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Computer Skills - Eng Only-2024

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
30 views69 pages

Computer Skills - Eng Only-2024

Uploaded by

anandiit8
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Skills

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Dear participant

Welcome to the Computer Skills training program. After completing this program, you will have
the knowledge of basic computer concepts, components of computer, operating system and
how to work on MS Excel, MS word and internet.
In order to work on computer effectively, you must obtain a fair understanding of the computer
system with focus on its utilities and advantages. The training course is designed to equip you
with the basic knowledge with a focus on skills for working on computer.

We all are responsible for our personal development. All the best!

• Greet your instructor and the other participants when you enter the class.
• Always be punctual for every class.
• Be regular.
• Inform your instructor if, for any reason, you need to miss class.
• Pay careful attention to what your instructor is saying or showing.
• In case you do not understand something, do not hesitate to put up your hand and seek
clarification. Take all necessary precautions, as instructed by your trainer, when using
machinery and tools.
• Make sure you are neatly attired and presentable at all times.
• Participate actively in all the activities, discussions and games during training. It will make
you more confident and help in the learning process.
• The three most important words you must always remember and use in your daily
conversation are PLEASE, THANK YOU and SORRY.

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Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction to computer ...................................................................................4
Chapter 2. Basic computer knowledge ...............................................................................7
Chapter 3. Typing lessons and practice ............................................................................11
Chapter 4. Concept of Operating System .........................................................................16
Chapter 5. MS Word ............................................................................................................26
Chapter 6. MS EXCEL .........................................................................................................36
Chapter 7. Internet Concepts .............................................................................................56

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Chapter 1. Introduction to computer

What are computers?


Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculations according to a set of instructions,
or programs. The first fully electronic computers, introduced in the 1940s, were huge machines
that required teams of people to operate. Compared to those early machines, today’s
computers are amazing. Not only are they thousands of times faster, they can fit on your desk,
on your lap, or even in your pocket.
Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware refers to the parts
of a computer that you can see and touch, including the case and everything inside it. The
most important piece of hardware is a tiny rectangular chip inside your computer called the
central
processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor. It’s the “brain” of your computer—the part that
translates instructions and performs calculations. Hardware items such as your monitor,
keyboard, mouse, printer, and other components are often called hardware devices, or
devices.

Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word-
processing program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software.
The operating system (OS) is software that manages your computer and the devices
connected to it. Windows is a well-known operating system.

Types of computers
Computers range in size and capability. At one end of the scale are supercomputers, very
large computers with thousands of linked microprocessors that perform extremely complex
calculations. At the other end are tiny computers embedded in cars, TVs, stereo systems,
calculators, and appliances. These computers are built to perform a limited number of tasks.
The personal computer, or PC, is designed to be used by one person at a time. This section
describes the various kinds of personal computers: desktops, laptops, handheld computers,
and Tablet PCs.
DESKTOP COMPUTERS are designed for use at a desk or table.
They are typically larger and more powerful than other types of personal computers. Desktop
computers are made up of separate components. The main component, called the system
unit, is usually a rectangular case that sits on or underneath
a desk. Other components, such as the monitor, mouse, and keyboard, connect to the system
unit.
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LAPTOPS are lightweight mobile PCs with a thin screen. Laptops can operate on batteries,
so you can take them anywhere. Unlike desktops, laptops combine the CPU, screen, and
keyboard in a single case. The screen folds down onto the keyboard when not in use.

SMARTPHONES are mobile phones that have some of the same capabilities as a computer.
You can use a smartphone to make telephone calls, access the Internet, organize contact
information, send e mail and text messages, play games, and take pictures. Smartphones
usually have a keyboard and a large screen.

HANDHELD COMPUTERS, also called personal digital assistants (PDAs), are battery-
powered computers small enough to carry almost anywhere. Handheld computers are useful
for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and phone numbers, and playing games.
Instead of keyboards, handheld computers have touch screens that you use with your finger
or astylus (a pen-shaped pointing tool).

TABLET PCS are mobile PCs that combine features of laptops and handheld computers. Like
laptops, they’re powerful and have a built-in screen. Like handheld computers, they allow you
to write notes or draw pictures on the screen, usually with a tablet pen instead of a stylus.

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Advantages of computers
Compared to traditional systems, computers offer many noteworthy advantages. The main
advantages offered by computers are as follows:
• High Accuracy
• Superior Speed of Operation
• Large Storage Capacity
• User-friendly Features
• Portability
• Platform independence
• Economical in the long term

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Chapter 2. Basic computer knowledge

What can you do with computers?


In the workplace, many people use computers to keep records, analyze data, do research,
and manage projects. At home, you can use computers to find information, store pictures
and music, track finances, play games, and communicate with others—and those are just a
few of the possibilities.
You can also use your computer to connect to the Internet, a network that links computers
around the world. With Internet access, you can communicate with people all over the world
and find a vast amount of information.

Here are some of the most popular things to do with computers:

THE WEB
The World Wide Web is a gigantic storehouse of information. The web is the most popular
part of the Internet, partly because it displays most information in a visually appealing format.
Headlines, text, and pictures can be combined on a single webpage—along with sounds and
animation. A website is a collection of interconnected webpages. The web contains millions
of websites and billions of webpages.
Surfing the web means exploring it. You can find information on the web about almost any
topic imaginable. For example, you can read news stories and movie reviews, check airline
schedules, see street maps, get the weather forecast for your city, or research a health
condition. The web is also a shopper’s delight. You can browse and purchase products—
books, music, toys, clothing, electronics at the websites of major retailers.

E MAIL
E mail (short for electronic mail) is a convenient way to communicate with others. When you
send an e mail message, it arrives almost instantly in the recipient’s e mail inbox. You can
send e mail to many people simultaneously and you can save, print, and forward e mail to
others. You can send almost any type of file in an e mail message, including documents,
pictures, and music files.

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INSTANT MESSAGING
Instant messaging is like having a real-time conversation with another person or a group of
people. When you type and send an instant message, the message is immediately visible to
all participants. Unlike e-mail, all participants have to be online (connected to the Internet)
and in front of their computers at the same time. Communicating by means of instant
messaging is called chatting.

PICTURES, MUSIC, AND MOVIES


If you have a digital camera, you can move your pictures from the camera to your computer.
Then you can print them, create slide shows, or share them with others by e-mail or by posting
them on a website. You can also listen to music and watch movies on your computer.

GAMING
Do you like to play games? Thousands of computer games in every conceivable category
are available to entertain you. Get behind the wheel of a car, battle frightening creatures in a
dungeon, or control civilizations and empires! Many games allow you to compete with other
players around the world through the Internet.

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Components of computer
The motherboard is the main component inside the case. It is a large rectangular board with
integrated circuitry that connects the various parts of the computer as the CPU, RAM, Disk
drives (CD, DVD, Hard disk or any others) as well as any other peripherals connected via the
ports or the expansion slots. Components directly attached to the motherboard include:
• The central processing unit (CPU) performs most of the calculations that enable a
computer to function and is sometimes referred to as the “brain” of the computer. It is
usually cooled by a heat sink and fan.
• The chip set aids communication between the CPU and the other components of the
system, including main memory.
• RAM (Random Access Memory) stores all running processes (applications) and the
current running OS.
• The BIOS includes boot firmware and power management. The Basic Input Output
System tasks are handled by operating system drivers.
• Internal Buses connect the CPU to various internal components and to expansion cards
for graphics and sound.

POWER SUPPLY
A power supply unit (PSU) converts alternating current (AC) electric power to low voltage
DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch
to change between 230 V and 115 V.

REMOVABLE MEDIA DEVICES


• CD (compact disc): The most common type of removable media, suitable for music
and data.
• CD Writer: A device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
• DVD (digital versatile disc): A popular type of removable media that is the same size
as a CD but stores up to 12 times as much information - the most common way of
transferring digital video and is popular for data storage.
• DVD Writer: A device used for both reading and writing data to and from a DVD
• Blu-ray Disc: A high-density optical disc format for data and high-definition video that
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can store 70 times as much information as a CD.
• USB flash drive: A flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB interface,
typically small, lightweight, removable and rewritable with varying capacities from
hundreds of megabytes to tens of gigabytes.

SECONDARY STORAGE
This hardware keeps data inside the computer for later use and retains it even when the
computer has no power.
• Hard disk: A device for medium-term storage of data

OTHER PERIPHERALS
In addition, hardware devices can include external components of a computer system. The
following are either standard or very common.
• Keyboard: A device to input text and characters by pressing buttons.

