Scribd
Upload
5 views4 pages

Seminar 6

Uploaded by

George Zirbo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views4 pages

Seminar 6

Uploaded by

George Zirbo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

1

Seminar 6

1. To check if SLn (R) is a normal subgroup of GLn (R) we need to check:

(a) SLn (R) ≤ GLn (R) which we’ve seen that it’s true from last sem-
inar
(b) ∀A ∈ GLn (R), ∀B ∈ SLn (R) we have A−1 · B · A ∈ SLn (R)
We take A ∈ GLn (R) ⇐⇒ det(A) 6= 0. Also we take B ∈
SLn (R) ⇐⇒ det(B) = 1. Then det(A−1 · B · A) = det(A−1 ) ·
det(B)·det(A) = det(A−1 )·det(A)·det(B) = det(A−1 ·A)·det(B) =
det(In ) · det(B) = 1 ⇒ A−1 · B · A ∈ SLn (R)

2. Homework.

3. From seminar 3, exercise 8, we know that Z(G) ≤ G. So we only need


to prove that ∀g ∈ G and ∀z ∈ Z(G) ⇒ g −1 zg ∈ Z(G). For this, we
take any z ∈ Z(G) ⇒ z ∈ G and zg = gz, ∀g ∈ G. If we multiply by
g −1 on the left ⇒ ∀z, g ∈ G we have g −1 zg = g −1 gz = z ∈ Z(G). So,
in conclusion Z(G)  G.

4. The subgroups of Z are all sets nZ with n ∈ N. We know that (Z, +)


is abelian, so any subgroup of (Z, +) is a normal subgroup.
The factor groups of Z are Z/nZ = {x + nZ | x ∈ Z} with n ∈ N.
Consider x = n · q + r, with 0 ≤ r < n. Then

Z/nZ = {nq + r + nZ | 0 ≤ r < n} = {r + nZ | 0 ≤ r < n} = Zn .

5. As (Z6 , +) is an abelian group, every subgroup is normal. As (Z6 , +)


is a cyclic group, we know that every subgroup is cyclic. We compute
all subgroups < x > with x ∈ Z6 .
We have < 0̂ >= {0̂}, < 1̂ >=< 5̂ >= Z6 , < 2̂ >=< 4̂ >= {0̂, 2̂, 4̂}
and < 3̂ >= {0̂, 3̂}. Hence the (normal) subgroups of Z6 are: {0̂},
{0̂, 3̂}, {0̂, 2̂, 4̂} and Z6 .
Now the factor groups of Z6 (all of them must be partitions of Z6 ) are:

(a) Z6 / < 0̂ >= {x̂ + {0̂} | x̂ ∈ Z6 } = {{x̂} | x̂ ∈ Z6 }} ∼


= Z6 ,
2

(b) Z6 / < 1̂ >= {x̂ + Z6 | x̂ ∈ Z6 } = {Z6 } ∼


= {0̂},
(c) Z6 / < 2̂ >= {x̂ + {0̂, 2̂, 4̂} | x̂ ∈ Z6 } = {{0̂, 2̂, 4̂}, {1̂, 3̂, 5̂}},
(d) Z6 / < 3̂ >= {x̂ + {0̂, 3̂} | x̂ ∈ Z6 } = {{0̂, 3̂}, {1̂, 4̂}, {2̂, 5̂}}.

6. We know (K, ·) ' (Z2 × Z2 , +), where the operation is commutative.


So any subgroup is a normal subgroup. As the order of the group is
4, by Lagrange’s theorem, any subgroup has order 1, 2 or 4. The only
subgroup with order 1 is the subgroup with the identity element and
the only subgroup of order 4 is the whole group. So we only need to
discuss about the subgroups of order 2.
For H to be a subgroup, the identity element has to be in H. All non-
zero elements of Z2 ×Z2 have order 2, hence they are their own inverses.
We find 3 subgroups with this properties: H1 = {(0, 0), (0, 1)}, H2 =
{(0, 0), (1, 0)} and H3 = {(0, 0), (1, 1)}.
The factor groups are:

