Louis St Laurent (1948-1957), John

Diefenbaker (1957-1963), Lester Pearson

(1963-1968), Pierre Trudeau (1968-1979,
List the Prime Ministers of Canada from 1948
1980-1984), Joe Clark (1979-1980), John
to 2000.
Turner (1984), Brian Mulroney (1984-1993),
Kim Campbell (1993), Jean Chrétien (1993-
2003).

Describe the time periods served by Pierre Pierre Trudeau served as Prime Minister from
Trudeau as Prime Minister of Canada. 1968 to 1979 and again from 1980 to 1984.

Louis St. Laurent, known as 'Uncle Louis', was

a Liberal Prime Minister of Canada and served
Describe the role of Louis St. Laurent in as WLM King's minister of external affairs. He
Canadian politics. finalized the Supreme Court of Canada in
1949 and was involved in significant US-
Canada relations.

Louis St. Laurent aimed to limit the influence

of US culture on Canada while also engaging
How did Louis St. Laurent address US in important agreements, such as awarding
influence on Canada during his tenure? the trans-Canada pipeline contract to an
American company and agreeing to build
radar stations in the north.
 The Trans-Canada Pipeline was a major
infrastructure project constructed in the
Describe the significance of the Trans-Canada 1950s that facilitated the transportation of
Pipeline in the 1950s. natural gas and oil across Canada, enhancing
energy distribution and economic
development.

Louis St. Laurent oversaw the enhancement

of Canada's welfare state by implementing
pensions, family allowances, and public
How did Louis St. Laurent contribute to
higher education, as well as initiating
Canada's economy during his time in office?
significant infrastructure projects like the St.
Lawrence Seaway and the Trans-Canada
Highway.

The St. Lawrence Seaway allows ships to

travel from the Atlantic Ocean through the St.
Describe the significance of the St. Lawrence
Lawrence River and four of the Great Lakes to
Seaway for maritime travel.
Thunder Bay, overcoming previous navigation
dangers.

Explosives were used to create clearer paths,

How were navigation challenges addressed
and locks were constructed to facilitate the
during the construction of the St. Lawrence
movement of ships between different water
Seaway?
levels.
 Drawbridges were constructed to allow large
Describe the purpose of drawbridges in the
ships to navigate the Seaway by providing
Seaway.
clearance for their passage.

Equalization payments help to reduce

disparities in public services and strengthen
Explain the significance of equalization
Confederation by ensuring that all provinces
payments in Canada.
can provide a comparable level of services to
their residents.

John Diefenbaker was the first Conservative

Describe John Diefenbaker's significance in Prime Minister of Canada since 1935, known
Canadian political history. as 'Dief the Chief', and he achieved the
largest majority in Canadian history in 1958.

Despite not being fluent in French, John

How did John Diefenbaker's leadership impact Diefenbaker was very popular throughout
French Canada? French Canada due to his unified vision of the
nation.
 The Bill of Rights was significant as it was
Describe the significance of John Canada's first federal law to protect individual
Diefenbaker's Bill of Rights introduced in rights and freedoms, marking a pivotal step
1960. towards recognizing and safeguarding civil
liberties in the country.

John Diefenbaker appointed the first female

cabinet minister, the first Ukrainian-Canadian
How did John Diefenbaker contribute to the cabinet minister, the first Indigenous senator,
representation of diverse groups in Canadian and the first French-Canadian Governor-
politics? General, thereby enhancing the
representation of diverse groups in Canadian
politics.

The Avro-Arrow was a Canadian supersonic

interceptor aircraft developed in the 1950s,
Describe the significance of the Avro-Arrow in
which was ultimately cancelled, symbolizing a
Canadian history.
controversial moment in Canada's aerospace
industry and defense policy.

