FRIENDS BOYS SCHOOL

Science Department
Acids and Bases HL
Class: 12th Grade Course: Chemistry IB
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:Paper Two
.The following are the tables needed in Data Booklet

Table 21. Strengths of organic acids and bases

Table 22. Acid-base indicators

Table 23. Values of ionization constant

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)Q1

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)Q2

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)Q3

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)Q4

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)Q5
)a(

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)Q6

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)Q7

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)Q8

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Q9) M2012HLTZ2

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Q(10)
:Solutions of acids of the same concentration are prepared. The acids and their equilibrium constants, Kc, are

Kc (at 25 oC) mol dm-3 Acid

X 10-5 1.7 CH3COOH
X 10-10 4.0 HCN
Very large HCl
X 10-4 5.6 HF

.a- Write down these solutions in order of decreasing pH

.b- Write down these solutions in order of increasing concentration of molecules of acid present in the solution

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Q(11)
.The formula and the pKa value for propanoic acid are given in Table 21 in the Data Booklet

.a- Write an equation for the dissociation of propanoic acid in water

.b- Give the equilibrium expression and the value of Ka for the dissociation of propanoic acid in a water

c- Determine the hydrogen ion concentration of a 0.010 mol dm-3 aqueous solution of propanoic acid and hence the
.pH of this solution. State one assumption made in arriving at your answer

d- Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 200 cm3 of 0.010 mol dm-3 NaOH is added to 400 cm3 of 0.010 mol
.dm-3 propanoic acid solution
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Q(12)
-a
.Calculate the Ka value of methanoic acid, HCOOH, using Table 21 in the Data Booklet -1

.Based on its Ka value, state and explain whether methanoic acid is a strong or weak acid -2

.b- Explain how you would prepare a buffer solution of pH 3.75 starting with methanoic acid
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Q(13)
.Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid), HC3H5O3, is a monoprotic acid

.a- A 0.16 mol dm-3 solution of lactic acid is 3.1 % ionized at equilibrium at 25 oC. Calculate the pH of this solution

.b- Use the information given above to calculate the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for lactic acid at 25 oC
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Q(14)
:a- The titration of 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 monoprotic acid HA with a base MOH gives the following graph

.State whether the acid and base used are weak or strong. Explain your answer -1

.Use the above data to determine the concentration of the base and give its units -2

.Using HIn as an example, explain qualitatively how an acid – base indicator works -3

Write the equilibrium expression for HIn and show how the pKa value of the indicator relates to the pH value at -4
.which it changes color

.State the pKa value of an indicator that will be most suitable for use in the above titration -5

b- Explain why an aqueous sodium ethanoate solution is basic whereas an aqueous ammonium ethanoate solution
.is approximately neutral

c- If the pH of water in a swimming pool goes above 8, aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, is added to it to adjust its pH.
.With the help of formulas and acid – base properties of the ions present, explain how this is achieved
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Q(15)
.The following table shows values of the ionic product constant of water, at different temperatures

30 20 10 Temperature / oC
X 10-14 1.471 X 10-14 0.681 X 10-14 0.293 Kw / mol2 dm-6

.a- Calculate the pH of water at 30 oC

.b- State and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on Kw and the pH of pure water
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Q(16)
This question relates to aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid, each having a concentration of
.0.1 mol dm-3

a- Which of the solutions produced by the partial neutralisation of HCl or CH3COOH could be used as a buffer?
.Explain your answer

?b- Why can the acid solutions themselves not be used as buffers

c- 30 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 CH3COOH is placed in a beaker and mixed with 10 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 NaOH.
Explain, with the help of an equation, how the solution formed acts as a buffer solution when a small quantity of
.acid is added to it
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 Q(17)
Sodium hydroxide solution is added to aqueous hydrochloric acid. The graph of pH against volume of sodium
:hydroxide solution added is shown below

:Sketch clearly labeled corresponding graphs for each of the following and suggest a suitable indicator in each case
.a- The addition of sodium hydroxide solution to aqueous ethanoic acid

.b- The addition of ammonia solution to aqueous hydrochloric acid

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Q(18)
A solution of volume 1.00 dm3 containing 0.200 mol ethanoic acid and 0.100 mol sodium ethanoate can act as a
.buffer solution

.a- Explain what is meant by the term buffer solution

b- Explain, with the help of an equation, what happens when a small amount of aqueous sodium hydroxide is
.added to the buffer solution

