CHEM111: INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

TOPIC: MATTER AND MEASUREMENTS

1ST SEMESTER | S.Y 2022-2023 Transcribed by: Janiah Maxene J. Ramirez
LECTURER: Ma’am Jericha Carina Pascua, MSPH
TOPIC CHANGES
SUBTOPIC
a substance changes its physical
SUB SUBTOPIC appearance but not is chemical
PHYSICAL composition (ex. Changes in
MATTER physical state)
CHANGES - Melting ice
CHEMISTRY - Boiling of water
- Crumpled paper
• Chemistry is the field of study concerned with the a substance undergoes a change in
characteristics, composition, and transformations of chemical composition. It always
matter. CHEMICAL involves conversion of the material
• Matter includes all things, both living and non-living CHANGES under consideration into one or
• To understand matter, we will look up on its more new substances
fundamental nature, which includes the physical - Burning of paper (ash)
state, properties, and the changes it undergoes.

MATTER
PHYSICAL STATE
characterized by a definite shape
SOLID
and a definite volume
characterized by an indefinite shape
LIQUID
and a define volume
characterized by an indefinite shape
GAS
and an indefinite volume

PROPERTY
• Distinguishing characteristics of a substance that is
used in its identification and description
characteristics that can be observed
PHYSICAL without changing the basic identity
of the substance (ex. Color, odor,
PROPERTY physical state, melting/boiling point,
hardness)
CHEMICAL describes the way the substance
undergoes or resists change to form
PROPERTY a new substance
 PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES entities are
bound together.
• Matter can also be classified in terms of its chemical
composition as a pure substance or as a mixture IONIC AND COVALENT
PURE SUBSTANCE BOND
- Inorganic: Ionic
• Pure substance – a single king of matter that - Organic: Covalent
cannot be separated into other kinds of matter by • No such binding
any physical means occurs during
• Pure water, Pure sugar, Pure sodium chloride physical combination
- Interaction of
MIXTURES forces (hydrogen
• Mixture – physical combination of two or more bonding)
pure substance in which each substance retains its - Interaction of
own chemical identity electrostatics
- Example: Mixture of rock salt and ordinary sand -
• One characteristic of any mixture is that its
components can be separated using physical
means.
• Mixtures are subclassified as heterogenous or
homogenous

HETEROGENOUS A mixture that contains visible

MIXTURE different phases (parts), each of
which has different property
Contains only one visibly distinct
HOMOGENOUS phase (part), which has a uniform
MIXTURE property throughout
- Sugar-water mixture

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

ELEMENT ELEMENTS
• Pure substance that cannot be broken down into • The discovery and isolation of the 117 known
simpler pure substances by chemical means elements, the building blocks for all matter, have
• Ex: Gold, silver, copper, hydrogen taken place over a period of several centuries. Most
COMPOUND of the discoveries have occurred since 1700, the
1800s being the most active period.
• Pure substance that can be broken down into two • Each element has a unique name; some bear
or more simpler pure substance by chemical means. geographical names (germanium, francium and
• Water (H2O can be broken down into the elements polonium), some are named for the planets
of hydrogen and oxygen) (mercury, uranium, neptunium), some reflect
specific properties of the element or of the
COMPOUNDS VS. MIXTURES compounds containing it
• Remember, substances can be combined • Chemical symbol - one- or two-letter designation
either physically or chemically for an element derived from the element’s name;
COMPOUNDS MIXTURES One or two letter symbols does not follow the first
Physical combination of Chemical combination of letter nor the second letter of the name of the
substances produces a substances produces a element
MIXTURE COMPOUND - Sodium – Na
- A substance in - Potassium – K
which combining
 ATOMS AND MOLECULES CHEMICAL FORMULA
ATOMS • A chemical formula is a notation made up of the
chemical symbols of the elements present in
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element that compounds and numerical subscripts (located to
can exist and still have the properties of the the right of each chemical symbol) that indicate the
element number of atoms of each element present in a
• A sample of any element is composed of atoms of a molecule of the compound.
single type, those of that element. In contrast, a - You’ll know how many atoms are there in such
compound must have two or more types of atoms molecule
present, because by definition at least two elements
• The chemical formula for the compound aspirin is
must be present
C9H8O4. This chemical formula conveys the
• Free atoms are rarely encountered in nature information that an aspirin molecule contains three
• Atoms are almost always found together in different elements— carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and
aggregates or clusters oxygen (O)—and 21 atoms—9 carbon atoms, 8
MOLECULES hydrogen atoms, and 4 oxygen atoms.

• A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that

functions a unit because the atoms are tightly MEASUREMENTS
bound together
• A diatomic molecule is a molecule that contains two • Measurement – determination of the dimensions,
atoms, a triatomic molecule contains three, and so capacity, quantity, or extent of something.
on. • There are two systems of measurement that is used
• The atoms present may all be of the same kind, or commonly: The English system of units and the
two or more kinds may be present metric system of units
• Examples of units in the English system are: inch,
a molecule in which all atoms foot, pound, quart, and gallon
present are of the same kind. • Examples of units in the metric system are: gram,
HOMOATOMIC Substances containing homoatomic meter, and liter
MOLECULE molecules are elements (ex.
Hydrogen [H2], oxygen [O2],
nitrogen [N2], and chlorine [Cl2])
a molecule in which two or more
METRIC SYSTEM UNITS
kinds of atoms are present. • In the metric system, there is one base unit for each
HETEROATOMIC
Substances containing heteroatomic type of measurement
MOLECULE
molecules are compounds (ex. • Prefixes are then added to the base unit
Water [H2O] • The meter (m) is the base unit of length in the
metric system (1 m is equivalent to 1.09 yards)
COMPOUNDS VS. MIXTURES • The gram (g) is the base unit of mass in the metric
system (28 g = 1 ounce, 454 g = 1 pound)
COMPOUNDS MOLECULES
• The liter (L) is the base unit of volume in the metric
molecules made of atoms connected by
atoms from different chemical bond system (1 L is equivalent to 1.06 quarts)
elements
(2 or more molecule
present)

• ALL COMPOUNDS ARE MOLECULES, BUT

NOT ALL MOLECULES ARE COMPOUNDS
• H2 is a molecule, but not a compound (only H is
present)
• H2O is both a molecule and a compound (H and
O are present)
 UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENTS decimal point is significant figures
PRESENT in the
• Measurements will always have a degree of number
uncertainty or error Zeros at the end of a Ex. 59,000,000 has two
- In the first picture, there’s higher degree of number are NOT significant figures
uncertainty SIGNIFICANT in the - 6010 has three
- The second picture, there’s lower degree of number LACKS an significant figures
uncertainty explicitly shown
- The lower the degree of uncertainty, the better decimal point
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND MATHEMATICAL
OPERATIONS
1. In multiplication and division, the number of
significant figures in the answer is the same as
the number of significant figures in the
measurement that contains the fewest
significant figures

2. In additions and subtraction, the answer is

given with as many significant figures as the
measurement with the least number of
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
decimal places
• Uncertainty is indicated by the number of
significant figures recorded
• Significant figures are digits in a measurement that
are known with certainty plus one digit that is
estimated

Number of significant figures = all certain digits

+ one estimated digit

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING SIGNIFICANT SCIENTIFIC NOTION

FIGURES • Scientific notation is a numerical system in which
numbers are expressed in the form A X 10n, where
1. All nonzero digits are significant
A is a number with a single nonzero digit to the left
2. Zeros may or may not be significant
of the decimal place and n is a whole number
Zeros at the beginning Ex. 0.0141 has three
of a number are never significant figures • To convert from decimal notation to scientific
significant notation:
Zeros between Ex. 3.063 has four 1. The decimal point in the decimal number is
nonzero digits are significant figures moved to the position behind the first nonzero
always significant - 0.001004 has four digit
significant figures 2. The exponent for the exponential term is equal to
Zeros at the end of a Ex. 56.00 has four the number of places the decimal point has
number are significant figures been moved. (Positive exponent = if the original
SIGNIFICANT if a - 0.05050 has four
 digit is 10 or greater, negative exponent = if the
original digit is less than 1)

MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF SCIENTIFIC

NOTATION
• The coefficients are combined in the usual way
(multiplied or divided) DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
• The rules for exponential terms are:
1. To multiply exponential terms, add the exponents • Dimensional analysis is a general problem-solving
2. To divide the exponential terms, subtract the method in which the units associated with numbers
exponents are used as a guide in setting up calculations
5 x 5 = 52 cm x cm = cm2
Ex. (2.33 x 10^3) x (1.55 x 10^4) 𝑐𝑚 𝑥 𝑖𝑛
2.33 x 1.55 = 3.61 𝑐𝑚

10^3 x 10^4 = 10^(3+4) = 10^7 STEPS TO FOLLOW

Final answer is 3.61 x 10^7 • STEP 1
- Identify the known or given quantity and the units
of the new quantity to be determined. Write an
equation with the given quantity on the left and
the units of the desired quantity on the right.
• STEP 2
- Multiply the given quantity by one or more
conversion factors in such a manner that the
unwanted (original) units are cancelled, leaving
only the desired units.
• STEP 3
- Perform the mathematical operation indicated by
the conversion factor setup.

CONVERSION FACTORS
• A conversion factor is a ratio that specifies how one
unit of measurement is related to another unit of
measurement
• It is derived from equalities that relate units
- Ex. 1 minute = 60 seconds
• A pair of conversion factor can be derived from this
equality
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
and 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
 DENSITY
• Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to the
volume occupied by that object
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
• 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆
CONVERSION BETWEEN TEMPERATURE SCALES
• Generally expressed in grams per cubic centimeter
(g/cm3) for solids, grams per milliliters (g/mL) for
liquids

TEMPERATURE SCALES
• Heat is a form of energy. Temperature is an
indicator of the tendency of heat energy to be
transferred. Heat energy flows from objects of
higher temperature to objects of lower
temperature.
• Both the Celsius and the Kelvin are part of the
metric system; Fahrenheit scale belongs to the
English system
• The Celsius scale is the most commonly used in
scientific work