Foreign investment in Canada increased

How did foreign investment trends relate to during John Diefenbaker's tenure due to a
the Canadian dollar during John Diefenbaker's relatively low Canadian dollar, making
time? Canadian assets more attractive to
international investors.
 Lester Pearson was instrumental in bringing
Describe the contributions of Lester Pearson universal medicare to the federal level in
to Canadian healthcare. Canada, which was patterned after the
Saskatchewan experiment in 1962.

Lester Pearson introduced a new national flag

How did Lester Pearson influence Canadian and established the Royal Commission on
identity and culture? biculturalism and bilingualism, promoting a
more inclusive Canadian identity.

Lester Pearson criticized US involvement in

Describe Lester Pearson's contributions to Vietnam, served as President of the UN
international relations during his political General Assembly, and won the Nobel Peace
career. Prize in 1957 for his role in handling the Suez
Crisis.

Lester Pearson enhanced Canada's social

How did Lester Pearson impact Canada's safety net by implementing the Canadian
social policies? Pension Plan, the Canada Assistance Plan,
and various public housing projects.
 Pierre Trudeau's major contributions include
the introduction of the Official Languages Act,
What were Pierre Trudeau's major
the patriation of the Constitution, and the
contributions to Canadian society?
establishment of the Charter of Rights and
Freedoms.

Trudeau's policies promoted multiculturalism

How did Pierre Trudeau's policies impact
as a fundamental aspect of Canadian identity,
Canadian multiculturalism?
leading to the Multiculturalism Act of 1988.

Trudeau's economic policy focused on

What was Pierre Trudeau's approach to reducing unemployment and inflation,
economic policy? promoting government intervention in the
economy, and supporting social programs.

Trudeau's visit to Fidel Castro symbolized a

shift in Canadian foreign policy towards
Define the significance of Trudeau's visit to
engagement with communist nations,
Fidel Castro in Cuba.
reflecting a willingness to foster relationships
despite ideological differences.
 Yes, Canadian universities participated in
international aid through initiatives like the
Do Canadian universities have a role in
Canadian University Service Overseas, which
international aid?
engaged students and faculty in development
projects abroad.

NGOs such as CARE Canada and the Canadian

Save the Children Fund were integral to
Define the significance of NGOs in Canada's
Canada's international aid strategy, often
international aid strategy.
receiving funding from CIDA to implement aid
programs and support communities in need.

CIDA played a crucial role in coordinating and

How did the Canadian International
funding international aid efforts, supporting
Development Agency (CIDA) contribute to
various NGOs and initiatives aimed at
international aid?
improving global welfare.

Canada's role in international aid increased

significantly, with the establishment of
Describe the role of Canada in international organizations such as the Canadian University
aid during the Pearson and Trudeau Service Overseas and the Canadian
governments. International Development Agency (CIDA),
along with support for various NGOs like the
Canadian Red Cross and Oxfam Canada.
 La Francophonie is an association of French-
What is La Francophonie and Canada's
speaking nations, and Canada joined it in an
involvement in it?
aid-giving capacity.

Canada engaged in cultural exchanges and

helped establish aid programs for less
Define the purpose of Canada's participation
prosperous Commonwealth nations by
in the Commonwealth.
building infrastructure such as factories,
power plants, and irrigation projects.

NORAD collaborated with the USA to establish

How did NORAD contribute to North American
early warning systems and defenses in the
defense?
North.

Canada served as a training ground for Soviet

Describe Canada's role in NATO during the
operations in northern Canada and
Cold War.
maintained active troops in Germany.
 By officially recognizing the People’s Republic
of China and supporting its admission to the
What was the impact of Trudeau's recognition
UN, Trudeau enhanced Canada's diplomatic
of the People’s Republic of China on Canada's
standing and opened up new avenues for
international relations?
trade and cultural exchange with a major
global power.

Canada joined the Western side of the Cold

War conflict by providing economic aid
through the Marshall Plan, joining NATO to
Describe Canada's role in the Cold War.
protect Western Europe, building the DEW
Line in the Arctic, and housing BOMARC
missiles on its soil.

