fsa.(CLF) (8) Gross floor area : 35,200 m2
Where : Nett lettable area : 29,568 m2 (1,344m2/floor)
W = Electrical power from lighting in the room
(W/m2)

Figure 6. The Result OTTV with Glass types of the 1 st simulation

 The characteristics of simulation materials on the facade IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
of office buildings can be seen in Figure 4 the facade The results of the analysis in this article are simulations
material used uses glass on all surfaces, alumunium of square shapes of office buildings in Surabaya with the
profiles and spandrels with calsiboard 6mm can be seen in two simulation. After conducted OTTV analysis using
Figure 5. The spandrel material uses a glass 8mm thickness formula (1). So, the results of the two simulations are as
with the type of Planible G glass, while the calsiboard follows.
frame uses a hollow with size 20x40. The first simulation of the orientation office building
B. Methodology OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) west, east, north, south. In the Figure 6. is the result of
and CLTD (Cooling Load Temperature Difference) OTTV analysis that meets the requirements below 35 W /
The OTTV concept includes three basic elements of heat m2 in the first simulation, the results of the analysis
transfer through the envelope building, namely: heat obtained were 11 values under the OTTV requirements and
conduction through opaque walls, solar radiation through there were 20 types of Asahimas glass. All of these results
glass, and heat conduction through glass [7]. Cooling Load are obtained using a double glass. Some types of glass get
calculation method is calculated by the method CLTD the same value of OTTV, there are 5 types of glass that are
(Cooling Load Temperature Difference) [9]. The following the same, namely; VG (vision glass) 1, VG 2, VG 3, VG 5
of parameter data for calculating cooling load are used: and VG 10. The lowest Value of OTTV is 25.60 W / m2
 Location in Surabaya, Indonesia obtained on the glass type VG 1.
 Outside air conditions in Surabaya, Dry Bulb The Second simulation of the orientation office building
Temperature (DBT) : 34°C southwest, northwest, southeast, northeast. In Fig. 7. is the
 Relative Humidity (RH) : 76 % result of OTTV analysis on the 2nd simulation. The results
 Interior air condition is taken (design) DBT : 25°C, RH obtained value of OTTV that known the requirements,
: 60 % there are 11 values that meet the requirements of 20 types
 Occupant : 10 m2/pers of glass. In the 2nd OTTV simulation the lowest was 25.93
 Working/hours : 8 AM - 6 PM : 10 hours/day W / m2. Therefore the results of 2nd simulation are the
 Working/week : Monday – Friday : 5 days/week similiar as the 1st simulation results. However in the 2nd
 Sensible heat gain : 73 W/pers simulation the OTTV difference was higher by around
 Latent heat gain : 59 W/pers 1.36% with the 1st simulation.
 Electrical power installed in lighting : 12 W/m2
 Electrical power installed in electrical equipment : 10
W/m2

Figure 7. The Result OTTV with Glass types of the 2nd simulation
 TABLE 1.
TYPE OF DOUBLE GLAZING FAÇADE BY AGC
Shading U Value
OTTV (1st OTTV (2nd
NO CODE Type of Double Glazing Façade by AGC Coefficient (SC) (W/m2K) EN
Simul.) Simul.)
ISO 9050 673
1 VG 1 6mm T-Sunlux CS 208 (Green) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.12 1.9 25.60 25.93
VG 1.1 6mm T-Sunlux CS 508 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.12 1.9 25.60 25.93
VG 1.2 8mm T-Sunlux CS 208 (Green) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.12 1.9 25.60 25.93
VG 1.3 8mm T-Sunlux CS 508 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.12 1.9 25.60 25.93
2 VG 2 6mm T-Sunlux CS 214 (Green) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.14 1.9 27.74 28.12
VG 2.1 8mm T-Sunlux CS 508 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.12 1.9 27.74 28.12
3 VG 3 6mm T-Sunlux CS 520 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.17 1.9 28.58 28.99
VG 3.1 6mm T-Sunlux CS 514 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.15 1.9 28.58 28.99
VG 3.2 8mm T-Sunlux CS 108 (Clear) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.15 1.9 28.58 28.99
VG 3.3 8mm T-Sunlux CS 214 (Green) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.15 1.9 28.58 28.99
4 VG 4 8mm T-Sunlux CS 520 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.16 1.9 29.87 30.31
5 VG 5 6mm T-Sunlux CS 520 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.17 1.9 30.94 31.41
VG 5.1 8mm T-Sunlux CS 220 (Green) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.17 1.9 30.94 31.41
6 VG 6 6mm T-Sunlux CS 508 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + FL6 0.14 2.5 31.70 32.08
7 VG 7 6mm T-Sunlux CS 220 (Green) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.18 1.9 32.01 32.50
8 VG 8 8mm T-Sunlux CS 208 (Green) #2 + 12mm AS + FL6 0.14 2.6 32.36 32.74
9 VG 9 6mm T-Sunlux CS 208 (Green) #2 + 12mm AS + FL6 0.15 2.5 32.77 33.18
10 VG 10 6mm T-Sunlux CS 114 (Clear) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.19 1.9 33.07 33.60
VG 10.1 8mm T-Sunlux CS 114 (Clear) #2 + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G #3 0.19 1.9 33.07 33.60
11 VG 11 8mm T-Sunlux CS 508 (Dark Blue) #2 + 12mm AS + FL6 0.15 2.6 33.43 33.84

Figure 8. OTTV and Price of Façade/m2

In both simulations above, the majority of the types of the highest OTTV scores were 33.43 (1 st simulation) and
glass obtained were using the T-Sunlux glass type with a 33.84 (2nd simulation) W/m2 were glass types with code
double glass system. So that it can reduce solar heat gain. VG 11.
The different types of glass and OTTV are affected by This research also calculates the cost of facade glass of
different thicknesses of glass and glass combinations (T- office buildings according to facade specifications in
sunlux). So that the shading coefficient (SC) and U value section 3.2. the price of glass facade is based on interviews
of the double glass are different. with one of the distributors authorized of Asahimas glass in
The result of analysis glass of types can be seen in Table Indonesia and one of the facade contractors in Surabaya.
1. The difference of simulation 1st and simulation 2nd The result of cost of glass facades are obtained can be
influenced by SC dan U value. So, obtained U value glass seen in fig.8. in both simulations it is known to have the
≤2.6 W/m2K and shading coefficient (SC) ≤1.9 which similiar facade / m2 price, because the type of glass taken
qualifies under 35 W/m2. The type of glass that is known is based on previous OTTV results.
double glass with code VG 1 until VG 1.3 obtains the The lowest cost of glass facade found in glass type
lowest value of OTTV which is 25.60 W/m2 (1st VG 9 which is Rp. 3,836,667 / m2 with the Value of OTTV
simulation) and 26.93 W/m2 (2nd simulation) W/m2, while btained which is 33.18 W / m2. The difference in Value of
OTTV is only 5.2% from the baseline and the difference in uses formulas 5 to 9. As well as the parameters mentioned
the price of the glass facade is 6.7% of the highest glass in the methodology.
facade price. While the lowest Value of OTTV was The results of the analysis heat gain load can be seen
obtained on glass type VG1 of 25.60 W / m2 with the cost in fig.9. The results of heat gain it was obtained lowest
of glass facade of Rp. 4,005,333 / m2. The difference in 1.67 kWh/m2 (1st simulation) and 1.68 kWh/m2 (2nd
cost of glass facade is only 2.6% and the difference in simulation). The lowest yield of heat (kWh) was obtained
Value of OTTV obtained is 26% from the baseline. from low OTTV. The lowest of heat gain load (kWh/m2)
However, the results of lowest OTTV such as the was obtained from low OTTV. The difference in heat gain
glass type VG1 until VG1.3 do n ot necessarily require a load in both simulations obtained an average of 0.3%
low façade price. Therefore the type of double glass between simulations.
combination greatly determines the price of facade / m2 Then the heat recovery load is converted to BTU to
even though the value of SC and U value meets the determine the total cooling load requirements in the
requirements. So that these results can be choice a type of building. 1 kWh is 3,412 BTU.
glass for building owners. The results of the analysis of cooling load can be seen
Before the calculation of the cooling load analysis is in fig.10. The lowest value of cooling load on 1st
known the results of roof h eat recovery analysis (RTTV) simulation is 7,669,981 BTU or 5,707 BTU m2 obtained
which is 1,082 W / m2. Analysis of RTTV calculations on VG 1 with value of OTTV 25.60 W/m2. Then the
using formula 2. Then after the results analysis of OTTV highest value of cooling load on 1st simulation is 8.092.675
and RTTV are known, the next is an analysis of cooling BTU or 6.021 BTU / m2 obtained on VG 11 with Value of
load requirements. The cooling load analysis in this article OTTV 33.43 W / m2.

