Power Resources

Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

Content
• Non-Renewable Energy Resources
• Alternative Energy Resources
• National Grid System
• Rural Electrification
• Importance of Power resources for Economic Development

Grade IG 1 By Ma’am Laley Erum

Objectives
• Describe, with the help of a simple diagram for each method, how non-renewable
fuels (coal, crude oil and natural gas) are extracted
(i) coal as obtained by open-cast, adit and shaft mining methods
(ii) natural gas and crude oil obtained by exploration and drilling

Areas of Study:
• Types
• Location
• Extraction
• Transportation
• Uses
 Power Resources at a Glance
Power Resources

Renewable Non- Renewable

Wind Fossil Fuel

Tides/Waves
Nuclear
Hydro-electric
Coal
geothermal
Crude Oil
Biomass

Solar Natural Gas

 Oil
Gas

Coal

Fossil Fuel
 Coal: It is a fossil fuel and takes several hundred
million-year to form. It is classified as a non-renewable
energy resource.
 Transportation:
Types:
• Trollies and donkeys are used for the transportation of coal
It can be classified into four types based on from the mines to the surface.
quality: • It is sold to the middleman, who then transports it to cement
factories and brick kilns by trucks and railways.
Anthracite is the top-quality coal and contains
high carbon. The heating value is also high. It is
not available in Pakistan.
Uses of Coal:
• Coal is used in the process of smelting in the iron and steel
Bituminous: It has good quality, a high carbon industries.
content, and a high heating value. • Smelting is a process that separates iron from iron ore.
• As a fuel in thermal power stations to generate steam for
electricity.
Lignite: It has a low carbon content and low
• As a raw material in fertilizers, ceramics, and brick kiln industry.
heating value. It contains moisture and ash.
• Also used in domestic activities such as cooking and heating.
• It is also used in Bitumen i.e. used for roofing, surfacing, roads,
Peat: It is the initial stage of a coal formation etc.
with very low carbon content.
 Dynamite is used to break these seams
Extraction & Miners pick coal using a shovel.
Transportation Trollies are used to transport the coal to the surface

Adit Mining: Shaft Mining

Open-Cast Mining
It used to extract coal that was on the
Coal Seams exposed
hillside. on the hill side

For coal extraction, horizontal shafts are dug. Adit Mining

Multiple shafts can be dug at different levels. Shaft

Coal being processed
Shaft Mining:
This method is used when coal is
underground.
A vertical shaft is dug along the coal seams.
Trollies
Open Cast Mining:
Coal Seam
It is used when coal is visible on the surface. Tunnels

Three Methods of Mining

Peat, Lignite and
Bituminous Donkey carts—railways—trucks

Modes of
transportation Lower Sindh: -Jhimpir ,
Tharparker, Sonda
Locations Baluchistan— Khost,
Shahrig, Harnai
Potwar and Salt
Range—Makerwal—Dan
Types dot—Pidh

Coal
Modes of extraction
Uses

Power generation—domestic heating & cooking

Industries—iron andsteel— to make it into coke Open Cast •Adit Adit • Shaft
Brick kilns Ceramic industry
Locomotive Engine Gasification of Coal
 Coal Fields in Pakistan
Lower Sindh Coal Fields:
• The largest coal fields found in Pakistan are in
Sonda, Lakhra, and Jhimper.
• Lignite is found in these fields.
• It is used for thermal power stations.

Quetta coal fields:

• Coal fields at Harnai, Degari, Sharig, and Mach.
• Bituminous is found in these fields.
• This type of coal is used in the steel and brick kiln
industries.

Salt Range:
• Coal can be found in Pidh and Denmark.
• Lignite and bituminous are found there.

Makarwal:
• Sub-bituminous is found there.
• It is used in the ceramic industry.
 It is an important fossil fuel.
Natural Gas It can be found in rocks that are above the oil.
The rocks act like sponges and trap the gas.
The rocks have several tiny holes.
It is a non-renewable energy.

