Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential

Equations

Bouchra Ben Amma(B) , Said Melliani, and L.S. Chadli

Laboratory of Applied Mathematics and Scientific Computing,

Sultan Moulay Slimane University, 523, 23000 Beni Mellal, Morocco
bouchrabenamma@gmail.com, s.melliani@yahoo.fr, sa.chadli@yahoo.fr

Abstract. In this paper, we discuss the local and global existence and
uniqueness results for intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential equa-
tions. For the local existence and uniqueness we use the method of suc-
cessive approximations and for global existence and uniqueness we use
the contraction principle. Also we give an useful procedure to solve intu-
itionistic fuzzy functional differential equations. The applicability of the
theoretical results is illustrated with some examples.

Keywords: Intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential equations · Exis-

tence and uniqueness theorem · Intuitionistic fuzzy solution

Content

One of the generalizations of fuzzy sets theory [21] can be considered the pro-
posed intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS). Later on Atanassov generalized the concept
of fuzzy set and introduced the idea of intuitionistic fuzzy set [1,3]. Atanassov [2]
explored the concept of fuzzy set theory by intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) theory.
For intuitionistic fuzzy concepts, recently the authors [14–17] established,
respectively, the theory of metric space of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, intuitionistic
fuzzy differential equations, intuitionistic fuzzy fractional equation and intuition-
istic fuzzy differential equation with nonlocal condition. They proved the exis-
tence and uniqueness of the intuitionistic fuzzy solution for these intuitionistic
fuzzy differential equations using different concepts. This paper is to investigate
the existence and uniqueness of intuitionistic fuzzy solutions for the following
intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential equations:
  
u, v (t) = F t, u, v , t ≥ τ
(0.1)
u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ), τ − σ ≤ t ≤ τ

Which we inspired by previous definitions of [12,13].

These intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential equations provide more real-
istic models for phenomena, where the future state of systems depends on its
B. Ben Amma: Equal contributor.

c Springer International Publishing AG 2018
P. Melin et al. (eds.), Fuzzy Logic in Intelligent System Design,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 648, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-67137-6 39
336 B. Ben Amma et al.

past history. They are very necessary and powerful tool in modeling impreci-
sion, valuable applications of IFSs have been flourished in many different fields
[7–10,18–20]. The numerical methods for solving intuitionistic fuzzy differential
equations is introduced in [4–6]. There are many approaches to solve the intu-
itionistic fuzzy differential equations, in this work we propose a method of steps,
it can be useful to solve intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential equations.
Combining the two aspects introduced, intuitionistic fuzzy mathematics and
functional differential equations, we get intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential
equations, which will be attract the interest of many researchers. Intuitionistic
fuzzy differential equations without functional dependence are considered, for
instance in [14,16,17].
The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 1 we give some basic concepts and
results are brought. In Sect. 2, we prove a local existence and uniqueness theorem
for a solution for initial value problem for intuitionistic fuzzy functional differ-
ential equations using the method of successive approximations and we prove
a global existence and uniqueness theorem for a solution using the contraction
principle. In Sect. 3 we propose an useful procedure to solve intuitionistic fuzzy
functional differential equations. We present some examples to illustrate the
applicability of the main results, specifically an intuitionistic fuzzy differential
equations with distributed delays and intuitionistic fuzzy population model in
Sect. 4 and finally conclusion is drawn in Sect. 5.

1 Basic Concepts
1.1 Notations and Definitions
Throughout this paper, (Rn , B(Rn ), μ) denotes a complete finite measure space.
Let us Pk (Rn ) the set of all nonempty compact convex subsets of Rn .
We denote by
 
IFn = IF(Rn ) = u, v : Rn → [0, 1] , / ∀ x ∈ Rn 0 ≤ u(x) + v(x) ≤ 1
2

An element u, v of IFn is said an intuitionistic fuzzy number if it satisfies the

following conditions
(i) u, v is normal i.e. there exists x0 , x1 ∈ Rn such that u(x0 ) = 1 and
v(x1 ) = 1.
(ii) u is fuzzy convex and v is fuzzy concave.
(iii) u is upper semi-continuous and v is lower semi-continuous
(iv) supp u, v = cl{x ∈ Rn : | v(x) < 1} is bounded.
so we denote the collection of all intuitionistic fuzzy number by IFn .
For α ∈ [0, 1] and u, v ∈ IFn , the upper and lower α-cuts of u, v are
defined by
α
[u, v] = {x ∈ Rn : v(x) ≤ 1 − α}
and
[u, v]α = {x ∈ Rn : u(x) ≥ α}
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 337

α α
Remark 1.1. If u, v ∈ IFn , so we can see [u, v]α as [u] and [u, v] as
α
[1 − v] in the fuzzy case.

We define 0(1,0) ∈ IFn as


(1, 0) t=0
0(1,0) (t) =
(0, 1) t=0

Let u, v, u , v   ∈ IFn and λ ∈ R, we define the following operations by:
   
u, v ⊕ u , v   (z) = sup min (u(x), u (y)) , inf max (v(x), v  (y))
z=x+y z=x+y


λu, λv if λ = 0
λ u, v =
0(1,0) if λ = 0
For u, v, z, w ∈ IFn and λ ∈ R, the addition and scaler-multiplication are
defined as follows
α α α α α
u, v ⊕ z, w = u, v + z, w , λ z, w = λ z, w

u, v ⊕ z, w = u, v + z, w , λ z, w = λ z, w

α α α α α

Definition 1.1. Let u, v an element of IFn and α ∈ [0, 1], we define the
following sets:
 +  +
(α) = inf{x ∈ Rn | u(x) ≥ α},
u, v u, v (α) = sup{x ∈ Rn | u(x) ≥ α}
l r
 −  −
n
u, v (α) = inf{x ∈ R | v(x) ≤ 1 − α}, u, v (α) = sup{x ∈ Rn | v(x) ≤ 1 − α}
l r

Remark 1.2.
+ +
u, v = u, v (α), u, v (α)
α l r
α − −
u, v = u, v (α), u, v (α)
l r

Proposition 1.1 [16]. For all α, β ∈ [0, 1] and u, v ∈ IFn

α
(i) u, v ⊂ u, v
α
α
(ii) u, v and u, v are nonempty compact convex sets in Rn
α
β α
(iii) if α ≤ β then u, v ⊂ u, v and u, v ⊂ u, v
β α
α αn
(iv) If αn α then u, v = n u, v and u, v = n u, v
α αn
338 B. Ben Amma et al.

