ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 2

TEST 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Exercise 001 Definition and Characteristics of Language

1. Choose the least accurate option:

(a) Language is a human system of communication

(b) Language entails the uses of arbitrary signals, such as
voice sounds, gestures, and written symbols.
(c) Linguists speak many languages
(d) Linguistics is the study of language.

2. Choose the most accurate definition of Language:

(a) "Language is the armory of the human mind, and at

once contains the trophies of its past and the weapons
of its future conquests (Samuel Taylor Coleridge).
(b) "Language is an anonymous, collective and
unconscious art; the result of the creativity of
thousands of generations" (Edward Sapir).
(c) "Language shapes the way we think, and determines
what we can think about" (Benjamin Lee Whorf,
Language, Thought, and Reality, 1964).
(d) "Language is the mother of thought, not its
handmaiden" (Karl Kraus, Dicta and Contradicta).

3. Choose the least accurate description of Language:

(a) "The limits of my language mean the limits of my

world" (Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical
Investigations, 1953).
3 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(b) "Language can also be compared with a sheet of

paper: thought is the front and the sound the back;
one cannot cut the front without cutting the back at
the same time; likewise in language, one can neither
divide sound from thought nor thought from sound"
(Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics,
1916).
(c) "Language is the biggest barrier to human progress
because language is an encyclopedia of ignorance.
Old perceptions are frozen into language and force us
to look at the world in an old fashioned way"
(Edward de Bono).
(d) "Language is a process of free creation; its laws and
principles are fixed, but the manner in which the
principles of generation are used is free and infinitely
varied. Even the interpretation and use of words
involves a process of free creation" (Noam Chomsky).

4. What was the first language?

(a) Aramaic or Hebrew (b) Arabic or a Middle Eastern

language (c) Greek or Latin (d) No one can say

Indicate whether the following statements are True or False

(Circle the correct answer).

5. Language is limited to human speech. [True/False]

6. Language is a faculty of speech possessed by all humans.
[True/False]
7. Language is static. [True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 4

8. Mode of expression and any manner of expression of

thought cannot be defined as language. [True/False]
9. The origin of language is traceable to apes. [True/False]
10. Language is purely human and non instinctive.
[True/False]
11. Language is not related to a particular group of people.
[True/False]
12. Language is neither innate nor acquired. [True/False]
13. Language cannot be defined outside a particular group of
people. [True/False]
14. Language is both inter-racial and inter cultural.
[True/False]
15. Language is purely instinctive. [True/False]
16. Human language can be biologically inherited.
[True/False]
17. Not every normal human has the ability to learn any
language they are exposed to. [True/False]
18. There isn’t always a connection between the form of a
language and the ideas represented by the form.
[True/False]
19. Some languages are better than others. [True/False]
20. Linguistic signs are combined in different ways to
express thoughts. [True/False]
21. Language is the vehicle of thought. [True/False]
22. Learning the language of a community does not help to
understand the ways and culture of that community.
[True/False]
23. The capacity to learn and use language is present in some
5 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

humans but not in all. [True/False]

24. A speaker of a language is expected to understand what
other users of the same language is saying or writing
at any point in time. [True/False]
25. All human thoughts are expressed in language.
[True/False]
26. One of the following statements about Linguists or
Linguistics is not accurate:

(a) Linguists basically engage themselves in a systematic

inquiry into the spoken form of language
(b) Linguistics is the study of the structures of language,
its uses and the relationship between them
(c) Linguistics is concerned with the development of
language through history and its acquisition by
children and adults.
(d) The scope of linguistics includes grammatical and
communicative competence
(e) Linguistics is concerned with human language as a
universal and recognizable part of the human
behaviour

27. One of the following definitions is grossly inadequate:

(a) Phonetics is the study of the systematic disruptions of

air molecules that occur whenever someone utters an
expression.
(b) Phonology is the study of the elements realized in
speech as consonants, vowels, stress and syllables.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 6

(c) Morphology is concerned with the formation of

words and meaningful sub-words constructed out of
the phonological elements of a language.
(d) Syntax is concerned with the arrangement of
morphological elements into phrases, clauses and
sentences.
(e) Semantics is concerned with the meaning proposition
expressed by sentences or utterances in a language.