Land Surface

Coal bed Methane

Shale Gas Tight Sand Gas

Conventional
Non-associated Gas
Oil

Sandstone Tight sand

Gas

Source rock Gas-rich Shale Conventional

(Shale) associated Gas
Importance of Natural Gas
• An alternative fuel for vehicles.
• It can be used in thermal power stations as fuel.
• It is cheaper than coal and oil
• It is cleaner than coal and oil
• It can be transported easily.
• It reduces dependencies on imported fuels.
• Easily available via pipeline, can be imported in the cylinder to
remote areas, cheaper, convenient, and cleaner.

Drawbacks

• It is cheap after the construction of the pipeline.

• The pipes can leak gas.
• It can supply gas to only main cities.
• The pipelines are expensive to build.
• Cylinder transport is slow.
• It provides a supply of gas that is interrupted when the cylinder
is empty.
• There can be accidents.
Transportation of Gas
It Can Be Transported Using Pipeline:
• The pipeline provides a continuous and fast supply.
• It can transport a large amount of data.
• It is cheap after the construction of the pipeline.

Cylinders Can Be Used to Transport Gas to Remote Areas:

• It is suitable for small users and can supply a small amount.
• It is portable.

LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas

• Natural gas is turned into a liquid when it is cooled at a very low temperature.

Uses of Natural Gas:

• It has domestic uses as well as commercial uses.

• It can be used as a raw material in the cement industry and fertilizer.
• It can be used as fuel in locomotives.
 Modes of extraction
•Drilling
•Pumping For both derricks
is used

Uses
•Transportation: as fuel
•Domestic-for cooking and heating Types
•Industrial uses: as raw material in • CNG
fertilizer industry • LPG

Natural
Gas

Modes of transportation Locations

•pipelines •Potwar plateau: Meyal , Dhurnal
•Cylinders •Upper Sindh: Mari, Khairpur
•Baluchistan: Sui, Pirkoh
•KPK: Kohat
GAS INFRASTRUCTURE IN PAKISTAN
• Gas was discovered in Pakistan in the mid-1950s Field Operator
Dhurnal POL
• Pakistan has the 2nd largest gas infrastructure in
Meyal POL
the world
Pasahki OGDCL
• This sector attracts by far the highest level of Sui & Sui Deep PPL
foreign direct investments in the country Qadirpur OGDCL
• Sui, the first gas field, has become the largest gas Uch OGDCL
field for Pakistan
 Gas Fields (156)

SSGC Lines (44,587)

Peshawar SNGPL Lines (94,915)

Islamabad
Compressor Stations
Kohat
(11)
Meyal Major Load Center

Lahore
Iran-Pak Gas Pipeline
Faisalabad

Domestic Consumers 6.7 Million

Multan Industrial Consumers 78,794

Sui
Commercial Consumers 10,519
Pirkoh Transmission Network 11,045 km
Distribution Network 123,158 km

Khairpur No. of Cities/Towns using 307

Gas
No. of villages 4,989
Mari using Gas
Exploration & Production
• PPL operates Sui Field, with production averaging Future Outlook for Gas
655 mcf/d (million cubic feet per day). Availability
• Additional producing fields include Mari (446 • Natural gas production is
mcf/d), Sawan (366 mcf/d), and Bhit (316 mcf/d). expected to decline over the
• In 2005, BHP Billiton signed a Gas Sales and next 15–25 year period, while
Purchase Agreement (GSPA), in which the company natural gas demand is
will supply an additional 150 million cubic feet per expected to increase.
day (Mmcf/d) of natural gas from its Zamzama field.
• There continues aggressive
• Petronas brought its Rehmat field online in March
exploration for indigenous oil
2005. The field produces an estimated 30 mcf/d,
& gas.
which is sold to consumers in Pakistan’s southern
Sindh province. • Gas Import Options:
• In the past few years, the country has discovered Transnational Pipelines
seven new natural gas fields. The Pakistani • Iran Pakistan (IP)
government expects the development of these new
fields to add an additional 1 bcf/d to Pakistan's • Turkmenistan, Afghanistan,
natural gas production. Pakistan, India (TAPI)
Pakistan Natural Gas Consumption 1999 - 2009
 Mineral Oil
Oil Drilling:
• A derrick drill rig is set up.

