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What is Psychology?
 Psychology is defined formally as a science which studies
mental processes, experiences and behaviour in different
contexts.

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 Mental processes - It is the state that we use to solve

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problems, thinking various aspects, perceiving any aspect,

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learning or remembering anything.

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 Experience - These are subjective in nature which are
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embedded in our conscious(awareness) and depends on the
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internal and external conditions of person.
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 Behaviour- These are responses made by us on any situation or

condition. It can be overt(visible) and covert(unnoticeable,
innate).
 As per some psychologists, behaviour is association between stimuli
and response in which either can be external and internal.
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Psychology as a discipline :

 First lab of Psychology is established in Leipzig,

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Germany by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879.

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 It is the discipline which studies about human
behaviour, experiences and mental processes.
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 It makes us understand how our mind works and
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how certain mental processes result in specific
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behaviour.
 Psychology as a discipline today has two parallel
streams I.e Natural science and social science.
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Psychology as natural science : -

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 Discrete influence on psychology.

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 Psychologists use hypothetical deductive

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model to prove any hypothesis.
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 By using this model, many psychologists
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gave theories on topics like motivation,

perception, memory etc.

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Psychology as social psychology :

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 Studies human behaviour in social context.

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 Human behaviour is shaped by their socio

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cultural environment.
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 Humans are created by socio cultural
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environment.
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 Focuses on humans and communities as social

beings in relation to their socialculture and
physical environment.
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Understanding Mind and Behaviour :

 It is true that mind cannot exist without brain but
mind is a separate entity (examples).

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 Earlier it was believed that there is no relation

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between mind and the body but now neuro

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sciences cleared that there is relationship between
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 Use of mental imagery. With the help of
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visualizations phobias were cured.

 A new discipline called Psychoneuroimmunology
has emerged which emphasizes the role played by
the mind in strengthening the immune system.
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POPULAR NOTIONS ABOUT THE DISCIPLINE OF PSYCHOLOGY :

 Common sense is not equal to psychological studies.

 Common sense is based on hindsight whether

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Psychology as a science looks for patterns of

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behaviour which can be predicted and not explained
after the behaviour occurs.
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 Common sense tells us that an individual is not able
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to perform best in front audience but Psychological
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studies have shown that if you have practiced well,

you may actually perform better because the
presence of others helps your performance.

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EVOLUTION OF PSYCHOLOGY :
 Wilhelm wundt gave the school of structuralism. He used the
method of Introspection to analyse the structure of mind. As

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this method didn’t satisfied other psychologists, new schools

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were introduced.

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 Functionalism was given by William James to study human
mind. He argued that psychologists should study what the mind

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does and how behaviour functions in making people deal with
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their environment. He said that consciousness as an ongoing
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stream of mental process interacting with the environment
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formed the core of psychology.

 Gestalt psychology was emerged as new school in Germany. In
this it is showed that what we experience is more than the inputs
received from our environment. Experience is holistic; it is a
Gestalt.
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 John Watson established Behaviourism in which he

denied the idea of introspection and and consciousness.
As per him, scientific psychology must focus on what is

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observable and verifiable.

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 Now, Sigmund Freud gave Psychoanalysis. He viewed

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viewed human behaviour as a dynamic manifestation of

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unconscious desires and conflicts. He viewed human
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beings as motivated by unconscious desire for
gratification of pleasure seeking.
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 Humanistic perspective given by Carl Rogers and

Abraham Maslow, emphasized the free will of human
beings and their natural striving to grow and unfold their
inner potential.
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 Aspects of Gestalt approach and

structuralism were combined and led to the

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development of the cognitive perspective

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which focuses on how we know about the

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world. Cognition is the process of knowing.

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 Modern cognitive psychology views human
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Beings as actively constructing their minds
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through their exploration into the physical

and the social world. This view is sometimes
called constructivism.
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DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY :
- Various specializations emerged over years.
 Cognitive psychology (mental processes)

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 Biological psychology (behaviour and physical body)

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 Developmental psychology (development throughout life span)

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 Social psychology (relation with society)
 Cross-cultural and Cultural Psychology (relation with culture)

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 Environmental psychology (relation with nature)
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 Health psychology (role of psychological factors )
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 Clinical and Counselling Psychology (deals with disorders)

 Industrial/Organizational Psychology (workplace behaviour)
 Sports psychology (deals with behaviour of sports person)
 Educational psychology (deals with basically school students’)
 Other Emerging Branches of Psychology
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PSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER DISCIPLINES :

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 - Researchers and scholars in science, social

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science and humanities have felt the

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significance of psychology as a discipline.
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 So here we will see the relationship of
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psychology with other disciplines.

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ho
_S
y ch
Ps
©

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PSYCHOLOGISTS AT WORK
- Psychologists work at various “human

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services areas”.

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 Clinical psychologists

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 Counselling psychologists y
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 Community psychologists
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 School psychologists
 Organizational psychologists

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PSYCHOLOGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE :

 After studying psychology you will be able to solve your
problems more effectively your day to day problems.

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 The principles and methods of psychology that you will

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learn will make you analyse and understand your relation

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to others.

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 So, psychology helps you understand yourself in more
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better way.
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 By using various psychological principles we can enhance

our abilities like learning, memory etc.
 Thus, the knowledge of psychology is quite useful in our
everyday life and is rewarding from personal as well as
social point of view.
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Topics Covered :
 What is Psychology?
 Psychology as a Discipline

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 Psychology as a Natural Science

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 Psychology as a Social Science

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 Understanding Mind and Behaviour

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 Popular Notions about the Discipline
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Ps
 Evolution of Psychology
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 Branches of Psychology
 Themes of Research and Applications
 Psychology and Other Disciplines
 Psychologists at Work
 Psychology in Everyday Life www.psychshots.com
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Important Questions
 Define and explain the meaning of the word

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'psychology.

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 What is mind? How mind is related to brain?

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 What is organizational psychology?

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 Differentiate between social psychology and cross-
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culture psychology.
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 How psychology is a Discipline?

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Important Questions
 What is Gestalt psychology?

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 How basic psychology is different from applied

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psychology?

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 Discuss some of the major disciplines linked to the field of

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psychology.

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How is psychology used in everyday life? Discuss.
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 What do you understand by the term 'Introspection'?
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 Describe the cognitive perspective on human nature.

 How will you prove that human behaviour is a function of
the attributes of personn and environment?
 Describe humanistic perspective on human nature.
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Important Questions
 Differentiate between clinical psychologists and

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counselling psychologists.

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 Give a brief account of the evolution of psychology in India.

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 Name main fields of specialization in psychology.

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 Explain some of the themes which provide direction to
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research and application of psychology.
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 How Mind and Brain are different? Explain with examples.
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 What kind of Works Psychologists do?

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