RENAISSANCE UNIVERSITY, INDORE

School of Management
Business Analytics (BBA 5th Sem)

Table of contents – Business Analytics

UNIT-01 ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction to Business Analytics ..................................................................................................... 2
Types of Business Analytics................................................................................................................. 3
Principles of Business Analytics .......................................................................................................... 4
Processes of Business Analytics .......................................................................................................... 5
Relationship between business analytics process and Decision-Making Process .......................... 7
What are Applications of Business Analytics? ................................................................................... 8
UNIT-02 .................................................................................................................................................... 10
What is Data Science and Why it is Important? ............................................................................... 10
What are Roles and Responsibilities of a Data Scientist?................................................................ 14
What is Machine Learning? ............................................................................................................... 14
How Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) evolved? ................................................... 14
What is Supervised Learning and Unsupervised Learning? ........................................................... 15
What are Neural Networks? .............................................................................................................. 16
What is Deep Learning? ..................................................................................................................... 17
UNIT-03 .................................................................................................................................................... 18
What is Spreadsheet Modelling? ....................................................................................................... 18
Single and Nested Ifs function ........................................................................................................... 18
Conditional Formatting ...................................................................................................................... 20
Sort and Filter Data ............................................................................................................................ 21
Data Validation and Data Consolidation ........................................................................................... 23
Vlookup ............................................................................................................................................... 25
Sub Total ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Chart / Graph, Pivot Table and Pivot Charts .................................................................................... 27
What-if-Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 29
UNIT-04 .................................................................................................................................................... 32
What is Data Analysis? ....................................................................................................................... 32
What is Data Visualization? ............................................................................................................... 32
What is MIS Dashboard in Excel? ...................................................................................................... 33
What is Power Query and Power Pivot? ........................................................................................... 34
UNIT-05 .................................................................................................................................................... 36
DBMS V/s RDBMS............................................................................................................................... 36
What are the advantages of DBMS? .................................................................................................. 37
What is the difference between DBMS and RDBMS? ....................................................................... 39
What is SQL? ....................................................................................................................................... 39
What is Microsoft Access?.................................................................................................................. 40
How to create a database, Table, Form, Query and Reports? ......................................................... 41

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School of Management
Business Analytics (BBA 5th Sem)

UNIT-01

Introduction to Business Analytics

Business Analytics is the process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data
to gain insights that can be used to make informed business decisions. It involves using
statistical and quantitative analysis techniques to extract meaningful insights from data
and using these insights to improve business performance.

Business analytics can be applied to various areas of business, including sales, marketing,
finance, operations, and customer service. By analyzing data from these areas,
organizations can identify trends, patterns, and correlations that can help them make
informed decisions and optimize their business processes.

Some of the techniques used in business analytics include data mining, predictive analytics,
data visualization, and statistical analysis. These techniques can be used to generate
reports, dashboards, and visualizations that provide actionable insights for business
decision-makers.

Overall, business analytics is a crucial tool for organizations looking to improve their
competitiveness and profitability in today's data-driven business environment.

Business analytics involves using various tools and techniques to process and analyze large
volumes of data to gain insights and make informed decisions. These tools can include
software programs, data visualization tools, machine learning algorithms, and statistical
models.

One of the primary goals of business analytics is to improve business performance by

identifying areas of the business that can be optimized. For example, by analyzing customer
data, an organization can identify patterns and trends in customer behavior, which can
help them improve customer retention and increase sales.

Business analytics can also help organizations identify opportunities for growth and
expansion. By analyzing market data, an organization can identify trends and emerging
markets, which can help them make strategic decisions about where to invest resources.

Another important aspect of business analytics is the ability to predict future outcomes. By
using predictive analytics, organizations can forecast future trends and outcomes, which
can help them make informed decisions about resource allocation, staffing, and other
business activities.

Overall, business analytics is a critical tool for organizations looking to gain a competitive
advantage in today's data-driven business environment. By leveraging data and analytics,

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organizations can make more informed decisions, optimize business processes, and
improve overall performance.

Types of Business Analytics

1. Descriptive Analytics: Descriptive Analysis focuses on “What happened in the

past?” Descriptive analytics involves analyzing historical data to understand what
happened in the past. This type of analysis helps organizations identify trends and
patterns in their data and gain insights into past performance. Descriptive analytics
identifies an organization’s historical trends.
The following kinds of data can all be summarized using descriptive analytics:
• Financial statements
• Surveys
• Social media engagement
• Website traffic
• Scientific findings
• Weather reports
• Traffic data

2. Predictive Analytics: Predictive analytics focuses on “What might happen in the

future?”. Predictive analytics involves analyzing data to make predictions about future
outcomes.

Predictive analysis makes predictions about future outcomes using historical data
combined with statistical modeling, data mining techniques and machine learning.
Companies employ predictive analytics to find patterns in this data to identify risks and
opportunities. Predictive analytics is focused on identifying probable outcomes.

3. Prescriptive Analysis: Prescriptive analytics focuses on “What actions need to be

taken?” Prescriptive analytics is the process of using data to determine an optimal course
of action. By considering all relevant factors, this type of analysis yields recommendations
for next steps. Because of this, prescriptive analytics is a valuable tool for data-driven
decision-making. Prescriptive analytics recommends actions to an organization to help
reach organizational goals.

Prescriptive analytics involves using data and insights to make decisions about what
actions to take in the future. This type of analysis helps organizations optimize their
operations by identifying the best course of action based on data-driven insights.

Machine-learning algorithms are often used in prescriptive analytics to parse through large
amounts of data faster—and often more efficiently—than humans can. Using “if” and “else”
statements, algorithms comb through data and make recommendations based on a specific
combination of requirements. For instance, if at least 50 percent of customers in a dataset

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Business Analytics (BBA 5th Sem)

selected that they were “very unsatisfied” with your customer service team, the algorithm
may recommend additional training.

Principles of Business Analytics

Business Analytics (BA) relies on a set of core principles to ensure that the data analysis
process is effective, reliable, and actionable. These principles guide the systematic
exploration and utilization of data to improve decision-making and business performance.
Here are the key principles of Business Analytics:

1. Data Quality

• Accuracy: Ensure that data is correct and free of errors.

• Completeness: Make sure that all necessary data is captured.
• Consistency: Data should be uniform across different datasets.
• Timeliness: Data should be up-to-date and available when needed.
• Validity: Data should be in the correct format and within acceptable ranges.

2. Clear Objectives

• Define Goals: Establish clear, specific business objectives for the analysis.
• Align with Strategy: Ensure that analytics efforts support the overall business
strategy.
• Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Identify and focus on relevant KPIs that align
with business goals.

3. Relevance

• Contextual Relevance: Ensure data and analysis are relevant to the business
context.
• Actionable Insights: Focus on providing insights that can lead to concrete actions
and improvements.