(a) (Z2 × Z2 )/{(0, 0)} ∼


= Z2 × Z2
(b) (Z2 × Z2 )/(Z2 × Z2 ) ∼
= {(0, 0)}
(c) (Z2 × Z2 )/H1 = {(x, y) + {(0, 0), (0, 1)} | (x, y) ∈ Z2 × Z2 } =
{{(0, 0), (0, 1)}, {(1, 0), (1, 1)}}
(d) (Z2 × Z2 )/H2 = {(x, y) + {(0, 0), (1, 0)} | (x, y) ∈ Z2 × Z2 } =
{{(0, 0), (1, 0)}, {(0, 1), (1, 1)}}
(e) (Z2 × Z2 )/H3 = {(x, y) + {(0, 0), (1, 1)} | (x, y) ∈ Z2 × Z2 } =
{{(0, 0), (1, 1)}, {(1, 0), (0, 1)}}

7. As the order of S3 is 6, the subgroups of S3 can have the order 1, 2, 3,


6. For the subgroup of order 1, we know it is the subgroup with only
the identity element. As for the subgroup of order 6, it is the group S3 .
We can easily see that the subgroups of order 2 have the form Hi =
{e, σi } for some transposition σi of S3 , as the inverse of a transposition
is itself. Hence H1 = {e, σ1 } with σ1 = (2 3), H2 = {e, σ2 } with
σ2 = (1 3) and H3 = {e, σ3 } with σ3 = (1 2).
The
 onlysubgroup of order 3must be N = {e, σ4 , σ5 }, where σ4 =
1 2 3 1 2 3
and σ5 = .
2 3 1 3 1 2
3

We have:

S3 /rH1 = {σ ◦ H1 | σ ∈ S3 } = {{e, σ1 }, {σ2 , σ5 }, {σ3 , σ4 }} ,


0
S3 /rH 1
= {H1 ◦ σ | σ ∈ S3 } = {{e, σ1 }, {σ2 , σ4 }, {σ3 , σ5 }}.
0
Then H1 is not a normal subgroup of S3 , because S3 /rH1 6= S3 /rH 1
.
Similarly, H2 and H3 are not normal subgroups of S3 .
We also have:

S3 /rN = {σ ◦ N | σ ∈ S3 } = {{e, σ4 σ5 }, {σ1 , σ2 , σ3 }} ,


0
S3 /rN = {N ◦ σ | σ ∈ S3 } = {{e, σ4 σ5 }, {σ1 , σ2 , σ3 }} .
0
Hence S3 /rN = S3 /rN , and so N is a normal subgroup of S3 .
We have S3 /N = {{e, σ4 σ5 }, {σ1 , σ2 , σ3 }} = {N, σ1 ◦ N }.
The operation table for the factor group S3 /N is:

◦ N σ1 ◦ N
N N σ1 ◦ N
σ1 ◦ N σ1 ◦ N N

8. We know that (Q, ·) = (Q8 , ·) = {±1, ±i, ±j, ±k}, where 1 is the iden-
tity element i2 = j 2 = k 2 = −1, i4 = 1, ij = k, jk = i, ki = j, ji = −k,
kj = −i, ik = −j and the signs rule holds.
The order of the group is 8, so the subgroups must have the order 1, 2,
4 or 8. Clearly, {1} and Q are (normal) subgroups of Q. It is easy to
find the other subgroups of Q, namely Ni = {±1, ±i}, Nj = {±1, ±j}
and Nk = {±1, ±k} of order 4, and {±1} = Z(Q) of order 2.
For Z(Q) we know from exercise 3 that is a normal subgroup of (Q, ·).
For the others, we know that if | Q : N |= 2, then N  Q, for N ≤ Q.
Hence, all the subgroups we found are normal subgroups.
The factor groups are easy to find:

(a) Q/{1} ∼
=Q
(b) Q/Q ∼
= {1}
(c) Q/Z(Q) = {{±1}, {±i}, {±j}, {±k}}
(d) Q/Ni = {{±1, ±i}, {±j, ±k}}
(e) Q/Nj = {{±1, ±j}, {±i, ±k}}
4

(f) Q/Nk = {{±1, ±k}, {±i, ±j}}

The operation table for the factor group Q/Z(Q) is:

· {±1} {±i} {±j} {±k}


{±1} {±1} {±i} {±j} {±k}
{±i} {±i} {±1} {±k} {±j}
{±j} {±j} {±k} {±1} {±i}
{±k} {±k} {±j} {±i} {±1}

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy