7.5.

Crediting Khan Academy

lf you distribute, publicly perform or display, transmit, publish, or otherwise make
available any Licensed Educational Content or any derivative works thereof, you must
also provide the following notice prominently along with such Licensed Educational
Content or derivative work thereof: “All Khan Academy content is available for free at
www.khanacademy.org” and adhere to the Khan Academy brand guidelines.
11 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas
by sea.
They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from
northeast Asia to the Americas.
Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea
levels rose.
The researchers think that "a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would
have provided a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as
seaweeds, fish, and birds.
This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.

The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which

choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(a) Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of
marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as
seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to researchers.

Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling

between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines and subsisting on a
variety of resources.

(c) One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the
kelp highway hypothesis proposed by Jon Erlandson and colleagues.

(2) As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands
and coastal zones were submerged.
2 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
2
« Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has
been passed as a result.
e The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man
who endured slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.
e Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
e The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions
in US meatpacking plants.
e Sinclair's book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books.

Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(a) They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and
Sinclair both influenced readers.

The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano,
while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act resulted in part from a book
by Sinclair.

(c) The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle
are two works of literature that contributed to new legislation
(concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).

(2) Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to

new legislation, Equiano’s book is an autobiography, while Sinclair's
is fictional.
3 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
3
e Chris Roberts-Antieau is a self-taught mixed media artist based in Michigan.
¢ She commonly works with taxidermied (preserved) animals that have been “neglected”.
e Roberts-Antieau says her work with taxidermy is "an attempt to return [the animal's]
dignity”.
e One of her pieces, Albino Deer, features a taxidermied deer embroidered with flora and
fauna.
e The plants and animals featured on the artwork represent things the deer would have
interacted with in life.

The student wants to emphasize the motivation behind Roberts-Antieau’s

artwork Albino Deer. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(A) Chris Roberts-Antieau's work often features taxidermied animals,

which she covers with intricate embroidery.

The artist's work Albino Deer is an example of her process of

transforming old taxidermy into something new through embroidery.

(c) With works like Albino Deer, which features a deer embroidered with
flora and fauna, Roberts-Antieau aims to restore dignity to the
animals she transforms.

(0) Albino Deer is one of many artworks by Chris Roberts-Antieau that

features intricate embroidery of flora and fauna.
 e The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for
4
popular songs.
e Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
e Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song's popularity.
e These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying
acoustic traits.
e Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more
reliable predictors of song popularity.

The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to

predict a song’s popularity. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(a) Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main

features of a song with varying acoustic traits, making such
algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on
fixed traits.

The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song's

popularity, as the traits they describe are fixed.

(c) Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which
may vary within a song, whereas descriptive tags describe fixed traits
such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.

(0) Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio

features, such as loudness and pitch intervals.
5 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
5
e As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
e Aresearch team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind
these structural properties.
e Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks
into nest-like structures.
e The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
e When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the
sticks increased, making the structures stiffer.

The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(A) The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the

arrangement of flexible sticks and analyzed the points where sticks
touched one another.

As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet

cohesive engineered structures.

(C) Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind

bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet cohesive structural properties.

(0) After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers
found that the structures became stiffer when pressure was applied.
6 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
6
A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer than the layer
beneath it.
In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in twenty-five
gas giants.
Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to contain
heat-absorbing metals.
One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet's upper
atmosphere, where their absorbed heat causes an increase in temperature.

The student wants to present the study’s findings to an audience already

fami liar with thermal inversions. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(A) Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they
featured a layer of atmosphere warmer than the layer beneath it,
researchers found; this phenomenon is known as a thermal
inversion.

The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants, which

are largely composed of helium and hydrogen.

©) Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were

likely to contain heat-absorbing metals, which may reside in the
planets’ upper atmospheres.

©) Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.

/ While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
7
e Inka Cola is a popular soft drink in Peru.
e It was created in 1935 by British immigrant Joseph Robinson Lindley.
e Inka Cola has a unique, sweet flavor often compared to bubblegum.
e Itis often referred to as "the golden Kola" because of its yellow color.
e In Peru, Inka Cola often outsells Coca-Cola.
e« Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in the world.

The student wants to emphasize Inka Cola's prominence in Peru. Which

choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(A) Inka Cola is a popular soft drink that originated in Peru and has a
unique, sweet flavor.

Inka Cola, known as "the golden Kola," was created by a British

immigrant to Peru.

In Peru, Inka Cola is so popular that it often outsells Coca-Cola, the

©} ©

best-selling soft drink in the world.

First created in 1935, Inka Cola has a sweet flavor often compared
to bubblegum.
8 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
8
The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and exchange
resources with one another via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi.
Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997.
She described trees as “super-cooperators.”
In the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” mycologist Dr. Justine Karst and
colleagues evaluated dozens of CMN studies.
They write that CMNs “have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are concerned,
however, that recent claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence.”

The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem

with the wood-wide web theory. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(a) Describing trees as “super-cooperators,” Simard first suggested that

trees can exchange resources with one another in 1997.

Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study “The Decay of the
Wood-Wide Web?,” the wood wide web theory remains popular.

(c) In “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,’ Karst and colleagues note
that common mycorrhizal networks “have captured the interest of
broad audiences.”

(0) After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues

expressed concern that recent claims about common mycorrhizal
networks are “disconnected from evidence.”
g While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
9
« In 1978, Sami activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River
in Norway.
e The dam would disrupt Sami fishing and reindeer herding.
e The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
e It brought international attention to the issue of Sami rights.
e Itled to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sami rights to lands, waters, and
resources.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta
conflict. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(A) Sami rights to lands, waters, and resources received international

attention and legal protections as a result of the Alta conflict.

During the Alta conflict, Sami activists staged protests to block the
construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway that would
disrupt local fishing and reindeer herding.

(c) Although the dam that the Sami activists had protested was
ultimately built, the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.

(0) The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international

attention and legal protections for Sami rights to lands, waters, and
resources.
10 e In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
¢« Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called
meditations.
e Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or
remember sounds.
e The instructions for Meditation V state, "walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet
become ears.”
e Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”

The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s

Sonic Meditations. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

(a) Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based

meditations that consist of instructions; Meditation XVIII, for
instance, instructs participants to “listen to a sound until you no
longer recognize it.”

While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII

instructs participants to “listen,” whereas Meditation V instructs
participants to “walk.”

(c) In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations

that consist of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen
to, or remember sounds.

(D) “Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one
example of the instructions found in Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations.
11
11 While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
e Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse.
e Agalaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.
Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.

The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?

Choose 1 answer:

Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.

@/@

When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the

poststarburst phase.

Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one

@

that no longer forms stars.

©|

A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become

quenched.