• The well of oil is drilled to extract this liquid to the surface with the help of pipes.

• The drill is used to break rocks.

• To control the flow of oil, valves are used.

• Once oil flow starts, the derricks are removed.

Oil Refineries:
• This oil cannot be used in raw form.

• To make this oil suitable for use, it should be refined first.

• For this purpose, oil refineries in Pakistan are:

Near the oil field in Potwar Plateau, Morga is the Attock Oil Refinery.

In Karachi at the port of import are the Pakistan Refinery and National Refinery.

Oil Fields in Pakistan:

• There are many oil fields in the Potwar Plateau, including Dhullian, Tut, Balkasar, etc.

• The lower Sindh has oil fields too, namely Mazari, Laghari, Tando Adam, etc.
 Mineral Oil (Petroleum)

Mineral Oil:
• It is one of the most important fossil fuels.
• It is also known as black gold.
• It can be found underground (many meters) or under the seabed.
• It can be found mainly in anticline, ii.e. dome-shaped between dual
layers of non-porous rocks.
• It is trapped in these anticlines with gas and water, above and below,
respectively.
• It is non-renewable energy.
Uses of Mineral Oil:
• It is used as a fuel for vehicles, trains, and aircraft.

• It is used to reduce friction in machines.

• It is also a power source, i.e., used to generate
electricity.
• Its by-products can be used for many industrial
and domestic uses, including plastics, wax,
pharmaceuticals, chemicals, etc.
 Oil Transportation
Oil is Transported Through Pipes Oil is Transported Through Rail Tankers
• It offers a continuous supply. • It can allow the oil to be transported to areas
where there is no pipe construction.
• It allows you to transport a large amount of oil quickly.
• It can transport more than one product.
• It is cheap once the pipeline construction is complete.
• It is best for small suppliers and users.
• But the pipelines can also leak oil. • It can transport only a small or limited amount of
oil.
• It can transport oil to main centers only.
• It is slow transport and can encounter accidents.
• It can transport only one product.
• It is expensive.
• Its construction is expensive.
Oil is Transported Through Road Tankers:
• It can help the oil transport to remote areas.

• It can transport more than one product.

• It is suitable for small users and suppliers.
• It can transport a limited amount of oil only.
• It is a slow transport and can encounter accidents, theft, or leakage.
• It is heavy on the roads.

• It is expensive.
 Guideline

While answering the questions:

o Stick to what is asked in the question.
o Never give explanations unless asked.
o 1 mark means 1 complete statement, not 1 word.
o Always mention the units. (e.g., mm/sqft)
 Study the map Fig. 5 showing coalfields and coal mining centers in Pakistan.
[May/June 05]
(i) Name the coalfield X and one
of the mining centers there.
[2]
(ii) Name the coalfield Y and one
of the mining centers there.
[2]
(iii) State the two main uses of the
coal mined in coalfield X. [2]
(iv) Explain why coal has to be
imported. [3]
 [May/June 07]

(i) Name the gas field A. [1]

(ii) Name the cities B, C and D at
the ends of the gas pipelines.
[3]
(iii) State two ways in which gas
can be supplied to areas away
from pipelines. [2]
 [May/June 07]

(i) State the largest use of natural gas. [1]

(ii) Name a use in the ‘other’ sector. [1]
(iii) What is natural gas used for in homes
and why is this fuel chosen? [3]
(iv) Why is natural gas called
‘non-renewable’? [1]
(v) Name two raw materials, apart from
natural gas, which are used to make
fertiliser. [2]
(vi) Explain why most fertiliser factories are
in the Punjab and northern areas of
Sindh. [4]
(vii) Why is it important that Pakistan
manufactures its own fertilisers? [3]
(viii) What environmental damage can occur
when a new fertiliser factory is built in a
rural area? [4]
[May/June 04]