28. One of the following definitions is inaccurate:

(a) Synchronic Linguistics deals with the study of a

language at a given point in time; this may be a
particular point in the past or present time
(b) Diachronic Linguistics is also known as Historical
Linguistics
(c) Linguistic anthropology is the interdisciplinary study
of how language influenced people’s life in the
distant past.
(d) Corpus Linguistics is the study of language as
expressed in samples (corpora) of "real world" text.
(e) Cognitive Linguistics refers to the branch of
linguistics that interprets language in terms of the
concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to
a particular tongue, which underlie its forms.
29. One of the following definitions is inaccurate:

(a) Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural

mechanisms in the human brain that control the
7 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

comprehension, production, and acquisition of

language.
(b) Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of
study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions
to language-related issues.
(c) Pragmatics refers to the branch of linguistics dealing
with language in use and the contexts in which it is
used.
(d) Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological
and neurobiological factors that enable humans to
acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.
(e) Stylistics is the study and interpretation of literature
from a linguistic perspective. As a discipline it
equates literary criticism with linguistics.

30. One of the following is not a branch of Linguistics

(a) Forensic linguistics

(b) Attitudinal linguistics
(c) Computational Linguistics
(d) Neurolinguistics
(e) Paralinguistics

Exercise 002 Levels of Language Description

Indicate whether the following statements are True or False:

31. The term Phonetics encapsulates only the articulatory,

auditory and acoustic analyses of speech sounds.
[True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 8

32. Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and

used in natural languages. [True/False]
33. For a medium of communication to be described as
Language, it must be analysable at all the basic levels of
linguistic analysis. [True/False]
34. Auditory Phonetics is the study of the perception of the
quality of speech sound waves. [True/False]
35. Phonology is the study of the sound system of a
language. [True/False]
36. Only Phonology can describe how words in a language
are produced. [True/False]
37. The level of linguistic analysis that studies word
formation is known as Syntax. [True/False]
38. Semantics is the least developed level of language
description. [True/False]
39. The terms ‘Inflection’ and ‘derivation’ accurately
summarise the main concerns of Morphology.
[True/False]
40. Phonology offers practical solutions to the problem of
meaning. [True/False]
41. Prosodic features are the same as suprasegmental
features and they are often described at the secondary
level of utterance analysis [True/False]
42. Acoustic phonetics is the study of the production of
sounds by human speech organs. [True/False]
43. The affinity between Phonetics and Phonology is
comparable in many important respects to what obtains
between Morphology and Syntax. [True/False]
9 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

44. The level of linguistic analysis that recognises segmental

and supra-segmental sounds as speech sounds is
Phonology. [True/False]
45. Segmental phonemes are vowel and consonant sounds
only. [True/False]
46. The structure of sentences is an important aspect of the
study of Syntax. [True/False]
47. Semantics is concerned with the study of meaningful
sentences in a language. [True/False]
48. Semantics sometimes engages in the study of the notion
of entailment. [True, False]
49. Syntax is the study of how phrases are combined to form
sentences. [True, False]
50. Morphological analysis sometimes entails a study of the
formation of grammatical sentences in a language.
[True/False]
51. Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties
of human sound waves. [True/False]
52. Derivation, clipping and blending summarise the
methods of word formation. [True, False]
53. The grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence is
described as Syntax. [True/False]
54. The notion of derivation assists in answering many
questions about the origin of a word. [True/False]
55. Derivation refers to the ability of a language user to form
a new word that no one has probably ever used before
with utmost confidence. [True/False]
56. Lexis refers to the total bank of words and phrases of a
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 10

particular language, [True/False]

57. A significant study of any language has to begin with a
study of its words. [True/False]
58. Phonology is often concerned with the rules governing
the combination of sounds in connected speech for
meaningful and functional communication. [True/False]
59. The study of Phonology is not concerned with proffering
solutions to second language learning problems.
[True/False]
60. Linguistic inquiry must follow the following order:
Phonology, Lexis, Morphology, Syntax and Semantics.
[True/False]

Exercise 003 The Basic Properties of Language

Choose the best option

61. The property of language that enables us to talk about

things and places whose existence we do not know is:
(a) discreteness (b) reciprocity
(c) arbitrariness (d) displacement
62. That part of the acceptability of utterance which can be
accounted for in terms of the rules is called:
(a) acceptability (b) structurality
(c) legality (d) grammaticality
63. Smiles, nodding and gestures are examples of
......................... communication
(a) extralinguistic (b) interpersonal
(c) verbal (d) intrapersonal
11 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

