2022-23

PHYSICS(129)
Class XI (Theory)
One Paper Three Hours Max Marks: 70

Units Title Weightage

Unit I Physical World & Measurement 03

Unit II Kinematics 10

Unit III Laws of Motion 10

Unit IV Work, Energy & Power 06

Unit V Motion of System of particles & Rigid Body 06

Unit VI Gravitation 05

Unit VII Properties of Bulk Matter 10

Unit VIII Thermodynamics 05

Unit XI Behaviour of Perfect Gas & Kinetic Theory of gases 05

Unit X Oscillations & Waves 10

Total 70

Unit I: Physical World and Measurement

Physics - scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society. Need for
measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units.
Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in
measurement; significant figures. Dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its
applications.
Unit II: Kinematics
Frame of reference. Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity.Uniform and
non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion,
velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical
treatment). Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar
and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of
vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative
velocity. Unit vector; Resolution of a vector in a plane - rectangular components. Motion in a
plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion. Uniform circular
motion.
Unit III: Laws of Motion
Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law
of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its
applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction,
rolling friction.Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular
motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road).
Unit IV: Work, Energy and Power
Scalar product of vectors. Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy,
work-energy theorem, power. Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring,
conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-
conservative forces: elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Unit V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conversation and centre of mass motion.
Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod. Vector product of vectors; moment
of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of
linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of moments of inertia
for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes
theorems and their applications.
Unit VI: Gravitation
Keplar’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity
and its variation with altitude and depth. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary satellites.
Unit VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear,
modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic
lift and hydraulic brakes). Effect of gravity on fluid pressure. Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal
velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Bernoulli’s theorem and its
applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of surface tension
ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat -
calorimetry; change of state - latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation,
thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling.
Unit VIII: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat, work
and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Second law of thermodynamics: reversible
and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.
Unit IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Kinetic theory of gases -
assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; rms speed of gas molecules;
degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific
heats of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.
Unit X: Oscillations and Waves
Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple
harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring–restoring force and force
constant; energy in S.H.M.-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum–derivation of expression
for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance. Wave
motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement
relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing
waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect.
 Practicals
Note: Every student will perform 10 experiments (5 from each section) and 8 activities (4 from
each section) during the academic year. Two demonstration experiments must be performed by the
teacher with participation of students. The students will maintain a record of these demonstration
experiments. Schools are advised to see the guidelines for evaluation in practicals for Class XII.
Similar pattern may the followed for Class XI.
SECTION A
Experiments
1. Use of Vernier Callipers
(i) to measure diameter of a small spherical/cylindrical body.
(ii) to measure dimensions of a given regular body of known mass and hence find
its density.
(iii) to measure internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter and
hence find its volume.
2. Use of screw gauge
(i) to measure diameter of a given wire,
(ii) to measure thickness of a given sheet
(iii) to measure volume of an irregular lamina
3. To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by a spherometer.
4. To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors.
5. Using a simple pendulum, plot L-T and L-T2 graphs. Hence find the effective length
of second’s pendulum using appropriate graph.
6. To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and
to find co-efficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface.
7. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to
gravitational pull of the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination
by plotting graph between force and sin.⊘