4. Analytical Rigor

• Methodological Soundness: Use appropriate and rigorous statistical and analytical

methods.
• Validation: Validate models and results to ensure reliability and accuracy.
• Transparency: Document and communicate the methodologies and assumptions
used.

5. Data-Driven Culture

• Promote Data Literacy: Encourage a culture where employees understand and can
utilize data effectively.

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• Decision-Making: Base decisions on data insights rather than intuition or

guesswork.
• Continuous Learning: Foster an environment of continuous learning and
improvement through data analysis.

6. Scalability and Flexibility

• Scalable Solutions: Implement analytics solutions that can handle growing

volumes of data and increased complexity.
• Flexibility: Adapt to changing business needs and be able to incorporate new data
sources and technologies.

7. Privacy and Security

• Data Privacy: Protect sensitive data and comply with relevant privacy regulations.
• Data Security: Implement robust security measures to safeguard data against
breaches and unauthorized access.

8. Integration

• Cross-Functional Collaboration: Integrate analytics efforts across different

business functions to ensure a holistic approach.
• Data Integration: Combine data from various sources to provide a comprehensive
view and more insightful analysis.

9. User-Friendly Tools

• Accessibility: Ensure that analytics tools are accessible and user-friendly for non-
technical users.
• Visualization: Use effective data visualization techniques to make complex data
understandable.

10. Continuous Improvement

• Feedback Loop: Establish mechanisms for feedback to continuously refine and

improve analytics processes.
• Performance Monitoring: Regularly monitor and assess the performance of
analytics initiatives and adjust as necessary.

By adhering to these principles, organizations can effectively leverage Business Analytics

to gain deeper insights, make informed decisions, and drive strategic improvements.

Processes of Business Analytics

The business analytics process involves a series of steps aimed at extracting insights from
data to support informed decision-making and achieve organizational objectives. While

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specific methodologies may vary depending on the context and goals of the analysis, the
following are common steps in the business analytics process:

1. Define Objectives and Scope:

• Identify the business problem or opportunity that the analytics initiative aims to
address.
• Define clear, measurable objectives and key performance indicators (KPIs) that
align with organizational goals.
• Determine the scope of the analysis, including the data sources, time frame, and
target audience for the insights.

2. Data Collection and Integration:

• Identify and gather relevant data sources that contain information necessary for the
analysis.
• Collect data from internal sources (e.g., databases, enterprise systems) and external
sources (e.g., market research, third-party data providers).
• Integrate and preprocess the data to ensure consistency, completeness, and quality.
This may involve cleaning, filtering, and transforming the data as needed.

3. Data Exploration and Descriptive Analytics:

• Explore the data to understand its characteristics, distribution, and relationships

between variables.
• Conduct descriptive analytics to summarize and visualize the data using statistical
methods, charts, and graphs. Identify trends, patterns, outliers, and insights that
provide initial understanding of the data and potential opportunities for further
analysis.

4. Data Analysis and Modeling:

• Select appropriate analytical techniques and modeling approaches based on the

objectives of the analysis and the nature of the data.
• Apply statistical analysis, machine learning algorithms, or other analytical methods
to extract meaningful insights from the data.
• Develop predictive models, classification algorithms, clustering techniques, or
other models to uncover relationships, make predictions, or solve specific business
problems.

5. Interpretation and Insights Generation:

• Interpret the results of the analysis to derive actionable insights and

recommendations.
• Translate technical findings into business-friendly language and context that
stakeholders can understand and act upon.

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• Identify key insights, trends, opportunities, and implications for decision-making

and strategic planning.

6. Visualization and Reporting:

• Create visualizations, dashboards, and reports to communicate the findings of the

analysis effectively.
• Use charts, graphs, heatmaps, and other visualization techniques to present the
insights in a clear, compelling manner.
• Tailor the format and content of the reports to the needs and preferences of the
intended audience, such as executives, managers, or operational staff.

7. Decision Making and Implementation:

• Collaborate with stakeholders to review the findings, discuss implications, and

make informed decisions based on the insights generated.
• Develop action plans and strategies to implement the recommendations and
capitalize on the opportunities identified through the analysis.
• Monitor and evaluate the outcomes of the decisions and initiatives, and iterate on
the analytics process to continuously improve performance and results.

8. Feedback and Iteration:

• Solicit feedback from stakeholders on the effectiveness of the analysis and the
impact of the insights on decision-making and outcomes.
• Use feedback to refine and iterate on the analytics process, including data collection,
analysis techniques, and reporting formats.
• Continuously learn from past experiences and adapt the analytics approach to
address evolving business needs, challenges, and opportunities.

By following these steps, organizations can leverage business analytics to gain valuable
insights, drive strategic decision-making, and achieve competitive advantage in today's
data-driven business landscape.

What is Relationship between business analytics process and Organization

Decision-Making Process?

The BA process can solve problems and identify opportunities to improve business
performance. In the process, organizations may also determine strategies to guide
operations and help achieve competitive advantages. Typically, solving problems and
identifying strategic opportunities to follow are organizational decision-making tasks. The
latter, identifying opportunities, can be viewed as a problem of strategy choice requiring a
solution. It should come as no surprise that the BA process described in Section 1.2 closely
parallels classic organization decision-making processes. As depicted in Figure 1.2 , the

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business analytic process has an inherent relationship to the steps in typical organization
decision-making processes.

What are Applications of Business Analytics?

Retail Analytics:

• Customer Segmentation: Retailers analyze customer data to segment their

customer base based on demographics, purchasing behavior, and preferences. This
helps in targeted marketing and personalized promotions.
• Inventory Optimization: Retailers use analytics to forecast demand, manage
inventory levels, and optimize stock replenishment to minimize stockouts and
overstock situations.
• Market Basket Analysis: By analyzing transaction data, retailers identify patterns
of products frequently purchased together, enabling them to optimize product
placement and cross-selling strategies.
• Foot Traffic Analysis: Retailers analyze foot traffic patterns within stores to
optimize store layouts, product placement, and staffing levels to enhance the overall
shopping experience.

Marketing Analytics:

• Campaign Effectiveness: Marketers analyze data from advertising campaigns,

email marketing, and social media to measure the effectiveness of marketing
initiatives and optimize marketing spend.
• Customer Acquisition and Retention: By analyzing customer acquisition costs
and customer lifetime value, marketers identify the most profitable customer
segments and develop strategies to acquire and retain customers more effectively.
• Attribution Modeling: Marketers use analytics to attribute conversions to specific
marketing channels and touchpoints, helping them understand the impact of each
marketing channel on customer behavior and sales.
• Sentiment Analysis: Marketers analyze social media data and customer feedback
to gauge public sentiment, identify trends, and monitor brand reputation.

Financial Analytics:

• Risk Management: Financial institutions use analytics to assess credit risk, market
risk, and operational risk by analyzing historical data, market trends, and economic
indicators.
• Fraud Detection: Financial institutions employ analytics to detect fraudulent
activities, such as unauthorized transactions, identity theft, and money laundering,
by analyzing transaction patterns and anomalies.

