GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern

World
Chapter 1: The Nature of Mathematics

Aivan Ray Rosal

Cebu Technological University - Main Campus

Cebu City, Philippines

March 8, 2024

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

 LECTURE 01
Patterns and Numbers in Nature

(GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World)

Aivan Ray Rosal

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Identify patterns in natures and irregularities of the world;
2. Articulate the importance of mathematics in your life;
3. Argue about mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed,
represented, and used
4. Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Learning Objectives

1. Identify and classify different types of patterns.

2. Justify that every pattern is governed by some mathematical
rule.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Patterns in Nature
- Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in
natural world.
- Patterns can be sometimes modeled mathematically.
- Some examples of the natural patterns are the following:
Fractals
Spirals
Symmetries
Waves
Tesselations
Cracks
Stripes
Spots

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Pattern Type: Fractals

A fractals is a detailed that look similar at any scale and repeat
itself over time.

Example 1.1

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Pattern Type: Spirals

A spirals is a curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a
series of circular shapes that revolves around it.

Example 1.2

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Pattern Type: Symmetries

Symmetrical patterns are a design or pattern that is identical on
both halves when folded. Symmetrical patterns can have multiple
lines of symmetry. A line of symmetry can be vertical, diagonal or
horizontal. It is also called the mirror line or axis of symmetry.

Example 1.3

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Pattern Types: Waves

A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a
net movement of particles.

Example 1.4

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Pattern Types: Tesselations

Tesselations are patterns formed by repeating tiles all over a flat
surface.

Example 1.5

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Pattern Types: Cracks

Cracks are linear openings that stretch or shrink uniformly.

Example 1.6

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Pattern Types: Stripes

The stripe pattern is evolutionary in that in increases the chances
of survival through camouflage. It is most commonly known in
zebras, but other species contain stripes.

Example 1.7

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Pattern Types: Spots

It is thought that spots help break up the shape of an animal and
provide a form of camouflage, which can benefit predators such as
cats, and also prey

Example 1.8

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Logical Patterns

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Geometric Patterns

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Number Patterns
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, · · ·
2, 4, 9, 16, 25, · · ·
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, · · ·
1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 32, · · ·
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, · · ·

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 01: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Word Patterns
- Structure of Poetry
Stanza
Meter
Rhyme
Line Break
- Sentence Construction

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

 LECTURE 02
Fibonacci Sequence

(GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World)

Aivan Ray Rosal

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 02: Fibonacci Sequence

The Fibonacci sequence is usually credited to its 1st European

appearance in a book called ”Liber Abaci” by Fibonacci (also
known as Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo of Pisa, Leonardo Pisano
Bigollo, Leonardo Fibonacci).

picture... picture...

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 02: Fibonacci Sequence

The Rabbit Problem

In the book Liber Abaci, the Fibonacci sequence use to calculate
the growth of rabbit populations.

Suppose a newly-born pair of rabbits, 1 male and 1 female are put

in a field. Rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so
that in the end of its second month female can produce another
pair of rabbits. Suppose our rabbits never die and that the female
always produces one new pair (one male, one female) every month
from the second month on. How many pairs of rabbits will there
be in one year?

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 02: Fibonacci Sequence

The Fibonacci Numbers

The nth Fibonacci numbers denoted by fn is defined recursively
as:

f0 = 0;
f1 = 1;
f2 = f1 + f2 = 1;
f3 = f2 + f1 = 2;
f4 = f3 + f2 = 3;
..
.
fn = fn−1 + fn−2

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 02: Fibonacci Sequence

The Golden Ratio

Observe
fn fn
n fn fn−1 n fn fn−1
0 0 11 89 1.6182
1 1 12 144 1.6180
2 1 1 13 223 1.6181
3 2 2 14 377 1.6180
4 3 1.5 15 610 1.6180
5 5 1.66667 16 987 1.6180
6 8 1.6 17 1597 1.6180
7 13 1.625 18 2584 1.6180
8 21 1.6154 19 4181 1.6180
9 34 1.6190 20 6765 1.6180
10 55 1.6176

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 02: Fibonacci Sequence

fn
The ratio fn−1 of the nth Fibonacci number to the preceeding
Fibonacci numbers approaches 1.618033989... as n becomes larger.
This value is usually called the golden ratio denoted by φ. It has
exact value of:

√
1+ 5
φ= .
2

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 02: Fibonacci Sequence

√
The golden ratio φ = 1+2 5 is closely related to Fibonacci
sequence. In fact, Binet’s formula gives the nth Fibonacci number
explicitly:

Binet’s Formula

1
fn = √ (φ)n − (φ0 )n


5

where

√ √
1+ 5 1− 5
φ= ≡ 1.618033989; φ= ≡ −1.618033989.
2 2

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

 LECTURE 03
Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

(GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World)

Aivan Ray Rosal

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Sets
A set is the representation of a collection of objects; distinct
objects with one or more common properties. Grouping up the
objects in a set is an act of distinguishing those objects from the
members of another set. We can use the terms elements or
members of a set instead of the term objects.

How to denote Sets?

If X is a set and x one of its elements then: x ∈ X denotes that
element x belongs to X whereas, x 6∈ X denotes that x is not an
element of X. Alternatively, we can say that X contains x. A set is
usually represented by capital letters and an element of the set by
the small letter.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

There are 3 ways in representing sets:

Statement form
Roster form
Set Builder form

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Statement form
This form where is a single describes all the elements inside a set.