Let M any set and α ∈ [0, 1] we denote by

Mα = {x ∈ Rn : u(x) ≥ α} and M α = {x ∈ Rn : v(x) ≤ 1 − α}

   
Lemma 1.1 [16]. Let Mα , α ∈ [0, 1] and M α , α ∈ [0, 1] two families of
subsets of Rn satisfies (i)–(iv) in Proposition 1.1, if u and v define by

0 if x ∈
/ M0
u(x) =
sup {α ∈ [0, 1] : x ∈ Mα } if x ∈ M0

1 if x ∈
/ M0
v(x) =
1 − sup {α ∈ [0, 1] : x ∈ M α } if x ∈ M 0

Then u, v ∈ IFn .

Lemma 1.2 [16]. Let I a dense subset of [0, 1], if u, v = u , v   and
α α
α α
u, v = u , v   , for all α ∈ I then u, v = u , v  .

On the space IFn we will consider the following metric,

  1  
 + +

dn∞ u, v , z, w = sup  u, v (α) − z, w (α)
4 0<α≤1 r r
 
1  + +

+ sup  u, v (α) − z, w (α)
4 0<α≤1 l l
 − − 
1  
+ sup  u, v (α) − z, w (α)
4 0<α≤1 r r
 − − 
1  
+ sup  u, v (α) − z, w (α)
4 0<α≤1 l l

where . denotes the usual Euclidean norm in Rn .

Theorem 1.1 [15]. dn∞ define a metric on IFn .

Theorem 1.2 [15]. The metric space (IFn , dn∞ ) is complete.

Proof. There exists i0 ≤ n such that

√
dn∞ (< u, v >, < u , v  >) ≤ nd∞ (< u, v >i0 , < u , v  >i0 )

Since d∞ defined a complete topology in IF1 , then dn∞ also is complete. 



Definition 1.2 [16]. F is called intuitionistic fuzzy continuous iff is intuition-

istic fuzzy continuous in every point of [a, b].
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 339

Definition 1.3 [16]. Suppose A = [a, b], F : A → IFn is integrably bounded and
strongly measurable for each α ∈ (0, 1] write
    
F (t)dt = [F (t)]α dt = f (t)dt|f : A → Rn is a measurable selection for Fα .
A α A A
 α   
F (t)dt = [F (t)]α dt = f (t)dt|f : A → Rn is a measurable selection for F α .
A A A
 α
if there exists
 u, v ∈ IFn such that [u, v]α = A F (t)dt and [u, v]α =
F (t)dt α ∀α ∈ (0, 1]. Then F is called integrable on A, write u, v =
 A
A
F (t)dt.

Theorem 1.3 [15]. If F : A → IFn is strongly measurable and integrably

bounded, then F is integrable.

Remark 1.3 [15]. If F : A → IFn is Hukuhara differentiable and its Hukuhara

derivative F  is integrable over [0, 1] then
 t
F (t) = F (t0 ) + F  (s)ds
t0

1.2 Locally Lipschitz Intuitionistic Fuzzy Function

If I is a compact interval of R, then C(I, IFn ) denotes the set of all intuitionistic
fuzzy continuous functions from I into IFn . On the space C(I, IFn ) we consider
the following metric:
   
DI u, v, w, z = sup dn∞ u, v(t), w, z(t)
t∈I
 
For a positive number σ, we denote by Cσ the space C [−σ, 0], IFn . Also we
denote by
   
Dσ u, v, w, z = sup dn∞ u, v(t), w, z(t)
t∈[−σ,0]

the metric on the space Cσ . 

For a given constant ρ > 0, we put Bρ := ϕ1 , ϕ2  ∈
  
Cσ ; Dσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , 0(1,0) ≤ ρ .
  
Let u, v(.) ∈ C − σ, ∞ , IFn . Then, for each t ∈ [0, ∞) we denote by
u, vt the element of Cσ defined by

u, vt (s) = u, v(t + s), s ∈ [−σ, 0]

Definition 1.4. Let F : X × Y → Z. Then F is said to be jointly continuous if

it is continuous with respect to the product topology on X × Y .
340 B. Ben Amma et al.

Joint continuity is used in contrast to the (a priori) weaker condition of

separate continuity, which means that the functions F (x, .) : Y → Z and F (., y) :
X → Z are continuous for all fixed x ∈ X and y ∈ Y .
Lemma 1.3. If F : [0, ∞) × Cσ → IFn is a jointly continuous function
and u, v : [−σ,
 ∞) → IFn is a continuous function, then the function
t → F t, u, v : [0, ∞) → IFn is also continuous.
 
Proof 1. Let us fixed τ, ϕ1 , ϕ2  ∈ [0, ∞) × Cσ and ε > 0.
Since F : [0, ∞) × Cσ → IFn is a jointly continuous,there exists δ1 >  0 such
that, for every (t, ψ1 , ψ2 ) ∈ [0, ∞)×Cσ with |t−τ |+Dσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2  < δ1
    
we have that dn∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , F τ, ψ1 , ψ2  < ε.
On the other hand, since u, v − σ, ∞) → IFn is a continuous, then it is
 
uniformly continuous on the compact interval I1 = max −σ, τ −σ−δ1 , τ +δ1 .
Hence, there exists δ2 > 0 such that, for every t1 , t2 ∈ I1 with |t1 − t2 | < δ2
we have that
 
dn∞ u, v(t1 ), u, v(t2 ) < δ1 /2

Since for every s ∈ [−σ, 0] we have that τ + s ∈ I1 and t + s ∈ I1 if |t − τ | < δ1 /2

then, by the fact that |(t + s) − (τ + s)| < δ2 it follows that
   
Dσ u, vt , u, vτ = sup dn∞ u, vt (s), u, vτ (s)
−σ≤s≤0
 
= sup dn∞ u, v(t + s), u, v(s + τ ) ≤ δ1 /2
−σ≤s≤0
 
Therefore, |t − τ | + Dσ u, vt , u, vτ < δ1 and hence, since F is jointly con-
tinuous, we have
    
dn∞ F t, u, vt , F τ, u, vτ < ε

This implies that the function t → F (t, u, vt ) : [0, ∞) → IFn is continuous.