Activities
1 . To make a paper scale of given least count, e.g. 0.2cm, 0.5cm.
2. To determine mass of a given body using a metre scale by principle of moments.
3. To plot a graph for a given set of data, with proper choice of scales and error bars.
4. To measure the force of limiting friction for rolling of a roller on a horizontal plane.
5. To study the variation in range of a jet of water with angle of projection.
6. To study the conservation of energy of a ball rolling down on inclined plane (using
a double inclined plane).
7. To study dissipation of energy of a simple pendulum by plotting a graph
between square of amplitude and time.
 SECTION B
Experiments
1. To determine Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire.
2. To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting graph between load
and extension.
3. To study the variation in volume with pressure for a sample of air at constant
temperature by plotting graphs between P and V, and between P and I/V.
4. To determine the surface tension of water by capillary rise method.
5. To determine the coefficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by
measuring terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
6. To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting
a cooling curve.
7. (i) To study the relation between frequency and length of a given wire under
constant tension using sonometer.
(ii) To study the relation between the length of a given wire and tension for
constant frequency using sonometer.
8. To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube
by tworesonance positions.
9. To determine specific heat of a given (i) solid (ii) liquid, by method of mixtures.
Activities
1. To observe change of state and plot a cooling curve for molten wax.
2. To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bi-metallic strip.
3. To note the change in level of liquid in a container on heating and interpret
the observations.
4. To study the effect of detergent on surface tension by observing capillary rise.
5. To study the factors affecting the rate of loss of heat of a liquid.
6. To study the effect of load on depression of a suitably clamped metre scale loaded
(i) at its end (ii) in the middle.
 2022-23
PHYSICS (129)
(Theory)
CLASS XII
Time : 3 Hours
One Paper Marks : 70
Unit I Electrostatics 08
Unit II Current Electricity 08
Unit III Magnetic effect of current & Magnetism 08
Unit IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating current 09
Unit V Electromagnetic Waves 03
Unit VI Optics 15
Unit VII Dual Nature of Matter 05
Unit VIII Atoms and Nuclei 07
Unit IX Electronic Devices 07
Total 70
Unit I: Electrostatics
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point
charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous
charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole,
electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to
infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly
charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a
dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a
system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor.
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of
capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and
without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

Unit II: Current Electricity

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity,
mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I
characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical
resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series
and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of
cells in series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for
comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment.
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
 Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal
solenoids.
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a
current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity
and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole
moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar
magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar
magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic
field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro -
magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their
strengths. Permanent magnets.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law,
Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.
Need for displacement current.
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and
impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance;
power in AC circuits, wattless current.
AC generator and transformer.
Unit V: Electromagnetic waves
Displacement current, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative
ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-
rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total nternal
reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses,
thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination
of thin lenses in contact. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light - blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise
and sunset.
Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their
magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane
wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction
using Huygens’ principle.Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression
for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due
to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and
astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster’s law, uses of
plane polarised light and Polaroids.
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations;
Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
 Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer
experiment.
Unit VIII: Atoms & Nuclei
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy
levels, hydrogen spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
Radioactivityalpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive
decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its
variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,
diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode;
Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR).

Practicals
Every student will perform 10 experiments (5 from each section) & 8 activities
(4 from each section) during the academic year. Two demonstration experiments must
be performed by the teacher with participation of students. The students will maintain
a record of these demonstration experiments.
SECTION A
Experiments
1. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential
difference versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine the
specific resistance of its material.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.
4. To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
5. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.
6. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its
figure of merit.
7. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an
ammeter and voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
8. To find the frequency of the a.c. mains with a sonometer.
Activities
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.
2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a
given circuit using multimeter.
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a
fuse and a power source.
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
 5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
SECTION B
Experiments
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find
the focal length.
2. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v
or between l/ u and l/v.
3. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph
between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7. To find refractive index of a liquid by using (i) concave mirror, (ii) convex lens and
plane mirror.
8. To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
9. To draw the characteristic curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse break
down voltage.
10. To study the characteristics of a common - emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find
out the values of current and voltage gains.
Activities
1. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an L.D.R.
2. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, and IC, a resistor and a capacitor
from mixed collection of such items.
3. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor. (ii) distinguish between npn and
pnp type transistors. (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and
an LED.
(iv) check whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode, transistor or I C) is in
working order.
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.
5. To observe polarization of light using two Polaroids.
6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
7. To study the nature and size of the image formed by (i) convex lens (ii) concave
mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the
candle from the lens/ mirror).
8. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from
the given set of lenses.
B. Evaluation Scheme for Practical Examination:
External Examiner
One experiment from any one section 6 Marks
Two activities (one from each section) ` 6 Marks
Viva on experiments & activities 3 Marks
Internal Examiner
Practical record (experiments & activities) 5 Marks
Record of demonstration experiments & Viva based on these experiments 5 Marks
Continuous Assessment 5 Marks
Total 30 Marks
V