528 Physical Chemistry for NEETIAIIMS

* Threshold Energy =Activation Energy + Energy possessed by reactant molecules.

* Activation energy diagram for two step endothermic reaction:
(A) (1) I step-Slow (ii) IId step-Fast
(B) (i) Rapid equilibrium (ii) Slow
Energy>
’Energy

IProgress of reaction > |Progress of reaction>

Factors affecting reaction rates : Concentration of reactants and Reaction temperature.
Besides these, presence of catalyst and surface area (if a reactant or a catalyst is a solid) exposure to
radiation also affect the reaction rates.
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear chemistry is the study of the properties and reactions of atomic nuclei. In nuclear
reaction only the nuclides (nuclide : the nucleus of a specific isotope) participates and overall
(mass t energy) remains conserved.

Radioactivity
The property of a nucleus emitting radiations like a,B and y is known as radioactivity and the
substance possessing the property is called a radioactive substance. The emission of these particles
takes place because of the instability of the nucleus. Radioactivity is a property of nucleus.
Properties of a,B-particles and y-rays.
Properties Alpha Beta Gammma
Nature Fast moving He Fast moving High energy
nuclei (He) electrons electromagnetic
Representation He or a -1e or B Y Or oY
Charge 2 unit (+ve) 1unit (-ve) No charge
Mass 6.65 x 1o-24 g/particle 9.11x 10 -28 /particle 0
Velocity 1/10of light (min.) nearly velocity Same as light waves
of light (max.)
Relative penetrating 1 100 10000
power
Relative ionising s10000 100 1
power
Effect of Deflected toward Deflected toward No effect
electromagnetic field -ve electrode +ve electrode
Kinetic energy High Low
Effect on ZnS Screen Maximum effect Little effect

Types of Radioactive Decay

1. a-decay causes decrease of atomic number of 2 units and mass number by 4 units, e. g.,
215po
84 82
pb + JHe; 226 Ra
88 226
86 Rn
226
86 Rn + He
 CHEMICAL KINETICS 529

All nucleides with atomic number greater than 83 are beyond the band of stability are
radioactive.
2. B-decay causes increase of atomic number by 1 unit and no change in mass number, e. 8- >
228
88 Ra R Ac +,e; 14C’N+e
228
89 "c4N+O,e
A neutronis converted to proton in this process.
anp+ e
Such emission occurs for the nucleilying above the stability belt.
number and mass number, since it
3. y"ray emission (8) causes no change in atomic
represents theenergy lost, e.g.,
60mMNi’0Ni +87
28
number by 1 unit, e. g.,
4. Positron Emission: Causes decrease the118atomic 118
o’N+e; Xee+91 54

neutron and positron in this process.

A proton is converted to 1 0
p’on +je
nuclei lying below the stability belt.
Such emission occurs for the as an electron, but positivelycharged.
having the same mass
* Position (e) is a particle
5. Electron-capture :
decrease the atomic number by 1unit, e. g.,
Causes K+e18
40 Ar
204 Po + 1e 204Bi
’ 83
:
84
this process.
proton isconverted to neutron in
A electron
1
ip+-1e the stability belt, in which an
occurs with the nuclei lying below
Electron capture nucleus.
the
captured by
from the K-shell is
and atomic
Law (Soddy-Fajans) less by four units
Group Displacement the resulting
element has a mass number
in the periodic
table. atomic
a-particle emission,
two placesto the left
mass number but has an
n an and so lies the same
two units
number less by emissionthe resulting element has
in the periodictable.
right
a B-particle andso lies one place to the
unit
number greater by one
530 Physical Chemistry for NEET/AIIMS
Neutron/proton ratio and stability zone
For atomic number < 20, most stable nuclei 120
have n: pratio nearly 1: 1 (except H &Ar) 110
* For n/p ratio > 1.5, nucleus is unstable. neutrons
ofNumber
100
Largest stable nucleus is Bi for which n/p 90
ratio is 1.52. 80
* For atomic number > 83, there are no stable 70
nuclei. 60
50
40
30
20
10