Remark 1.4. If F : [0, ∞) × Cσ → IFn is a jointly continuous function

and u, v : [−σ,
 ∞) → IFn is a continuous function, then the function
t → F t, u, v : [0, ∞) → IFn is integrable on each compact interval [τ, T ].
t  
Moreover, in this case the function
 G(t) = τ
F s, u, v ds, t ∈ [τ, T ] is differ-
entiable and G (t) = F t, u, v .

Remark 1.5. If F : [0, ∞) × Cσ → IFn is a jointly continuous function

and u, v : [−σ, ∞) → IFn is a continuous function, then the function
t → F t, u, v : [0, ∞) →
 IFn is bounded on each compact interval [0, T ]. And
also the function t → F t, 0(1,0) : [0, ∞ → IFn is bounded on each compact
interval [0, T ].
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 341

Definition 1.5. We say that the function F : [0, ∞) × Cσ → IFn is locally

Lipschitz if for all a, b ∈ [0, ∞) and ρ > 0 there exists L > 0 such that
      
dn∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , F t, ψ1 , ψ2  ≤ LDσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2  , a ≤ t ≤ b,
ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2  ∈ Bρ .
Lemma 1.4. Assume that F : [0, ∞) × Cσ → IFn is continuous and locally
Lipschitz. Then, for each compact interval J ∈ [0, ∞) and ρ > 0, there exists
K > 0 such that
   
dn∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , 0(1,0) (t) ≤ K, t ∈ J, ϕ ∈ Bρ .

Proof 2. Indeed, for t ∈ J, we have

dn n
∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , 0(1,0) (t) ≤ d∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , F t, 0(1,0) + dn
∞ F t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t)

≤ LDσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , 0(1,0) + dn

∞ F t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t)

≤ ρL + η
   
where η = sup dn∞ F t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t)
t∈J

2 Existence and Uniqueness

2.1 Local Existence and Uniqueness
For F : [0, ∞) × Cσ −→ IFn we consider the following intuitionistic fuzzy func-
tional differential equation:
  
u, v (t) = F t, u, vt , t ≥ τ
(2.1)
u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ), τ − σ ≤ t ≤ τ

By solution of intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential Eq. (2.1) on some inter-

val [τ, b), we mean a continuous function u, v : [τ − σ, b) −→ IFn such that
u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) for t ∈ [τ − σ, τ ], u, v is differentiable on [τ, b) and
u, v (t) = F t, u, vt , t ∈ [τ, b).
Theorem 2.1. Assume that  F : [0, ∞) × Cσ −→ IFn is continuous and locally
Lipschitz. Then, for each τ, ϕ1 , ϕ2  ∈ [0, ∞)×Cσ , there exists T > τ such that
the intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential Eq. (2.1) has an unique solution
u, v : [τ − σ, T ] −→ IFn .
Proof 3. Let ρ > 0 be any positive number. Since F is locally Lipschitz, there
exists L > 0 such that
      
dn∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , F t, ψ1 , ψ2  ≤ LDσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2 ) ,
τ ≤ t ≤ h ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2  ∈ B2ρ (2.2)
For some h > τ .
342 B. Ben Amma et al.
   
By Lemma 1.4 there exists K > 0 such that dn∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , 0(1,0) (t) ≤ K
 
for t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  ∈ [τ, h] × B2ρ . Let T := min{h, ρ/K}. Next, we consider the set
IF of all functions u, v ∈ C([τ −σ, T ],IFn ) such that u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t−τ )
on [τ − σ, τ ] and dn∞ u, v(t), 0(1,0) (t) ≤ 2ρ on [τ, T ].
Further, we observe that if u1 , v2  ∈ IF then we can define a continuous
function z, w : [τ − σ, T ] −→ IFn by
⎧
⎪
⎨ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) if τ − σ ≤ t ≤ τ,
z, w(t) =
⎪
⎩ t  
ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0) + τ F s, u1 , v2 s ds if τ ≤ t ≤ T

Then for t ∈ [τ, T ] we have

 t
dn n n
∞ z, w(t), 0(1,0) (t) ≤ d∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + d∞ F s, u1 , v2 s ds, 0(1,0) (t)
τ
 t
≤ρ+ dn
∞ F s, u1 , v2 s , 0(1,0) (t) ds ≤ ρ + KT
τ
≤ 2ρ

and so z, w ∈ IF . To solve (2.1) we shall apply the method of successive

approximations, constructing a sequence of continuous functions u, vm : [τ −
σ, T ] −→ IF starting with the initial continuous function
⎧
⎪
⎨ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) for τ − σ ≤ t ≤ τ ),
u, v0 (t) :=
⎪
⎩
ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0) for τ ≤ t ≤ T
 
Clearly, dn∞ u, v0 (t), 0(1,0) (t) ≤ ρ on [τ, T ]. Further, we define
⎧
⎪
⎨ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) for τ − σ ≤ t ≤ τ ),
u, vm+1 (t) := (2.3)
⎪
⎩ t  m

ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0) + τ F s, < u, v >s ds for τ ≤ t ≤ T

if m = 0, 1, . . .. Then, for t ∈ [τ, T ], we have

   t   
n n
d∞ u, v (t), u, v (t) ≤ d∞
1 0
F s, u, v0s ds, 0(1,0) (t)
τ
 t   

≤ dn∞ F s, u, v0s , 0(1,0) (t) ds ≤ K(t − τ )
τ

By (2.2) and (2.3), we find that

   t   t
 
m 
dn
∞ u, vm+1
(t), u, vm
(t) ≤ dn
∞ F s, u, vs ds, F s, u, vm−1
s ds
τ τ
 t   
m  m−1 
≤ dn
∞ F s, u, vs , F s, u, vs ds
τ
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 343
 t  
≤ LDσ u, vm m−1
s , u, vs ds
τ
 t  
=L sup dn m m−1
∞ u, vs (r), u, vs (r) ds
τ r∈[−σ,0]
 t  
=L sup dn m
∞ u, v (s + r), u, v
m−1
(s + r) ds
τ r∈[−σ,0]
 t  
≤L sup dn m
∞ u, v (θ), u, v
m−1
(θ) ds
τ θ∈[s−σ,s]