Trudeau's approach involved a reduction in

military spending and a focus on diplomatic
How did Trudeau's foreign policy approach
relations with communist countries,
differ from previous strategies?
contrasting with previous strategies that
emphasized military alliances and defense.

Trudeau called for a review of Canadian

foreign policy, which included reducing
defense spending, freezing contributions to
NATO, visiting Fidel Castro in Cuba, officially
Describe the changes Trudeau made to
recognizing the People’s Republic of China
Canadian foreign policy starting in 1968.
and supporting its admission to the UN, and
making a goodwill tour of the USSR to
promote trade relations and cultural
exchanges.
 These events created a climate of heightened
global tension, prompting Canada to assert its
Explain the broader implications of these
presence on the world stage and engage in
events for Canada during the Cold War.
international diplomacy and defense
strategies.

Fidel Castro led a Communist revolution in

Cuba on January 1, 1959, establishing a
Define the role of Fidel Castro in the context
socialist state that aligned with the Soviet
of the Cold War.
Union, further heightening tensions between
the US and communist nations.

The Communist revolution led by Mao Zedong

on October 1, 1949, resulted in the
How did the Communist revolution in China Nationalists fleeing to Taiwan, which shifted
impact the Cold War dynamics? the balance of power in Asia and intensified
the ideological conflict between communism
and capitalism.

This date marks the day the USSR conducted

Describe the significance of August 29, 1949, its first nuclear weapons test, escalating
in the context of the Cold War. tensions in the Cold War and initiating a
nuclear arms race.
 The DEW Line, or Distant Early Warning Line,
was a system of radar stations in the
Define the DEW Line and its significance
Canadian Arctic designed to detect incoming
during the Cold War.
Soviet bombers, playing a crucial role in North
American defense.

Canada participated in the Marshall Plan,

What economic initiative did Canada which provided economic aid to help rebuild
participate in after World War Two? Western European economies after World War
Two.

Canada contributed by joining NATO, which

How did Canada contribute to the defense of
was established to help protect Western
Western Europe during the Cold War?
Europe against potential Soviet invasion.

Trudeau's visit to Fidel Castro symbolized a

shift in Canadian foreign policy towards
Define the significance of Trudeau's visit to
engagement with communist nations,
Fidel Castro in Cuba.
reflecting a willingness to foster relationships
despite ideological differences.
 Yes, Canadian universities participated in
international aid through initiatives like the
Do Canadian universities have a role in
Canadian University Service Overseas, which
international aid?
engaged students and faculty in development
projects abroad.

NGOs such as CARE Canada and the Canadian

Save the Children Fund were integral to
Define the significance of NGOs in Canada's
Canada's international aid strategy, often
international aid strategy.
receiving funding from CIDA to implement aid
programs and support communities in need.

CIDA played a crucial role in coordinating and

How did the Canadian International
funding international aid efforts, supporting
Development Agency (CIDA) contribute to
various NGOs and initiatives aimed at
international aid?
improving global welfare.

Canada's role in international aid increased

significantly, with the establishment of
Describe the role of Canada in international organizations such as the Canadian University
aid during the Pearson and Trudeau Service Overseas and the Canadian
governments. International Development Agency (CIDA),
along with support for various NGOs like the
Canadian Red Cross and Oxfam Canada.
 La Francophonie is an association of French-
What is La Francophonie and Canada's
speaking nations, and Canada joined it in an
involvement in it?
aid-giving capacity.

Canada engaged in cultural exchanges and

helped establish aid programs for less
Define the purpose of Canada's participation
prosperous Commonwealth nations by
in the Commonwealth.
building infrastructure such as factories,
power plants, and irrigation projects.

NORAD collaborated with the USA to establish

How did NORAD contribute to North American
early warning systems and defenses in the
defense?
North.