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• Portfolio Management: Financial analysts use analytics to optimize investment

portfolios, assess asset performance, and identify opportunities for diversification
and risk mitigation.
• Financial Forecasting: Organizations use financial analytics to forecast revenues,
expenses, and cash flows, enabling better budgeting, planning, and decision-
making.

Healthcare Analytics:

• Patient Care Optimization: Healthcare providers use analytics to analyze patient

data, treatment outcomes, and healthcare costs to optimize patient care, improve
clinical outcomes, and reduce healthcare costs.
• Clinical Decision Support: Healthcare professionals use analytics to support
clinical decision-making by analyzing patient data, medical histories, and treatment
protocols to identify the most effective treatments and interventions.
• Population Health Management: Healthcare organizations use analytics to
identify high-risk patient populations, monitor health trends, and implement
preventive interventions to improve population health outcomes.
• Healthcare Fraud Detection: Healthcare payers use analytics to detect fraudulent
claims, billing errors, and abuse by analyzing claims data, provider behavior, and
billing patterns.

Supply Chain Analytics:

• Demand Forecasting: Organizations use analytics to forecast demand for products

and services by analyzing historical sales data, market trends, and external factors
like seasonality and economic indicators.
• Inventory Management: By analyzing inventory levels, lead times, and supplier
performance, organizations optimize inventory management processes to
minimize stockouts, reduce carrying costs, and improve order fulfillment rates.
• Supplier Relationship Management: Organizations use analytics to assess
supplier performance, identify cost-saving opportunities, and mitigate supply chain
risks by analyzing supplier quality, delivery reliability, and pricing trends.
• Transportation Optimization: By analyzing transportation routes, delivery
schedules, and transportation costs, organizations optimize logistics operations to
minimize transportation costs, reduce delivery times, and improve overall supply
chain efficiency.
• In summary, business analysis plays a critical role in optimizing operations, driving
growth, and enhancing decision-making across various industries, including retail,
marketing, finance, healthcare, and supply chain management.

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UNIT-02

What is Data Science and Why it is Important?

Data science is an interdisciplinary field that combines techniques from statistics,

mathematics, computer science, and domain-specific knowledge to extract insights and
knowledge from data. It encompasses a range of activities, from data collection and
preprocessing to analysis, visualization, and interpretation.

Key concepts and components of data science:

1. Data Collection: Data science begins with collecting relevant data from various
sources, including databases, files, sensors, web APIs, and other sources. This data can
be structured (e.g., databases, spreadsheets) or unstructured (e.g., text, images, videos).

2. Data Cleaning and Preprocessing: Raw data often contains errors, missing values,
and inconsistencies that need to be addressed before analysis. Data cleaning involves
tasks such as removing duplicates, filling in missing values, and correcting errors to
ensure the quality and integrity of the data.

3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): EDA involves exploring and summarizing the main
characteristics of the data using statistical and visualization techniques. It helps
identify patterns, trends, outliers, and relationships within the data, which can inform
subsequent analysis.

4. Statistical Analysis: Statistical methods are used to analyze data and make inferences
about populations based on sample data. This includes hypothesis testing, regression
analysis, clustering, classification, and other statistical techniques.

5. Machine Learning: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses

on building models and algorithms that can learn from data and make predictions or
decisions without being explicitly programmed. Supervised learning, unsupervised
learning, and reinforcement learning are common types of machine learning
techniques used in data science.

6. Data Visualization: Data visualization involves representing data graphically to help

users understand and interpret complex patterns and relationships. It includes
techniques such as charts, graphs, maps, and dashboards to communicate insights
effectively.

7. Feature Engineering: Feature engineering involves selecting, transforming, and

creating new features from raw data to improve the performance of machine learning

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models. This includes tasks such as feature scaling, dimensionality reduction, and
feature selection.

8. Model Evaluation and Validation: Model evaluation is the process of assessing the
performance of machine learning models using metrics such as accuracy, precision,
recall, and F1-score. Validation techniques such as cross-validation and holdout
validation are used to ensure that models generalize well to unseen data.

9. Deployment and Monitoring: Deploying data science models into production

environments involves integrating them into existing systems and workflows. It also
requires monitoring model performance and making adjustments over time to ensure
continued effectiveness.

10. Ethics and Privacy: Data scientists must consider ethical and privacy implications
when working with sensitive data. This includes ensuring data privacy, transparency,
fairness, and accountability in all stages of the data science process.

Data science is a dynamic and rapidly evolving field that plays a critical role in driving
insights, innovation, and decision-making across various industries and domains. By
leveraging data effectively, organizations can gain competitive advantages, optimize
operations, and create value for their stakeholders.

Why Data Science is important?

Data science offers numerous benefits and opportunities for individuals, businesses, and
society. Here are some key reasons why data science is important:

1. Informed Decision Making: Data science enables organizations to make data-driven

decisions by extracting insights and knowledge from large volumes of data. By
analyzing historical data and predicting future trends, businesses can make informed
decisions that lead to improved outcomes and competitive advantages.

2. Business Optimization: Data science helps businesses optimize their operations,

processes, and resources. By analyzing data on customer behavior, market trends, and
operational performance, organizations can identify areas for improvement, reduce
costs, and increase efficiency.

3. Innovation and Product Development: Data science drives innovation by uncovering

new opportunities, identifying customer needs, and developing innovative products
and services. By analyzing data on consumer preferences and market trends,
companies can innovate and stay ahead of the competition.

4. Personalization and Customer Experience: Data science enables personalized

customer experiences by analyzing customer data and preferences. By understanding

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individual preferences and behaviors, businesses can tailor their products, services,
and marketing efforts to meet the unique needs of each customer.

5. Risk Management and Fraud Detection: Data science helps organizations mitigate
risks and detect fraudulent activities. By analyzing data on financial transactions,
insurance claims, and cybersecurity threats, businesses can identify suspicious
patterns and take proactive measures to prevent fraud and mitigate risks.

6. Healthcare and Life Sciences: Data science plays a crucial role in healthcare and life
sciences by analyzing medical records, genomic data, and clinical trials. By leveraging
data science techniques, healthcare providers can improve patient outcomes, optimize
treatment plans, and develop new therapies and drugs.

7. Social Impact and Public Policy: Data science has the potential to address social
challenges and inform public policy decisions. By analyzing data on social trends,
demographic changes, and economic indicators, policymakers can develop evidence-
based policies that address societal needs and improve the well-being of communities.

8. Scientific Research and Discovery: Data science accelerates scientific research and
discovery by analyzing large datasets and uncovering patterns and insights. By
applying data science techniques to fields such as astronomy, climate science, and
genomics, researchers can make groundbreaking discoveries and advance human
knowledge.

9. Competitive Advantage: In today's competitive business landscape, data science

provides a competitive advantage to organizations that can effectively harness the
power of data. By investing in data science capabilities, companies can differentiate
themselves, innovate faster, and stay ahead of the competition.