Pointing devices
• Mouse: A pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to its supporting
surface
• Optical Mouse: Uses light to determine motion
• Touch screen: Senses the user pressing directly on the display Gaming devices
• Joystick: A control device that consists of a handheld stick that pivots around one end,
to detect angles in two or three dimensions
• Game controller: A specific type of controller specialized for certain gaming purposes
Image, video input devices
• Image scanner: A device that provides input by analyzing images, printed text,
handwriting or an object
• Webcam: A low resolution video camera used to provide visual input that can be easily
transferred over the Internet Audio input devices
• Microphone: An acoustic sensor that provides input by converting sound into electrical
signals

Worksheet
Match the columns

S. NO COLUMN A COLUMN B
1 Mouse It used to connecting to the Internet.
2 Keyboard It is used for operating the system. Nowadays, optical is
more
popular as compared to simple one.
3 Motherboard It displays the actions that the computer performs on our
command.
4 Hard disk It is used to input data in to the system so that the system
gives
output to the user.
5 Monitor It contains different elements as memory, processor,
modem, slots
for graphic card and LAN card.
6 Modem It is used to store data permanently on computer.

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Chapter 3. Typing lessons and practice

Lesson 1:
The home row of the keyboard is the most important to the touch-typist.
When at rest the typist’s fingers are positioned, lightly, on the A‐S‐D‐F keys for the left hand,
and the J‐K‐L‐; keys for the right hand.

The left index finger will control the F and G keys, the right index finger will control the J
and H keys.
The left middle finger will control the D key; the right middle finger will control the K key.
The left ring finger will control the S key; the right ring finger will control the L key.
The left little finger will control the A key; the right little finger will control the; key.
The spacebar is controlled by the right thumb.
THE HOME ROW
LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND
LF RF MF IF IF IF IF MF RF LF
A S D F G H J K L ;

LF = little finger, RF = ring finger, MF = middle finger, IF = index finger

The F and J keys often have small raised bumps on their tops, a physical aid for the typist.
The locations of all the other keys on the keyboard are learned in relation to these home
keys so the typist must be able to find the home keys by touch.
Using the raised bumps on the F and J keys as a guide, see if you can put your fingers on
the home row correctly, without looking at the keyboard.
Make sure you are sitting up straight, your feet flat on the floor. Keep your elbows close to
your body, your wrists straight and your forearms level, and remember - take regular breaks.

When you are ready to begin, start an exercise and strike the key requested. Try not to look
at the keyboard. It will be difficult at first but as the exercise progresses you will find it becomes
easier and your fingers will begin to move without you consciously deciding which finger is
associated with which key.

You may find it helpful to quietly say the name of the key as you strike it.
Don’t let your mistakes cause you to lose heart, typing is a skill that can be learned by
practice.

LESSON 1 EXERCISE:
Exercise 1: Please type
asdfg hjkl; asdfg hjkl; ;lkjh gfdsa asdfg hjkl; ;lkjh gfdsa ;lkjh gfdsa
Exercise 2: Please type
ah had lag slag ah had lag slag ah had ah had lag slag
Exercise 3: Please type
hash flash ask has hash flash ask has hash hash flash ask hash
Exercise 4: Please type
dash gash lash dash gash lash dash gash lash dash gash lash
Exercise 5: Please type
lad sash flag lad sash flag lad sash flag lad sash flag lad sash
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Exercise 6: Please type
fall gall hall lass fall gall hall lass fall fall gall hall lass fall
Exercise 7: Please type
glass alfalfa adds glass alfalfa adds glass alfalfa adds glass alfalfa
Exercise 8: Please type
sad shall salad sad shall salad sad shall salad sad shall salad sad shall
Exercise 9: Please type
ash glad alas ash glad alas ash glad alas ash glad alas ash glad alas
Exercise 10: Please type
all flask half all flask half all flask half all flask half all flask half

Lesson 2:
The third row of the keyboard is the Q‐W‐E‐R‐T‐Y row.
The left index finger will control the R and T keys, the right index finger will control the Y
and U keys.
The left middle finger will control the E key, the right middle finger will control the I key.
The left ring finger will control the W key, the right ring finger will control the O key.
The left little finger will control the Q key, the right little finger will control the P key.

THE QWERTY ROW


LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND
LF RF MF IF IF IF IF MF RF LF
Q W E R T Y U I O P
A S D F G H J K L ;
LF = little finger, RF = ring finger, MF = middle finger, IF = index finger

In our last lesson we learned the locations of the home row keys, enough in themselves to
allow us to type some words without looking at the keyboard already.

The QWERTY row, is also the hardest working. Four of the five vowels, E‐I‐O‐U are to be
found in this row. After completing the second lesson you should discover that you are already
well on the way to being a typist and your fingers are becoming ever more adept at finding
the right key without your conscious thought.

LESSON 2 EXERCISES:
Exercise 1: Please type
qwert yuiop qwert yuiop; poiuy trewq poiuy trewq qwert yuiop qwert
Exercise 2: Please type
till quail tight yell; will those feat lake hash till quail tight yell; will
Exercise 3: Please type
wire this flay queue; there rail sale gypsy is wire this flay queue; there
Exercise 4: Please type
usher wake yaw tide; quash their light rash that usher wake yaw tide;
Exercise 5: Please type
slit guide tale rage; the depth quests these slit guide tale rage;
Exercise 6: Please type
tale trash slide day; take urge wages wake typist tale trash slide day;
Exercise 7: Please type
play rest jaw quail; why fell its well peat two play rest jaw quail; why
Exercise 8: Please type
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typed sure peep sill; ogre rate quell paw yap use typed sure peep sill;
Exercise 9: Please type
if do pit dug wary; quaff law stop lair gate here if do pit dug wary;
Exercise 10: Please type
go her with hit; fight tug quill day saw yippee go her with hit; fight tug

Lesson 3:
Once you have mastered the first row first row of the keyboard, the Z‐X‐C‐V‐B row, you will
have learned all the alpha keys on the keyboard, the most popular punctuation keys. We will
also introduce capitals letters in this lesson.
Your keyboard should have two shift keys, one to the left, one to the right. So, if you are to
type a capital R, you will strike the R key with the index finger of your left hand while
depressing the shift key with the little finger of your right hand.
The left index finger will control the V and B keys, and the right index finger will control the
N and M keys.
The left middle finger will control the C key, and the right middle finger will control the, key.
The left ring finger will control the X key, and the right ring finger will control the. key.
The left little finger will control the Z key, and the right little finger will control the/key.
The left shift key is controlled by the left little finger and the right shift key is controlled by
the right little finger.
LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND
LF RF MF IF IF IF IF MF RF LF
Q W E R T Y U I O P
A S D F G H J K L ;
Z X C V B N M , . /
LF = little finger, RF = ring finger, MF = middle finger, IF = index finger

Once again, you may find it helpful to quietly say the name of the key as you strike it. Typing
is a skill that can be learned by practice.

LESSON 3 EXERCISES:
Exercise 1: Please type
zxcvb nm,./ zxcvb nm,./ /.,mn bvcxz /.,mn bvcxz zxcvb nm,./ zxcvb
Exercise 2: Please type by, zip wean trying stump shrink rice ping/ mail by, zip wean trying
Exercise 3: Please type
king fan crick, chill block. back abbot. aflame/ mix king fan crick, chill
Exercise 4: Please type zest win, thump skunk. plain muffin, knight/ exit zest win, thump
skunk.
Exercise 5: Please type daring. choke bishop. admit twine sultan, sing/ roman daring. choke
Exercise 6: Please type pink, nicest mate knit. groan flock, divide coop/ advice pink, nicest
Exercise 7: Please type vilest turbot, track snick scoot revoke. rein/ paving vilest turbot, track
Exercise 8: Please type Office. Meat. Lean. Hiking. Feline. Decay. Clash. Bright. Office. Meat.
Exercise 9: Please type Bump. Prank. Bate. Turnip. Bap. Aging. Aback. Wombat. Vine.
Exercise 10: Please type Vexing. Typing. Being. Sump. Faxing. Rink. Blot. Nice.

Lesson 4:
In our first three lessons we covered the first three rows of the keyboard. This being our fourth
lesson, we cover the fourth row. The number row.
The left index finger will control the 4 and 5 keys, the right index finger will control the 6 and
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7 keys.
The left middle finger will control the 3 key; the right middle finger will control the 8 key.
The left ring finger will control the 2 key; the right ring finger will control the 9 key.
The left little finger will control the 1 key; the right little finger will control the 0 key.
THE NUMBER ROW
LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND
LF RF MF IF IF IF IF MF RF LF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Q W E R T Y U I O P
A S D F G H J K L ;
Z X C V B N M , . /

LF = little finger, RF = ring finger, MF = middle finger, IF = index finger

The number row presents a unique challenge to the typist. It is the furthest from the typist’s
fingers’ resting position, the home row. These exercises will try to accustom you to the range
of movement your fingers must achieve when dealing with a mixture of alpha-numeric
keystrokes. When you are ready to begin the lesson start an exercise and strike the key
requested. Try not to look at the keyboard, it will be difficult at first but as the exercise
progresses you will find it becomes easier and your fingers will begin to move without you
consciously deciding which finger is associated with which key.