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Number of protons

Magic numbers and nuclear stability

Nucdei with 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 or 126 protons or neutrons are unusually stable and have a
larger number of stable isotopes than neighboring nuclei in the periodic table. These numbers are
caled magic numbers. They are supposed to represent completely filled nuclear shells of energy
levels.
Nuclei with magic number of protons as well as neutrons have notably high stabilities.
208
[e.g., jHe,0, Ca and 82 Pb].
Even Odd Theory
Most naturallyoccurring nuclides have even numbers of neutrons and even numbers of protons.
165 such stable nuclei are known. There exist 55 known nuclei with even number of protons and
odd number of neutrons, and 50 known stable nuclei with odd number of protons and even number
of neutrons. On the other hand, the number of known stable nuclei having odd numbers of both
neutrons and protons is only 5.
Artificial nuclear reactions
The first artificial transmutation was carried out by Rutherford in 1919 who bombarded
nitrogen gas with alpha particles and obtained hydrogen and oxygen.
N+SHe ’O+}H
1. Alpha particle induced or (a,n) type reactions :
Be + He. ’C+n
Since o-particle is used and a neutron is produced, the reaction may be termed as (a,n)
reaction. In another a-bombardment nuclear reaction, the isotope P) produced is itse
radioactive.
aAl + He-’P+ o1
2. Deuteron-induced or (D, a) type reaction:
O+{H’N+ He
 CHEMICAL KINETICS 531

3. Proton-induced or (p,y) reaction :

1'N+H0+y
4. Neutron-induced or (n, y) reaction :
P+n’ 5P+Y
Radioactive decay
of nuclear decay is determined trom
o Radioactive decay is afirst order process. The rate
measurements of the activity (A)of a sample.
dN
Hence =N or N =Nge
dt
timet;N, =number of radioactive nuclei at
where N=number of radioactivenuclei at any
t =0;= decayconstant.
S.I. units : The SIunit isbecquerel (Bq).
1Bq.
1disintegration per second (dps) =10" dps, 1Rutherford (Rd) =10° dps.
Other units : 1curie (Ci) =3.7 x
per unit mass of radioactive sample (dps/g)
Specific activity : Activity
by half the nuclei (originally present) to decay. th2 =0.693/À
taken
* Half life (t, 2) :The time reduced to
1
of its initial value.
passed, activity is
Note : After n half-lives have 2"

=144ty2
o Average life (ty):tay =1
Radioactive equilibrium which prevails when the ratios between the
decay chain, the state the strict sense since
Among the members of a remain constant. (This is not an equilibrium in
members
activities of successive process).
radioactive decay is an irreversible
change
Secular equilibrium intermediate isotope is so long that the
the half life of the activities remain constant.
Radioactive equilibrium where
during the period of
interest and all
activity can be ignored
ofits A AB

at max
max
(a, -d)
Number of nuclei of Bis max.
dN
=Na
dt

when d N
Secular equilibrium occurs
AB
* Parallel decay A x100
% of B

|x 100
C
% of C =|
 532 Physical Chemistry for NEETIAIIMS
Applications of Radioactivity :
* ofAge238ofMinerals andRocks : We can determine the age of the rock by measuring the ratio
Uand 206
92 82 Pb.

23811 206pb
82 +8 He +6 ,e
At timet W gram y gram

Age of Rock, t=InWo where Wo =W+x,

W

238
Wo =Initial wt. ofU; X= Wt. ofUdisintegrated. x =
206
* Radiocarbon Dating : 4C is used to date historical artifacts.
Age of wood artifacts , tt= n/A
1
A
(where t,/2 ofC=5770 years)
A = Activity of fresh wood of plant/tree. A
= Activity of old wood.
Uses in Medicines and other Areas
Nuclear Fission
In a nuclear fission reaction, a heavy nucleus splits up into two main fragments of lighter nuclei
and several neutrons.
Of the three natural isotopes of uranium ( U, 234 U,
Uand 92 7 the U) nucleus undergoes
nuclear fission when bombarded with slow neutrons. The Uformed breaks up in several different
ways, for example:
235U
92 236J
+0n92 75640 Ba +Kr +3 0n
235U + n
92
236T
92
144-Xe +
54 Sr +2 nn
235J +on
92 236UCs
92 54 +Rb +2nn
The key to the liberation of energy in the nuclear fission reaction is the production of two or
more neutrons per reaction initiated by one neutron.
" Atom bomb is based on Nuclear fission.
A nuclear fission chain reaction has three general steps :
1. Initiation : The reaction of a single atom is needed to start the chain. Fission ofU is
initiated by the absorption ofaneutron.
2. Propagation : This 236part of theprocess repeats itself over and over, with each step yielding
more product.The fission of U releases neutrons that initiate the fission of other uranium atoms.
235
3. Termination : Eventually, the chain will end. Termination could occur if the reactant (U)
is used up, or if the neutrons that continue the chain escape from the sample without being captured
by 925U.
Nuclear Fusion
Just as the fission of heavy nuclei is accompanied by mass losses resulting into the liberationof
evolution
large amounts of energy, the fusion of light nuclei is accompanied by mass losses and the shown
of large quantities of energy. Some such reactions and energy release in each process are
below,
 CHEMICAL KINETICS 533