10. Career Opportunities: Data science offers exciting career opportunities for
individuals with skills in data analysis, statistics, machine learning, and programming.
As demand for data scientists continues to grow across industries, individuals with
expertise in data science can pursue rewarding careers with competitive salaries and
opportunities for advancement.

Overall, data science has transformative potential to drive innovation, improve decision-
making, and create value across various sectors of the economy and society.

What are Applications of Data Science?

Data science has a wide range of applications across various industries and fields. Here are
some common applications:

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1. Business and Finance: Data science helps businesses make smarter decisions about
money. It predicts things like how much money a company will make or lose, finds
patterns in customer behavior to sell more products, and detects fraud in banking.

2. Healthcare and Life Sciences: In healthcare, data science helps doctors diagnose
diseases earlier and develop new treatments. It also helps scientists understand how
our bodies work and find new cures for diseases.

3. E-commerce and Retail: Ever notice how online stores recommend products you
might like? That's data science at work! It also helps stores figure out what to sell, how
much to charge, and when to restock.

4. Marketing and Advertising: Data science helps companies understand what people
like and don't like, so they can advertise products more effectively. It also measures
how well ads work and helps companies decide where to spend their advertising
money.

5. Manufacturing and Supply Chain: Data science helps factories run smoothly by
predicting when machines might break down and making sure they have enough
materials to make products. It also helps companies decide where to send products and
how to store them.

6. Energy and Utilities: Data science helps manage energy use more efficiently, like
predicting when people will use the most electricity and making sure there's enough to
go around. It also helps find better ways to generate power from things like wind and
solar.

7. Transportation and Logistics: Ever wonder why some delivery routes are faster than
others? Data science helps companies figure out the best way to get things from one
place to another, like how to avoid traffic jams and when to deliver packages.

8. Telecommunications: Data science helps phone and internet companies keep their
networks running smoothly and figure out what services customers want. It also helps
them decide where to build new towers and improve coverage.

9. Education: Data science helps teachers and schools understand how well students are
learning and where they might need extra help. It also helps create personalized
learning experiences for students.

10. Government and Public Policy: Data science helps governments make decisions
about things like where to put new roads and hospitals, how to keep neighborhoods
safe, and how to protect the environment.

In simple terms, data science is like a superpower that helps businesses, scientists, and
governments make better choices and improve our everyday lives.

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What are the Roles and Responsibilities of a Data Scientist?

What is Machine Learning?

Machine learning is a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that enables computers to learn
from data and improve their performance on a task without being explicitly programmed.
In other words, it's a way of teaching computers to learn from examples and make
predictions or decisions based on that learning.

Here's how it works:

1. Data Input: Machine learning algorithms are fed with data, which can be anything from
numbers and text to images and videos. This data is used to train the algorithm.
2. Training: During the training phase, the algorithm analyzes the data to identify
patterns and relationships. It learns from these patterns to make predictions or
decisions.
3. Feedback Loop: As the algorithm makes predictions or decisions, it receives feedback
on how accurate or correct its predictions are. This feedback is used to adjust and
improve the algorithm's performance over time.
4. Prediction or Decision Making: Once trained, the machine learning algorithm can be
used to make predictions or decisions on new, unseen data. It applies the patterns and
relationships it learned during training to new situations.

Machine learning is used in a wide range of applications, including predicting sales,

identifying spam emails, recognizing objects in images, recommending products or movies,
and much more. It's a powerful tool that has revolutionized many industries and continues
to drive innovation and automation in various fields.

How Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) evolved?

Below is the journey of Machine Learning and AI evolution:

1. Early Machines (Long Ago):

Humans made basic machines like clocks and calculators to help with tasks. These were
simple and didn't think for themselves, but they helped people work faster.

2. First Computers (1900s):

People invented electronic computers, which are like super-fast calculators. They could
do lots of math really quickly, but they couldn't think or learn on their own.

3. Start of AI (1950s-1960s):

Scientists began dreaming of making computers smart like humans. They called this
artificial intelligence (AI). They made programs that could solve problems, but they
were still pretty basic.

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4. Smart Programs (1970s-1980s):

In the 1970s and 1980s, scientists created programs called expert systems. These were
like digital experts in specific fields, but they couldn't learn from new information.

5. Brain-Inspired Computers (1980s-Present):

Scientists got inspired by how our brains work and made computers called neural
networks. These can learn from examples and improve over time. They're used in
things like recognizing faces in photos and understanding speech.

6. Modern AI (Present):

Nowadays, AI is everywhere! We have smart robots, virtual assistants like Siri and
Alexa, and self-driving cars. They're getting smarter all the time and helping us in lots
of ways, like making our lives easier and safer.

In simple terms, machines have come a long way from basic tools to intelligent helpers,
thanks to advancements in technology and the development of artificial intelligence.

What is Supervised Learning and Unsupervised Learning?

Before understanding supervised learning and unsupervised learning, let us have a look at
labelled data and unlabelled data first.

Labelled Data: Labelled data is data that has been tagged with one or more labels
identifying certain characteristics or categories. This type of data is crucial for supervised
learning, where the algorithm learns from the input-output pairs to make predictions.

Example: Spam Detection in Emails

Unlabelled Data: Unlabelled data is data that has not been tagged with labels. This type of
data is used in unsupervised learning, where the algorithm tries to find patterns and
relationships in the data without predefined labels.

Example: Customer Purchase Behaviour

Supervised Learning:

1. Definition: Supervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm

learns from labelled data, meaning the input data is paired with corresponding
output labels.
2. Teaching Method: It's like teaching a computer with examples and answers
provided. The algorithm learns to map input data to output labels based on the
examples it's given.
3. Examples: Predicting house prices based on features like size and location,
classifying emails as spam or not spam, recognizing handwritten digits in images.

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4. Outcome: The algorithm learns to make predictions or classifications based on the

patterns it identifies in the labelled data.

Unsupervised Learning:

1. Definition: Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning where the algorithm

learns from unlabelled data, meaning the input data does not have corresponding
output labels.
2. Exploration Method: It's like letting a computer explore and find patterns on its own
without any guidance. The algorithm identifies patterns and structures in the data
without being told what to look for.
3. Examples: Grouping similar customers based on purchasing behaviour, clustering
similar documents based on content, reducing the dimensionality of data.
4. Outcome: The algorithm learns to uncover hidden patterns or structures in the data,
such as grouping similar data points together or simplifying complex data
representations.

In summary, supervised learning involves learning from labelled examples with known
outcomes, while unsupervised learning involves exploring unlabelled data to discover
patterns or structures. Both approaches have different use cases and applications
depending on the nature of the data and the problem being solved.

What are Neural Networks?

A neural network is a machine learning program that uses human brain-like processes to
make decisions. Neural networks are a key part of deep learning models and are powerful
tools in artificial intelligence and computer science. They are made up of layers of nodes,
or artificial neurons, which can be organized into different types of networks.