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Q(19)
.State and explain whether each of the following solutions will form a buffer solution

a- A 1.0 dm3 solution containing 0.10 mol NH3 and 0.20 mol HCl

b- A 1.0 dm3 solution containing 0.20 mol NH3 and 0.10 mol HCl

c- A 1.0 dm3 solution containing 0.50 mol NH3 and 0.25 mol H2SO4
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Q(20)
.The indicator bromophenol blue, HIn (aq) , has a form that is yellow and an In-1 (aq) form that is blue

.a- Write an equation to show how bromophenol blue acts as an indicator

b- State and explain the color of bromophenol blue

.on the addition of a strong acid -1

.at the equivalence point of a titration -2

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Q(21)
.The value of the ionic product constant of water, Kw at 60 oC is 5.60 X 10-14 mol2 dm-6

.a- State the expression for Kw

.b- Calculate the values of [H+1] and pH in water at 60 oC

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c- The value of [OH-1] in water at 60 oC is greater than the value at room temperature. Explain why water is not
.alkaline at 60 oC
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Q(22)
.Benzoic acid is a weak monoprotic acid

a- The experimentally determined graph below shows the change in pH when 0.10 mol dm-3 aqueous hydroxide
.solution is added to 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 aqueous benzoic acid

Calculate the pH when the benzoic acid is half – neutralized and explain how you arrived at your answer -1

.Explain by reference to Table 22 of the Data Booklet why phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for this titration -2

.b- The experiment was repeated using 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid instead of benzoic acid

.Sketch the graph you would expect from the results of this second experiment -1

.State and explain any similarities and differences between the two graphs -2
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Q(23)
-a
.Write the equation for the reaction of ammonia with water -1

.Derive the expression for Kb for this reaction -2

b- Using information from Table 21 in the Data Booklet, determine the pOH of a 0.20 mol dm-3 solution of ammonia.
.State one assumption made in arriving at your answer

.c- Identify one substance that could be added to a solution of acid X to form a buffer solution

d- The pH of a solution is 4.8. Using information from Table 22 of the Data Booklet, deduce and explain the colours
.of the indicators bromophenol blue and phenol red in this solution
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Q(24)
a- Predict whether each of the following solutions would be acidic, alkaline or neutral. In each case explain your
.reasoning

mol dm-3 FeCl3 (aq) 0.1 -1

mol dm-3 NaNO3 (aq) 0.1 -2

mol dm-3 Na2CO3 (aq) 0.1 -3

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b- The following graph shows how the pH changes during the titration of 10 cm3 of a solution of a weak acid (HA)
.with 0.1 mol dm-3 NaOH

.State the pH at the equivalence point and explain why the pH changes rapidly in this region -1

Calculate the initial concentration of the acid (HA) -2

Calculate the [H+1] of the acid before any sodium hydroxide is added. Use this value to determine the Ka value -3
.and the pKa of the acid

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Q(25) 25.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of known concentration is titrated with a dilute sodium hydroxide solution. The
:pH of the mixture is measured continuously as shown in the graph below

.a- From the graph, determine the pH after 10.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution is added

.b- Determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid before titration and state its units
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.c- From the graph, determine the volume of sodium hydroxide solution required to neutralize the hydrochloric acid

.d- Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution and state its units

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Q(26)
.Lactic acid CH3CH(OH)COOH is a weak monoprotic acid
)pKa = 3.85 and Ka = 1.4 X 10-4 mol dm-3(

.a- Write an equation for the reaction of lactic acid with water

.b- State the ionization constant expression, Ka for lactic acid

.c- Calculate the pH of a 0.20 mol dm-3 solution of lactic acid

.d- Determine the pH of a solution containing 0.10 mol dm-3 of lactic acid and 0.10 mol dm-3 of sodium lactate

e- Explain why the two values of [H+1] in (c) and (d) are different using Le Chatelier’s principle ( or explain why the
pH value of the buffer solution is different from the pH of the lactic acid solution)

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Q(27)
.a- Describe the composition of an acid buffer solution in general terms

b- Calculate the pH of a mixture of 50 cm3 of ammonia solution of concentration 0.10 mol dm-3 and 50 cm3 of
.hydrochloric acid solution of concentration 0.050 mol dm-3
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Q(28)
a- The graph below shows the change in pH when aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to 20 cm3 of aqueous
.hydrochloric acid

By reference to the graph

.State the [H+1] before any alkali is added -1

Calculate the initial concentration of the acid (HCl) -2

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.State by how much the [H+1] changes after the addition of 20 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide -3

