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Chromium Notes

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61 views3 pages

Chromium Notes

Uploaded by

Sonkapoponka
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chromium Notes

Introduction
Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is a
transition metal known for its shiny appearance, high melting point, and widespread
use in industry and biological systems.

Physical and Chemical Properties

1. Basic Characteristics

o Atomic number: 24

o Atomic mass: 51.996 g/mol

o Appearance: Lustrous, steely-gray metal

o Density: 7.19 g/cm³

o Melting point: 1907 °C

o Boiling point: 2671 °C

2. Chemical Behavior

o Highly resistant to corrosion due to the formation of a stable oxide layer.

o Common oxidation states: +2, +3, and +6.

o Forms various compounds, such as chromates () and dichromates ().

Occurrence and Extraction

1. Natural Sources

o Found primarily in the mineral chromite ().

o Major producers: South Africa, Kazakhstan, and India.

2. Extraction Process

o Chromite is processed to produce ferrochromium, an alloy used in


steelmaking.

o Steps include crushing, roasting, and smelting.


Applications

1. Industrial Uses

o Stainless Steel Production: Chromium improves corrosion resistance


and hardness.

o Electroplating: Used to produce a shiny, protective coating on metals.

o Pigments: Chromium compounds, such as chromium oxide (), are used


in green pigments.

2. Biological Role

o Essential trace element in humans.

o Plays a role in glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin action.

o Found in foods like broccoli, nuts, and whole grains.

Toxicity and Safety

1. Hexavalent Chromium ()

o Highly toxic and carcinogenic.

o Found in industrial waste; strict regulations are in place to minimize


exposure.

2. Health Effects

o Chronic exposure can lead to respiratory issues, skin irritation, and


increased cancer risk.

o Safe handling procedures are essential in industries using chromium.

Environmental Impact

1. Pollution

o Industrial discharge can contaminate soil and water.

o Hexavalent chromium poses significant environmental risks.


2. Remediation Efforts

o Technologies such as chemical reduction and bioremediation are used


to treat chromium contamination.

Conclusion
Chromium is a versatile and essential element in modern industry and biology. While
its applications bring numerous benefits, careful management is required to address
its toxicity and environmental impact.

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