LESSON 4 EXERCISES:
Exercise 1: Please type
12345 67890 12345 67890 09876 54321 09876 54321
Exercise 2: Please type
380, 157, 062, 519.238, 406, 925, 640, 502.798, 256
Exercise 3: Please type
A1 S2 D3 F4 G5 H6 J7 K8 L9 ;0 9l 8k 7j 6h 5g 4f 3d 2s 1a
Exercise 4: Please type
Moscow 013 Sofia 982 Nuuk 176 Riga 541 Vilnius 194
Exercise 5: Please type
32A Rome 174B Paris 985 Berlin 681 Madrid 704 Vienna
Exercise 6: Please type
831 Warsaw 495 Amsterdam 672 Brussels 140 Copenhagen
Exercise 7: Please type
640 Prague 135 Bratislava 217 Nicosia 489 Tallinn 810
Exercise 8: Please type
7.72 Helsinki 6.39 Athens 7.02 Valletta 14.2 Lisbon 87.6
Exercise 9: Please type
16.9 Ljubljana 0.24 Stockholm 81.3 Dublin 5.39 Oslo 71.6
Exercise 10: Please type
76.9 Belgrade 1.35 Reykjavik 72.0 Bern 86.4 Kiev
Lesson 5:
This is the last lesson in our typing course. You should by now be more comfortable with
typing. Hands on the keyboard, eyes on the screen; both your accuracy and your speed will
improve with practice.

The exercises in this lesson focus on practicing the different character keys.
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Lowercase – the shift key is NOT held down
LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND
LF LF RF MF IF IF IF IF MF RF LF LF LF
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 - =
q w e r t y u i o p [ ]
a s d f g h j k l ; ' \
` z x c v b n m , . /

UPPERCASE – the shift key IS held down


LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND
LF LF RF MF IF IF IF IF MF RF LF LF LF
! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ +
Q W E R T Y U I O P { }
A S D F G H J K L : " |
~ Z X C V B N M < > ?
LF = little finger, RF = ring finger, MF = middle finger, IF = index finger

LESSON 5 EXERCISES:
Exercise 1: Please type
!@#$% ^&*()_+ +_)(*&^ %$#@! !@#$% ^&*()_+
Exercise 2: Please type
;’/ p[] 0-= =-0 ][p /’; ;’/ p[] =-
Exercise 3: Please type
1’1 1;1 ;/; ,<, .>. /?/ ;:; ‘”’ \|\ ]}] [{[
Exercise 4: Please type
#15 @ $56.80 = 17%, 15*(12+3)=15^2, 2- !=4-2
Exercise 5: Please type
if($totalqty = 0) {echo “you did not order anything”};
Exercise 6: Please type
if(document.images) && (prelodFlag ==)) {for var i=0
Exercise 7: Please type
>>> for n in [1, 2, 3]: print n; %d x 7 = %d % ( j,j*7)
Exercise 8: Please type
void main() {int angle_degree; double angle_radian. pi
Exercise 9: Please type
if(chair $where){ #we got there } else { #not }
Exercise 10: Please type
if (index >= size) throw new ArrayIndexOutOfBounds

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Chapter 4. Concept of Operating System

Windows XP
Windows XP is a personal computer operating system created by Microsoft as part of the
Windows NT family of operating systems. Basically, It let you use different types of
applications or software on the operating system For example, it allows you to use a word
processing application to write a letter and a spreadsheet application to track your financial
information. Windows XP is a graphical user interface (GUI).
Learn more about Windows XP by exploring it
There are different versions of Windows, when you install any version of Windows on your
operating system it is known as to ‘upgrade´ your system. Below are the images of different
versions of windows for your more clarity.

Different versions of windows:

Exploring the tools and parts of an operating system


DESKTOP: The desktop is your work surface representing a physical workspace at home or
work. It is the screen you see once your computer has finished booting up and you are ready
to get started. WALLPAPER (DESKTOP BACKGROUND): the image on your desktop is
called Wallpaper or Desktop Background.
ICONS: the small pictures are shortcuts to programs called icons. Double-click icons to start
a program. Clicking the Start button also shows a list of programs and other options on the
computer.
TASKBAR: the blue bar across the bottom of the screen is called the Task Bar.

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SYSTEM TRAY: It is an area where you can access programs that are running in the
background. The more programs you have in this area, the longer it takes for the computer to
boot up. The system tray of a desktop area has icons as shown in the image to indicate which
programs are currently running in the background. Once you single click on the left-facing
arrow button you would be able to open and see what else is there.

Volume Controls – The speaker icon will open the volume controls. Once you do the single
click on an icon you can make a quick volume change. Click and drag on the bar to raise or
lower the overall volume, or click in the check box to mute all sound as shown in the picture.

To view sound settings, right click on the sound icon in task bar and left click on open volume
control or double click on the sound icon. To change the volume settings, click and move the
volume bars up and down in specific categories. To set volume balance, click and move
balance bars right and left. To mute, click the check box below the volume categories.
External Hardware – You might run across this icon on your operating system frequently. This
appears every time any piece of external hardware is plugged in. for e.g. USBs like pen drives,
digital cameras, external hard drives, etc.

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Windows Updates – A yellow shield with an exclamation mark on it will appear, if the computer
has any updates from Microsoft to be downloaded. Make a single click on the icon to identify
what needs to be done as shown in the picture, once you single click, your computer will
walk you through the steps.

Power – There are two symbols for power one is a battery and the other is a power cord with
a blue lightning bolt. The latter symbol means that the laptop is plugged into the wall outlet
and is charging. The battery symbol means that the laptop is running purely off of batter
Power.

Wireless – Laptop computers are capable of connecting to a wireless network to gain access
to the Internet. To connect to a network, right click on the wireless icon and choose.

View Available Wireless Networks: In the Window that appears, choose the network from the
list that you desire to connect to and click on the Connect button that will appear in the lower
right corner.

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ADD OR REMOVE DESKTOP ICONS: You can add or delete Icons or Desktop Shortcuts
from the Desktop area.
To add an Icon:
• Click on the Start button.
• Put your mouse over All Programs. A menu will appear with all of your programs.
• Go to the program that you want to create a shortcut for and Right‐click on it. A menu
will appear.
• Point to Send To
• Left click on Desktop (create shortcut)

To remove an icon:
• Left click on the icon.
• Hit the Delete button on your keyboard.
• When your computer asks if you are sure you would like to delete this program, click on
the Delete Shortcut button. The window that popped up is called a Dialog Box.

DIALOGUE BOX: A dialog box is window that appears when your computer has a question
for you. Sometimes a dialog box appears merely to inform you of something. You must click
on the OK button to acknowledge that you have read the message before you can continue.
For example:
• Double click on the My Documents folder on the desktop.
• Locate the folder titled Travel Class, and right click on it.
• Left click on Rename.
• Type eBay and press the enter key on the keyboard.
• A dialog box will appear to inform you that you cannot rename the folder to “eBay”
because an item by that name already exists.

CREATE A FOLDER:
Some people like to keep folders on their desktop to keeping important files in. (You could
also use the My Documents folder for this purpose.)

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To create a folder:
• Find an empty area on your desktop with
• no icons or windows in the way.
• Right click on the empty space.
• Point to New. (You do not need to click.)
• In the menu that pops out, left click on

Folder:
• Your new folder has been created and is waiting for a name. Don’t click! Just start typing
to give the folder a name.
• When finished, hit the enter key on the keyboard or click beside the folder. Your new
folder is ready to receive files.

WALLPAPER
The wallpaper, or image, that is on your desktop can be changed. To change your wallpaper:
Find an empty area on your desktop With no icons or windows in the way.
• Right click on the empty space
• Left click on Properties
• Left click on the Desktop tab at the top Of that window

OR

• Click on the Start button


• Click on Control Panel
• Click on Appearance and Themes (or Display folder versions of Windows and skip the
next step)
• Click on Change the Desktop Background. The Display Properties Dialog box will
appear

Choose your wallpaper or background image from the list in the center.
• Choose how you would like it position from the drop-down list (centered, tiled, or
stretched).
• Then click on Apply. The image that you have chosen will appear on your desktop. If
you don’t like it, choose another one.

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SCREEN SAVER AND POWER SCHEMES
The other tab over is called Screen Saver. This area allows you to add a screen saver to
your computer, although LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors do not need to have a screen
saver activated. Choose a screen saver from the drop- down list if desired and choose a
length of time to wait for it to begin.
More importantly, the power option button found on the lower half of this window is very
helpful. (It can also be found by going to your Start menu, Control Panel, Performance and
Power Options.

PLACE YOUR FAVORITE WEBPAGE AS A DESKTOP ICON


You can create a shortcut of your favorite web page directly on your Desktop.