64. The words we store in our language repertoire which we

recall whenever we have to use language is
(a) mental lexicon (b) word knowledge
(c) known vocabulary (d) lexical input
65. One of the following terms does not accurately define a
language:
(a) arbitrary (b) hereditary
(c) instinctive (d) innate
66. Which of the following is not a function of language?
(a) Rituals and ceremonies (b) Expression of thoughts
(c) A vehicle of text (d) Dynamism
67. When we say language is arbitrary we mean
(a) there is no correlation between signs and the symbols
used
(b) there is no direct correlation between signs and the
ideas they represent
(c) there is no relationship between the colour of the
speaker and the language
(d) Language learners do not have innate predisposition.
68. ____________ is used in language to refer to an organised
pattern of sounds or words functioning together in a
predictable manner.
(a) symbols (b) rules (c) system (d) properties
69. When we say language is systematic, we mean that
(a) Language learners do not have innate predisposition.
(b) language is an organised pattern of sounds or words
functioning together in a predictable manner
(c) language is a sign that has to be learnt as a
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 12

conventional or cultural trait

(d) language is best appreciated through the words we
describe as onomatopoeic
70. When Language is used to exaggerate, mislead, create
imaginary stories or even tell an outright lie, we can say
that language is _______
(a) poetic (b) communal (c) creative (d) dynamic
71. When we say human language is community oriented,
we mean that language is ______
(a) Social (b) Communal (c) traditional (d) cultural
72. Language is discrete because
(a) The use of language requires two or more persons
who change their roles as speaker/listener
(b) one has to be discrete when using language so as to
be clearly understood
(c) language possesses discrete sounds which are distinct
and meaningful
(d) discretion in the use of language helps us to be better
users of language
73. When two or more persons change their roles as
speaker/listener in a speech situation, we say that
language is _______
(a) interactive (b) dual (c) reciprocal (d) polite
74. ________is used to refer to the fact that words and
expression in language change with time
(a) instability (b) dynamism (c) creative (d) arbitrary
75. The inborn nature of language _______
13 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) establishes the fact that every person has all the
organs of speech which the language environment will
compel him to use whenever he is called upon to do so.
(b) means that language is intuitive
(c) establishes the fact that language is indispensable
(d) means that language is dynamic
76. We say that language is arbitrary because
(a) The words we use in a language are there by
convention
(b) Language can be used to exaggerate, mislead, create
imaginary stories or even used to tell an outright lie
(c) Language involves signs
(d) speech comprises a set of interrelated members, each
with a distinct function
77. Language involves signs, i.e. entities which represent or
stand for other entities, thus language is ________
(a) systematic (b) symbiotic (c) symbolic (c) artistic
78. If a sign shares a physical resemblance with the object, it
is called _______
(a) an icon (b) an index (c) a symbol (d) a representative
79. If a sign has to be learnt as a conventional or cultural
trait, like the relationship between evangelism and The
Bible, it is called ________
(a) an index (b) a symbol (c) an icon (d) a representation
80. When we say that everyone is born with the ability to
acquire a language, we mean language is ______
(a) dynamic (b) conventional (c) innate (d) arbitrarily
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 14

Exercise 004 Functions of Language

Choose the best option:

81. Which of these statements can best describe the poetic

function of language?
(a) it enables users to construct poems very well
(b) it enables users to use language to refer to things in
the world
(c) it enables users to make people act in a particular
way
(d) it enables users to use language imaginatively
82. The language behaviour that is used for the purpose of
social solidarity and well being is known as ______
(a) behaviourism (b) Telephatic language
(c) expression of action (d) phatic communion
83. One of these is not a function of language
(a) to express action (b) to express thought
(c) to keep record (d) to construct poems very well
84. The aspect of language behaviour which can be described
as utterances that do not seek communication or
information is known as _______
(a) phatic communion (b) granting information
(c) communication error (d) arbitrary communion
85. When language is directly linked to the situation in
which it is used, we say that language is _______
(a) relational (b) contextual
(c) communicative (d) representative
15 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

86. When language is expected to perform the textual

function of providing cohesion in a written text, it is
referred to as ____
(a) a vehicle of cohesion (b) a vehicle of coherence
(c) a vehicle of text (d) a vehicle of linkage
87. The textual function of language empowers the writer to
write connected discourse that is situationally relevant
(a) correct (b) partially correct
(c) partially incorrect (c) false
88. When actions taken at family, community and national
levels are expressed in a language that is understood by
those affected by the action, then language a tool of ____
(a) mutual action (b) expression of action
(c) expression of solidarity (d) communal integration
89. Language is a tool of influence and persuasion
(a) true (b) false (c) maybe (d) none of the above
90. Language is an expression of thought because
(a) it is used for the purpose of social solidarity
(b) Language and thought are closely related and all
human thoughts are expressed in language
(c) Language can be used to exaggerate, mislead, create
imaginary stories or even used to tell an outright lie
(d) none of the above
91. One of the following is not a function of language
(a) it is used to give information (b) it is used to keep
records
(c) it serves the purpose of solidarity (d) it is emphatic
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 16

92. When we say Language serves as a vehicle for the

expression of personal experiences of the real world, we
mean that language _____
(a) expresses human consciousness (b) is inborn
(c) is didactic (d) is colloquial
93. Language is not meant to be used by one person only
because it is __________
(a) reciprocal (b) uniform (c) eclectic (d) situational
94. Today’s proceedings of the Executive, Legislatures and
Judiciary are kept in the form of minutes, constitutions
and judgments, respectively, for posterity because
language is used for
(a) keeping tabs on things (b) storing information
(c) writing judgments (c) all of the above
95. Language is ______________ for rituals in worship,
marriage, initiation ceremonies, etc.
(a) necessary (b) mandatory
(c) desirable (d) useful
96. Language is used by educators, politicians and religious
practitioners to make people share their beliefs or points
of view; hence language is _____
(a) situational (b) informative
(c) persuasive (d) judgmental
97. A typical interchange of pleasantries about the weather,
prices, social relations and socio-political situations is
known as _________
(a) face-to-face interaction (b) phatic communion
(c) ideational perspective (d) all of the above
17 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

98. The fact that the textual function of language empowers

the writer to write connected discourse that is
situationally relevant means that language is _______
(a) ideational (b) reciprocal (c) interactive (d) exclusive
99. Philosophical, religious, political, or ideological thoughts
must of necessity be expressed in a language that is
understood by people in the society. [True/False]
100. Language is used to pass across the culture, norms, and
practises of a people from generation to generation.
[True/False]

Exercise 005 Functions of Language

Identify the function of language in the underlined parts of
the following sentences:

101. Bola: I'm sure to fail! I just can't understand Maths. I

might as well give up.
Bade: Don't give up. You will understand it. Just keep
trying and you will succeed.
(a) explain (b) confirm (c) agree (d) encourage
102. Tola: Oh, I'm so sorry I'm late. I missed the bus!
Sade: I'm sick and tired of your lateness. We're through!
(a) apologize (b) explain (c) persuade (d) claim
103. Teacher: All the girls who didn't finish the exercise will
have to stay back after school to do it.
Student: But there wasn’t enough time for us to do it.
How could we have finished that exercise in ten
minutes?
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 18

(a) deny (b) protest (c) disagree (d) scold

104. Student 1: You stole my pen, didn't you? You thief!
Student 2: What? Me?
(a) accuse (b) ask (c) announce (d) blame
105. Teacher: Didn't you apply for the scholarship for needy
children?
Mariam: Not really. The scholarship is for ex-
servicemen's children.
(a) deny (b) reject (c) disagree (d) decline
106. Husband: It's all your fault that we're late. Can't you
learn to dress faster?
Wife: My fault? But you were still shaving at eight
o'clock.
(a) threaten (b) condemn (c) disapprove (d) blame
107. Amina: What shall I do? I can't get into this dress
anymore and I don't have any other one suitable for the
interview.
Nneka: Why not borrow one of mine?
(a) inquire (b) offer (c) volunteer (d) advise
108. Father: Well, how did it go?
Son: Only second place. Emeka won first place with
Soyinka’s “Abiku”.
(a) disappointment (b) dislike (c) delight (d) regret
109. Mofe: Is anything the matter, Kunle? You look so sad!
Kunle: I've failed nearly all the subjects in my trial exam.
Mofe: Well, that's bad, indeed. But the thing is, this exam
is not all that important. And, you were ill at that time,
weren't you? Otherwise, you would have done better.
19 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) scold (b) console (c) defend (d) agree

110. Rofiat: So, is it settled then! Ten o'clock tomorrow?
Aisha: Right! I'll see you then.
(a) inform (b) confirm (c) accept (d) instruct
111. Student: I'm sorry but I didn't bring my book.
Teacher: Again! Well, this is the second time you've
done it this week. If you do it just once more, you will
have to leave the class.
(a) command (b) criticise (c) warn (d) order
112. Mother: Don't you touch my cakes! They're for the party
tonight.
(a) request (b) appeal (c) order (d) invite
113. Father: You'll have to get much better results than this.
You will fail your A level exams at this rate.
(a) predict (b) blame (c) order (d) warn
114. Ete: Will you come to the pictures with me?
Ubong: Yes. I'd love to.
(a) request (b) offer (c) suggest (d) invite
115. Child: Mother, can I come with you?
Mother: I guess so. Come on, then.
(a) consent (b) thank (c) direct (d) suggest
116. Temi: I don't think it's going to rain. Do you ?
Bisi: Well, if I were you, I'd take an umbrella with me.
(a) offer (b) urge (c) advise (d) threaten
117. Teacher: Well, at long last, I have received a reply from
the scholarship board regarding your application.
Student: You have? Well, ... so ... did I ... I mean ...
(a) interest (b) fear (c) surprise (d) anxiety
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 20

