History Chapter 10 Review

Lesson 1

-The “Jefferson Era” 1800-1816; Jefferson’s Presidency 1801-1809

-In the 1800 election Federalists supported a second term of President Adams for President and Charles Pinckney for VP.
While the Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr as the running mate.

- During this time electors did not vote for President/VP, they just voted for one person and whoever had the most votes
would be President and the other the VP. During the 1800 election both Jefferson and Burr had tied votes (73), the
House had to vote to break the tie and Jefferson won on the 36 th ballot. After this, congress passed the Twelfth
Amendment to the Constitution in 1803- which allows electors to vote for President and VP independently.

-Jefferson believed that a large federal government threatened liberty and that individual states could better protect
freedom. He wanted to limit the power and size of the federal government. He believed in Laissez-Faire: “The
government that governs least governs best”

-Albert Gallatin was Jefferson’s secretary of the treasury (he wanted to lower government spending). Together they
reduced national debt and cut down on military expenses. They also got rid of most federal taxes, only charging custom
duties on imported goods.

-Under Jefferson’s government, income would come from custom duties and the sale of western lands.

-Before Jefferson became President, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 that set up a system of courts. John
Adams used this act to appoint many people during his last days as Presidents. By doing so, Congress and the courts
remained under the Federalists control.

-Adam’s appointments could not take effect until they received official papers called commissions. When Jefferson
became President, some appointees had not yet received these commissions and Jefferson told Secretary of State James
Madison not to deliver them.

-Marbury (lost) v. Madison (won): One of the appointees that did not get his commission was William Marbury. He asked
the Supreme Court to force his delivery, but the Supreme Court had no Jurisdiction (legal authority) to do so. Marbury
argued that an act of Congress gave the Court such authority, but the Court ruled that the act violated the Constitution.

-Chief John Marshall (who served for 34 years) established the 3 principles of judicial review:
1. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land
2. the Constitution must be followed when there is a conflict with any other law
3. the judicial branch can declare laws unconstitutional

-McCulloch (won) v. Maryland (lost): the Court held that Congress does have implied powers and that states cannot tax
the federal government. “Taxed the National Bank”

-Gibbons (won) vs. Ogden (lost): the Court held that federal law overrules state law in matter affecting more than one
state. “There can’t be one steamboat company”

-Worcester v. Georgia: the Court decided that states could not regulate Native Americans, only the federal government
had that power.
Lesson 2

WHAT: France sold the territory for $15 mil

WHEN: Robert Livingston and James Monroe signed for the US, Charles Talleyrand signed for France
WHY: France lost Haiti, France needed $ to pay for their war and Zebulon Pike led an expedition from St. Louis
westward.
Pike’s Peak was named after him.

-In the 1800 the US extended as far west as the Mississippi River. The area west of the river (the Louisiana Territory)
belonged to Spain. The Louisiana Territory was a huge area of land stretching south of New Orleans and west to the
Rocky Mountains. The northern boundaries remained undefined.

-Americans moved west in search of land- these pioneers used Conestoga wagons for their treks. Most set up farms
along rivers that fed into the Mississippi river, because they used the Mississippi to transport their crops to the markets.
Their goods traveled down the Mississippi to New Orleans where workers loaded them up to ships going to the east
coast.

-For some years the Spanish allowed American goods to travel freely in their territory. In 1802, the Spanish no longer
allowed of this to happen. Jefferson found out that the Spain had secretly agreed to transfer the Louisiana Territory to
France. Jefferson believed that France had also gained Florida in this secret agreement. This was a serios threat for the
US. Congress authorized Robert Livingston, new minister to France, to offer as much as $10 million for control of those
territories.

-Napoleon Bonaparte, France’s leader, dreamed of a western empire. He saw Saint Dominique in the Caribbean as an
important naval base. Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture enslaved Africans and workers revolted against the plantation
owners and won, they later declared the colony an independent republic. Napoleon tried to gain back control but failed.
In 1804 Saint Dominique took over its original name: Haiti.

-Napoleon needed money to finance his war against Britain and since he no longer had Saint Dominique, he didn’t need
Louisiana. Robert Livingston and James Monroe bought the territory for $15 million, even though they didn’t have the
authority for such a purchase. The purchase of the Louisiana territory doubled the size of the United States.

-Jefferson wanted to learn about the land he had just purchased, he chose Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to go on
an expedition. The expedition group encountered many Native American groups on their journey. A Shoshone woman
named Sacagawea joined the group. Lewis and Clark expedition lasted 18 months, they returned with lots of information
about the land, the people and the geography of the west.