Imagine you're trying to solve a puzzle, but instead of doing it alone, you have a team of
friends helping you out. Each friend looks at a different part of the puzzle and gives you
some advice. You take all their advice, process it, and then make a decision about where
each puzzle piece goes.

Now, think of a neural network as a computer version of this teamwork. It's like having a
bunch of tiny helpers (called neurons) working together to solve a problem.

Here's how it works:

1. Neurons: In a neural network, each neuron is like a tiny decision-maker. It takes input
from the previous layer (like advice from your friends) and processes it to produce an
output (like your decision about where to place a puzzle piece).

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2. Layers: Neurons are organized into layers, like friends sitting in rows. Each layer of
neurons processes information and passes it on to the next layer, just like passing
advice down the line.
3. Connections: Neurons in one layer are connected to neurons in the next layer, forming
a network of connections. These connections carry information from one neuron to
another, allowing them to work together to solve a problem.
4. Learning: Just like you get better at solving puzzles with practice, neural networks
learn from examples. They adjust their connections (weights) based on feedback,
gradually improving their ability to solve problems over time.

Overall, a neural network is like a team of tiny decision-makers working together to solve
a problem, learning from examples to get better at their task. They're used in all sorts of
applications, from recognizing faces in photos to predicting stock prices, and they've
become essential tools in the field of artificial intelligence.

What is Deep Learning?

Deep learning is like teaching a computer to learn and understand things on its own, just
like a child learns from experiences. Here's a simple explanation with an example:

Imagine you want to teach a computer to recognize different types of fruits, like apples,
bananas, and oranges, from pictures. You could try to write down all the rules for what
makes each fruit unique, like their color, shape, and texture. But that would be really
complicated and time-consuming.

Instead, you can use deep learning, which is like letting the computer figure things out by
itself. You show the computer lots of pictures of different fruits and tell it what each fruit
is. The computer then learns from these examples and starts to recognize patterns on its
own.

For example, after seeing many pictures of apples, the computer might start to notice that
apples are usually round, red or green, and have a stem on top. Similarly, it might learn that
bananas are long and yellow, while oranges are round and orange.

Once the computer has learned from enough examples, you can give it a new picture of a
fruit, and it will be able to tell you what type of fruit it is based on the patterns it learned.

In simple terms, deep learning is like teaching a computer to learn from examples, allowing
it to understand and recognize things without being explicitly programmed. It's used in
many applications, from recognizing faces in photos to understanding spoken language,
and it's revolutionizing the field of artificial intelligence.

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UNIT-03

What is Spreadsheet Modelling?

Spreadsheet modeling involves organizing and manipulating data in a spreadsheet to

perform calculations, create visual representations, and analyze various scenarios or
outcomes based on different inputs or assumptions.

A Data Model allows you to integrate data from multiple tables, effectively building a
relational data source inside an Excel workbook. Within Excel, Data Models are used
transparently, providing tabular data used in PivotTables and PivotCharts.

Single and Nested Ifs function

The IF function can perform a logical test and return one value for a TRUE result, and
another for a FALSE result. For example, to "pass" scores above 33:
=IF(B2>=33,"Pass","Fail").

Nested / Multiple IFs

The term "Nested IF" refers to using more than one IF function so that you can test for more
conditions and return more possible results. Each IF statement needs to be carefully
"nested" inside another so that the logic is correct. We can find out grades depending on
percentage obtained as mentioned below:

Percentage Grade Description

90-100 O Outstanding
80-89 A+ Excellent
70-79 A Very Good
60-69 B+ Good

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55-59 B Above Average

50-54 C Average
40-49 P Pass
Below 40 F Fail

Sumif()

You can use the SUMIF function in Excel to sum cells based on number or text strings that
meet specific criteria. Always enclose text in double quotation marks.

Averageif()

Countif()

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Conditional Formatting

You can format text contents depending on conditions. In the example below, to
highlights amount greater than or equal to 750, follow steps given below:

1. Select all amounts

2. Click on Conditional formatting button -> Highlight cells Rules -> Greater Than
3. Type 750 in the box, select colour as you wish from dropdown list and click on OK
button

You can also highlight text depending on some specific condition, for example, you want
to highlight only those items where "Pen" is found in the item name:

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Sort and Filter Data

You can arrange (sort) entire data on any order i.e. department wise, designation wise,
name wise or salary wise. You can sort data into a single column or multiple columns too.

Sorting on Single Column

Sorting Data on Multiple Columns

You can sort data on desired levels. Here data is being sorted primarily on Department
followed by Designation within Department. If you want to sort name also within
designation, you can add one more level and select name from dropdown list.

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Data Filter

Many times you may require to pick up specific data from entire data. For example, you
may require details of those employees who are working in Accounts department as an
Officer. Or Want know all employees working as Executive but drawing salary less than
8000. In such case you may filter desired data easily by using Data Filter function on Excel.

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Data Validation and Data Consolidation

You can use data validation to restrict the type of data or the values that users enter into
a cell. A common data validation shows below that user is restricted to pick up
department name from dropdown list only.

To apply validation, follow steps given below:

1. Select column you want to validate data for (here department)

2. Click on Data Tab then Data Validation
3. Select "List" from dropdown and type department names or select from worksheet
if already have typed.
4. Click on OK

Now you will see that a

dropdown will appear in entire
column D.

User will have to select

department name from list
only.

Excel will not accept any value

other than available in the list
we provided.
Similarly, you can restrict data entry for nos. and date type data also as shown below:

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For a column which

accepts figures only
and you want to
restrict user to enter
numbers in a fix range,
you can set validation
for it.
Here, user will be able
to enter figures from
1000 to 10000 in the
selected column.

You can show appropriate message, during entry (input message) or after wrong entry
(Error Alert).

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Data Consolidation

Data Consolidation allows you to gather together your data from separate worksheets into
a master worksheet. In other words, the Data Consolidation function takes data from a
series of worksheets or workbooks and summaries it into a single worksheet that you can
update easily.

Example: We have production figures of some two wheeler brands for year 2017 and 2018
in two different sheets. We want to consolidate data from these two sheets and place them
in another sheet together.

Sheet1 : Production figures for 2017 Sheet2 : Production figures for 2018

Quarter- Quarter- Quarter- Quarter- Quarter- Quarter-

Model 1 2 3 Model 1 2 3
Activa 2500 2750 2200
Activa 2319 2870 2100
Jupiter 1800 2560 3200
Jupiter 1818 2354 2545
Access 2500 2400 1890
Access 2500 2400 1890
Dio 2563 2401 2500
Dio 2500 2700 2500
Destini
Destini 125 2425 3250 5600
125 2425 3250 5600 HF Delux 2100 3540 1870
HF Delux 2100 2154 2011 CB Shine 2150 4500 5454
CB Shine 2150 4500 5454 Pulsar 3250 1500 4500
Pulsar 3250 1500 4500 Passion 2500 2500 2560
Passion 2154 2584 2900 Apache 2450 1800 2540
Apache 2450 2548 2555

Steps for consolidation:

1. To start using the Data Consolidation tool, you need to select an empty sheet in the
workbook as your master worksheet or add a new one if necessary. The worksheet
is renamed ‘Consolidated Summary’.
2. Click on Data Tab -> Consolidate
3. Click on References, select entire data from Sheet1
4. Click on Add button
5. Again in References, select entire data from Sheet2
6. Click on Add button
7. Tick all 3 check boxes in "Use label in" group
8. Click on OK

Consolidated data from Sheet1 and Sheet2 as summary will be displayed.

Vlookup

The VLOOKUP function performs a vertical lookup by searching for a value in the first
column of a table and return the value in the same row in the index_number position. The

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"V" stands for "vertical". Lookup values must appear in the first column of the table, with
lookup columns to the right.

Points to remember for VLookup:

1. VLOOKUP retrieves data based on column number.

2. VLOOKUP only looks right side data from lookup value column.
3. Lookup a value in a table by matching on the first column.

Sheet1 : Price List Sheet2 : Invoice

Sub Total

When you want to show total of given figures group wise, you can use Sub Total function.

Follow steps given below for Sub Total:

1. sort data on that column you want to show sub total for. Eg. If you want to show
departmentwise subtotal, first sort data on department column.
2. To sort, select entire data, click on Data Tab then Sort

3. Click on Sub total button, select "Department" from dropdown list.

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4. Select SUM function

5. Click on check box for Basic Salary field and then click on OK

Chart / Graph, Pivot Table and Pivot Charts

You can create graphs in excel just by entering data and selecting desired type of graph.

To create a graph for following data sheet:

1. Select data, Click on Insert Tab

2. Click on Column, select desired graph type

Graph will be created on the same sheet.

To create Pie graph, note that only single data range with figures can be selected. Here
you can create Pie Graph for Year 2016 and 2017 separately.

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Pivot Table / Pivot Chart

Pivot Tables is an easy tool that can be used to summarize data in spreadsheets. Instead
of analyzing rows or records, a pivot table can aggregate the data to help facilitate overall
business analysis.

Requirements for Pivot Table

1. The top row of data contains column headers.

2. Each row of data is a record about a particular entity or transaction.
3. Each column of data holds the same kind of information.
4. There are no entirely blank rows in the data.
5. There are no entirely blank columns in the data.
6. If a column contains numbers, use a zero instead of a blank cell when you don’t have a
value.

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What-if-Analysis

In Excel, What-if analysis is a process of changing cells' values to see how those changes
will affect the worksheet's outcome. You can use several different sets of values to explore
all the different results in one or more formulas.

What-if Excel is used by almost every data analyst and especially middle to higher
management professionals to make better, faster and more accurate decisions based on
data. What-if analysis is useful in many situations, such as:

• You can propose different budgets based on revenue.

• You can predict the future values based on the given historical values.

If you expect a certain value due to a formula, you can find different sets of input values
that produce the desired result.

To enable the what-if analysis tool go to the Data menu tab and click on the What-If
Analysis option under the Forecast section.

Now click on the What-If Analysis. Excel has the following What-if analysis tools that can
be used based on the data analysis needs:

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There are three different kinds of What-if analysis. Those are:

Data Tables and Scenarios take sets of input values and project forward to determine
possible results. Goal seek differs from Data Tables and Scenarios in that it takes a result
and projects backward to determine possible input values that produce that result.

1. Scenario Manager

A scenario is a set of values that Excel saves and can substitute automatically in cells on a
worksheet. Below are the following key features, such as:

o You can create and save different groups of values on a worksheet and then switch
to any of these new scenarios to view different results.

o A scenario can have multiple variables, but it can accommodate only up to 32 values.

o You can also create a scenario summary report, which combines all the scenarios
on one worksheet. For example, you can create several different budget scenarios
that compare various possible income levels and expenses, and then create a report
that lets you compare the scenarios side-by-side.

o Scenario Manager is a dialog box that allows you to save the values as a scenario
and name the scenario.

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2. Goal Seek
If you know the result that you want from a formula, but are not sure what input value
the formula needs to get that result, use the Goal Seek feature. For example, suppose that
you need to borrow some money. You know how much money you want, how long you
want to take to pay off the loan, and how much you can afford to pay each month. You
can use Goal Seek to determine what interest rate you will need to secure in order to
meet your loan goal.
o Goal Seek is useful if you want to know the formula's result but unsure what input
value the formula needs to get that result. For example, if you want to borrow a loan
and know the loan amount, tenure of loan and the EMI that you can pay, you can use
Goal Seek to find the interest rate at which you can avail of the loan.
o Goal Seek can be used only with one variable input value. If you have more than one
variable for input values, you can use the Solver add-in.

3. Data Table
o A Data Table is a range of cells where you can change values in some of the cells and
answer different answers to a problem. For example, you might want to know how
much loan you can afford for a home by analyzing different loan amounts and
interest rates. You can put these different values and the PMT function in a Data
Table and get the desired result.

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UNIT-04

What is Data Analysis?

Data analysis is the process of examining, cleaning, transforming, and interpreting data to
discover meaningful insights, patterns, and trends. It involves applying statistical and
computational techniques to extract valuable information from raw data, which can then
be used to make informed decisions, solve problems, or support decision-making
processes.

Key components of data analysis include:

1. Data Collection: Gathering data from various sources, such as databases, files, sensors,
surveys, or APIs.
2. Data Cleaning: Identifying and correcting errors, inconsistencies, missing values, and
outliers in the data to ensure its quality and reliability.
3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Exploring the data visually and statistically to gain
an understanding of its characteristics, distributions, and relationships. This often
involves generating summary statistics, and graphical representations of the data.
4. Data Transformation and Preprocessing: Preparing the data for analysis by
transforming it into a suitable format, scaling or normalizing variables, encoding
categorical variables, and handling feature engineering tasks.
5. Statistical Analysis: Applying statistical methods and techniques to analyze the data
and test hypotheses. This may include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics,
hypothesis testing, correlation analysis, regression analysis, and more.
6. Machine Learning and Predictive Modeling: Building predictive models using
machine learning algorithms to make predictions or classify data based on patterns and
relationships identified in the data.
7. Data Visualization: Creating visualizations, such as charts, graphs, heatmaps, and
dashboards, to communicate insights and findings effectively to stakeholders.
8. Interpretation and Insights: Interpreting the results of the analysis to derive
actionable insights, identify trends, patterns, and anomalies, and make data-driven
decisions.

Data analysis is widely used across various domains and industries, including business,
finance, healthcare, marketing, research, and more, to extract valuable insights from data
and drive innovation, efficiency, and performance improvement.

What is Data Visualization?