Canada served as a training ground for Soviet

Describe Canada's role in NATO during the
operations in northern Canada and
Cold War.
maintained active troops in Germany.
 By officially recognizing the People’s Republic
of China and supporting its admission to the
What was the impact of Trudeau's recognition
UN, Trudeau enhanced Canada's diplomatic
of the People’s Republic of China on Canada's
standing and opened up new avenues for
international relations?
trade and cultural exchange with a major
global power.

Canada joined the Western side of the Cold

War conflict by providing economic aid
through the Marshall Plan, joining NATO to
Describe Canada's role in the Cold War.
protect Western Europe, building the DEW
Line in the Arctic, and housing BOMARC
missiles on its soil.

Trudeau's approach involved a reduction in

military spending and a focus on diplomatic
How did Trudeau's foreign policy approach
relations with communist countries,
differ from previous strategies?
contrasting with previous strategies that
emphasized military alliances and defense.

Trudeau called for a review of Canadian

foreign policy, which included reducing
defense spending, freezing contributions to
NATO, visiting Fidel Castro in Cuba, officially
Describe the changes Trudeau made to
recognizing the People’s Republic of China
Canadian foreign policy starting in 1968.
and supporting its admission to the UN, and
making a goodwill tour of the USSR to
promote trade relations and cultural
exchanges.
 These events created a climate of heightened
global tension, prompting Canada to assert its
Explain the broader implications of these
presence on the world stage and engage in
events for Canada during the Cold War.
international diplomacy and defense
strategies.

Fidel Castro led a Communist revolution in

Cuba on January 1, 1959, establishing a
Define the role of Fidel Castro in the context
socialist state that aligned with the Soviet
of the Cold War.
Union, further heightening tensions between
the US and communist nations.

The Communist revolution led by Mao Zedong

on October 1, 1949, resulted in the
How did the Communist revolution in China Nationalists fleeing to Taiwan, which shifted
impact the Cold War dynamics? the balance of power in Asia and intensified
the ideological conflict between communism
and capitalism.

This date marks the day the USSR conducted

Describe the significance of August 29, 1949, its first nuclear weapons test, escalating
in the context of the Cold War. tensions in the Cold War and initiating a
nuclear arms race.
 The DEW Line, or Distant Early Warning Line,
was a system of radar stations in the
Define the DEW Line and its significance
Canadian Arctic designed to detect incoming
during the Cold War.
Soviet bombers, playing a crucial role in North
American defense.

Canada participated in the Marshall Plan,

What economic initiative did Canada which provided economic aid to help rebuild
participate in after World War Two? Western European economies after World War
Two.

Canada contributed by joining NATO, which

How did Canada contribute to the defense of
was established to help protect Western
Western Europe during the Cold War?
Europe against potential Soviet invasion.

In 1968, Canada was emerging from a period

of relative prosperity and growth, with many
Describe the economic context of Canada in
Canadians recalling the Great Depression and
1968.
being impressed by the current economic
success.
 Some Canadians were amazed at the
How did Canadians' perceptions of the economic prosperity, while others, perhaps
economy differ in 1968? complacent from the good times, believed
that this prosperity would last indefinitely.

The Great Depression left a lasting impact on

Define the significance of the Great Canadians, making them appreciate the
Depression in shaping Canadian attitudes in economic growth of 1968, as many could
1968. remember the hardships of that earlier
period.

1. Maintain the current relationship with the

US with minimal policy changes. 2. Move
Describe the three options Canada had towards closer integration with the US. 3.
according to Mitchell Sharp's paper. Pursue a comprehensive strategy to
strengthen the Canadian economy and
reduce vulnerability.

The Nixon administration imposed a 10%

tariff on imports to the USA, prompting
How did the Nixon administration's actions in
Canada to consider its economic relationship
1971 influence Canada's economic options?
with the US and explore options for
maintaining or altering that relationship.
 The long-term strategy involves developing
and strengthening the Canadian economy
Define the long-term strategy proposed by
and other aspects of national life to reduce
Mitchell Sharp for Canada.
vulnerability to external pressures,
particularly from the US.