Fusion reaction Mass loss Energy released (kJ mol)

2.3 x 10
H+{H’He 0.026
1 1.79 x 10
fH+H ’ jHe + on 0.018 that large amounts of
have the advantage of safe storage.
Compared with fission reactions, fusion reactions pose problem
nuclides are not obtained as by-products which may
highly radioactive temperatures needed for a fusion reaction.
At the very high
nuclear fusion.
Hydrogen bomb is based on Energy changes in nuclear reactions can determined
mass-energy equation :
& Einstein's masS-energy equation E = mc
by using Einstein's m and c is the velocity of light.
energy equivalent of mass corresponding energy change,
Where E is the (atomic mass unit), the
of 1 equivalent to 931 MeV of energy.
amu
For a change a mass of 1amu is
e.,
E931 x 10° eV931MeV, i.
the sum
Mass Defect
mass of an isotope of an element is less than defect.
invariably been found that the actual it. This difference, is called mass
Ithas present in nucleus of the isotope.
the protons, neutrons and electrons formation of the
of masses of during the
defect is nothing, but the loss of mass
The mass nuclear reaction :
Mass defect in products.
nuclei ofreactants mass of nuclei of
Am = mass of reaction : AE = Am.c.
liberated in nuclear
Energy
in an isotope formation :
neutron and electron. Then, the
Mass defect respective masses of proton,
are the
Let m p M n and m,
calculated mass of this isotope, m,
Zm, +(A -Z) m, =Zmy + (A -Z)
M'=Z m, +
= Mass of hydrogen atom - m,) experimentally.
(:m, + m, determined
=Actual atomicmass as
Let M M'- M
Am = Mass defect =
then, energy. The
nucleons is converted into
Binding Energy formation of the nucleus energy released when constituent nucleons
from
the equal to
Loss of mass during stability to the nucleus. Thethe nucleus. In other words, energy
release of energy imparts called binding energy of into its constituent nucleons. Consequently,
is
Combine to form a nucleus,
needed to break up
the nucleus nucleus.
the
energy will be more stable is
binding
the greater the binding ener8Y, the
Stability
Binding Energy and Nuclear B. E.
Higher the binding
B.E. per nucleon No. of nucleons
of its nuclear stability.
indicator
nucleon is a direct nuclear stability.
energy per its
Binding
per nucleon of an
isotope, greater
is
energy
 CHEMICAL KINETICS 547

(c) Catalyst provides an alternative path of lower activation energy to the reactants
(d) Catalyst increases the number of collisions between the reacting molecules.
85. Collision theory is satisfactory for:
(a) First order reactions (b) Zero order reactions
(e) Bimolecular elementary reactions (d) Any order reactions
27°C if 3.8x10-16% of the reactant
86. For the first order reaction A ’B+C, carried out at
moleculesexists in the activated state, the E, (activation energy) of (d)the reaction 1s:
88.57 kJ/mole
(a) 12 kJ/mole (b) 831.4 kJ/mole ke 100 kJ/mole mol- a t
from 83.314 to 75 kJ
a certain reaction
87. Acatalyst lowers the activation energy for compare to uncatalysed reaction? Assume otnez
500K. What will be the rate of reaction as
things being equal.
(b) 28 times 7.38 times (d) 7.38 x 10 times
(a) Double
a reaction
88. A following mechanism has been proposed for
2A + B ’ D+ E
A+B’C+D(slow)
A +C’ E (fast)
law expression for the reaction by RDS methods is: (d) r=k[AJ[C]
The rate (c) r=k[AJ'
(a) r=k[A]'[B] ) r=k[AJ[B] below
reaction A, +B,’2AB follows the mechanism as given
89. A hypothetical
A, A+A (fast)
A +B,’ AB + B(slow)
A+ B’AB (fast)
order of the over all reaction by RDS methods is:
The 3 (d) 0
(b) 1 2
(a) 2 molecules. Therefore, the
between reacting
Chemical reaction occurs as a result of collisions
90.
reaction rate is given by: occurring in aunit volume per second
collisions
(a) Total number of possess energy less than the threshold energy
which
(b) Fraction of molecules collisions which have enough activation
energy
)Total number of effective
(d) none of the above
91. Radioactivity is affected by: (b) pressure
(a) temperature fd) none of these deflection by a
magnetic field substance as seen after
(c) electricand naturally occurring radioactive
from
2 The radiation one direction are :
magneticfield in (b) B-rays
(a) a-rays d} either a or B-rays
(c) both a and ß rays
ive decay radiation emitted is :
 548 PhysicalChemistry for NEET/AIIMS
94. A radioactive nuclide emitts y-rays due to the :
(a) emission of an electron from its orbital
Ab) nuclear energy transition from a higher state to a lower state
(c) presence of less neutrons than protons
(d) presence of more neutrons than protons
95. Consider the following decay , XAz+1Y. ,X is unstable because:
(a) its nucleus has excess energy b) ratio is high
(c) ratio is low (d) none of these

96. Consider the following decay X ’z-1Y^ + e (B*) X is unstable because :

n
(a) it's nucleus has excess energy (b) ratio is high

ratio is low (d) none of these

97. During a-decay :

(a) ratio decreases by ratio increases
p
(c) remains constant (d) may increase or decrease
98. Which of the following processes causes the emission of X-ray?
(a) a-emission (b) B-emission
(c) B (Positron emission) (d electron capture
99. Which of the following processes result in an increase in the atomic
number of a nuclide?
(a) a-enmission (b) electron capture (c) y-emission
100. ....... is produced when a positron and an electron collide.
Ad} p-(Beta)emission
(a) X-ray (b) Neutron A y-radiation (d) Neutrino
101. 67 Ho is stable isotope. 67 Ho is expected to
disintegrated by:
(a) a-emission (b) B-emission fe positron emission (d)
102. H' is a stable isotope. H° is expected to disintegrated by : y-emission
(a) a-emission b} B-emission (c) positron emission (d) proton emission
103. Loss in B-particle is equivalent to :
(a) increase of one proton only (b) decrease of one neutron only
(O both (a) and (b) (d) none of these
104. Atoms , X, 8Y° and gZ are such that Y is an isobar of , X and
atom oZ" is isotone of
Y.Mass no. of X and no. of neutrons in Y are
(a) 8, 8
respectively :
(b) 17, 7 (c) 9, 8 Ka) 16, 8
105. o0 Th 234 disintegrate to give g Pb as the final product. Total no. of a
and Bparticles emitted
out during this process are :
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 /d) 13
 CHEMICAL KINETICS 549

106. An isotone of 32Ge76 is : 7

(a) 3 Ge77 (c) 34Se?7 (d) 36Se

107. Pair of isobar is : 6Cl3 >Nl4 (d) none of these

fa)
6Cl3 >Nl3
(b) (c) 6Cl4;
108. Isodiaphers are atoms having: f ) (n-p) constant (d) (n-p) different
(a) n/p constant (b) p/n constant
109.The Group displacement law' was given by: (c) Madam Curie kdy Soddy and Fajan
(a) Bacqueral (b) Rutherford
a) type.
110. Li + 1p'X;Identify X if reaction is (p, (d) none of these
(a) Be8 b) 2He (c) oY
4