-Zebulon Pike also led two expeditions west- traveling from the Upper Mississippi River valley and into present day
Colorado. From his travels Americans learned about the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. He also traveled across
northern Mexico and what is now southern Texas.

-The federalists feared that the westward expansion would weaken the new England power. A group of federalists in
Massachusetts plotted to secede (withdraw) from the union. The Massachusetts plotters realized they needed New York
and New England federalist to join them, so they turned to Aaron Burr for support.

-Alexander Hamilton was concerned about these rumors and he did not trust Aaron Burr. Hamilton and Burr didn’t get
along and they started a fuel. They met with armed pistols in Weehawken, New Jersey. Burr shot Hamilton and Hamilton
died the next day. Burr fled to avoid arrest.
Lesson 3

-The ship Empress of China was making a great profit; this inspired others to follow. France and Britain were at war, so
French and British merchant ships stayed home to avoid capture. American merchants took advantage of this and by the
1800 the United States had almost 1,000 merchant ships trading around the world.

-There was piracy in the seas, the Barbary pirates demanded governments to pay tribute (protection money) to allow
their country’s ships to pass safely. European countries often paid this tribute because they believed it was less
expensive than going to war with the pirates.

-The Barbary States also demanded the US to pay tribute, but they were charging even more money. When Jefferson
refused to pay, Tripoli declared war. In response, Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli. Pirates seized the US warship
Philadelphia. Stephen Decatur, a US Navy captain, burned the ship down to prevent the pirates from using it. The war
ended with the signing of a peace treaty. Tripoli agreed to stop demanding tribute, while the US had to pay $60,000 for
the release of its prisoners.

-Thomas Jefferson won reelection in 1804, the nation was at peace, but Great Britain and France were fighting a war
that threatened the American trade. The United States did not take sides in this war and was able to continue their
trades. A nation not involved in conflict enjoyed neutral rights.

-Britain and France continued their war and were blocking each other from trading with the US. The British desperately
needed sailors because their own sailors had deserted them. They began forcing people to serve the navy, this was
called impressment. The British wanted to search an American ship for their sailors, but the captain refused. This caused
an attack and Americans wanted to go to war, but Jefferson didn’t. Because of this, Jefferson banned trade with Britain.

-Congress passed the Embargo Act, which prohibited trade with another country. The Act targeted Britain but banned
imports and exports to ALL foreign countries. This embargo was a disaster for the US economy and Congress had to
repeal the act and replaced it with the Nonintercourse Act. This act was also unsuccessful.

-James Madison vs. Charles Pinkney for President. Madison won!

-1810 Congress passed a law to lift trade restrictions with the country that first lifted its trade restrictions. Napoleon
promised to lift these restrictions, but the French continued to seize and sell American ships.

-There was also tension growing because settlers were moving into land guaranteed to Native Americans. Tecumseh, a
powerful Shawnee chief, tried to build a confederacy among Native American nations in the northwest. Tecumseh
wanted to halt white movement into Native American lands. He was working with his brother Tenskwatawa (the
Prophet) who founded Prophetstown.

-The governor of Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison, was alarmed by the brother’s power. He sent a letter to
Tecumseh telling him that the US had more warriors than all the Native American tribes combined. Tecumseh answered
the letter by visiting in person.

-Harrison attacked Prophetstown in the battle of Tippecanoe and it was a victory for the Americans. After this, Tecumseh
joined forces with the British.

-Meanwhile, President Madison was dealing with the War Hawks- a group led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John
Calhoun (South Carolina) that supported increases in military spending and they wanted to expand the nation’s power.
Their nationalism, or loyalty to their country, appealed to a renewed American patriotism.

-Madison declared war on Britain, without knowing that Britain had decided to end their policy of search and seizure of
American ships.

-What caused the war-

1. Britain’s impressment policy
2. Britain encouraging hostility to the Native Americans
3. Increased Nationalism/ Impact of the War Hawks
Lesson 4

-President: James Madison

-The British were blockading the US.
-British fought for control of Lake Erie. America tried to conquer Canada. First time Nations capital was attacked.
-Tecumseh’s death at the Battle of the Thames ended any hope for the Native American’s.
-U.S. Frigate USS Constitution won against the Guerriere “Old Ironside”
-British troops invaded DC
-Dolly Madison salvaged Washington’s portrait (which is now in the white house, east room)
-Defense of Fort McHenry
-Francis Scott Key wrote National Anthem
-The Treaty of Ghent- Status Quo Antebellum (Nothing Changed Before War)

Results of War:
1. Surge of Nationalism
2. Federalist Party Devastated, Hartford convention was a humiliation
3. Four new states added: Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi and Alabama.