In 1973, OPEC placed an oil embargo on

Describe the action taken by OPEC in 1973 western countries, including Canada and the
and its immediate impact. USA, which resulted in a 400% increase in gas
prices overnight.

The geopolitical conflict involved Arab oil-

producing countries at war with Israel, while
How did the geopolitical conflict influence
Canada and other western nations sided with
OPEC's decision in 1973?
Israel, prompting OPEC to impose the oil
embargo.

An oil embargo is a restriction placed on the

Define the term 'oil embargo' in the context export of oil, which in OPEC's case in 1973
of OPEC's actions. was used as a political tool against countries
supporting Israel during the conflict.
 Inflation refers to the persistent increases in
Define inflation in the context of an economy. prices of goods and services within an
economy.

Inflation leads to an increase in the cost of

Describe the impact of inflation on the cost of
goods and services, which raises the overall
living.
cost of living.

Inflation decreases the purchasing power of

money, meaning that consumers can buy
How does inflation affect purchasing power?
fewer goods and services with the same
amount of money.

Trudeau's government increased social

spending, established the Department of
Regional Economic Expansion (DREE), created
Describe the measures taken by Trudeau's
the Canada Development Corporation (CDC),
government in response to inflation.
set up the Foreign Investment Review Agency
(FIRA), and implemented wage and price
controls.
 The government addressed economic
challenges by increasing welfare spending,
How did Trudeau's government address
creating agencies for economic development
economic challenges during inflation?
and foreign investment, and implementing
wage and price controls.

The Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA)

Define the role of the Foreign Investment
was established to review and regulate
Review Agency (FIRA) established by
foreign investments in Canada, ensuring they
Trudeau's government.
align with national interests.

Don Mills was designed to humanize urban

Describe the purpose of Don Mills as a life during an era dominated by industry and
planned community. automobiles, creating a self-contained
community.

Who initiated and financed the development The development of Don Mills was initiated
of Don Mills? and financed by businessman E.P. Taylor.
 Macklin Hancock was the urban planner who
What was the role of Macklin Hancock in the
designed Don Mills, focusing on consistent
creation of Don Mills?
design principles and modernist style.

The layout of Don Mills arranged industry,

How was the layout of Don Mills structured in
commerce, and major roads to be accessible
relation to industry and residential areas?
yet insulated from residential areas.

Define the time period during which Don Mills

Don Mills was built between 1952 and 1965.
was built.

Don Mills was developed on 835 hectares of

What was the size of the land on which Don
land between the west and east Don River
Mills was developed?
valleys.
 Describe the significance of the building The building in the center is now known as
located in the center of Bay St. from Queen’s the Scotiabank Arena, a prominent venue for
Quay in 1959. sports and entertainment.

Painters Eleven was formed in 1953 to

How did the group Painters Eleven contribute promote abstract expressionist art, helping to
to the art scene in Canada? establish a significant movement in Canadian
art before disbanding in 1960.

Define the time period during which Painters Painters Eleven was active from 1953 until
Eleven was active. 1960.

The video clips feature music from the 1950s

What type of music is featured in the video
and 60s, including performances by Paul Anka
clips mentioned in the content?
and Joni Mitchell.
 They formed as a group to get their abstract
How did Painters Eleven aim to showcase
expressionist art displayed in galleries and
their art?
exhibitions.

Identify a notable artist mentioned in the Paul Anka is mentioned, and one of his
content and one of their famous songs. famous songs is 'Diana'.

Ryan Larkin's animation often features a more

Describe the differences between Ryan hand-drawn, fluid style with a focus on artistic
Larkin's animation and contemporary expression, while contemporary animation
animation. may utilize advanced technology, 3D
modeling, and faster production techniques.

Larkin's art reflects the experimental spirit of

How does Ryan Larkin's art exemplify the the 1960s, characterized by a focus on
1960s? personal expression, abstract themes, and a
departure from traditional narrative forms.
 Brilliant artists may be prone to mental illness
due to the intense emotional experiences and
Discuss the relationship between brilliant
pressures associated with creative work, as
artists and mental illness.
well as the societal stigma that can affect
their mental health.