In particular,
   t
K [L(t − τ )]2
dn∞ u, v2 (t), u, v1 (t) ≤ L K(s − τ )ds = , t ∈ [τ, T ]
τ L 2!
Further, if we assume that
  K [L(t − τ )]m
dn∞ u, vm (t), u, vm−1 (t) ≤ , t ∈ [τ, T ] (2.4)
L m!
then, we have
   t
K [L(s − τ )]m K [L(t − τ )]m+1
dn
∞ u, vm+1
(t), u, vm
(t) ≤ L ds = , t ∈ [τ, T ]
τ L m! L (m + 1)!

It follows by mathematical induction

 that (2.4) holds for any m ≥ 1.
∞ n m
Consequently, the series d
m=1 ∞ u, v (t), u, vm−1 (t) is uniformly con-
vergent on [τ, T ], and so is the sequence {u, vm }m≥0 . It follows that
there exists
 a continuous  function u, v : [τ, T ] −→ IFn such that
n m
sup d∞ u, v (t), u, v(t) −→ 0 as m → ∞. Since
t∈[τ,T ]
      
dn∞ F s, u, vm
s , F s, u, vs ≤ LDσ u, vm
s , u, vs
 
≤ L sup dn∞ u, vm (t), u, v(t)
t∈[τ,T ]
    
we deduce that dn∞ F s, u, vm
s , F s, u, vs −→ 0 uniformly on [τ, T ] as
m → ∞. Therefore, since
  

  
   
m 
t t t
dn
∞ F s, u, vm
s ds, F s, u, vs ds ≤ dn
∞ F s, u, vs , F s, u, vs ds
τ τ τ
t   t  
it follows that lim τ F s, u, vm
s ds = τ F s, u, vs ds, t ∈ [τ, T ]. Extend-
m−→∞
ing u, v to [τ − σ, τ ] in the usual way by u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) for
t ∈ [τ − σ, τ ], then by (2.3) we obtain that
⎧
⎪
⎨ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) if t ∈ [τ − σ, τ ],
u, v(t) = (2.5)
⎪
⎩ t  
ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0) + τ F s, u, v ds if t ∈ [τ, T ]
344 B. Ben Amma et al.

and so u, v is a solution for (2.1).

To prove the uniqueness, let z, w : [τ − σ, T ] → IFn be a second solution
for (2.1). Then for every t ∈ [τ, T ] we have
   t  
 t
  
dn∞ u, v, z, w ≤ dn∞ F s, u, vs ds, F s, z, ws ds
τ τ
 t  
n
  
≤ d∞ F s, u, vs , F s, z, ws ds
τ
 t  
≤ Dσ u, vs , z, ws ds
τ
 t  
≤L sup dn∞ u, v(θ), z, w(θ)
τ θ∈[s−σ,s]
 
If we let ξ(s) := sup dn∞ u, v(r), z, w(r) , s ∈ [τ, t], then we have
r∈[s−σ,s]

 t
ξ(t) ≤ L ξ(s)ds
τ

and by Gronwall’s lemma we obtain that ξ(t) = 0 on [τ, T ]. This proves the
uniqueness of the solution for (2.1).
Theorem 2.2. Assume that the function F : [0, ∞) × C  σ −→ IFn is con-
tinuous and locally
 Lipschitz. If τ, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , τ, ψ 1 , ψ 2  ∈ [0, ∞) × Cσ and
u, v ϕ1 , ϕ2  : [τ − σ, ω1 ) → IFn and u, v(ψ1 , ψ2 ) : [τ − σ, ω2 ) → IFn
are unique solutions of (2.1) with u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) and u, v(t) =
ψ1 , ψ2 (t − τ ) on [τ − σ, τ ], then
     
dn∞ u, v ϕ1 , ϕ2  (t), u, v ψ1 , ψ2  (t)
 
≤ Dσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2  eL(t−τ ) for all t ∈ [τ, ω) (2.6)

where ω = min{ω1 , ω2 }.
Proof 4. On [τ, ω) solution u, v(ϕ1 , ϕ2 ) satisfies relation
⎧
⎪
⎨ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) if t ∈ [τ − σ, τ ],
u, v(t) = (2.7)
⎪
⎩ t  
ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0) + τ F s, u, v(ϕ1 , ϕ2 ) ds if t[τ, ω]
 
and solution u, v ψ1 , ψ2  satisfies the same relation but with ψ1 , ψ2  in place
of ϕ1 , ϕ2 . Then, for t ∈ [τ, ω), we have
     
dn∞ u, v ϕ1 , ϕ2  (t), u, v ψ1 , ψ2  (t)
 
≤ dn∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), < ψ1 , ψ2 > (0)
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 345
  
τ    
+ dn∞ F s, u, vs (ϕ1 , ϕ2  , F s, u, vs ψ1 , ψ2  ds
t
 
≤ Dσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2 
 τ     
+L Dσ u, vs ϕ1 , ϕ2 s , u, v ψ1 , ψ2 s ds
t
 
≤ Dσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2  +
 τ      
L sup Dσ u, v ϕ1 , ϕ2  (r), u, v ψ1 , ψ2  (r) ds.
t r∈[τ −σ,s]

   
If we let w(s) = sup Dσ u, v(ϕ1 , ϕ2 )(r), u, v ψ1 , ψ2  (r) , τ ≤ s ≤ t,
r∈[τ −σ,s]
then we have
   τ
w(t) ≤ Dσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2  + L w(s)ds, τ ≤t<ω
t

and Gronwall’s inequality gives


w(t) ≤ Dσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2 )eL(t−τ ) , τ ≤t<ω

implying that (2.6) holds.