Example 3.1
1. A = The set of odd numbers between 0 and 10.
2. B = The set of vowel letters in English alphabet.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Roster form
In this form all the members of the given set are enlisted within a
pair of braces { }, separated by commas.

Example 3.2
1. A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
2. B = {a, e, i, o, u}

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Set Builder form

This form describing a set by representing its elements or
explaining the properties that its members must satisfy.

Example 3.3
1. A = {x : x is an odd number between 0 to 10}
2. B = {y : y is a vowel letter in English alphabet}

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Example 3.4
Convert the following:
1. C = The set of even numbers less than 20.
2. T = {a,b,c,d,e,f,...,x,y,z}
3. U = The set of colors in the rainbow.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Types of sets
Empty sets
Singleton sets
Equal sets
Equivalent sets
Finite and Infinite sets
Subset

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Empty Sets
A set with no elements. Empty sets are also called null sets or void
sets and are denoted by { } or ∅.

Singleton Sets
A set that consist only ONE element.

Equal Sets
This is a two different sets with equal elements.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Equivalent Sets
A sets that the number of elements are equal.

Finite or Infinite Sets

Based on the number of elements (finite or infinite) present in the
set, the set is either finite or infinite.

Subsets
A set qualifies as the subset of another set if all of its elements are
also the elements of that another set.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Relations and Functions

Relations and functions are the set operations that help to trace
the relationship between the elements of two or more distinct sets
or between the elements of the same set. But, before we move on
to further explore the topic it is important to get the idea about
the Cartesian product and Venn diagrams.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Cartesian Product
If p ∈ P and q ∈ Q then the set of all ordered pair is called the
Cartesian product of P×Q.

Example 3.5
If P = {a, b} and Q = {1, 2}, then
P × Q = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (b, 1), (b, 2)}.

This means every first element of the ordered pair belongs to the
set P and every second element belongs to the set Q.

Note
P and Q must be a non-empty set.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Vein Diagram
A Venn diagram is an illustration that uses circles to show the
commonalities and differences between things or groups of things.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations
The union of sets
A set of elements that are belongs to A or B or both denoted by
the symbol ”∪”.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

The intesection of sets

A set of elements that are common in A and B denoted by the
symbol ”∩”.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Disjoint Sets
If the two sets don’t have any common elements or if A ∩ B is an
empty set, then we call it a Disjoint Set.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Compliment of sets
The complement of a set is the set that includes all the elements
of the universal set that are not present in the given set.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Cardinal Number
Cardinal Numbers is the number of elements in X denoted by
n(X) where X is a set.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Vein Diagram General Formula

n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B)

n(A − B) = n(A) − n(A ∩ B)
n(B − A) = n(B) − n(A ∩ B)

where:
n(A ∪ B) = cardinal number of A union B,
n(A) = cardinal number of A,
n(B) = cardinal number of B,
n(A ∩ B) = cardinal number of A intersection B.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Example 3.6
Suppose that in CTU, 50 students are task to go in a museum. 20
students go to Cebu National Museum, 15 students go to Museo
Sugbo and 10 students go both Cebu National Museum and
Museo Sugbo. Find
a. students who go to either the Cebu National Museum or
Museo Sugbo.
b. students who only go to Cebu National Museum.
c. students who only go to Museo Sugbo.
d. students who go to neither Cebu National Museum nor
Museo Sugbo.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations
Example 3.7
100 students were asked which books they love to read. 50
students love to read novels, 25 students love to read fiction
books, 35 students love to read manga, 12 students love to read
both novels and fiction, 19 students love to read both novels and
manga, 20 students love to read both fiction and manga, 10 love
to read all 3 books. How many
a. students love to read both novels and fiction only?
b. students love to read both novels and manga only?
c. students love to read both fiction and manga only?
d. students love to read manga only?
e. students love to read fiction only?
f. students love to read novels only?
g. students doesnt love to read books?
h. students read either novels, fiction or manga?
Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th
Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Example 3.8
There are 60 parcipants participate in celebrating Mathematics
Month. 32 play in DaMath Competition, 30 play in Sudoku
Competition, 25 play in Rubiks Competition, 10 play both Damath
and Sudoku, 16 play both Rubiks and Sudoku, 14 play both
Damath and Rubiks, 3 participate in all competition. Find
a. play both Damath and Sudoku only.
b. play both Damath and Rubiks only.
c. play both Sudoku and Rubiks only.
d. play Damath only.
e. play Sudoku only.
f. play Rubiks only.
g. play either Damath or Sudoku or Rubiks

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Relation
The relation is the subset of the Cartesian product whichcontains
only some of the ordered pair based on the relationships defined
between the first and second elements. The relation is usually
denoted by R. If every element of a set A is related with one and
only one element of another set then this kind of relation qualifies
as a function. A function is a special case of relation where no
two ordered pairs can have the same first element.

Note: All functions are relations, but not all relations are
functions.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

3 ways to represent functions

Algebraic Expression
Tabular Form
Graphical Form

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Domain
The domain is the set of all first elements of R denoted by tha
variable ”x”.

Range
The range is the set of all second elements of R denoted by ”y” or
”f(x)”.

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th

Lecture 03: Sets, Functions, Relations, and Operations

Types of Functions
One to one function (Injective)
Many to one function
Onto function (Surjective)
One-one and onto function (Bijective)

Aivan Ray Rosal GEC-MMW - Mathematics in the Modern World Chapter 1: Th