• To create the shortcut, you must first open your Internet browser.
(Double click on the Internet Explorer icon.)
• Type in the web address of the page you want to view and hit the enter key on your
keyboard.
• Once the website is open, restore down the windows to that you can view the Desktop
space partially behind the opened webpage.
• Either: Point your mouse at the icon to the left of the web address in the address bar
as shown below. Hold down your left mouse button and drag the small icon onto empty
area of your Desktop. Let go and a shortcut of your webpage will be created on your
Desktop.

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MANAGING MULTIPLE WINDOWS
Your taskbar area shows which windows are open, if you open a lot of windows from the same
program, they will start to stack up. Let’s open a lot of windows and see what happens.

• In Internet Explorer, click on the File menu and then on New Window.
• In the address bar type Yahoo.com and hit the enter key on the keyboard.
• Repeat the first two steps at least 5 times and go to different websites such as
Google.com, abc.com, nbc.com, msnbc.com, pbs.org, fox8.com and wews.com.
Your taskbar will start to get full. Once you have seven windows open, they will all group
together under one item.

Normally, if your items aren’t grouped together, you would be able to select one item from
the taskbar to navigate to that window. When they are all stacked, you have to click on the
group and go from there.
• Left click on the group of stacked Internet Explorer windows in the taskbar to open the
list.
• Notice you can see which website each one represents. Click on the one you would like
to see.

The Keyboard
A computer keyboard is very much like a typewriter keyboard, but it has some extra keys.

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The ESC key in the upper left corner will close any menus you have opened but do not want
to select an item from. (Try opening the Start menu and then click on the Esc key.)

The Function keys along the top of the keyboard each have special uses, often in conjunction
with the ALT or CTRL keys, depending on the program you are using. F1 usually open the
program’s Help options. It is different for every program.

In the bottom left corner are three keys unique to the keyboard – CTRL, Windows, and ALT.
The CTRL key is used in conjunction with other keys to perform various functions. (CTRL +P
will open the print window when in Microsoft Word.)
The Windows key works like pressing the Start button on the screen.
The ALT key is another helper key used in conjunction with other keys.
The Caps Lock key is used in typing. Pressing this key once will make all letters you type
CAPITALIZED. Press the Caps Lock key again to turn off this feature.

The Shift key is used in typing to make one capital letter. To capitalize a letter, press the
Shift key and hold it down, then press the letter you want capitalized. Release the Shift key
and continue to type.

Page Up and Page Down move the cursor through a document page by page, either up or
down.

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The Arrow keys help you move the cursor around the screen (when using a program like
Microsoft Word) or across a line of text when typing in a text box.
The Insert key is used when typing to type over words you have already typed.

The Delete key is used to remove text you have typed that is to the right of the cursor or to
send selected items to the Recycle Bin.
Pressing the Home key sends your cursor to the beginning of a line of text. Pressing the End
key sends the cursor to the end of a line.

To the right of the spacebar, you see another Alt key, Windows key, and Ctrl key. Notice the
new
Application key. Pressing this key is the same as pressing the right mouse button (right
clicking).
The Backspace key is used to remove text you have typed that is to the left of the cursor.

The Enter key gives a new line (like a carriage return) when you are typing. At other times
the Enter key works like a left mouse click.

Common Windows Commands


One feature of Windows is that there are usually many ways to perform an action. This table
shows the Windows Command, with the Menu, Keyboard and Toolbar ways to tell the
computer to perform that action. Command Menu Keyboard Toolbar

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KEY DESCRIPTION
Alt + F File menu options in current program.
Alt + E Edit options in current program
Alt + Tab Switch between open programs
F1 Universal Help in almost every Windows program.
F2 Rename a selected file
F5 Refresh the current program window
Ctrl + N Create a new, blank document in some software programs
Ctrl + O Open a file in current software program
Ctrl + A Select all text.
Ctrl + B Change selected text to be Bold
Ctrl + I Change selected text to be in Italics
Ctrl + U Change selected text to be Underlined
Ctrl + F Open find window for current document or window.
Ctrl + S Save current document file.
Ctrl + X Cut selected item.
Shift + Del Cut selected item.
Ctrl + C Copy selected item.
Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item
Ctrl + V Paste
Shift + Ins Paste
Ctrl + K Insert hyperlink for selected text
Ctrl + P Print the current page or document.
Home Goes to beginning of current line.
Ctrl + Home Goes to beginning of document.
End Goes to end of current line.
Ctrl + End Goes to end of document.
Shift + Home Highlights from current position to beginning of line.

KEY DESCRIPTION
Shift + End Highlights from current position to end of line.
Ctrl + Left arrow Moves one word to the left at a time.
Ctrl + Right arrow Moves one word to the right at a time.
Ctrl + Esc Opens the START menu
Ctrl + Shift + Esc Opens Windows Task Manager
Alt + F4 Close the currently active program
Alt + Enter Open the Properties for the selected item (file, folder, shortcut,
etc.)
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Chapter 5. MS Word

Concepts of word processing - MS Word


Most people who use a computer daily use word processing skills. Word processing skills
allow us to prepare text documents such as letters, memos, and other correspondence. The
term “word processing” basically means creating a text document and using a computer and
word processing software such as Word. Just to make things a little more confusing, most
modern word processing software allows us to create text documents that include pictures
and drawings.

HOW TO CREATE A WORD DOCUMENT?


Once the document that has opened, type a short paragraph of why you are taking this mini-
session. For example, are you new to Microsoft Word 2007 or are you improving your
software your skills? Remember to purposely misspell some words. Later in the session you’ll
use this paragraph to learn how to spell check and use basic Word 2007 functions.

The above picture shows parts of the Word window, which also contains a document in the
window. This view displays rulers at the top and along the left side which indicate the size of
the page.

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Saving a Document
A Command is used for a first-time save or if you have made revisions to a document and
wish to replace the old version with the new revised document. Use the ‘Save as’ command
to save a revised document to a new name, thus keeping the original as it was before
revisions or to save a copy of a document in a different folder.
1. Save your document in the “My Documents” folder.
2. In the ‘File Name’ box enter the document name.
3. Check to make sure in the ‘Save As Type’ box the word document is (*.docx.)*
4. Click SAVE to complete process.

HOW TO CHANGE FONT TYPE AND SIZE ON A WORD DOCUMENT


As shown in the picture below, the document that you have just created, you are now going
to format the font size and type different fonts and sizes can give character to words in your
document i.e. when you are making your resume, you use BOLD as an ‘eye-catcher’ Also,
font size affects word characteristics.
1. Highlight the text you wish to change the font and size for; in this practice highlight your
name.
2. Click on the font menu, select Theme font for e.g. Arial Black and then select the size of
the font (let’s say 16) as shown in the image below.
3. Now click on SAVE in the Quick Access Toolbar to save your document (Refer to the
second picture below, for saving your document).

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HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN HEADERS AND FOOTERS BY INSERTING TEXTS IN THEM
Headers and Footers in the word document are required to insert information such as text,
page numbers and date. Information on either header or footer will appear in all current
document pages by default, you don’t have to re-type in the header or the footer column when
you add a new page to your current document. The header information appears at the top of
the page while the footer information appears at the bottom of the page.

Follow to the simple steps and refer to the image below to make it work!
Step 1 Click on the option ‘insert’ right next to ‘Home’ from the bar above the word page and
select ‘Header’
Step 2 Choose a style you like, (for now use blank)
Step 3 Let’s use your last name to fill it; now hit enter
Step 4 Add today’s date and then highlight your last name and date
Step 5 Click on the Home tab from the menu
Step 6 Now select ‘Home’ from the bar and then click on ‘left justification button’
Step 7 finally click ‘close Header and Footer’
NOTE: the Header Menu will close and return you to your document to continue typing

SPACING YOUR WORD DOCUMENT IN A RIGHT WAY!


To make project reports which needs paragraphs in double spacing so it is very important to
understand how you would be able to change the space between lines and paragraphs by
doing the following:
1. Select the paragraph or paragraphs you wish to change
2. Click on the Home Tab then click ‘Paragraph’ Dialog Box
3. Click the ‘indents and spacing’ Tab
4. In the ‘Line Spacing’ section, adjust your spacing accordingly
5. The image below shows visual version of how your page would like.

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MODIFYING MARGINS
Word 2007 allows you to preview how your paper will look if the margins are modified. The
page margins can be modified through the following steps:
1. Click the ‘page layout’ tab from the bar
2. Now select ‘Margins’ from there
3. Click a default margin Or
4. Click custom margins and complete the dialog box
NOTE: As you roll over each Margin preset, it will show you how the document will look when
it is modified.

Lists
Lists allow you to format and organize text with numbers, bullets, or in an outline. Rather
than using numbers for steps, an outline list is used to show an example of a type of number
lists.