2.2 Global Existence and Uniqueness

In the following, for a given constant a > 0, we consider the set IFa of all
functions u, v ∈ C([τ   that u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) on
− σ, ∞), IFn ) such
[τ − σ, τ ) and sup d∞ u, v(t), 0(1,0) e−at < ∞. On IFa we can define the
n
t≥τ −σ
following metric
   
Da u, v, z, w = sup dn∞ u, v(t), z, w(t) e−at (2.8)
t≥τ −σ

Lemma 2.1. (IFa , Da ) is a complete metric space.

 
Proof 5. Let u, v m≥1 be a Cauchy sequence in IFa . Then, for each ε > 0,
 
there exists mε ∈ N such that for all m, p ≥ mε we have Da u, vm , u, vp < ε.
Hence
   
dn∞ u, vm (t), u, vp (t) ≤ Da u, vm , u, vp eat ≤ εeat

so
 
dn∞ u, vm (t), u, vp (t) ≤ εeat for all m, p ≥ mε and t ≥ τ − σ (2.9)
346 B. Ben Amma et al.

It follows that, for each t ≥ τ − σ, {u, v}m≥1 is a Cauchy sequence in IFn .

Therefore, since (IFn , dn∞ ) is a complete metric space, there exists u, v(t) =
lim u, vm (t) for t ≥ τ − σ. Next, we show that u, v ∈ IFa . Evidently,
m−→∞
u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) on [τ − σ, τ ]. Also, from (2.9) we obtain that
   
lim dn∞ u, vm (t), u, vp (t) = dn∞ u, vm (t), u, v(t)
p−→∞

≤ εeat f or all m ≥ mε and t ≥ τ.

Now, we show that u, v is a continuous function on  [τ, ∞). Let ε > 0 and
s ≥ τ . Then there exists m = mε ∈ N such that dn∞ u, vm (t), u, v(t) ≤
( 6ε )ea(t−s) , for all t ≥ 
τ . Since u, vm is a continuous
 function, then there exists
ε
δ1ε > 0 such that dn∞ u, vm (t), u, vm (s) ≤ 3 for t ≥ τ with |t − s| ≤ δ1ε .
a(t−s)
Also, there exists δ2ε > 0 such that e ≤ 1 for t ≥ τ with |t − s| ≤ δ2ε . Let
δε = min{δ1ε , δ2ε }. Then, for every t ≥ τ with |t − s| ≤ δε , we have
   
dn∞ u, v(t), u, v(s) ≤ dn∞ u, v(t), u, vm (t)
   
+ dn∞ u, vm (t), u, vm (s) + dn∞ u, vm (s), u, v(s)
ε ε ε
≤ ea(t−s) + + ≤ ε
6 3 6
and so u, v is a continuous function on [τ, ∞). 
Finally, we must show that sup dn∞ u, v(t), 0(1,0) (t) e−at < ∞.
t≥t−σ
Since,
   
dn∞ u, v(t), 0(1,0) (t) ≤ dn∞ u, v(t), u, vm (t)
 
+dn∞ u, vm (t), 0(1,0) (t) for all τ ≥ τ − σ and m ≥ 1

Then
 
sup dn∞ u, v(t), 0(1,0) (t) e−at
t≥τ −σ
 
≤ sup dn∞ u, v(t), u, vm (t) e−at
t≥τ −σ
 
+ sup dn∞ u, vm (t), 0(1,0) (t) e−at
t≥τ −σ
   
= Da u, v, u, vm + sup dn∞ u, vm (t), 0(1,0) (t) e−at
t≥τ −σ
 
and thus, by the fact that lim Da u, v, u, vm = 0 and u, vm ∈ IFa for
m−→∞
all m ≥ 1, we obtain that
 
sup dn∞ u, v(t), 0(1,0) (t) e−at < ∞.
t≥τ −σ

Therefore, u, v ∈ IFa . Hence, (IFa , Da ) is a complete metric space.

 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 347

Next, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy differential Eq. (2.1) under the fol-
lowing assumptions:

(h1 ) There exists L > 0 such that

      
dn∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , F t, ψ1 , ψ2  ≤ LDσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2 
for all ϕ1 , ϕ2 ψ1 , ψ2  ∈ Cσ and t ≥ 0

(h2 ) F : [0, ∞) × Cσ −→ IFn is jointly continuous.

(h3 ) There exist M > 0 and b > 0 such that

   
dn∞ F t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t) ≤ M ebt for all t ≥ 0.
   
Also, let P : C [−σ, ∞), IFn −→ C [−σ, ∞), IFn be defined by
⎧
⎪ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) if t ∈ [τ − σ, τ ),
⎨
 
P u, v (t) = (2.10)
⎪
⎩ t  
ϕ1 , ϕ(0) + τ F s, u, vs ds if t ≥ τ

Lemma 2.2. If F : [0, ∞) × Cσ −→ IFn satisfies assumptions (h1 )–(h3 ) and

a > b then P (IFa ) ⊂ IFa .

Proof 6. Let u, v ∈ IFa . For each t ≥ τ , we have

 
dn∞ P u, v (t), 0(1,0) (t))
  t 
n
 
= d∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0) + F s, u, vs ds, 0(1,0) (t)
τ
   t   
n n
≤ d∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + d∞ F s, u, vs ds, 0(1,0) (t)
τ
   t    
≤ dn∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + dn∞ F s, u, vs , 0(1,0) (t) ds
τ
 
n
≤ d∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t)
 t 
       
+ dn∞ F s, u, vs , F s, 0(1,0) (t) + dn∞ F s, 0(1,0) (t) , 0(1,0) (t) ds
τ
   t   
n
d∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + LDσ u, vs , 0(1,0) (t) + M ebs ds
τ
   t   M
≤ dn∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + LDσ u, vs , 0(1,0) (t) ds+ ebτ (eb(t−τ ) −1)
τ b
   t   M bt
≤ dn∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + LDσ u, vs , 0(1,0) (t) ds + e
τ b
348 B. Ben Amma et al.
 