Supreme Commander Dyer is responsible for

Describe the role of Supreme Commander
overseeing matters of decorum and speaking
Dyer in the debate.
turn during the debate.

French-Canadians faced economic

disadvantages as most businesses were
owned by English-Canadians, job searches
How did the economic situation affect French-
favored Anglophones, they earned
Canadians in Québec?
significantly higher wages, and there was
little to no support for Francophones outside
of Québec.

'La survivance' refers to the maintenance of

Describe the concept of 'La survivance' in the the French language, Roman Catholicism,
context of French-Canadian culture. rural living, and obedience to community
leaders among French-Canadians.
 The recession was caused by overproduction
of wheat, leading to plummeting prices. In
How did the recession of 1960-1963 affect response, the government provided subsidies
farmers in the Prairies? to encourage farmers to diversify into other
crops, resulting in many farmers transitioning
to different industries.

The discovery of oil at Leduc, Alberta led to

the construction of the Trans-Canada pipeline,
Describe the impact of the oil discovery at
facilitating the sale of oil and gas to Central
Leduc, Alberta on the Canadian economy.
Canada, which significantly boosted the
Canadian economy.

The Regina Manifesto views the current

economic system as marked by glaring
inequalities of wealth and opportunity,
How does the Regina Manifesto view the chaotic waste and instability, and it criticizes
current economic system? it for condemning a large portion of the
population to poverty and insecurity while
power is concentrated in the hands of a small
minority.

The main goal of the Regina Manifesto is to

replace the capitalist system, which is seen as
unjust and inhumane, with a social order that
Describe the main goal of the Regina eliminates class domination and exploitation,
Manifesto. promotes economic planning over
unregulated private enterprise, and enables
genuine democratic self-government based
on economic equality.
 The CCF, established with the 'Regina
How did the Co-operative Commonwealth Manifesto' in 1933, played a significant role in
Federation (CCF) influence Western Canadian Western Canadian politics by forming
politics? provincial governments in Saskatchewan
during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.

Western Alienation refers to the feeling

among some Western Canadians that the
Describe the sentiment of Western Alienation federal government has a bias towards
in Canada. Central Canada, leading to a rejection of
mainstream political parties in favor of third-
party options.

After the opening statements, the Ontarians

How will the debate proceed after the
will have the privilege of asking the first
opening statements?
question.

Regionalism is the desire to focus on the

Describe the concept of regionalism. interests of specific regions by increasing
their power and influence within a larger area.
 Teams should brainstorm reasons for or
How should teams prepare for the debate on
against the resolution, considering the
centralized government in Canada?
perspective of the region they represent.

The resolution states that a centralized

Describe the resolution that teams will debate
government is the best style of government
regarding government style in Canada.
for Canada.

The First Nations will decide which side to

How are the First Nations expected to join, either centralist or decentralist, based on
participate in the debate? which side they believe best suits their
interests.

The teams consist of Westerners, Québécois,

Ontarians, Maritimers, and First Nations, with
Describe the roles of the teams in the debate. Ontarians representing centralists and the
others as decentralists, while First Nations
can choose their side based on their interests.
 Equalization payments were introduced to
How were equalization payments intended to
alleviate the frustrations of provincial leaders
address provincial leaders' concerns after the
and to foster a stronger sense of national
Great Depression and World War Two?
unity.

The federal government began to assume

Describe the impact of the federal
planning and taxation powers that were
government's actions on provincial
typically held by provincial jurisdictions,
jurisdictions after the Great Depression and
which caused irritation among many
World War Two.
provincial leaders.

The federal government addressed social

issues by implementing a social safety net,
How did the federal government address
conducting royal commissions on
social issues during the mid-20th century in
bilingualism, biculturalism, and the status of
Canada?
women, and establishing agencies like CIDA
and the Canada Council.