118. Teacher: Look and see for yourself.

Student: (reads letter ) Oh! Oh! I got it! I got it! Oh boy!
(a) happiness (b) surprise (c) exhilaration (d) satisfaction
119. Do come if you possibly can. I'm eager to see you. Also,
it’s now the harvest season and my trees are laden. We
can roam around the town too.
(a) urge (b) advise (c) invite (d) plead
120. Till we meet again, take care. Please send my warmest
regards to your mother.
(a) taking leave (b) comment (c) warn (d) advise
121. Boy: That's it. You'll see the train station in front of you.
Tourist: Oh ! Can it be so close by then? I'd never have
expected so.
(a) surprise (b) dismay (c) anticipation (d) anxiety
122. Miss Adio: I must go and help out. I'll see you later at
the party. Student: Yes, alright.
(a) announce (b) instruct (c) promise (d) take leave
123. Student: May I speak to you for a moment?
Teacher: Well, I'm rather busy at the moment. Come at
ten if you're free then.
(a) reject (b) apologise (c) blame (d) decline
124. Mrs. Konkolo: More rice, Dear?
Mr. Konkolo: Thanks. I'm full.
(a) explain (b) inform (c) accept (d) decline
125. Sorry. I'm not trying to be rude. It’s just my way of
speaking.
(a) deny (b) explain (c) describe (d) protest
21 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

126. I really appreciate the thought behind your letter. And, I

felt a little better after reading.
(a) tell (b) compliment (c) praise (d) explain
127. Salewa: Don't be angry with me, Mummy? I should
have told you beforehand if I had known.
(a) ask (b) plea (c) compel (d) urge
128. Father: Well, how was the test? Son: No sweat.
(a) disappointment (b) happiness (c) satisfaction
(d) success
129. Musa: If you want to know, I failed every single subject.
Aisha: Really?
(a) surprise (b) admire
(c) empathy (d) accuse
130. Your parents were very kind to me when I was a child
and it's the least I can do to try to repay their kindness.
(a) admire (b) praise
(c) approve (d) appreciate
131. Chioma: I’m lost! I’m lost! Oh, everyone will be
laughing at me!
Tade: No, no. Don't worry! I'm sure they won't. After all,
they can’t run as fast as you.
(a) console (b) protest (c) criticize (d) blame
132. Bolu: I take that as an insult! Get out of here!
Gbade: Oh, I am sorry! I didn't mean to hurt your
feelings.
(a) apologise (b) forgive (c) protest (d) beg
133. Bimbo: Wow, you made it at last!
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 22

Tayo: You know nothing can make me miss your

wedding.
(a) shock (b) surprise (c) happiness (d) pleasure
134. Student: Good evening. Teacher: I'm so glad you made
it ... But you look worried. Is anything the matter?
(a) appreciation (b) welcome (c) invite (d) interest
135. Man: Hi, you look lost. Can I help you?
Tourist: Yes, I'm trying to get to the railway station.
(a) offer (b) allow (c) direct (d) greet
136. Suspect: I was at home all night reading.
Detective: Was anyone with you?
Suspect: No. I was alone.
(a) confirm (b) appeal (c) consent (d) claim
137. Joy: Bayo, I'm afraid I've bad news for you. Helen is in
hospital. Bayo: Hospital? What happened?
(a) surprise (b) love (c) shock (d) regret
138. Man: Can I give you a lift? Lady: No, thanks.
(a) offer (b) volunteer (c) invite (d) urge
139. Onlookers: Jump! Jump!
Victim trapped in burning house: I daren't! Oh! I daren't!
(a) disagree (b) fear (c) stubbornness (d) protest
140. Tony: You did! I saw you! (angry)
Ayo: No, I didn't! I didn't! (angry)
Mother: Calm down, now, both of you. There must have
been some mistake.
(a) protest (b) pacify (c) plead (d) discourage
141. Toyin: I think I'll enter the beauty contest.
Wunmi: Are you sure? You're rather young.
23 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) ask (b) discourage (c) advice (d) suggest