111. Identify reaction type: l3A]27 + H2

l3A]28+ jH!
(d) none of these
(c) (p, d)
a) (d,p) (b) (p, p)
reaction is (p, ) type artificial radioactive reaction:
’ X + oY°;Identify X
if
112.
13A]27 +
14Sj28 (d) none of these
13AJ28 (b) Si27 54 l39 and Srl94 from the
(a) 38
neutrons accompanying in the formation of
113. The number of followed by nuclear fission is :
o2 U3
absorption of slow neutron by (c) 2
fd} 3
(b) 1 Ma255 (a,2n) ?
(a) 0 reaction 82Pb20s
be the product of 101
e 103Lr 257 (d)
114. What will (b) 102No257
of the
(a) 103Lr
256
symbol for the other product
following nuclear equation by supplying the
115.Complete the 38
S r94 +2 on'
fission : 92U23.
64Gdl04 (d) none of these
tb saXel40 (c)
Xel39
(a) 54
20OMeV
139
’ 56 Ba +36 Kr +3,n + fission is:
116. 5U +, n after 5" stage of (d) None of these
92
released (in MeV) lc) 24200
Total energy (b) 16200 two alpha particles produce :
(a) 48600 followed by emission of (d)Fr222
bombardment of Th 230 LeFr223
groupof Po whenPb
is
117. Proton (b) Ra 233 position of
(a) Rn
232
In this reactionpredict the
210 82Pb
206
+ He. ) VB
118. 84Po (c) VI A
elements belongingto :
in the IV A group : (b) IV B new
(a) II B losing a-particle forms a (d) IV group
III group on (c) IIlgroup 89Ac34?
member of 234
produces
119. 90 Th is a Ab) II group decay from oTh (d)y-emission
(a) I group What kind of
forms on Th 34. cp (posiron)
decay of op U
120. Alpha (b) B
(a) a
 550 Physical Chemistry for NEET/AIIMS

121- Bi decays to Aby a-emission; Athen decays to Bby beta emission, which decays to Cby
another beta emission. Element Cc decays to Dby still another beta emission, and Ddecays by
a-emission to a stable isotope E. What is an element E?
(a) T1207 206 82Pb206
(b) 8o Hg 206 (c) 79Au
122. The activity of a radioactive nuclide (Xl00) is 6.023 curie at a certain time t'. If its
disintegration constant is 3.7x 10 s the mass of Xafter t sec is :
(a) 6.022 x 10 g (b) 10-13 to) 1015 (d) 10 -17
123. Activity of aradioactive substance is A, at time t, and A, at time t, (t, >t; ), then the ratio of
A2
A1
is:
(a) e2+ ) tb) eii -t2) (c) eË +t2) (d)2
t,
124. The half-life of sC is 5730 year. What fraction of it's original c* wouldleft after 22920year
of storage?
(a) 0.50 (b) 0.25 (c) 0.125 K¥) 0.0625
125. Araioactive sample had an initial activity of 56 dpm. After 69.3 minutes, it was found to have
an activity of 28 dpm. Find the number of atoms in a sample having an activity of 100 dpm.
(a) 693 (b) 100 (c) 1000 a 10,000
126. Aradioactive sample has initial activity of 28 dpm 30 minutes later its activity l4 dpm. How
many atoms of nuclide were present initially?
(a) 2800 Ab) 1212 (c) 528 (d) 2802
127. The value of decay constant of Co 2.5 x10- min. The activity of 2.0 g of the sample is
nearly :
(a) 5x 10 dpm (b) 2.5x10° dpm k5x 105 dpm (a) 10° dpm
128. Half-life (t,,2)for a radioactive decay is 6930sec. The time required to fall the rate of decayby
th
1
of it's initial value is :
100
(a) 69.3 sec (b) 20,000 sec (c) 46060 sec d) none of these
129.Asample of radioactive substance is found 90% of it's initial amount after one day. What %of
the original sample can be found after 3 days?
(a) 81 Ab) 72.9 (c) 25 (d) 65.61
130. If timet is required for a radioactive substance tobecome one third of it'sinitial amount, what
fraction would be left after 0.5 t?

(a)
1
Ab)
1
(c) 1 (d) 2
V3 V3
131. The present activity of the hair of Egyption mummy is 1.75 dpm.ty2 0f ,c is 5770 year and
disintegration rate of fresh sample of C" is 14 dpm. Find out age of mummy.
(a) 23080 year (b) 138480 year (c) 11998.3 year t ) 17313.6 year
132. The amount of ,C isotope ina piece of woodis found to one fourth (1/4) of that present in a
fresh piece of wood. Calculate the age of the piece of wood (ti2 of 6C =5770 years)
(a) 7999 year b} 11540year (c) 16320 year (d) 23080 year
 CHEMICAL KINETICS 551