The federal government increased its role in

everyday life through the establishment of a
Describe the impact of federal government
social safety net, equalization payments,
during the tenures of St. Laurent,
stronger regulation of industries, royal
Diefenbaker, Pearson, and Trudeau.
commissions, and the creation of government
agencies.
 Centralism refers to the concentration of
government power in a single, central
Define centralism and decentralism in the
authority, while decentralism involves the
context of government.
dispersal of government powers to multiple
local governments.

The election resulted in the Liberals defeating

How did the political landscape in Quebec the Union Nationale, leading to a shift in
change after the 1960 election? identity as Canadiens became Québécois, and
a call for equality with English Canada.

Premier Robert Bourassa urged the Federal

How did the government respond to the
government to invoke the War Measures Act,
October Crisis after the abduction of Pierre
which was enacted by Pierre Trudeau on
Laporte?
October 16.

Describe the actions taken by the FLQ during The FLQ abducted Québec cabinet minister
the October Crisis. and Deputy Premier Pierre Laporte.
 In response to the demands of the FLQ during
How did the Canadian government respond to the October Crisis, the Federal and Provincial
the demands of the FLQ during the October governments had the FLQ manifesto read on
Crisis? national television on October 7, 1970, as a
means to appease the group.

The October Crisis involved the abduction of

British Trade Commissioner James Cross by
four members of the FLQ on October 5, 1970.
The FLQ demanded a ransom of $500,000,
Describe the main events that occurred transportation to Cuba, the release of jailed
during the October Crisis of 1970. FLQ members, and the reading of their
manifesto on national television. On October
7, the Federal and Provincial governments
had the FLQ manifesto read on TV in an
attempt to appease the group.

While the FLQ's violent actions were not

widely supported by most Québécois, many
How did the FLQ's actions impact public
felt that Québec had been poorly treated,
perception in Québec?
leading to a complex public perception of the
group's motives.

The FLQ, or Front de Libération du Québec,

aimed to advocate for the separation of
Describe the main goals of the FLQ. Québec from Canadian confederation, often
using violent revolutionary tactics to achieve
this goal.
 The FLQ's actions in 1963, including a
firebombing that featured the slogan 'Vive le
Québec libre!', highlighted the growing
How did the FLQ's actions in 1963 relate to tensions and desire for Quebec
the themes of de Gaulle's speech? independence, which de Gaulle echoed in his
1967 speech. Both events reflect the rising
nationalist sentiments in Quebec during that
period.

Charles de Gaulle's speech at Expo '67 was

significant as he raised his arms in a 'V' for
'Victory' and proclaimed support for Quebec's
Describe the significance of Charles de independence, stating 'Vive le Québec libre!'
Gaulle's speech at Expo '67. This moment symbolized a strong
endorsement of Quebec nationalism and
resonated deeply with the sentiments of
many Quebecois.

Canada's opposition to the French military

position during the Suez crisis may have
How did Canada's stance during the Suez contributed to lingering tensions and
crisis affect its relationship with France? grievances between Canada and France,
particularly in the context of de Gaulle's
leadership.

Charles de Gaulle's address at Expo '67 was

significant as it symbolized French pride and
Describe the significance of Charles de
influence, highlighting his role as a leader
Gaulle's address at Expo '67.
during World War Two and his establishment
of the Free French Forces.
 The Lesage government modernized Quebec
society by demanding special status for the
How did the Lesage government contribute to province, ensuring that federal funds were
the modernization of Quebec society? managed by provincial officials, and gaining
more recognition for French Canada, allowing
them to administer their own programs.

The nationalization of Hydro-Québec

demonstrated that the Québécois were
Describe the significance of the
'Maître chez Nous' by asserting their control
nationalization of Hydro-Québec in relation to
over local resources and governance,
Québécois identity.
reflecting a desire for autonomy and self-
determination.