.State the pH at the equivalence point and explain why the pH changes rapidly in this region -4

.b- State a suitable mixture that can act as a buffer solution

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Q(29) In aqueous solution at 298K, ammonia is a weak base with a pKb value of 4.75 and a Kb value of 1.7 X 10-5
.mol dm-3
Determine the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.10 mol dm -3 of ammonia and 0.10 mol dm-3 of ammonium
. chloride
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Q(30)
cm3 of a known concentration of sodium hydroxide is titrated with a solution of nitric acid. The graph for this 20.0
.titration is given below

.a- State an equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and nitric acid

.b- Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution before the titration

c- From the graph determine the volume of nitric acid required to neutralize the sodium hydroxide and calculate the
.concentration of the nitric acid

d- Predict the volume of ethanoic acid of the same concentration as the nitric acid in (c), required to neutralize 20.0
.cm3 of this sodium hydroxide solution

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Q(31)
a- A titration was carried out to determine the concentration of 25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of ethanoic acid.
.The pH value of the liquid in the flask was measured during the titration. The results are shown on the graph below

.Use the graph to determine the values of pH and [H+1] of the ethanoic acid solution -1

Use the graph to determine the volume of 0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution needed to exactly neutralize -2
.the ethanoic acid

.Calculate the concentration, in mol dm-3, of the ethanoic acid -3

Identify an indicator that could be used to detect the equivalence point of the titration. Using the formula HIn to -4
.represent the indicator, explain why the indicator changes colour during the titration
b- The solution formed when the ethanoic acid is exactly half neutralized can act as a buffer solution. Using
information from Table 21 of the Data Booklet, calculate the value of [H+1] in this buffer solution, showing your
.working

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Q(32)
a- A titration was carried out to determine the concentration of 25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of nitric acid. The
pH value of the liquid in the flask was measured as 0.100 mol dm-3, aqueous sodium hydroxide was added. The
.results are shown on the graph below

.Use the graph to determine the value of [H+1] of the nitric acid solution -1

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.Determine the pH value when the value of [H+1] has decreased to 1 X 10-3 mol dm-3 -2
Use the graph to determine the volume of 0.100 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide solution needed to exactly -3
.neutralize the nitric acid

.Calculate the concentration, in mol dm-3, of the nitric acid -4

b- A 25.0 cm3 sample of 0.100 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid was placed in a conical flask, and 0.100 mol dm-3 sodium
hydroxide is added until a total of 50.0 cm3 had been added. Sketch a graph of pH against volume of NaOH (aq)
added, clearly showing the volume of NaOH (aq) needed for complete reaction and the pH values at the start, the
.equivalence point and finish

c- The experiment in (b) was repeated, but with a 25.0 cm3 sample of 0.100 mol dm-3 ethanoic acid in the conical
flask instead of the hydrochloric acid. Use information from Table 21 of the Data Booklet to calculate the pH at the
.start of the experiment. State the approximate pH value at the equivalence point
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Q(33)
.a- Describe the behavior of a buffer solution

b- Nitric acid and ammonia may be used to make a buffer solution. Describe how you could prepare a buffer
.solution using 0.100 mol dm-3 solutions of nitric acid and ammonia
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Q(34)
a- Using information from Table 21 of the Data Booklet, write an equation for the dissociation of chloroethanoic
.acid, and calculate the pH value of a 0.200 mol dm-3 solution of chloroethanoic acid at 298 K

.b- The approximate pH values of four equimolar aqueous salt solutions are shown in the following table

D C B A Solution
9 7 6 2 pH value

The solutions are listed below. Match each of the solutions with the letter (A, B, C or D) by writing the letter next to
.the appropriate solution

Potassium bromide
Potassium ethanoate
Iron (II) chloride
Iron (III) chloride

.c- Give a reason for each of your choices in part (b)

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Q(35)
a- 0.100 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution is added to 25.0 cm3 0.100 mol dm-3 ammonia solution and the pH is
.recorded until a total of 35.0 cm3 hydrochloric acid has been added

Sketch a graph to show how the pH changes as hydrochloric acid is added to the ammonia solution. Use a pH -1
.scale of 0 – 14, and an acid volume scale of 0 – 35 cm3. Explain the shape of the curve

Use table 22 of the Data Booklet to suggest an indicator that could be used in the titration, explaining your -2
.choice

-b
Suggest the identity of an acid and its amount that could be added to a solution containing 0.10 mol ammonia in -1
.order to prepare a buffer