Further, since u, v ∈ IFa , there exists ρ > 0 such that dn∞ u, v(t), 0(1,0)
 (t) ≤
at n at
ρe for all t ≥ τ − σ. It follows that sup d∞ u, v(t + θ), 0(1,0) (t) ≤ ρe
θ∈[−σ,0]
for all t ≥ τ , and hence
   
dn n
∞ (P u, v)(t), 0(1,0) (t) ≤ d∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t)
 t   M bt
+ L sup dn ∞ u, v(s + θ), 0(1,0) (t) ds + e
τ θ∈[−σ,0] b
  ρL M bt
≤ dn
∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + eaτ (ea(t−τ ) − 1) + e
a b
  ρL M bt
≤ dn
∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + eat + e
a b
Thus
  
sup dn∞ P u, v (t), 0(1,0) (t) e−at
t≥τ
   ρL M bt  −at
≤ sup dn∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + eat + e e
t≥τ a b
  1
≤ dn∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0), 0(1,0) (t) + (ρL + M )
b
 
Let K = sup dn∞ ϕ1 ϕ2 (θ − τ ), 0(1,0) (t) . Then
θ∈[τ −σ,τ ]
   1 
sup dn∞ P u, v (t), 0(1,0) (t) e−at ≤ K + ρL + M < ∞
t≥τ b
and thus P u, v ∈ IFa .
Lemma 2.3. If F : [0, ∞) × Cσ −→ IFn satisfies assumptions (h1 )–(h3 ) and
L < a, then P is a contraction on IFa
Proof 7. Let u, v, z, w ∈ IFa . Then for each t ≥ τ , we have
      t  
 t
  
dn∞ P u, v (t), P z, w (t) = dn∞ F s, u, vs ds, F s, z, ws ds
τ τ
 t     
≤ dn∞ F s, u, vs , F s, z, ws ds
τ
 t  
≤ LDσ u, vs , z, ws ds
τ
 t  
=L sup dn∞ u, vs (r), z, ws (r) ds
τ r∈[−σ,0]
 t  
=L sup dn∞ u, v(r + s), z, w(r + s) ds
τ r∈[−σ,0]
 t  
=L sup dn∞ u, v(θ), z, w(θ) ds
τ θ∈[s−σ,s]
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 349

From (2.8) it follows that

   
dn∞ u, v(t), z, w(t) ≤ Da u, v, z, w eat f or all t ≥ τ − σ.
   
Hence sup dn∞ u, v(r), z, w(r) ≤ Da u, v, z, w eat for all t ≥ τ .
r∈[t−σ,t]
Further, for every t ≥ τ , we have
 
   t  
dn∞ P u, v)(t), P z, w (t) ≤ L sup dn∞ u, v(θ), z, w(θ) ds
τ θ∈[s−σ,s]
 t  
≤L Da u, v, z, w eat ds
τ
L    
= Da u, v, z, w eaτ ea(t−τ ) − 1
a
and so
      
Da P u, v, P z, w = sup dn∞ P u, v (t), P z, w (t) e−at
t≥τ −σ
    
= sup dn∞ P u, v (t), P z, w (t) e−at
t≥τ
L   
≤ sup Da u, v, z, w 1 − e−a(t−τ )
t≥τ a
L  
≤ Da u, v, z, w
a  
≤ Da u, v, z, w

Therefore, since L/a < 1, it follows that P is a contraction on IFa .

Theorem 2.3. Suppose that the function F : [0, ∞) × Cσ −→ IFn satisfies

assumptions (h1 ) − (h3 ). Then for each (τ, ϕ1 , ϕ2 ) ∈ Cσ , the intuitionistic
fuzzy functional differential Eq. (2.1) has an unique solution on [τ, ∞).

Proof 8. Let a > max{b, L}. By Lemmas 2.2 and 2.3 we deduce that the
operator P : IFa → IFa is a contraction. Therefore, there exists an unique
u, v ∈ IFa such that P u, v = u, v. Evidently, u, v is a continuous function
and u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t − τ ) on [τ − σ, τ ]. Moreover, u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (0) +
t  
τ
F s, u, v ds, for every t ≥ τ . Since u, v is continuous and F satisfies 
(h2 ) then, by Lemma 1.3 and Remark 1.4, we have that s −→ F s, u, vs is an
integrable function on [τ, t]. Therefore, by Remark 1.4, u, v is a differentiable
function and u, v (t) = F t, u, vt ) for every t ≥ τ . Theorem 2.3 is completely
proved.
350 B. Ben Amma et al.

3 Solving Intuitionistic Fuzzy Delay Differential Equation

We give an useful procedure to solve the following initial value problem for an
intutionistic fuzzy delay differential equation:
  
u, v (t) = F t, u, v(t − σ) , t ≥ 0
(3.1)
u, v(t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t), −σ ≤ t ≤ 0

where F : [0, ∞) × IFn −→ IFn is obtained by extension principle from a

continuous function G : [0, ∞) × Rn −→ Rn . Since
    
F t, u, v α = F t, [u, v ]α )
  α  
F t, u, v = F t, [u, v ]α )
for all α ∈ [0, 1] and u, v ∈ IFn , we denote
+ + α
u, v(t) = u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α) , u, v(t)
α l r
− −
= u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α)
l r
+ + α
u, v (t) = u, v (t) (α), u, v (t) (α) , u, v (t)
α l r
− −
= u, v (t) (α), u, v (t) (α)
l r
+ + α
ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) (α), ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) (α) , ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t)
α l r
− −
= ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) (α), ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) (α)
l r

and

F (t, u, v(t − σ)) = Fl+ (t, [u, v(t − σ)]+ l (α), [u, v(t − σ)]r (α)),
+
α
 
Fr+ t, [u, v(t − σ)]+
l (α), [u, v(t − σ)]r (α)
+

α
F (t, u, v(t − σ)) = Fl− (t, u, v(t − σ)]−
l (α),

−
[u, v(t − σ)]− − −
r (α)), Fr (t, [u, v(t − σ)]l (α), [u, v(t − σ)]r (α)
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 351

Then, with this notations, problem (3.1) is transformed into the following para-
metrized delay differential system:
⎧ +  + + 
⎪
⎪ u, v
(t) (α) = F +
t, u, v(t − σ) (α), u, v(t − σ) (α) , t≥0
⎪
⎪ l
l
l r
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪  
⎪
⎪
+ + +
⎪
⎪ u, v (t) (α) = Fr+ t, u, v(t − σ) (α), u, v(t − σ) (α) , t ≥ 0
⎨ r l r