Data visualization is the graphical representation of data and information using visual
elements such as charts, graphs, maps, and other visualizations. Its primary goal is to
communicate complex data in a clear and intuitive manner, allowing users to understand
and interpret data more effectively.

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Key aspects of data visualization include:

1. Visual Representation: Data visualization involves representing numerical data,

statistical relationships, trends, patterns, and insights visually using graphical elements
such as bars, lines, points, areas, and colors.
2. Types of Visualizations: There are various types of data visualizations, each suited for
different types of data and analytical tasks. Common types include:
• Bar Charts: Used to compare categories of data.
• Line Charts: Show trends and changes over time.
• Pie Charts: Display parts of a whole.
• Scatter Plots: Visualize the relationship between two variables.
• Heatmaps: Represent data density or intensity using color gradients.
• Maps: Display geographical data and spatial relationships.
• Dashboards: Combine multiple visualizations into a single interface for
comprehensive analysis.
3. Interactivity: Many modern data visualization tools and platforms offer interactive
features that allow users to explore and manipulate visualizations dynamically. This
includes zooming, filtering, drilling down into details, and toggling between different
views or perspectives.
4. Insight Discovery: Data visualization facilitates the discovery of insights, patterns,
trends, and anomalies in data that may not be immediately apparent from raw data or
tabular formats. Visualizing data helps users gain a deeper understanding of the
underlying data and make data-driven decisions more effectively.
5. Communication: Data visualization plays a crucial role in communicating findings,
analysis, and insights to stakeholders, decision-makers, and the broader audience.
Visualizations enable clear and concise communication of complex information,
making it easier for non-technical users to understand and interpret data.
6. Tools and Technologies: There is a wide range of tools and technologies available for
creating data visualizations, ranging from spreadsheet software like Microsoft Excel to
specialized data visualization platforms and libraries such as Tableau, Power BI,
matplotlib, ggplot2, D3.js, and many others.

Overall, data visualization is a powerful tool for exploring, analyzing, and communicating
data, enabling users to derive insights, identify trends, and make data-driven decisions
more effectively.

What is MIS Dashboard in Excel?

A Management Information System (MIS) dashboard in Excel is a visual representation of

key performance indicators (KPIs), metrics, and data points that provide a snapshot of an
organization's performance and status at a glance. It is designed to help managers and

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decision-makers monitor and analyze business performance, track progress towards goals,
and identify areas that require attention or improvement.

What is Power Query and Power Pivot?

Power Query

Power Query is a data connectivity and data transformation tool that is part of Microsoft
Excel, Power BI, and other Microsoft products. It enables users to import, transform, and
manipulate data from various sources, such as databases, files, websites, and online
services, with ease and efficiency.

Key features and capabilities of Power Query include:

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1. Data Connectivity: Power Query provides built-in connectors to connect to a wide

range of data sources, including relational databases (SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL),
cloud services (Azure, Amazon Redshift), files (Excel, CSV, XML), online services
(SharePoint, Dynamics 365), and more. Users can easily establish connections to these
data sources without writing any code.
2. Data Transformation: Power Query offers a graphical interface for performing data
transformation tasks such as filtering, sorting, grouping, pivoting, unpivoting, splitting
columns, merging tables, and applying transformations using a rich set of functions and
operations. Users can apply these transformations to clean, reshape, and prepare data
for analysis or reporting purposes.
3. Query Editor: Power Query includes a Query Editor interface where users can visually
build and edit queries using a series of steps. The Query Editor provides a preview of
the data at each step, allowing users to see the effect of transformations in real-time.
Users can also view and edit the M language code generated by Power Query to
customize and extend the functionality of their queries.
4. Data Profiling: Power Query provides data profiling capabilities that allow users to
analyze and understand the structure and quality of their data. This includes statistics
such as data types, distribution of values, cardinality, and data quality issues (e.g.,
missing values, duplicates). Data profiling helps users identify potential issues and
make informed decisions about data cleaning and transformation strategies.
5. Data Mashup: Power Query enables users to combine and merge data from multiple
sources into a single dataset through data mashup operations. Users can perform joins,
merges, and appends to combine data from different tables or queries based on
common keys or relationships.
6. Parameterized Queries: Power Query supports parameterized queries, allowing
users to create dynamic queries that can accept parameters at runtime. This enables
users to build flexible and reusable queries that can be customized based on user inputs
or external variables.
7. Integration with Excel and Power BI: Power Query is integrated seamlessly with
Microsoft Excel and Power BI, allowing users to import data directly into their
workbooks or reports, perform data transformations, and refresh data with a single
click. Users can also create data models and relationships between tables using Power
Query in Power BI.

Overall, Power Query is a powerful tool for data preparation and data shaping, enabling
users to import, clean, transform, and combine data from various sources efficiently and
effectively. It streamlines the data preparation process and empowers users to derive
insights and make data-driven decisions with confidence.

What is Power Pivot?

Power Pivot is an Excel add-in that lets users perform data analysis and create data
models. It can import data from various sources, such as corporate databases,

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spreadsheets, public data feeds, and text files. Power Pivot can also filter data, rename
columns and tables, create tables, and perform information analysis.

With Power Pivot, you can mash up large volumes of data from various sources, perform
information analysis rapidly, and share insights easily.

UNIT-05

DBMS V/s RDBMS

What is a DBMS?

The database is a collection of inter-related data which is used to retrieve, insert and
delete the data efficiently. It is also used to organize the data in the form of a table,
schema, views, and reports, etc.

Database management system (DBMS) is a software which is used to manage the

database. For example: MS-Access. MySQL, Oracle, etc are a very popular commercial
database which is used in different applications.

DBMS provides an interface to perform various operations like database creation, storing
data in it, updating data, creating a table in the database and a lot more.

It provides protection and security to the database. In the case of multiple users, it also
maintains data consistency.

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What are the advantages of DBMS?

A Database Management System (DBMS) offers several advantages:

1. Data Integrity: DBMS ensures data integrity by enforcing constraints, such as unique
keys and referential integrity, which maintain the accuracy and consistency of data.

2. Data Security: It provides security features like authentication, authorization, and

encryption to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access.

3. Data Consistency: DBMS ensures that transactions are processed reliably, maintaining
the consistency of the data even in the event of system failures.

4. Data Independence: DBMS provides a separation between the logical and physical
aspects of data storage, allowing applications to interact with the data without needing
to know its underlying physical structure.

5. Concurrent Access and Transaction Management: DBMS supports concurrent

access to the database by multiple users or applications while ensuring that
transactions are processed reliably and without interfering with each other.

6. Data Recovery and Backup: DBMS offers mechanisms for data backup and recovery,
allowing organizations to recover data in case of system failures, errors, or disasters.

7. Data Sharing: DBMS enables sharing of data among multiple users and applications,
facilitating collaboration and data exchange within an organization.