Bulleted and Numbered Lists


Bulleted lists have bullet points, numbered lists have numbers, and outline lists combine
numbers and letters depending on the organization of the list.

HOW TO ADD LIST TO THE EXISTING TEXT?


• Select the text you wish to make a list
• Click a bulleted or numbered lists button from the paragraph tab on the home tab
• Now, to create a new list in your document, place your cursor where you want the list
to begin. Click a bulleted or numbered lists button and start typing.

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Formatting Lists
Step 1 The bullet image and numbering format can be changed by using the bullets or
numbering dialog box
Step 2 Select the entire list to change all the bullets or numbers, or place the cursor on one
line within the list to change a single bullet
Step 3 Right click once.
Step 4 Click the arrow next to the bulleted or numbered list
Step 5 Now, select a bullet or numbering style

Refer to the image below, for more understanding of how your page would look like.
• Spelling and Grammar
• There are many features to help you proof-read your document these features include:
• Spelling and Grammar
• Thesaurus
• AutoCorrect
• Default Dictionary and,
• Word Count.

The most common feature used is the spelling and grammar checker tool. To check the
spelling and grammar of your document:
• Place the cursor at the beginning of the document or the beginning of the section that
you want to check.
• Click the ‘Review’ Tab on the Ribbon
• Click ‘Spelling & Grammar’ on the Proofing Group.
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Note: Any errors will display a dialog box that allows you to choose a more appropriate
spelling or phrasing. Go through the Spelling and Grammar Checker to correct any spelling
errors you may have made in your document. When the spelling and grammar checker has
completed, you will see a dialog box that notifies you ‘The spelling and grammar check is
completed’.

WORD COUNT
To count words in one selection, you can select the words you want to count. The status bar
displays the number of words in the section for e.g. 50/1,200 means that the section accounts
for 50 words out of the total number of 1200 in the document.
Note: To select the sections of text that are not next to each other, select the first section and
press hold down CRTL (from the keyboard) and select the additional section.

Different editing modes in word


Insert mode and an overtype mode. When insert mode (default) is active, the information you
can type is inserted at the insertion point where as when over-type mode is active the
information is active it isn’t inserted however; t replaces text as you type. To switch between
the 2 modes double click o the OVR letters on the status bar.
Another interesting fact about the word document is that it is not just a document to write
things however you can add expression to your document by inserting images with the
document, now let’s see how this can be done. Always remember not to use any copyright
image if you are using any images from the internet.
The insert picture method supports graphics that may be are too large to fit on the clipboard.
The default setting for inserting or pasting images is “In Line with Text.” The Advanced Word
Options, located in the Office Button Commands Gallery, allow you to change the default
settings to any of the available text wrapping styles.

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HOW TO INSERT AN IMAGE WITH THE WORD DOC
• Place the insertion point at the location where the image has to be placed In the
document
• Select Insert tab >> illustrations gallery
• Now select Insert picture
• Navigate to the appropriate location where the image is stored
• Now select the appropriate image which you want to insert in the document by doing a
double click on the image

Similarly, now let’s see how to insert a table in a word document


The table feature can be used to organize information into rows and columns without having
to set tabs. Tables can also be used to create forms and side by side paragraphs. A table
consists of vertical columns and horizontal rows, the inter-section of those rows and columns
create cells. A cell is each individual square in which you can enter text. The Tab key
advances the cursor to next cell (Shift + tab) it moves the cursor backward within a table.

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Steps below would make it much easier for you to understand how to create a table

1. Place the insertion point at the desired location on your word document
2. From the bar select Insert tab>>tables gallery
3. Now select insert table.
4. Enter desired no. of columns and rows at insert table dialog box
5. Now select AutoFit behavior
6. Click OK

HOW TO INSERT A BLANK PAGE


The blank page command allows you to manually insert a blank page at the desired location.
When you fill a page with text or graphics, Microsoft Office Word inserts an automatic page
break and starts a new page. However, you can manually add pages or delete pages by
adding page breaks or deleting page breaks. Refer to the image below.

INSERTING A PAGE BREAK


You can insert a page break anywhere in the document, or you can specify where Microsoft
Word positions automatic page breaks. If you insert manual page breaks in documents that
are more than several pages in length, you might have to frequently re-break pages as you
edit the document. To avoid the difficult of manually re-breaking pages, you can set options
to control where word positions automatic page breaks. Refer to the image below.

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HOW TO INSERT A COVER PAGE FOR YOUR WORD DOCUMENT
Step 1 From the insert Tab, select Cover Page, the cover page drops down menu will be
displayed
Step 2 Select from the pre-formatted options under Cover Page.
Step 3 To insert a blank page or a page break, position your insertion point at a desired
location
Step 4 Now, from the insert tab, select blank page or page break as shown in the image
below

Now, once the document is ready let’s focusing on learning how to get the document in a
hardcopy!

PRINTING YOUR WORD DOCUMENT

1. Click the ‘Home’ key, select ‘Print’, and then ‘Print’ again.
2. Choose the printer you will be printing from. (Black & White, or Color printer)
3. Once you have selected the printer of your choice, reassure to check if you have
selected the right and the complete document for printing.
4. Once all above steps are performed, select ‘OK’ to print your work.

Now that your document is ready and has been printed as well, let’s see how can we close
and exit this word document completely.

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CLOSING AND EXITING MICROSOFT WORD
It’s always good to reassure that your word file has been saved before closing or exiting the
word.
Note: Closing word would only close the current document however the word would remain
open.

Exiting word would exit the program completely. (You may not have to follow this; it basically
depends on what MS word you are having in the system).

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Chapter 6. MS EXCEL

MS Excel stands for - Microsoft Excel is one of the most popular electronic spreadsheet
applications supported by both Mac and PC platforms. As with a paper spreadsheet, you can
use Excel to organize your data into rows and columns and to perform mathematical
calculations.

MS Excel helps in:


• Managing data online
• Creating visually persuasive charts, and thought-provoking graphs.
• Creating and expense reports
• Building formulas and editing them
• Balancing a checkbook

The following tutorial teaches you how to create an Excel spreadsheet.


Before you begin creating spreadsheets in Excel, you may want to set up your Excel
environment and become familiar with a few key tasks and features such as how to
minimize and maximize the Ribbon, configure the Quick Access toolbar, switch page views,
and access your Excel options.

Exploring the Excel Environment


The tabbed Ribbon menu system is how you navigate through Excel and access the various
Excel commands. If you have used previous versions of Excel, the Ribbon system replaces
the traditional menus. Above the Ribbon in the upper-left corner is the Microsoft Office
Button. From here, you can access important options such as New, Save, Save As, and
Print. By default, the Quick Access Toolbar is pinned next to the Microsoft Office Button
and includes commands such as Undo and Redo.
At the bottom-left area of the spreadsheet, you will find worksheet tabs. By default, three
worksheet tabs appear each time you create a new workbook. On the bottom-right area of
the spreadsheet you will find page view commands, the zoom tool and the horizontal scrolling
bar.

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TO ZOOM IN AND OUT:
• Locate the zoom bar in the bottom-right corner.
• Left-click the slider and drag it to the left to zoom out and right to zoom in.

TO SCROLL HORIZONTALLY IN A WORKSHEET:


• Locate the horizontal scroll bar in the bottom-right corner.
• Left-click the bar and move it from left to right.

TO CHANGE PAGE VIEWS:


• Locate the Page View options in the bottom-right corner. The Page View options are
Normal, Page Layout, and Page Break.
• Left-click an option to select it.

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TO ADD COMMANDS TO THE QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR:
• Click the arrow to the right of the Quick Access toolbar.
• Select the command you wish to add from the drop-down list. It will appear in the Quick
Access toolbar.
• The Save, Undo, and Redo commands appear by default in the Quick Access toolbar.

The Microsoft Office Button


The Microsoft Office Button appears at the top of the Excel window. When you left-click the
button, a menu appears. From this menu, you can create a new spreadsheet, open existing
files, save files in a variety of ways and print. You can also add security features, send, publish
and close files.

TO CHANGE THE DEFAULT EXCEL OPTIONS:


• Click the Excel Options button. A dialog box will appear.
• Select a category on the if to access different Excel options.
• Modify any of the default settings.
• Click OK.

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You will need to know how to insert text and numbers into Excel workbooks to be able to
use it to calculate, analyze, and organize data. In this lesson, you will learn how to create a
new workbook, insert and delete text, navigate a worksheet and save an Excel workbook.

TO CREATE A NEW, BLANK WORKBOOK:


• Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.
• Select New. The New Workbook dialog box opens, and Blank Workbook is highlighted
by default.

Click Create. A new, blank workbook appears in the window.

TO INSERT TEXT:
• Left-click a cell to select it. Each rectangle in the worksheet is called a cell. As you
select a cell, the cell address appears in the Name Box.