-The Americans underestimated the strength of the British and their Native American allies.

-General William Hull led the American army in Detroit where they met Tecumseh and his warriors. Afraid of a massacre,
he surrendered Detroit to the British.

-The US Navy had 3 of the fastest frigates (warships).

-Oliver Hazard Perry, commander of the Lake Erie naval force, defeated the British gaining the lake territory back. With
Lake Erie in American hands, the British and Native Americans tried to pull back from Detroit. Harrison stopped them. In
this battle, the Battle of the Thames, Tecumseh was killed.

-Even though Americans had won several victories, Canada remained under British rule.

-After Tecumseh dies, the British-Native American alliance died.

-The British sailed into Chesapeake Bay and launched an attack on Washington, DC, burning and destroying everything.
They then moved north to Baltimore and attacked there too- The people from Baltimore when ready and kept the
British from entering Fort McHenry. Francis Scott Key watched in awe and wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”, a poem
that became our anthem.

-While this attack was happening, the British were also trying to invade New York. They did not succeed and retreated
back to Canada. The Battle of Lake Champlain finally convinced the British that the war in North America was too costly
and unnecessary. They had already defeated Napoleon in Europe and to keep fighting the US was too costly.

-American and British representatives met in Ghent, Belgium and signed a peace agreement. The treaty of Ghent did not
change any existing borders.

-While this treaty was being signed, one final battle was happening in New Orleans. Andrew Jackson and his troops
defeated the British redcoats in the Battle of New Orleans and Jackson became a hero.

-The Federalist party disappeared as a political force, leaving only one significant party. The war hawks took over
leadership of the Republican Party and they favored trade, western expansion, the energetic development of the
economy and a strong army and navy. Lots of Patriotism and a strong national identity came after this.
Quiz-

1. Jefferson and Pinckney traveled the country to gain support in the election of 1800: FALSE

2. According to the Constitution, the president is chosen by: electors

3. According to the Twelfth Amendment, to prevent a tie between presidential and vice-presidential candidate, the
electors: cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president.

4. Jefferson believed that: the federal government should be limited in size and power.

5. What is one way Jefferson lowered the National Debt? By cutting military spending.

6. How did Jefferson plan to raise money for the government? By selling land and collecting customs duties.

7. President Adams made sure federalists had control of the courts by appointing hundreds of judges during his las
days in office: TRUE

8. Which case established the principles of judicial review? Marbury vs. Madison

9. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has powers that may be implied, or not
directly stated, in the Constitution: TRUE

10. Through several key cases, Chief Justice Marshall: expanded the power of the Supreme Court and the federal
government.

1. In 1802, the Louisiana Territory was transferred from Spain to France: True

2. Which is true about American settlers in the early 1800s? They were seeking land and adventure.

3. New Orleans was important to settlers in the West because: without it, they had no way to ship their goods.

4. Which of the following events alarmed Jefferson? The Spanish transferred control of the Louisiana Territory to
the French.

5. Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States because he had given up his plan of a western empire
and needed money for war: TRUE

6. One of the goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition was to: find the “Northwest Passage”

7. Who was Sacagawea? A Shoshone guide for Lewis and Clark.

8. Americans learned about the Rocky Mountains and the Great Plains from Zebulon Pikes expeditions.

9. Federalists threatened to withdraw from the Union because they thought the Louisiana Purchase was
unconstitutional: FALSE
10. Alexander Hamilton accused Aaron Burr of: treason.

1. Which of the following had a positive effect on American shippers in the mid 1790s? Britain and France were at
war.

2. When Jefferson refused to pay more tribute, Tripoli declared war on the United States.

3. Stephen Decatur because a hero for: burning a captured ship so the pirates could not use it.

4. How did Britain and France violate the neutral rights of the United States? By seizing and searching American
ships.

5. The attack on the US warship Philadelphia caused many Americans to demand war with Britain: FALSE

6. The Embargo Act of 1807, which banned trade with all countries, was a great failure.

7. Madison believed that Britain was a bigger threat to the US than France was: TRUE

8. As a result of the Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh joined forces with the British.

9. Most of the WAR Hawks were young republicans who wanted land and increased power for the US.

10. Madison had asked Congress for a declaration of war before he learned that Britain had ended their policy of
searching ships.