142. Teacher: That girl is dull! She hasn't passed a single
exercise all year! I'm fed up!
Principal: Why don't you ask her mother to come and
see you?
(a) suggest (b) question (c) compel (d) console
143. Haruna: I'm sure Hassan took it. I saw him near it and
then, suddenly, it wasn't there anymore.
(a) suspect (b) believe (c) decide (d) accuse
144. Ade: Will you marry me?
Ayo: Don't be silly. Who ever gets married at seventeen
these days?
(a) scold (b) decline (c) disagree (d) criticise
145. Mother: Did you enjoy yourself today, Darling?
Sade: Not at all. In fact, we quarrelled bitterly and we're
not on speaking terms.
Mother: Oh dear! Whatever did you have to be so angry
about?
(a) dismay (b) disappointment (c) shock (d) sympathy
146. Suliat: The trip will be only for eight days and we'll
have to miss only five days of school.
Father: It's out of the question. Forget it ! You're not
going.
(a) discourage (b) threaten (c) annoy (d) order
147. Bully: I'll get you for this! Don't think you can get away
with this. Nobody tricks me and doesn't live to regret it!
(a) blame (b) urge (c) threaten (d) protest
148. Bade: Like me to pick you up on my way?
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 24

Dayo: Thanks. That'll be nice.

(a) compliment (b) offer (c) accept (d) confirm
149. Student 1: I think it's unfair that all of us should have to
stand for mistakes that we never made.
Student 2: Yes. We knew the answers. But we were not
even asked.
Student 3: Yes. Why should we have to stand because
others could not answer your questions?
(a) defend (b) disagree (c) support (d) deny
150. Teacher 1: They've improved considerably. Nowadays,
they can even write whole paragraphs without making
many mistakes.
Teacher 2: How did you do it?
(a) satisfaction (b) hope (c) admiration (d) interest
151. Jade: I just can't stand ...
Wande: Yes, I know! You can't stand talkative people.
Well, no one asked you to listen.
(a) confirm (b) interrupt (c) accept (d) protest
152. Sam: Could you speak a little slower, please? I don't
understand French very well.
Abbas: Of course. I’m sorry.
(a) demand (b) plea (c) instruct (d) request
153. Student: How did I do?
Teacher: You got 60%.
Student: Only 60%! I expected to do better.
(a) disappointment (b) anger (c) regret (d) anticipation
25 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

154. Teacher: Your brother used to be such a studious

student but you are so lazy. Why can't you try to be like
your brother?
(a) condemn (b) praise (c) compare (d) confirm
155. Secretary 1: I have such a headache but there is this
huge pile of letters to be typed ...
Secretary 2: Poor you ! Headaches are such awful things.
(a) console (b) empathy (c) dislike (d) regret
156. Chukwu: Do you know that JJ Okocha is the most
handsome man in Nigeria?
Aisha: Well, he is handsome in a certain way. But,
Nwankwo Kanu! Now he really has that certain style
which, actually, JJ Okocha lacks.
(a) preference (b) interest (c) disagree (d) dislike
157. Son: We'll be camping overnight at Eleko Beach.
Mother: It may be a good idea to bring along a blanket,
then. Don't you think so?
(a) suggest (b) appeal (c) urge (d) direct
158. Director: We need someone to draw the curtain.
Stage hand: Well, I'll be free then. I can do it
(a) accept (b) agree (c) confirm (d) volunteer
159. Demilade: Are you coming for the concert?
Motilade: Concert? I’m afraid I have many things on my
mind.
(a) fear (b) disgust (c) ignorance (d) indifference
160. Cathy: I wish I hadn't copied your essay! Now the
teacher will never trust me again.
(a) anxiety (b) disappointment (c) regret (d) dislike
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 26

Exercise 006 Branches of Linguistics

Choose the best option:

161. The branch of linguistics that investigates the

relationship between language and the mind is ________
(a) Pragmatics (b) Psycholinguistics
(c) Geolinguistics (d) Sociolinguistics
162. _________ has to do with accounting for the meaning of
words, sentences and expressions in language.
(a) Meaninology (b) Pragmatics
(c) Semantics (d) Sociolinguistics
163. Which of the branches do you think is responsible for
the structure and rules, and conventions of expressions?
(a) Psycholinguistics (b) Sociolinguistics
(c) Syntax (d) Semantics
164. The term “grammatical rank scale” can be attributed
most to ____________.
(a) Randolph Quirk (b) Bolaji Aremo
(c) Michael Halliday (d) John Searle
165. Grammar comes from a Greek word which is best
translated as ______
(a) letters (b) words (c) structure (d) rules
166. Knowledge of ________ helps us to master how to form
correct sentences
(a) semantic interrogation (b) rules and conventions
(c) adverbials and verbals (c) functions of key words
167. The branch of Linguistics that focuses on the stress and
intonation patters of spoken expression is called ____
(a) Phonology (b) Phonics (c) Phonastatics
27 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(d) Morphology
168. The primary lexical unit of a word that carries the most
significant aspect of semantic content is called _______
(a) root (b) grapheme (c) morpheme (d) phoneme
169. Sociolinguistics is the study of _______
(a) language and speakers (b) language and rhetoric
(c) language and society (d) language and culture
170. The orderly representation of words to convey meaning
to its users is taken care of by _____
(a) Syntax (b) Pragmatics (c) Semantics (d) Phonology
171. All but the following is true about the English sentence
(a) An English sentence typically begins with a capital
letter and ends with a full-stop
(b) The sentence may contain more than five clauses.
(c) The sentence is larger than a clause but may still be
smaller than a discourse
(d) The English sentence may be realised by just a word
172. Psycholinguistics studies _____
(a) the brain of human beings
(b) language and human utterances
(c) language and the human mind
(d) human actions and interactions
173. Another name for descriptive linguistics is ________
(a) Applied linguistics (b) Functional linguistics
(c) Objective linguistics (d) Formal linguistics
174. Which of the following branches of linguistics will you
associate the terms of cohesion and coherence?
(a) Discourse Analysis (b) Psycholinguistics
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 28

(c) Semiotics (d) Neurolinguistics

175. I saw a blackbird and I saw a black bird can best be
resolved at the level of ______
(a) Semantics (b) Sociolinguistics
(c) Grammar (d) language
176. In which branch of linguistics do we use the expressions
diachronic and synchronic?
(a) Stylistics (b) Neurolinguistics
(c) Historical linguistics (d) Psycholinguistics
177. How is semantics different from Pragmatics?
(a) Semantics studies the organisation of expressions
while Pragmatics studies the meaning of expressions
(b) Semantics studies functional meaning while
Pragmatics studies utterance meaning
(c) Semantics studies the structural arrangements of
words while Pragmatics studies the structural
arrangement of acts
(d) Semantics relates expressions to logical meaning
while Pragmatics relates expressions to contextual
meaning.
178. A branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of signs
is called _____
(a) Pragmatics (b) Semantics
(c) Psycholinguistics (d) Semiotics
179. The branch of Linguistics that is based on the collection
of large samples of natural texts for analysis is called
_________
(a) Historical Linguistics (b) Forensic linguistics
29 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) Geolinguistics (d) Corpus Linguistics

180. The branch of Linguistics that investigates the
relationship between language and the law is _______
(a) Historical Linguistics (b) Forensic linguistics
(c) Legal linguistics (d) Corpus Linguistics

Exercise 007 The History of English Usage in Nigeria

Indicate whether the following statements are True or False:

181. English language entered Nigeria well before the advent
of the missionaries and the British colonial
administration. [True/False]
182. The first English fort was built in Calabar in 1850.
[True/False]
183. Belgium is one of the European powers that ‘scrambled’
for Africa. [True/False]
184. The area known as Nigeria today was assigned to
England at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85.
[True/False]
185. The origin of the use of English in the area known as
Nigeria today dates back to the early eighteenth
century. [True/False]
186. The return of freed slaves to African made no
contribution to the usage of English language in
Nigeria. [True/False]
187. The Christian missionaries contributed immensely to
the popularity of English language in Nigeria.
[True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 30

188. Early Christian converts were taught in their native

languages and not in English language. [True/False]
189. English language played a prominent role in Nigeria
during the era of the Christian Missionaries from
Britain. [True/False]
190. English language, which was the language of education
in those early days, later became the language of
enlightenment as well as opportunity. [True/False]
191. English became a necessity for the new converts when it
was realised to be the language of ‘light’. [True/False]
192. In order to function efficiently, the early employees of
missionaries had to learn the language of their masters.
[True/False]
193. By the time Nigeria gained her independence in 1960,
the English language was no longer needed in Nigeria.
[True/False]
194. The English language was termed ‘antisocial’
immediately after the independence. [True/False]
195. English language functions in Nigeria as the language
of international business and communication.
[True/False]
196. The English language, along with one indigenous
language, is considered as the only official languages in
Nigeria today. [True/False]
197. The English language as well as French is two of the
most prominent international languages accepted for
deliberation at international conferences. [True/False]
31 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

198. Ability to read and write in English was not considered

a rare talent in the era of the early Christian
missionaries. [True/False]
199. The English language is more of a curse than a blessing
in Nigeria today. [True/False]
200. The English language is the language of social and inter-
ethnic interaction in Nigeria today. [True/False]