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Enter text into the cell using your keyboard. The text appears in the cell and in the formula
bar.

Cell Addresses
Each cell has a name, or a cell address, based on the column and row it is in. For example,
this cell is C3 since it is where column C and row 3 intersect.
You can also select multiple cells at the same time. A group of cells is known as a cell
range. Rather than a single cell address, you will refer to a cell range using the cell addresses
of the first and last cells in the cell range, separated by a colon. For example, a cell range
that included cells A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 would be written as A1:A5.

TO EDIT OR DELETE TEXT:


• Select the cell.
• Press the Backspace key on your keyboard to delete text and make a correction.
• Press the Delete key to delete the entire contents of a cell.
• You can also make changes to and delete text from the formula bar. Just select the
cell and place your insertion point in the formula bar.

TO MOVE THROUGH A WORKSHEET USING THE KEYBOARD:


• Press the Tab key to move to the right of the selected cell.
• Press the Shift key and then the Tab key to move to the left of the selected cell.
• Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to navigate the worksheet.
• Use the arrow keys.
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• To Save the Workbook:
• Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.
• Select Save or Save As.
o Save As allows you to name the file and choose a location to save the spreadsheet.
Choose Save As if you’d like to save the file for the first time or if you’d like to save
the file as a different name.
o Select Save if the file has already been named.

You can save a workbook in many ways, but the two most common are as an Excel
Workbook, which saves it with a 2007 file extension, and as an Excel 97‐2003 Workbook,
which saves the file in a compatible format so people who have earlier versions of Excel can
open the file.
When you open a new, blank workbook, the cells, columns, and rows are set to a default
size. You do have the ability to change the size of each, as well as to insert new columns,
rows, and cells as needed.
TO MODIFY COLUMN WIDTH:
• Position the cursor over the column line in the column heading and a double arrow
will appear.
• Left-click the mouse and drag the cursor to the right to increase the column width or to
the left to decrease the column width.
• Release the mouse button.

TO MODIFY THE ROW HEIGHT:


• Position the cursor over the row line you want to modify, and a double arrow will
appear.
• Left-click the mouse and drag the cursor upward to decrease the row height or
downward to increase the row height.
• Release the mouse button.

TO INSERT ROWS:
• Select the row below where you want the new row to appear.
• Click the Insert command in the Cells group on the Home tab. The row will appear.
• The new row always appears above the selected row.
• Make sure that you select the entire row below where you want the new row to appear
and not just the cell. If you select just the cell and then click Insert, only a new cell will
appear.

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TO INSERT COLUMNS:
• Select the column to the right of where you want the column to appear.
• Click the Insert command in the Cells group on the Home tab. The column will appear.
• The new column always appears to the left of the selected column. For example, if you
want to insert a column between September and October, select the October column
and click the Insert command.
• Make sure that you select the entire column to the right of where you want the new
column to appear and not just the cell. If you select just the cell and then click Insert,
only a new cell will appear.

TO DELETE ROWS AND COLUMNS:


• Select the row or column you’d like to delete.
• Click the Delete command in the Cells group on the Home tab.
• Once you have entered information into a spreadsheet, you will need to be able to
format it.

TO FORMAT TEXT IN BOLD OR ITALICS:


• Left-click a cell to select it or drag your cursor over the text in the formula bar to select
it.
• Click the Bold or Italics command.
• You can select entire columns and rows, or specific cells. To select the entire column,
just left-click the column heading, and the entire column will appear as selected.
• To select specific cells, just left-click a cell and drag your mouse to select the other
cells. Then, release the mouse button.

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TO FORMAT TEXT AS UNDERLINED:
• Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Click the drop-down arrow next to the Underline command.
• Select the Single Underline or Double Underline option.

TO CHANGE THE FONT STYLE


• Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Left-click the drop‐down arrow next to the Font Style box on the Home tab.
• Select a font style from the list.

TO CHANGE THE FONT SIZE:


• Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Left-click the drop‐down arrow next to the Font Size box on the Home tab.
• Select a font size from the list.

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TO CHANGE THE TEXT COLOR:
• Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Left-click the drop‐down arrow next to the Text Color command. A color palette will
appear.
• Select a color from the palette.

OR
• Select More Colors. A dialog box will appear.
• Select a color.
• Click OK.

TO ADD A BORDER:
• Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Click the drop‐down arrow next to the Borders command on the Home tab. A menu
will appear with border options.
• Left-click an option from the list to select it.
• You can change the line style and color of the border.

TO ADD A FILL COLOR:


• Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Click the Fill command. A color palette will appear.
• Select a color.
OR
• Select More Colors. A dialog box will appear.
• Select a color.
• Click OK.
You can use the fill color feature to format columns and rows, and format a worksheet so that
it is easier to read.

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TO FORMAT NUMBERS AND DATES:
• Select the cell or cells you want to format.
• Left-click the drop‐down arrow next to the Number Format box.
• Select one of the options for formatting numbers.
• By default, the numbers appear in the General category, which means there is no
special formatting.

Excel can be used to calculate and analyze numerical information; however, you will need
to know how to write formulas to maximize Excel’s capabilities. A formula is an equation that
performs a calculation using values in the worksheet.

TO CREATE A SIMPLE FORMULA THAT ADDS TWO NUMBERS:


• Click the cell where the formula will be defined (C5, for example).
• Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
• Type the first number to be added (e.g., 1500).
• Type the addition sign (+) to let Excel know that an add operation is to be performed.
• Type the second number to be added (e.g., 200).
• Press Enter or click the Enter button on the Formula bar to complete the formula.

TO CREATE A SIMPLE FORMULA THAT ADDS THE CONTENTS OF TWO CELLS:


• Click the cell where the answer will appear (C5, for example).
• Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
• Type the cell number that contains the first number to be added (C3, for example).
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• Type the addition sign (+) to let
• Excel know that an add operation is to be performed.
• Type the cell address that contains the second number to be added (C4, for example).
• Press Enter or click the Enter button on the Formula bar to complete the formula.

TO CREATE A SIMPLE FORMULA USING THE POINT AND CLICK METHOD:


• Click the cell where the answer will appear (C30, for example).
• Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
• Click on the first cell to be included in the formula (C5, for example).

• Type the subtraction sign (‐) to let Excel know that a subtraction operation is to be
performed.
• Click on the next cell in the formula (C29, for example).
• Press Enter or click the Enter button on the Formula bar to complete the formula.

TO CREATE A SIMPLE FORMULA THAT MULTIPLIES THE CONTENTS OF TWO


CELLS:
• Select the cell where the answer will appear (E32, for example).
• Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
• Click on the first cell to be included in the formula (C9, for example) or type a number.
• Type the multiplication symbol (*) by pressing the Shift key and then the number 8
key. The operator displays in the cell and Formula bar.
• Click on the next cell in the formula or type a number (12, for example).
• Press Enter or click the Enter button on the Formula bar to complete the formula.

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TO CREATE A SIMPLE FORMULA THAT DIVIDES ONE CELL BY ANOTHER:
• Click the cell where the answer will appear.
• Type the equals sign (=) to let Excel know a formula is being defined.
• Click on the first cell to be included in the formula.
• Type a division symbol (/). The operator displays in the cell and Formula bar.
• Click on the next cell in the formula.
• Enter or click the Enter button on the Formula bar to complete the formula.
• It is important to know how to move information from one cell to another in Excel.
Learning the various ways will save you time and make working with Excel easier.
Certain methods are more appropriate depending on how much information you need
to move and where it will reside on the spreadsheet.

TO COPY AND PASTE CELL CONTENTS:


• Select the cell or cells you wish to copy.
• Click the Copy command in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. The border of the
selected cells will change appearance.
• Select the cell or cells where you want to paste the information.
• Click the Paste command. The copied information will now appear in the new cells.
• To select more than one adjoining cell, left-click one of the cells, drag the cursor
until all the cells are selected, and release the mouse button.
• The copied cell will stay selected until you perform your next task, or you can double-
click the cell to deselect it.

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TO CUT AND PASTE CELL CONTENTS:

• Select the cell or cells you wish to cut.


• Click the Cut command in the Clipboard group on the Home tab. The border of the
selected cells will change appearance.
• Select the cell or cells where you want to paste the information.
• Click the Paste command. The cut information will be removed from the original cells
and now appear in the new cells.

TO VIEW THE SPREADSHEET IN PRINT PREVIEW:


• Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.
• Select Print.
• Select Print Preview. The spreadsheet will appear in Print Preview view.
• Click the Close Print Preview button to return to the Normal View.

Exploring Print Preview:


Once you are in Print Preview, you can access many of the same features that you can from
the Ribbon; however, in Print Preview you can see how the spreadsheet will appear in printed
format.