Jean Lesage established a professional civil

How did Jean Lesage impact the civil service
service, which helped to modernize and
in his reforms?
professionalize government operations.

Jean Lesage reformed education by including

Describe the educational reforms science and business training in high schools,
implemented by Jean Lesage. encouraging citizens to attend high school,
and establishing post-secondary education.
 The themes include patriotism, valor, faith,
Describe the themes present in the Canadian
and the protection of homes and rights,
national anthem as reflected in the provided
highlighting a deep connection to history and
text.
national pride.

It marked a pivotal moment in Quebec's

history, signaling a demand for change and
Describe the significance of Jean Lesage's
reform following the death of Duplessis and
proclamation 'Il faut que ça change!' in 1960.
the defeat of the Union Nationale by the
Liberals.

They wrote anti-Duplessis and anti-Union

How did young intellectuals in Québec
Nationale articles for magazines like Cité
express their opposition to the Duplessis
Libre, coining the term 'The Great Darkness'
government?
to describe the period.

Industrialization, urbanization, and

Describe the societal changes occurring in secularization were increasing, reflecting a
Québec during the rise of resistance. strong desire to modernize Québec society in
the 20th century.
 The Richard Riot occurred after Maurice
'Rocket' Richard was suspended, highlighting
the cultural tensions between French-
How did the Richard Riot in March 1955
Canadian nationalists and the broader
reflect cultural tensions in Canada?
Canadian society, as Richard was viewed as a
hero by many in the French-Canadian
community.

The Asbestos Mining Strike in 1949 marked a

Describe the significance of the Asbestos pivotal moment in labor relations in Canada,
Mining Strike in 1949. symbolizing the beginning of a new era of
activism and conflict, as noted by PE Trudeau.

The Union Nationale sided with English

How did the Union Nationale respond to labor business owners and often suppressed labor
union activities in Quebec during Maurice union activity, exemplified by the police
Duplessis's leadership? intervention during the asbestos mining strike
in 1949.

In 1961, professionals and managers in

Quebec had a job distribution of 15% English
Describe the job distribution among English
and 15.4% French, while craftsmen had
and French workers in Quebec in 1961.
23.1% English and 32% French. Labourers
had 6.3% English and 7.2% French.
 Duplessis's policies led to French-Canadian
How did Duplessis's policies affect French- workers being given difficult and low-paying
Canadian workers? jobs, while he welcomed English and
American private businesses.

Maurice Duplessis resisted federal programs

Describe Maurice Duplessis's approach to and grants for education and healthcare to
education and healthcare during his protect the French language and Roman
leadership. Catholic faith, aiming to avoid the influence of
English Canada.

Duplessis' leadership is characterized by

conservative and traditional approaches
How did the leadership styles of Duplessis
leading to a period of darkness, whereas
and Lesage differ in terms of their impact on
Lesage's leadership is marked by progressive
Quebec?
reforms and modernization during the Quiet
Revolution.

Duplessis' time in office is referred to as "La

Describe the contrasting periods associated
Grande Noirceur" or "The Great Darkness,"
with Duplessis and Lesage in Quebec's
while Lesage's era is known as "La Révolution
history.
Tranquille" or "The Quiet Revolution."
 Maurice Duplessis led the Union Nationale
How did the leadership of Duplessis and
from 1944 to 1959, while Jean Lesage
Lesage differ in terms of political affiliation
represented the Liberal party from 1960 to
and time period?
1966.

Both Duplessis and Lesage aimed to improve

the French-Canadian situation by protecting
Describe the main goals of Maurice Duplessis
French-Canadian uniqueness, raising
and Jean Lesage during their terms as
Quebec's standard of living, and resisting the
premiers of Quebec.
influence of the federal government in
Ottawa.

The text suggests that strength, represented

by the ability to wield a sword, is
How does the text portray the relationship
complemented by faith, symbolized by the
between strength and faith in the context of
readiness to carry the cross, indicating a
the Canadian national anthem?
balance between military might and spiritual
conviction.