⎪
⎪ −  − − 
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ u, v (t) (α) = Fl− t, u, v(t − σ) (α), u, v(t − σ) (α) , t ≥ 0
⎪
⎪ l l r
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ −  − − 
⎩ u, v (t) (α) = Fr− t, u, v(t − σ) (α), u, v(t − σ) (α) , t ≥ 0
r l r
(3.2)
with initial conditions
⎧ + +
⎪
⎪ u, v(t) (α) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) (α), −σ ≤ t ≤ 0
⎪
⎪ l l
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
+ +
⎪
⎪ u, v(t) (α) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) (α), −σ ≤ t ≤ 0
⎨ r r
(3.3)
⎪
⎪ − −
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ u, v(t) (α) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) (α), −σ ≤ t ≤ 0
⎪
⎪ l l
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ − −
⎩ u, v(t) (α) = ϕ1 , ϕ2 (t) (α), −σ ≤ t ≤ 0
r r
1. We can solve system (3.2)–(3.3) using the method of steps [11].
+ + − −
2. If u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α) is the solu-
l r l r
tion of system (3.2)–(3.3), then denote
   
+ + − −
u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α) = Mα , u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α) = M α
l r l r

and
 +  +   −  − 
 
u, v (t) (α), u, v (t) (α) = Mα , u, v (t) (α), u, v (t) (α) = M α
l r l r
 
ensure that (Mα , M α ) and (Mα , M α ) verifying (i)–(iv) of Proposition 1.1.

3. After, by using the Lemma 1.1 we can construct the intuitionistic fuzzy solu-
tion u, v(t) ∈ IFn for (3.1) such that
+ + α
u, v(t) = u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α) , u, v(t)
α l r
− −
= u, v(t) (α), u, v(t) (α)
l r

for all α ∈ [0, 1].

352 B. Ben Amma et al.

4 Applications
4.1 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Differential Equations with Distributed
Delay
In the following, we consider a class of delay intuitionistic fuzzy differential
equations with distributed delay. Fix m ∈ N and delay times 0 < σ1 < . . . <
σm < σ, we consider the following type of delay intuitionistic fuzzy differential
equations:
 0   m  
u, v = −σ G0 s, u, v(t + s) ds + i=1 Gi s, u, v(t − σi )
(4.1)
u, v|[−σ,0] = ϕ1 , ϕ2  ∈ Cσ

where Gi : [0, ∞) × IFn −→ IFn , i = 0, 1, . . . , m, are some functions. We assume

that each function Gi : [0, ∞) × Cσ −→ IFn satisfies the following assumptions:
(h1 ) There exists Li > 0 such that
      
dn∞ Gi t, u, v , Gi t, z, w ≤ Li dn∞ u, v, z, w
for all u, v, z, w ∈ IFn and t ≥ 0

(h2 ) Gi : [0, ∞) × IFn −→ IFn is jointly continuous.

(h3 ) There exist Mi > 0 and bi > 0 such that

   
dn∞ Gi t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t) ≤ Mi ebi t for all t ≥ 0.

Then the function F : [0, ∞) × Cσ −→ IFn defined by

 m

  0    
F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  = G0 τ, ϕ1 , ϕ2 (τ ) dτ + Gi t, ϕ1 , ϕ2 (−σi )
−σ i=1

satisfies also assumptions (h1 ) − (h3 ). Indeed, is easy to see that F is jointly
continuous. For each i = 0, 1, . . . , m, let Li be the Lipschitz constant for function
Gi . Then we have
 0
dn
∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , F t, ψ1 , ψ2  ≤ dn
∞ G0 τ, ϕ1 , ϕ2 (τ ) , G0 τ, ψ1 , ψ2 (τ ) dτ
−σ
m
+ dn
∞ Gi t, ϕ1 , ϕ2 (−σi ) , Gi t, ψ1 , ψ2 (−σi )
i=1
 0
≤ L0 dn
∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (τ ) , ψ1 , ψ2 (τ ) dτ
−σ
m
+ Li dn
∞ ϕ1 , ϕ2 (−σi ), ψ1 , ψ2 (−σi )
i=1
m
≤ σL0 + Li Dσ ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ψ1 , ψ2 
i=1
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 353

and so F satisfy (h1 ). Also, we have

       0    
dn∞ F t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t) ≤ dn∞ a, 0(1,0) (t) + dn∞ G0 τ, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t) dτ
−σ
m
    
+ dn∞ Gi t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t)
i=1
   0 m

≤ dn∞ a, 0(1,0) (t) + M0 eb0 τ dτ + Mi ebi t
−σ i=1
  M m
= dn∞ (1 − eb0 σ ) + Mi ebi t
0
a, 0(1,0) (t) +
b0 i=1
 
Since we can find Mm+1 > 0 and bm+1 > 0 such that dn∞ a, 0(1,0) (t) + M b0 (1 −
0

   
eb0 σ ) ≤ Mm+1 ebm+1 t for all t ≥ 0, we obtain that dn∞ F t, ϕ1 , ϕ2  , 0(1,0) (t) ≤
M ebt for all t ≥ 0, where M := max{Mi , i = 0, 1, . . . , m + 1} and b :=
max{bi , , i = 0, 1, . . . , m + 1}. Hence, F satisfy (h3 ).
Therefore, we obtain the following result:
Theorem 4.1. Suppose that the function Gi : [0, ∞) × IFn −→ IFn , i =
0, 1, ..., m, m ∈ N satisfy assumptions (h1 ) − (h3 ). Then the intuitionistic fuzzy
functional differential Eq. (4.1) has an unique solution on [0, ∞).