133. A radioactive element undergoing decay is left 20% of it's initial weight after certain period of
time t, how manysuch periods should elapse from the start for the 50% of the element to be
left over?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 fd None of these
134. In asample of wood, the reading of a counter is 32 dpm and in afresh sample of tree it is
absence of 14c. Half life of1Cis
122dpm. Due to error counter gives the reading 2 dpm in
5770 years.
The approximate age (in years) of wood sample is: (d) 15140
(a) 7997.2 (b) 57570 AÙ) 11,540
2.5 x 10 mol of K(tu =13 × 10 yr) and
135. A0.50g sample of rock was found to have
7.5 x 10° mol of Ca. How old is the rock ?
(b) 13x 109 yr let 2.6 x 10 yr (d) 5.2 >x 10yr
(a) 6.5 x 10° yr
radioactive and has a very short half-life (t, =14 min). It's decay constant and
136. Indium-112 is
average life are respectively : (b) 0.495 min, 20.2 min
(a) 0.0495 min,9.7 min
-1 20.2 min fdy 0.0495, 20.2 min
(c) 9.7 min stages to
radioactive element is 100 minutes. The time interval between the
137. The half-life of
50% and 87.5% decay will be : fe 200 min (d) 25 min
(b) 50 min receiving an
(a) 100 min
The total residual activity in a patient 30 hr after
138. The half-life of Te is 99
6.0 hr. uC;.What is the maximun activity (in uC, )
than 0.01
injection containing Tc must be more
that the sample injected an have? (c) 0.64
(d) 0.08
b )0.32 2140
(a) 0.16 observed to isintegrate at the rate of the
radio-chemical preparation was of
A pure of the same day, the disintegration rate
139. 3.55 PM.
counts/minutes at 12.35 PM. At What is the half-life of the material?
count/minutes. (d) None of these
sample was only 535 Ab)100 min (c) 200 min
(a) 50min decays to z-2Y.If 1 mole of XA is
=100 days)
certain radioactive isotope ,X^ (t1/2 accumulate at STP in 200
days?
140. A gas will (d) 44.8 litre
sealed container, how much He (c) 22.4 litre
kept in kb) 33.6litre present.
start there are 4 x10° atoms
(a) 11.2 litre l0 minute. If at
substance decay 25% in to 1020 atoms? (given In 3=1.098)
radioactive reduced
141. A
the number of atoms be (d) None of these
time will ke 48.19 min
after what (b) 21.97 min between the mean
4ty2: The relation
(a) 10.98 min
nuclear reaction is given by t =
decay for a
42. The time of of decay (t) is given by : (d) ln 2
life (T) and time (c) 2 T In 2
6) 4 T In 2 equal amount by weight.
(a) 2 T ln 2 mixed in
atomic weightXand Y are has a half-life of 1day. The
isotopes Aand B of found to be l:4. Isotope A
143. Two radio weight ratio is
days, their Aey 1/1.10day
After 20 B is : (c) 0.6237 day
half-life of isotope X
Y (b) 0.11 day
(a) 1.11 day
X
 552 Physical Chemistry for NEET/AIIMS
144. TWwo radioactive nuclides A and B have half-lives 50 min and 10 min respectively. A fresh
sample contains the nulide of Bto be eight time that of A. How much time should elapses
that the number of nuclides of A becomes double of B?
(a) 30 (b) 40 50 (d) 100
145. Aradioactive nuclide is produced at a
constant rate of a per second. It's decay constant is i. If
No be the no. of nuclei at time t =0, then max, no. of nuclei possible are :
(a) No (b) an (©) No t (d) + Nos
146. An analysis of the rock shows that the relative number of Sr7 and Rb 87 (ty2 =4.7 x 1010

year) atomsis 0.05. What is the age of the rock? Assume all Sr 8 to be formed from Rb 87 only.
(a) 7.62x10 year (b) 1.43x 10 year
et3.28 x 109 year (d) 4.32 x 108 year
147. There are two radio nuclei Aand B. A is a a-emitter and B is B-emitter, their disintegration
constant are in the ratio of 1 : 2. What should be the number of atoms ratio of Aand B, so th¡t
initially probability of getting of aand B-particles are same:
Aa) 2: 1 (b) 4: 1 (c) 1: 2 (d) 1:4
148. A radioactive substance (parent) decays to it's daughter element, the age of radioactive
substance (t) is related to the daughter (d)/parent (p) ratio by the equation:
(a) t=-1
in1+ b)t=n 1+
1
(c) t=-In (a) t=In
149. In the given radioactive disintegration series
232
90 Th 208 pb
82

How many number of isobars formed in this series, suppose there is successive emission of
B-particles?
(a) 4 b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8
150. In the given radioactive disintegration series
207-Pb
82

What is the difference between number of a and number ofß particles emitted in this series?
(a) 2 b3 (c) 4 (d) 5