Explain how the solution you prepare in (b) (1) can act as a buffer solution when a strong base is added to it. -2
.Write an equation to illustrate the buffer action

Given pKb (ammonia) = 4.75, determine the pH when half the ammonia in a sample of cleaning solution has -3
.been neutralized

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Q(36)
The graph below shows a computer simulation of a titration of 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid with
.0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide and the pH range of phenol red indicator

Sketch the graph that would be obtained for the titration of 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 propanoic acid with 0.100
mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide using bromophenol blue as an indicator. (The pH range of bromophenol blue can be
.found in Table 22 of the Data Booklet)

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 Q(37)
A 25.0 cm3 solution of a weak monoprotic acid, HA (aq), is titrated with 0.155 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH
.(aq), and the following graph is obtained

.a- Determine the pH at the equivalence point

.b- Explain, using an equation, why the equivalence point is not at pH = 7

.c- Calculate the concentration of the weak acid before the addition of any NaOH (aq)

.d- Estimate, using data from the graph, the dissociation constant, Ka, of the weak acid, HA, showing your working

.e- Suggest an appropriate indicator for this titration

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Q(38)
Buffer solutions resist small changes in pH. A phosphate buffer can be made by dissolving NaH2PO4 and Na2HPO4
.in water, in which NaH2PO4 produces the acidic ion and Na2HPO4 produces the conjugate base ion

a- Deduce the acid and conjugate base ions that make up the phosphate buffer and state the ionic equation that
.represents the phosphate buffer

b- Describe how the phosphate buffer minimizes the effect of the addition of a strong base, OH-1 (aq), to the buffer.
.Illustrate your answer with an ionic equation

c- Describe how the phosphate buffer minimizes the effect of the addition of a strong acid, H+1 (aq), to the buffer.
.Illustrate your answer with an ionic equation

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Q(39)
Bromocresol green is an acid–base indicator. Information about bromocresol green is given in Table 22 of the Data
.Booklet

.a- Identify the property of bromocresol green that makes it suitable to use as an acid–base indicator

.b- State and explain the relationship between the pH range of bromocresol green and its pKa value
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 Q(40)
The graph below indicates the pH change during the titration of 20.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 of CH3COOH (aq) with
.0.100 mol dm-3 KOH (aq)

.a- From the graph, identify the volume of KOH (aq) and the pH at the equivalence point

b- Explain how the graph could be used to determine the pKa of ethanoic acid and determine the pKa value for
.these data

c- Sketch a graph, similar to the graph on the previous page, to indicate the change in pH during a titration of 25.0
cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 HNO3 (aq) with 0.100 mol dm-3 KOH (aq). On your graph, clearly indicate the starting pH
.value, the equivalence point, the pH at the equivalence point and the final pH reached

d- Using Table 22 of the Data Booklet, identify the most appropriate indicator for the titration of ethanoic acid with
.potassium hydroxide
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Q(41) Determine the pH of the solution resulting when 100 cm3 of 0.50 mol dm-3 HCl (aq) is mixed with 200 cm3 of
.0.10 mol dm-3 NaOH (aq)

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Q(42)
.A 0.10 mol dm-3 ammonia solution is placed in a flask and titrated with a 0.10 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution
.a- Explain why the pH of the ammonia solution is less than 13

b- Estimate the pH at the equivalence point for the titration of hydrochloric acid with ammonia and explain your
.reasoning

c- When half the ammonia has been neutralized (the half-equivalence point), the pH of the solution is 9.25. Deduce
.the relationship between [NH3] and [NH4+1] at the half-equivalence point

.d- Determine pKb and Kb for ammonia based on the pH at the half-equivalence point

.e- Describe the significance of the half-equivalence point in terms of its effectiveness as a buffer
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Q(43) A household bleach contains sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl (aq). The hypochlorite ion, OCl-1 (aq) is a weak
.base

OCl-1 (aq) + H2O (l) ↔ HOCl (aq) + OH-1 (aq)

.The pKa value of HOCl (aq) is 7.52. Determine the Kb value of OCl-1 (aq) assuming a temperature of 298 K

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Q(44) A student titrated 25.00 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm-3 solution of hydrofluoric acid, HF (aq), with 0.100 mol dm-3
.NaOH (aq). Some of his data are presented below

a- Two different data points can be used to determine a value for the pKa of HF (aq). Identify the data points and
.determine the pKa using two different calculations

b- Identify an indicator which could be used to find the equivalence point of the titration using Table 22 of the Data
.Booklet
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