4.2 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Time-Delay Malthusian Model

Consider the following initial value problem for the intuitionistic fuzzy time-delay
Malthusian model:
⎧
⎪ 
⎨N1 , N2  (t) = rN1 , N2 (t − 1), t ≥ 0
(4.2)
⎪
⎩
N1 , N2 (t) = N1 , N2 0 , −1 ≤ t ≤ 0

where
[N1 , N2 0 ]α = [α − 1, 1 − α]
[N1 , N2 0 ]α = [−α, α]
and
• r: The growth rate

• N1 , N2 (t): The population at time t

The growth of the population at time t depends on the population at time t − 1,
Let us show that the problem (4.2) admits an unique solution on [0, ∞)?
Then the function F : [0, ∞) × C [−1, 0], IF1 −→ IF1 defined by
 
F t, N1 , N2 t = rN1 , N2 (t − 1) = rN1 , N2 t (−1), t ≥ 0
354 B. Ben Amma et al.

satisfies assumptions (h1 ) − (h3 ). Indeed, is easy to see that F is jointly

continuous.  
Let φ1 , φ2 , ψ1 , ψ2  ∈ C [−1, 0], IF1 then we have:
      
d∞ F t, φ1 , φ2  , F t, ψ1 , ψ2  = d∞ rφ1 , φ2 (−1), rψ1 , ψ2 (−1)
 
= rd∞ φ1 , φ2 (−1), ψ1 , ψ2 (−1)
 
≤ rD−1 φ1 , φ2 , ψ1 , ψ2 

and so F satisfy (h1 ). Also, we have

     
d∞ F t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t) = d∞ r0(−1), 0(1,0) (t) = 0
   
Since we can find M > 0 and b > 0 such that d∞ F t, 0(1,0) , 0(1,0) (t) ≤ M ebt .
Hence, F satisfy (h3 ).
Then the intuitionistic fuzzy differential Eq. (4.2) has an unique solution on
[0, ∞).
Now let’s calculate this solution:  
Then the function F : IF1 −→ IF1 define by F N1 , N2 (t − 1) =
rN1 , N2 (t − 1) is obtained by extension principle from the function f (x) = rx,
x ∈ R.
If
+ +
N1 , N2 (t) = N1 , N2 (t) (α), N1 , N2 (t) (α)
α l r
α − −
N1 , N2 (t) = N1 , N2 (t) (α), N1 , N2 (t) (α)
l r

Then
+ +
N1 , N2  (t) = N1 , N2  (t) (α), N1 , N2  (t) (α)
α l r
α − −
N1 , N2  (t) = N1 , N2  (t) (α), N1 , N2  (t) (α)
l r

+ +
rN1 , N2 (t − 1) = r N1 , N2 (t − 1) (α), rN1 , N2 (t − 1) (α)
α l r
α − −
rN1 , N2 (t − 1) = r N1 , N2 (t − 1) (α), r N1 , N2 (t − 1) (α)
l r
 Intuitionistic Fuzzy Functional Differential Equations 355

Therefore, we have to solve the following functional differential equations:

⎧ + +
⎪
⎪ 
⎪ N1 , N2  (t) l (α), = r N1 , N2 (t − 1) l (α), t ≥ 0
⎨
(4.3)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ N1 , N2 (t)
+
(α) = −β, −1 ≤ t ≤ 0
l

⎧ + +
⎪
⎪ N1 , N2  (t) = r N1 , N2 (t − 1) t≥0
⎪
⎨ r
(α),
r
(α),
(4.4)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ N1 , N2 (t)
+
(α) = β, −1 ≤ t ≤ 0
r

and
⎧ − −
⎪
⎪ N1 , N2  (t) = r N1 , N2 (t − 1) t≥0
⎪
⎨ l
(α),
l
(α),
(4.5)
⎪
⎪ −
⎪
⎩ N1 , N2 (t) (α) = β − 1, −1 ≤ t ≤ 0
l

⎧ − −
⎪
⎪ N1 , N2  (t) = r N1 , N2 (t − 1) t≥0
⎪
⎨ r
(α),
r
(α),
(4.6)
⎪
⎪ −
⎪
⎩ N1 , N2 (t) (α) = 1 − β, −1 ≤ t ≤ 0
r

where β = 1 − α.
We solve Eq. (4.3) using the method of steps [11]. For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, we obtain
the equation
⎧
⎪ +
⎨ N1 , N2  (t) (α) = −rβ
l
+
⎪
⎩ N1 , N2 (0) (α) = −β
l

+
with solution N1 , N2 (t) (α) = −β − rβt for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. For 1 ≤ t ≤ 2, we
l
obtain the equation
⎧
⎪ +
⎨ N1 , N2  (t) (α) = −rβ − r2 β(t − 1)
l
+
⎪
⎩ N1 , N2 (1) (α) = −β − rβ
l

+
with solution N1 , N2 (t) (α) = −β − rβ − rβt − 12 r2 β(t − 1)2 for 1 ≤ t ≤ 2.
l
Now, it easy to observe that for any n ∈ N, the solution of (4.3) has a polynomial
356 B. Ben Amma et al.

+ n+1
form N1 , N2 (t) (α) = p=1 ap tp on [n, n + 1]. Also, the solutions of (4.4),
l
(4.5) and (4.6) have a polynomial form on [n, n + 1]. Now we denote
n+1
 n+1
 n+1
 n+1

ap tp , bp t p = M α , cp tp , dp tp = M α
p=1 p=1 p=1 p=1

and
n+1
 n+1
 n+1
 n+1

 
pap tp−1 , pbp tp−1 = Mα , pcp tp−1 , pdp tp−1 = M α

p=1 p=1 p=1 p=1

 
it easy to see that (Mα , M α ) and (Mα , M α ) verify (i)–(iv) of Proposition 1.1
and by using the Lemma 1.1 we we can construct the intuitionistic fuzzy solution
N1 , N2 (t) ∈ IF1 for (4.2) by the following form on [n, n + 1]:
n+1
 n+1

p
N1 , N2 (t) = ap t , bp t p
α
p=1 p=1

α n+1
 n+1

p
N1 , N2 (t) = cp t , dp tp
p=1 p=1

for every α ∈ [0, 1] and n ∈ N.

5 Conclusion

In this paper, we have obtained the existence and uniqueness result for a solu-
tion to intuitionistic fuzzy functional differential equations using the method of
successive approximation and contraction principle for local and global existence
and uniqueness. Also we have given an useful procedure to solve intuitionistic
fuzzy functional differential equations. For future research we can apply these
results on intuitionistic fuzzy neutral functional differential equations.

Acknowledgements. The authors would like to express our thanks to Professor

Oscar Castillo for his valuable remarks concerning this work.

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