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TO MODIFY MARGINS, COLUMN WIDTH, OR ROW HEIGHT WHILE IN PRINT PREVIEW:
• Click the Print Preview command on the Quick Access toolbar, or select Print Preview
from the Microsoft Office Button menu. The spreadsheet opens in print preview mode.
• However, your cursor over one of the black margin markers until a double arrow
appears.
• Left-click and drag the marker to the desired location. The change will be reflected in
the spreadsheet.

TO MODIFY MARGINS:
• Select the Page Layout tab.
• Left-click the Margins command.
• Choose one of the predefined settings or enter custom margins.

TO CHANGE PAGE ORIENTATION:


• Select the Page Layout tab.
• Left-click the Orientation command.
• Select either Portrait or Landscape. Portrait orients the page vertically, while
Landscape orients the page horizontally.

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TO CHANGE THE PAPER SIZE:
• Select the Page Layout tab.
• Click the Size command.
• Select a size option from the list.

TO PRINT FROM THE MICROSOFT OFFICE BUTTON:


• Left-click the Microsoft Office Button.
• Select Print. The Print dialog box appears.
• Select a printer if you wish to use a printer other than the default setting.
• Click Properties to change any necessary settings.
• Choose whether you want to print specific pages, all of the worksheet, a selected area,
the active sheet or the entire workbook.
• Select the number of copies you’d like to print.
• Click OK.

Excel’s Different Functions


There are many different functions in Excel 2007. Some of the more common functions
include:

STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS:
• SUM - adds a range of cells together.
• AVERAGE - calculates the average of a range of cells.
• COUNT - counts the number of chosen data in a range of cells.
• MAX - identifies the largest number in a range of cells.
• MIN - identifies the smallest number in a range of cells.

FINANCIAL FUNCTIONS:
• Interest Rates
• Loan Payments
• Depreciation Amounts

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DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS:

• DATE - Converts a serial number to a day of the month.


• Day of Week
• DAYS360
• TIME - Returns the serial number of a particular time.
• HOUR - Converts a serial number to an hour.
• MINUTE - Converts a serial number to a minute.
• TODAY - Returns the serial number of today’s date.
• MONTH - Converts a serial number to a month.
• YEAR - Converts a serial number to a year.

You don’t have to memorize the functions but should have an idea of what each can do for
you.

TO CALCULATE THE SUM OF A RANGE OF DATA USING AUTOSUM:


• Select the Formulas tab.
• Locate the Function Library group. From here, you can access all the available
functions.
• Select the cell where you want the function to appear. In this example, select G42.
• Select the drop-down arrow next to the AutoSum command.
• Select Sum. A formula will appear in the selected cell, G42.
• This formula, =SUM (G2:G41), is called a function. AutoSum command automatically
selects the range of cells from G2 to G41, based on where you inserted the function.
You can alter the cell range, if necessary.
• Press the Enter key or Enter button on the formula bar. The total will appear.

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TO EDIT A FUNCTION:
• Select the cell where the function is defined.
• Insert the cursor in the formula bar.
• Edit the range by deleting and changing necessary cell numbers.
• Click the Enter icon.

TO FORMAT INFORMATION AS A TABLE:


• Select any cell that contains information.
• Click the Format as Table command in the Styles group on the Home tab. A list of
predefined tables will appear.
• Left-click a table style to select it.
• A dialog box will appear. Excel has automatically selected the cells for your table.
The cells will appear selected in the spreadsheet, and the range will appear in the dialog
box.
• Change the range listed in the field, if necessary.
• Verify the box is selected to indicate your table has headings, if it does. De-select this
box if your table does not have column headings.
• Click OK. The table will appear formatted in the style you chose.

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TO MODIFY A TABLE:
Select any cell in the table. The Table Tools Design tab will become active. From here, you
can modify the table in many ways.

You can:
• Select a different table in the Table Styles Options group. Click the More drop-down
arrow to see more table styles.
• Delete or add a Header Row in the Table Styles Options group.
• Insert a Total Row in the Table Styles Options group.
• Remove or add banded rows or columns.
• Make the first and last columns bold.
• Name your table in the Properties group.
• Change the cells that make up the table by clicking Resize Table.
• When you apply a table style, filtering arrows automatically appear. To turn off
filtering, select the Home tab, click the Sort & Filter command, and select Filter from
the list.

Aligning Text
Excel 2007 left‐aligns text (labels) and right‐aligns numbers (values). This makes data
easier to read, but you do not have to use these defaults. Text and numbers can be defined
as left-aligned, right-aligned, or centered in Excel.

TO ALIGN TEXT OR NUMBERS IN A CELL:


• Select a cell or range of cells.
• Click on either the Align Left, Center, or Align Right commands on the Home tab.
• The text or numbers in the cell(s) take on the selected alignment treatment.
• Left-click a column label to select the entire column or a row label to select an entire
row.

CHANGING VERTICAL CELL ALIGNMENT


You can also define vertical alignment in a cell. In Vertical alignment, information in a cell
can be located at the top of the cell, middle of the cell, or bottom of the cell. The default is
bottom.

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TO CHANGE VERTICAL ALIGNMENT FROM THE ALIGNMENT GROUP:
• Select a cell or range of cells.
• Click the Top Align, Center, or Bottom Align command.

Changing Text Control


• Text Control allows you to control the way Excel 2007 presents information in a cell.
There are two common types of Text control: Wrapped Text and Merge Cells.

The Wrapped Text wraps the contents of a cell across several lines if it’s too large than the
column width. It increases the height of the cell as well.

Merge Cells can also be applied by using the Merge and Center button on the Home tab.

TO CHANGE TEXT CONTROL:

• Select a cell or range of cells.


• Select the Home tab.
• Click the Wrap Text command or the Merge and Center command.

TO NAME A WORKSHEET:
• Right-click the sheet tab to select it.
• Choose Rename from the menu that appears. The text is highlighted by a black box.
• Type a new name for the worksheet.
• Click off the tab. The worksheet now assumes the descriptive name defined.

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TO INSERT A NEW WORKSHEET:
• Left-click the Insert Worksheet icon. A new sheet will appear. It will be named Sheet
4, Sheet5, or whatever the next sequential sheet number may be in the workbook.

TO DELETE ONE OR MORE WORKSHEETS:


• Click on the sheet(s) you want to delete.
• Right-click the sheet(s) and a menu appears.
• Select Delete.

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Chapter 7. Internet Concepts

URL Concepts
The full form of URL is Uniform Resource Locator. It is the global address of documents and
other resources on the World Wide Web. The URL is divided into two different parts. The first
part of the URL is called a protocol identifier as it helps us identifying what protocol to use.
The second part of the URL is called a resource name and it indicates the IP address or the
domain name where the resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name
are separated by a colon and two forward slashes it can be more clearly understood by looking
in to the following example: the two URLs below point two different files at the domain
pcwebopedia.com. Here the first one specifies an executable file that should be fetched using
the FTP protocol; the second specifies a web page that should be fetched using the HTTP
protocol:

DIFFERENT KINDS OF URLS


There is a wide range of various types of URLs, as well as different terms to describe what a
URL looks like. Let’s have a better understanding of various URLs with an example:

• Messy: Such URL has many distorted and jumbled numbers, letters on it that makes
slight organizational sense i.e. http://www.example.com/woeiruwoei909305820580.
• Dynamic: Dynamic URLs are the end result of database queries that provide content
output based on the result of that query. The URL ends up looking quite mangled, alias
“messy”, which usually consist of the characters like:?, &, %, +, =, $. Dynamic URLs are
often found as part of consumer-driven websites: shopping, travel, or anything that
requires changing answers for many different user queries.
• Static: A static URL is the opposite of a dynamic URL. The URL is “hard-wired” into the
Web page’s HTML coding. Static URL does not alter or adjust; it cannot be
compromised; depending on what the user requests.
• Obfuscated: Obfuscated, or hidden, URLs are mostly used in phishing scams.
Basically, a familiar URL is distorted in some way to make it seem legitimate. As soon
as the user clicks on the obfuscated URL redirected to a malicious website.

There are a lot of clues and information that you can garnered from a simple URL, including:
• what kind of server the Web page is hosted on
• what kind of organization the Web page belongs to
• where the Web page is located in the world
• the names of the directories on the website

By carefully looking at the different parts of any Web address, you can quickly determine
quite a bit of useful information. In addition, by simply deleting parts of the URL, you can
learn more about the website than what might be actually publicly accessible. For example:
• http://www.widget.com/blog/music/: This points to a resource online, and the URL
tells you that yes, indeed, it does point to an online resource. Let’s go further back.
• http://www.widget.com/blog/: By moving backwards in the URL from right to left, we
can see that we’re now at the blog section of this publication.
• http://www.widget.com: The home page of the website.
Of course, this is a very simple example. However, by dissecting complex URLs one step at
a time, quite a bit of information can be uncovered.