(i) Describe the distribution

of oilfields. [2]
(ii) Describe and explain the
distribution of oil
refineries. [4]
 Nuclear Energy

Definition Two Ways to OBTAIN NUCLEAR ENERGY:

1. Nuclear fission 2. Nuclear fusion
Nuclear energy comes from
splitting atoms in a reactor to
heat water into steam, turn a
turbine, and generate
electricity.
Ninety-four nuclear reactors in
28 states generate nearly 20
percent of the nation's
electricity, all without carbon
emissions because reactors use
uranium, not fossil fuels.
 Nuclear power used around the world
•Nuclear power is the use of sustained nuclear fission to
generate heat and electricity.
•Nuclear power plants provide about 5.7% of the world's
energy and 13% of the world's electricity.
•There were 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the
world, operating in 31 countries.
•Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy contend that nuclear
power is a sustainable energy source that reduces carbon
emissions.
 Nuclear Energy
s Name of Provine/ Operatio Power Generatio
# the plant City nal year (MW) n 2015
Pakistan’s Aim: (MW)
To achieve goal of 8800 MW in light of
“vision 2030 pursuing nuclear energy 1 KANUPP Sindh/ 1972 137 0
Karachi
policy under patronage of PAEC
2 CHASHNU Sindh/ 2000 325 2455000
PP 1 Chashma
Pakistan Becomes the nuclear Power
3 CHASHNU Sindh/ 2011 325 2541000
• On May 28, 1998, Pakistan became PP 2 Chashma

a nuclear power when it successfully Total 787

carried out five nuclear tests at
Chaghi, in Baluchistan.
Organizational Structure of Nuclear Energy Pakistan
Pak Atomic Energy Commission
PNRA’s
PAEC 1956 Responsibilities:
Pak Nuclear Regulatory Authority ❖ Licenses for imports & exports
PNRA 2001 ❖ legislation & regulations
❖ Protection of nuclear assets
❖ Safety & security target
National Security Action Plan Waste Safety Department centers
NASP 2000 WSD ❖ Staunch illicit nuclear
smuggling
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Measures
Nuclear watchdog IAEA (established in 1957, HQ: Vienna, Austria),
NPT (established in 1968; Pakistan, Iran India, and Israel are non-signatory states)
PAEC (established 1956, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission)
PNRA (established 2001, Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority)
National Command Authority (NCA-ESTB in 2000)
Strategic Plan Division (SPD management of Nuclear assets)
2004 Export Control Act (controls nuclear & Biological weapons)
Strategic Export Control Division (SECDIV- acts as licensing body)
 Pakistan is the 7th nuclear power.

• As of 2009, the nuclear power plants make up to 2.4% share of the

total generation, where the electricity made by fossil fuels (coal, gas,
& oil) is 65.2% and 33.9% of it is from hydropower.
• At present, Pakistan has two nuclear reactors with 425 MW of power
to generate electricity. The third nuclear reactor will be operational in
mid-2010.
• Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all
nuclear energy and research applications in the country
 Why nuclear energy?

Uses of Nuclear Energy Advantages of Nuclear Disadvantages of Nuclear

Energy Energy

Food and Agriculture Produces Large Amount of Radiation

Energy

Human Health 'Green' Energy Nonrenewable

Sterilization No Air Pollution Huge Building Cost

Generating Electricity Fuel Independence Nuclear Power Plant Accidents

 Hydropower Total Hydropower Resources
Hydropower is the cheapest way to
produce electricity.
Currently the largest source of
electricity from renewables.
Kinetic energy of water rotates
turbines, which generate electricity.