1. The US was not prepared for war with Britain because it was involved in other wars: FALSE

2. Naval successes helped build US morale early in the war.

3. The idea of a Native American confederation ended when Tecumseh died in the Battle of the Thames: TRUE

4. What allowed the British to increase their forces in the spring of 1814? Ending the war with France.

5. The British took Washington, DC in August 1814 and left it to move on to Baltimore: TRUE

6. Francis Scott Key wrote the poem that became known as the Spangled Star Banner after watching bombs
bursting over Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor.

7. After the Battle of Lake Champlain, the British were determined to win the war: FALSE

8. Andrew Jackson became a hero after the Battle of New Orleans, the last battle of the war.

9. What did the Federalists produce at the Hartford Convention of 1814? A list of proposed amendments to the
Constitution.
 10. Which is a result of the War of 1812? The US gained respect in the world.

Vocabulary Terms:

Customs duties: taxes on imported goods

Jurisdiction: legal authority

Laissez-faire: political philosophy of letting things take their own course. Jefferson was committed to the phrase
“government that governs least, governs best”.

Albert Gallatin: secretary of the treasury that helped Jefferson reduce the national debt and cur down on military
expenses.

Secede: to withdraw, a group of federalists plotted to secede from the union.

Sacagawea: a Shoshone woman that joined the Lewis and Clark expedition as a guide.

Zebulon Pike: a lieutenant that led two expeditions west after Lewis and Clark. He went through the Mississippi River to
a territory that is now Colorado. He found a mountain that is known today as Pikes Peak. From his travels, Americans
learned about the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains. (two expeditions starting in St. Louis)

Aaron Burr: He was Thomas Jefferson’s running mate (he lost). He also had a duel with Alexander Hamilton when they
were fighting over the secession. During their duel, Burr shot Hamilton and Hamilton later died.

Tribute: protection money that had to be paid to the Barbary Pirates so they would allow the country’s ships to pass
safely.

Neutral rights: when a nation did not get involved in a conflict they enjoyed neutral rights, they were allowed to sail the
seas and not take sides in the war.

Embargo: prohibits trade with another country. The US passed the Embargo Act, which ended up being a disaster for the
economy. It later passed the Nonintercourse Act, which was also unpopular and unsuccessful.

Nationalism: loyalty to one’s country.

Tecumseh: a powerful Shawnee chief that tried to build a confederacy among Native American nations in the
Northwest. He had a brother, and they were fighting for Native American rights and land.

William Henry Harrison: governor of the Indiana Territory that was alarmed by the growing power of the two Shawnee
brothers. He attacked Prophetstown in The Battle of Tippecanoe.

Battle of Tippecanoe: The battle between Harrison and Tecumseh. Harrison defeated Tecumseh, which was a victory for
the Americans; but because of this battle Tecumseh joined forces with the British.

War Hawks: a group of young republican congress members. This group was led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) and John
Calhoun (South Carolina). The War Hawks supported increases in military spending and were driven by hunger for land.
They were Nationalists, very loyal to their country.

Frigates: fast warships used by the US Navy

Battle of the Thames: A fierce battle between Harrison and the British/Native Americans, in which Harrison won the Lake
Erie Territory and Tecumseh was killed.

Old Ironsides: nickname for the USS Constitution warship.

Francis Scott Key: wrote the poem “Star Spangled Banner” while watching the Fort McHenry bombing.

Andrew Jackson: became a hero when he helped end the war with the British in the Battle of New Orleans.
Hartford Convention: where Federalists met after the war to discuss their unhappiness.
Guiding Questions:

1. How did Spain & France play a role in Americans moving West?

Spain allowed Americans to use the Mississippi and the port of New Orleans for their trade. In 1802, Spain
suddenly stopped letting settlers trade in New Orleans. President Jefferson learned that France and Spain had a
secret agreement. France was going to gain control of the Louisiana Territory. Jefferson then negotiated a treaty
with France in which he bought the Louisiana Territory for $15 mil. This doubled the size of the United States
and started the Westward expansion.

2. How did the United States become involved in a conflict with Tripoli ?

President Jefferson refused to continue paying tribute to the Barbary States. The ruler of Tripoli declared war on
the United States in response and Jefferson sent ships to blockade Tripoli. In 1804 pirates seized the US warship
Philadelphia and towed it to Tripoli Harbor. Stephen Decatur burned the ship to prevent pirates from using it.
The war ended with the signing of a peace treaty in 1805.

3. In what ways was the United States unprepared for the war with Britain?

The US fighting force was small and ill-prepared. Added to that the militia had poorly trained soldiers and
experienced military commanders were too old to fight. Plus, not everyone supported the war.