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HOW TO CREATE YOUR OWN E‐MAIL ACCOUNT (YAHOO)
• Step 1: Open the internet explorer located at the bottom of the screen that looks like this:
Then type the address: http://www.yahoo.com
• You would enter a screen that looks similar to the one given below:

Step 2: Once you open the first page, there is ‘Web Search’ button and underneath there is
a part that says, “Free mail: Sign Up”. Click on the blue link that says, “Sign Up”.

Once you click on ‘sign-up’ button the next page, would appear as shown in the image below:

Step 3: Now as you can see in the image below, now you need to fill in the details asked in
the dialogue boxes below. As you will click on the white box next to “My Name” (refer to the
figure below) and type in your first name followed by your last name in the next box. For the
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“Gender” part you will click on the little gray box with the black triangle in it. This will make a
drop down: NOTE: If you are not comfortable using your real name you can always make one
up.

Once you have filled out all of the personal information you will see the page as shown in the
image below

Step 4: Now scroll down to the option “Select an ID and password” as shown in the picture
below:

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Step 5: Now, type the name by which you want create your email-name in the box next to
“Yahoo ID and Email”: Once you’ve typed it in the box click on the gray button that says,
“Check ID”.
NOTE: If your e-mail name isn’t already in use the screen will look like the image below

If your name is already taken this will not allow registering yourself with same name

Step 6: Create a password for yourself in order to access your e-mail account. It has to be at
least six letters long and can include numbers and capitalized letters.

Step 7: In case, if you forget your password, there should be a backup option to get your
account back, therefore to do so one can (must) opt for a security question which can help you
recovering your account if you forget your password. (Refer to the image below)

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Scroll down a little further and your screen should look something like this:

Step 8: Now type the letters and numbers shown in the picture into the box to the right of it.
Make sure you type the letters exactly the same as the picture – i.e., upper case for upper
case and lower case for lower case. Once you have typed in the box, click the white square
next to the “Do you agree?” A check mark should appear in the box.

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Step 9: Now click on the yellow “Create My Account” button.

Step 10: Click on the yellow continue button to access your e-mail account.

Congratulations you have successfully created your own e-mail account!!

Receiving, sending, reading and writing the emails:


Once, the account is created now you can login into the account and send/ receive emails,
anywhere if you feel stuck you can always opt for an option of help on the right top of the
page as shown in the image below:

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Go to >> http://mail.yahoo.com
Now Login with your User ID & Password and follow the following steps
1. It is always recommended open a Web browser, which is not malicious for instance
Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.
2. Now type the following address (URL) in the browser’s address box, then press the
Enter key: mail.yahoo.com
3. The Yahoo! Mail sign in page opens in the browser.
4. Type your Yahoo! ID and password, and then click the Sign in button.

Once, you click the sign in button the following page would appear on your operating system
screen:

SENDING AN EMAIL
The following page will make it easy for you to understand how easily and swiftly you can
send an E-mail, just follow these simple steps and refer to each image given below.

• Open Yahoo! Mail


• Now click on Compose button.
• As you click on the Compose button, a new page would open.
• In the To box, (refer to the image below) type the email address of the person you
want to send an e-mail to.

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Now, In the Subject box as shown in the image; type the subject of the message, a few words
to give the receiver an idea of what the email is all about.

In the large box under the tools, compose the body of an email as shown in the image Once
the writing and addressing your email is done, click the Send button.

Yahoo! Mail has successfully sent your email to your wishing recipient.

READING YOUR EMAILS


Yahoo! Mail maintains all email under mail folders. Initially, all of your incoming emails
messages arrive in your Inbox folder (except suspected spam which goes directly into your
Spam folder). To read an email message, open a mail folder and then click on email’s subject.
The Welcome page which you can see in the image below helps you understand how many
emails are unread by showing the number of email next to the mail folder on the left side of
the page.

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Now, by clicking either place it would open the folder, where the emails can be opened and
read.
In the Welcome page or any folder view, click a folder name on the left side of the page under
the Folders label as shown in the image below:
Now, the mail folder would open on the right side of the page displaying a list of emails.

NOTE: Unread messages are display in bold text in order to make it easy for a reader to
identify how many mails are new or still unread.

Now, to open and read an email, click on email’s subject (bold or not) in the Subject column
and you will be able to read your email.
As, displayed in the image below, this is how your email should open in the browser where
you will be able to read it, reply to it, forward it, delete it etc.

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HOW TO REPLY YOUR EMAILS?
Often, it is seen that once the mail is read, viewer looks for the option of reverting to that
email to the sender or to add more recipient. Well! This can be done in two separate ways
with Yahoo! Mail i.e. there are two options as given below:
• Reply: It allows you to respond to the sender only.
• Reply all: Reply all, allows responding to the sender and everyone else who received
the message. This includes all email addresses listed in the to box and the Cc box,
except your own email address.

• Now, open your email and click the drop down arrow given at the Reply button, then
opt for Reply to reply to the sender only or Reply All to reply to all recipients of the email
message.

NOTE: To reply to the sender only, you can also click the Reply button and not the arrow.
Type your reply in the text box under the formatting tools as shown in the image.

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Tip: Original email which you received from the sender will always be included when you are
replying to the sender however, this original text, is editable, you can type your reply anywhere
in the text box. In fact, some of the information or whole mail can be deleted in the original
message. Different colors can be used (if required) to differentiate between your reply followed
by the original text in the same image. (Refer to the image below).

Click the Send button when you’re ready to send your email message.

RECEIVING EMAIL ATTACHMENTS


You know you’ve received an email with an attachment when you see a paper clip ( ) next to
the email’s subject in the mail folder. Open the message to see what type of file is attached.
In a mail folder, click the subject of an email message that includes an attachment (the paper
clip icon appears to the left of the subject).

When the message opens, a link to download the attachment appears in the message
header, and if the attachment includes images, thumbnails appear at the bottom of the
messages.

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Opening and Saving Attachments
When you click the link to an attachment, Yahoo! Mail uses Norton Antivirus™ to
automatically scan the file for viruses. Virus scanning can often “clean” a file that does have
viruses, so you can safely open and download the file onto your computer.
However, not all viruses can be detected and cleaned. There is a risk involved whenever you
download email attachments to your computer or send email attachments to others. As
provided in the Terms of Service, neither Yahoo! nor its licensors are responsible for any
damages caused by your decision to do so.
• Open the email message with the attachment.
• Click the file name or thumbnail to allow Yahoo! Mail to scan the file.

Antivirus scans the attachment and displays the results above the message header.
If Norton Antivirus detects a virus, you can’t download the file.

If Antivirus doesn’t detect a virus, you can download the file.

To download a virus-free attachment, click the Download File button.

The File Download window prompts you to open or save the file. (The appearance of this
window varies, depending on your operating system and other factors.)
You can click the Open button to view the attached file in its original application (such as
Microsoft Word or Acrobat Reader), or you can click the Save button to download the file and
save it on your computer.
Tip: When you open a file without saving it, your browser automatically downloads it to a
temporary location on your computer. When you close the file, your browser deletes the
temporary file.
Sending Attachments with Outgoing Email Messages
You can send all types of files as attachments, including word processor or spreadsheet
documents, audio files, image files (such as .bmp, .jpg, .gif), and more.
Notes: With Yahoo! Mail, effective email virus protection is automatic. Anti-virus software in
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Mail automatically detects and cleans viruses in incoming and outgoing email and
attachments.
Be aware, however, that not all viruses can be detected and cleaned. There is a risk involved
whenever you download email attachments to your computer or send email attachments to
others.
As provided in the Terms of Service, neither Yahoo! nor its licensors are responsible for any
damages caused by your decision to do so.
• While composing a message, click the Attach Files button. (You can attach files at any
time before sending the message.)
• The Attach Files page opens.
• Click the first Browse button.
• The Choose File or Open File window opens (depending on your operating system).
• Locate the file you want to attach, select it, and click the Open or OK button.
• The selected file and its location appear in the first attachment box.
• To attach more files, click the next Browse button, and repeat step 4.

Tips:
You cannot attach the same file multiple times to the same email message.
If you need more attachment boxes, click the Attach More Files link. Yahoo! Mail adds another
box.
You can attach one or more files up to a total combined size of 10 MB. (Yahoo! Mail Plus users
can have a total combined size of 20 MB.)
When all the files you want to send are listed, click the Attach Files button.

Tip: Antivirus™ automatically scans all outgoing email attachments and will not let you attach
an infected file.
Progress bars display the process of scanning and attaching each file. When the process is
complete, the Compose page opens with the attached file.

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Note: Though Yahoo! Mail often displays attached photos within the messages you receive,
it doesn’t display the photos you attach while composing your message. Instead, it lists the
photos in the attachments area. The photos may appear within the text of the message when
your recipients receive it if their email applications support embedded photos.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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