8. Data Scalability and Performance Optimization: DBMS provides features for

optimizing performance and scalability, such as indexing, query optimization, and data
partitioning, to handle large volumes of data efficiently.

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9. Reduced Data Redundancy: By centralizing data storage and providing mechanisms

for data normalization, DBMS reduces data redundancy, leading to efficient use of
storage space and easier maintenance of data consistency.

10. Data Accessibility and Query Language: DBMS provides a structured query language
(e.g., SQL) for querying and manipulating data, making it easier for users and
applications to access and retrieve the required information from the database.

What is RDBMS?

RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) is a type of database management

system that stores data in a structured format using tables, which are related to each other
through common fields or keys. In an RDBMS, data is organized into rows and columns,
and relationships between different data points are established using primary and foreign
keys.

Key Features of RDBMS:

1. Tables (Relations): Data is stored in tables (also called relations), where each table
consists of rows (records) and columns (fields).

2. Data Integrity: RDBMS enforces data integrity rules using constraints like primary
keys, foreign keys, and unique constraints to ensure consistency and accuracy.

3. Data Relationships: Tables can be related to each other through keys, allowing for
complex queries and data retrieval across multiple tables.

4. SQL Support: RDBMS uses SQL (Structured Query Language) for querying,
updating, and managing the database.

5. ACID Properties: RDBMS ensures that transactions are reliable and follow the
ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) principles, which guarantee
data accuracy and safety, especially in concurrent environments.

Common Components of RDBMS:

• Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record in a table.

• Foreign Key: A field in one table that refers to the primary key in another table,
establishing a relationship between the two tables.

• Indexes: Used to speed up the retrieval of records from the database.

• Views: Virtual tables that present data from one or more tables in a specific way
without actually storing the data separately.

Examples of Popular RDBMS:

• MySQL: Open-source and widely used for web applications.

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• PostgreSQL: Known for its advanced features and extensibility.

• Microsoft SQL Server: A robust database platform primarily used in enterprise

applications.

• Oracle Database: A powerful RDBMS widely used in large-scale enterprise

applications.

RDBMS is the most common type of database system used in various applications,
including banking systems, e-commerce platforms, customer relationship management
(CRM), and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.

What is the difference between DBMS and RDBMS?

Feature DBMS RDBMS

Flexible, unstructured, or Table-based with rows and
Data Structure
file-based columns
Limited or manual Strong data integrity with
Data Integrity
enforcement keys and constraints
Managed manually or Enforced with primary and
Data Relationships
programmatically foreign keys
Rich, standardized SQL data
Data Types
Basic and system-specific types (e.g., VARCHAR, INT,
Support
DATE)
Complex Data May require external Supports JSON, XML, spatial
Types support data
Data Type
Weak enforcement Strong enforcement
Enforcement
Handling Large
Cumbersome handling Built-in support for B
Data

What is SQL?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used to manage

and manipulate relational databases. It enables users to interact with databases by
performing tasks such as querying data, updating records, inserting new data, and deleting
existing records. SQL is essential for communicating with databases and is widely used in
applications where data storage, retrieval, and management are required.

Key Functions of SQL:

1. Data Querying: Extracting information from databases using commands like

SELECT.

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2. Data Insertion: Adding new records to the database using the INSERT statement.

3. Data Updating: Modifying existing records using UPDATE.

4. Data Deletion: Removing records using the DELETE command.

5. Database Management: Creating and managing database structures, such as

tables and indexes, using Data Definition Language (DDL) commands like CREATE,
ALTER, and DROP.

Types of SQL Commands:

• DDL (Data Definition Language): Commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP
used to define database structures.

• DML (Data Manipulation Language): Commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,

and DELETE used to manipulate data.

• DCL (Data Control Language): Commands like GRANT and REVOKE used to
control access to the database.

• TCL (Transaction Control Language): Commands like COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and

SAVEPOINT to manage transactions within the database.

SQL is essential for anyone working with databases and is the backbone of relational
database management systems (RDBMS) like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server,
and Oracle.

What is Microsoft Access?

Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) software that is a member of

the Microsoft Office suite of applications. Microsoft Access stores data in its own format
based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored
in other applications like MS-Excel.

Microsoft Access stores information which is called a database. To use MS Access, you will
need to follow these four steps −
• Database Creation − Create your Microsoft Access database and specify what kind
of data you will be storing.
• Table − After your database is created; to enter data, we need to create a table for
storing data.
• Form − After your database is created, the data of every business day can be
entered into the Access database.

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• Query − This is a fancy term to basically describe the process of retrieving

information from the database.
• Report − Information from the database is organized in a nice presentation that
can be printed in an Access Report.

Microsoft Access Features

1. Easy to manage store and retrieval of data

2. Import and export of data to and from other Microsoft Office applications
3. Easy report generation from various tables
4. Ready templates for regular users to create and publish data
5. Allows building and publishing Web databases effortlessly
6. Allows developers to create custom solutions using VBA code

How to create a database, Table, Form, Query and Reports?

1. Start MS-Access

2. Click the “Blank database”

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3. Type a file name for the database you're about to create. ...
4. Choose the folder where you want to store your database. ...

5. Create a Table
A table is where data is stored and a table lives within a database. Without a database
there can be no table! Tables are essential objects in a database because they hold all the
information or data. ... A relational database like Access usually has several related tables.
... A table has records (rows) and fields (columns).

6. Type Field Name, enter data and save table using Ctrl+W

7. Type name of Table and click on Ok button.

How to modify table structure:

1. Select table you want to modify structure for
2. Right click on that table and choose design view

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3. Press Ctrl + W to save and exit table structure

How to create Data Entry Form in MS-Access?

1. Goto Create Tab and click on Form Design

2. Click on Add Existing Field (Right hand side)

3. Select fields from Field list (Right), drag them and place on the form (Left) and save
form using Ctrl + W. Type the name for form and click on OK. Now enter new record.

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How to create Query in MS-Access?

1. Goto Create Tab and click on Query Design

2. Select table for query, click on Add, drag and drop fields from EmpDetails table
and drop in the table below

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3. Type "Accounts" in criteria to display employees from Accounts department only.

To run query, click on Run button (top left)

How to create a Report in MS-Access?

1. Goto Create Tab and click on Report Design

2. Unlike, form creation, click on "Add Existing fields"
3. Select fields from Field list (Right), drag them and place on the Report (Left) and
save form using Ctrl + W. Type the name for Report and click on OK. Now double
click on report name to generate report.
4. Generate report

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Relationship

A relationship in Access helps you combine data from two different tables. Each
relationship consists of fields in two tables with corresponding data. For example, you
might have a ProductID field in a Products table and in an OrderDetails table. Each record
in the OrderDetails table has a ProductID that corresponds to a record in the Products table
with the same ProductID.

When you use related tables in a query, the relationship lets Access determine which
records from each table to combine in the result set. A relationship can also help prevent
missing data, by keeping deleted data from getting out of synch, and this is called
referential integrity.

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