Electricity from Hydropower in Pakistan Province Wise Installed Hydropower Capacity

 Advantages & Disadvantages
Type of Fuel Advantages Disadvantages
Hydro • Power produced in large quantities • Environmentally destructive
• Sustainable • Fermenting vegetation in dams releases
• Run of river are less expensive greenhouse gas methane
Natural gas • Low cost • Not sustainable
• Produces less Carbon Dioxide
Oil • Low cost • Not sustainable
• Produces carbon dioxide
Solar • Sustainable • Large areas are required
• Non-polluting • Not cost-competitive on large industrial scale
Nuclear • Abundant fuel availability A large Not proven on commercial scale
amount of electricity can be
produced.
Coal • Huge world reserved • Not sustainable
• Low cost • Requires huge quantities of water
• Produces high carbon dioxide
• Produces large quantities of ash
Energy Crises of Pakistan

Causes and Remedies

Why?
•Why is Pakistan facing such a crisis?
•What are the reasons behind it?
•Why is Pakistan not utilizing resources?
•Why is Pakistan importing coal if it already has a
large amount of coal?
•Why half of the population of Pakistan has no access
to electricity?
 Role of Energy

•Role of Energy in Economic Development

•Role of Energy in Socio-economic Development
Uses
•Industrial And Agricultural Sector
•Domestic Use of Citizens
ENERGY SECTOR IN PAKISTAN
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
At present, energy is generated by only • The total power production capacity in country is 19,500MW
three modes
• Country is falling short of 4500MW
• Thermal 65%
• The demand of electricity is growing at an annual rate of 9%,
• Hydel 33% while the supply of electricity is increasing at comparatively
• Nuclear slower rate of 7%
According to a survey
• Household sector 44.2%
• Industries 31.1%
Two companies that produce • Agriculture 14.3%
electricity in Pakistan
• Government sector 7.4%
• WAPDA
• Commercial 5.5%
• KESC
• Street lights: 0.7%
SUPPLY THROUGH POWER PLANTS

Thermal power stations

• WAPDA operates-11 stations
• KESC operates -4 stations
• IPPS operates-14 stations independently
Hydel power Generation
• Tarbela Dam1750 MW
• Mangla Dam-900MW
Nuclear power generation
• Two nuclear reactors with 425 MW of power to generate
electricity
TEN YEARS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 ENERGY CRISIS
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS
Good planning is needed to overcome this increasing crisis.
1. Short-term plan
❖ ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY
INCREASE IPPS (independent power producers)
❖ FLUCTUATION OF OIL PRICES IN
INTERNATIONAL MARKET REACTIVATE CLOSED POWER STATIONS

❖ FAULTY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Renew power distribution system

❖ AGEING OF EQUIPMENT Import electricity till crisis

❖ UNPRODUCTIVE EFFORTS 2. Medium-term plan

❖ SILTING PROCESS Utilization renewable energy resources

❖ Mismanagement MISMANAGEMENT OF Installation of solar, wind, biogas and wind projects in eligible areas
RESOURCES 3. Long-term plan
Developing and installing coal-basedpowerhouses
Initiate energy agreements with friendly countries
Exploration of more oil, gas and coal fields
Up gradation in training courses for engineers conclusions
Government of Pakistan must take steps
Energy production from coal must be initiated
Causes of Energy Crisis
• Economic and political instability.
Effects on on our GDP & energy growth...
• Fluctuation of oil prices in international markets.
WAPDA & KESC purchase expensive oil and transfer costs to customers...
• Faulty Distribution System.
We waste 15 to 20 percent energy through poor distribution systems...
• Aging of equipment.
Unable to generate required electricity...
• Unproductive efforts.
Seminars & conferences, but no implementation...
• Silting Process.
It is a naturally occurring process that reduces the storage capacity of reservoirs.
• Mismanagement of energy resources.
Lack of technical knowledge and equipment to utilize existing resources...
 Energy Crisis
• Pakistan, as a third-world developing country, is affected a lot by
this energy crisis in the world.
• The major issue is the electric crisis, which is now known to the
people as load shedding.
• Pakistan's small manufacturing markets are worst affected by the
rise of energy prices.
• Manufacturing industries utilize at least 33% production cost in
terms of energy prices.
• An increase in energy costs will affect their production costs and
will force the manufacturers to reduce the labor cost.
• Our cottage industry is on its last breath.
• Our most important industry, “textile industry” is in trouble.