Figure .9. Effect OTTV to Heat gain/m2 (kWh/m2)

Figure 10. Effect OTTV to Cooling load /m2 (Btu/m2)

 While the lowest cooling load in 2nd simulation is The Value of OTTV of the building façade is very
7,687,816 BTU or 5.720 BTU/m2 which is obtained at VG influential in obtaining heat and cooling loads. The
1 with Value of OTTV 25.93 W / m2. Then, the highest simulation of this article it was found that the most
value of cooling load in 2nd simulation is 8,114,969 BTU or efficient type of glass is double glass with SC (shading
6.038 BTU/m2 obtained on VG 11 with value of OTTV coeffient) ≤ 1.9 and U value glass ≤ 2.6 W / m2K which
33.84 W/m2. can reduce cooling load until 6.2%.
From these results it can be seen that the value of OTTV
is very influential on the need for cooling loads. The lower REFERENCES
of OTTV obtained, So the lower the cooling load [1] A. J. Santoso and I. G. N. Antaryama, “Konsekuensi energi
requirement and also otherwise. akibat pemakaian bidang kaca pada bangunan tinggi di daerah
tropis lembab,” Dimens. (Journal Archit. Built Environ., vol. 33,
no. 1, pp. 70–75, 2005.
V. CONCLUSION [2] J. Priatman, “‘FASADE KACA PINTAR’ Teknologi inovatif
The results of the analysis obtained are there are bangunan tinggi hemat energi,” Dimens. (Journal Archit. Built
Environ., vol. 27, no. 7, pp. 76–84, 1999.
differences in Value of OTTV between the 1st simulation
[3] Pemrov DKI Jakarta, Panduan Pengguna Bangunan Gedung
and 2nd simulation the difference in average is 1.36% Hijau, Vol. 1: Selubung Bangunan. Jakarta, Indonesia, 2012.
greater simulation in the SW, NW, NE, SE orientation [4] E. Graiz and W. Al Azhari, “Energy efficient glass: A way to
using the same double glass type. The type of glass that is reduce energy consumption in office buildings in Amman
(October 2018),” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 61218–61225, 2019.
known is double glass with code VG 1 until VG 1.3 which
[5] S. Loekita and J. Priatman, “OTTV (SNI 03-6389-2011) and
can reduce up to 26% of the value of OTTV baseline. The ETTV (BCA 2008) calculation for various building’s shapes,
orientation of the efficient simulation of this article is the orientations, envelope building materials: Comparison and
orientation of West, East, North, South. The cost of glass analysis,” Civ. Eng. Dimens., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 108–115, 2015.
[6] BPSK Kota Surabaya, Statistik Daerah Kota Surabaya 2017.
facade in this study was taken based on the lowest Value of
Surabaya, Indonesia: BPS Kota Surabaya, 2017.
OTTV (VG1) of Rp. 4,005,333 / m2. [7] Badan Standar Nasional, SNI 6389:2011, tentang Konservasi
The most efficient type of glass facade of Asahimas energi selubung bangunan pada bangunan gedung. Jakarta,
products is T-sunlux of type glass with system double- Indonesia: Badan Stadarisasi Nasional (BSN), 2011.
[8] S. Loekita, “Analisa konservasi energi melalui selubung
glass. In this research simulation the type of glass that gets
bangunan,” Civ. Eng. Dimens., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 93–98, 2006.
the most efficient OTTV is the type of double glass 6mm [9] Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN), SNI 6572:2001, tentang
T-Sunlux CS 208-Green + 12mm AS + 6mm Planibel G Tata cara perancangan sistem ventilasi dan pengkondisian
(VG1). udara pada bangunan gedung. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan
Stadarisasi Nasional (BSN), 2001.