Exercise 008 The Dictionary and its Uses

Indicate whether the following statements are True or False

201. The dictionary has been found to be a basic reference

source for both teachers and students alike.
[True/False]
202. A dictionary can be found for almost every modern
profession. [True/False]
203. The dictionary should be regarded as the first authority
on all aspects of language description. [True/False]
204. An abbreviation cannot be an entry in a dictionary.
[True/False]
205. Types of dictionaries include: dictionary of proverbs
and idioms; dictionaries of neologisms; dictionary of
personal names; spelling dictionary, pronouncing
dictionary, etc. [True/False]
206. The dictionary can be said to be an indispensable book
for language learners. [True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 32

207. The general dictionary is invaluable for attaining a good

grasp of the technical vocabulary of any academic
discipline.
[True/False]
208. The learner’s dictionary of English is a specialised
dictionary designed for both First and Second
Language (L1 and L2) users of the language.
[True/False]
209. The dictionary of antonyms and synonyms is also
described as “Thesaurus”. [True/False]
210. Sometimes, a dictionary user may need to rely on
his/her language mastery to guess the possibility of the
meaning of a word listed in it. [True/False]
211. A bilingual dictionary is designed to teach learners the
grammar of a language. [True/False]
212. Exegetic dictionaries explain the texts of an author or
related authors, e.g. Shakespeare, Romantic poets,
African authors, etc. [True/False]
213. An Online dictionary can be accessed on a mobile
phone. [True/False]
214. A dictionary could be described as “obsolete” as soon as
it is published. [True/False]
215. Dictionary of collocations gives usual collocations of the
lexical units and the words that can collocate with the
head word. [True/False]
216. Phonological transcription is a feature of all dictionaries.
[True/False]
33 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

217. Dictionary compilators can also be called

morphologists. [True/False]
218. The dictionary of antonyms and synonyms is useful in
finding out finer sense distinctions of homophones and
homographs. [True/False]
219. Lexicographers are scholars trained in the art of
dictionary compilation. [True/False]
220. The historical changes of a word are usually traced by
anthropological linguists. [True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 34

TEST 2: BASIC LANGUAGE SKILLS

Exercise 009 Communication Skills

Fill in the blank spaces with the correct answer from the
given options.
221. _____ involves making a conscious effort to hear not
only the words that another person is saying but, more
importantly, to try and understand the total message
being sent.
(a) Listening (b) Active Listening
(c) Passive Listening (d) Effective Listening
222. Listening is the ability to capture, receive and
understand important parts of pieces of information
delivered through the _____.
(a) Spoken medium (b) Written medium
(c) Listening medium (d) Reading medium
223. The ability to hear is typically innate, but the ability to
listen well is _____.
(a) a skill (b) knowledge (c) inborn (d) learnt
224. Listening is important because of the following reasons
except _____.
(a) It helps one in obtaining information
(b) It is the best method for understanding.
(c) It enhances learning (d) it’s time consuming
225. Which of the following is not a type of listening?
(a) Argumentative Listening (b) Competitive Listening
(c) Passive Listening (d) Active Listening
35 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

226. We do _____ when we are more interested in promoting

our own point of view than in understanding or
exploring so
(a) Active Listening (b) Competitive Listening
(c) Passive Listening
227. Active reasoning or engaging the intellect for a critical
follow-up is absent in _____.
(a) Active Listening (b) Competitive Listening
(c) Passive Listening (d) Argumentative Listening
228. _____ is what distinguishes active listening and makes it
effective.
(a) Understanding (b) Innovation
(c) Relationship (d) Feedback process
229. Effective listening requires the following, except _____.
(a) Maintaining eye contact with the lecturer or speaker
(b) Putting aside distracting thoughts and distractions
from environmental factors
(c) Failing to ask for clarifications when privileged to
do so
(d) Avoiding side conversations with your colleagues
in the lecture room.
230. The following factors hinder active listening, except
_____.
(a) Being preoccupied with other thoughts.
(b) Being so interested in what you will contribute
when the speaker is done.
(c) Having negative preconceived impressions about
the speaker.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 36

(d) Focusing on content and not digressing.

231. Writing is an attempt to _____.
(a) represent speech graphically
(b) present speech mechanically.
(c) put speech into writing. (d) transcribe speech.
232. Which of the following is not a system of writing?
(a) alphabetic (b) syllabic (c) word-writing (d) digital
233. Which of the following is not a writing process?
(a) Reading (b) Revision
(c) Editing (d) Assessment
234. A _____ ensures uniformity in spelling among writers of
English and the press.
(a) standard writing system
(b) standard spelling system
(c) standard writer’s system (d) Standard English
235. Which of the following is not a cause of spelling
mistake?
(a) Confusion of words which sound alike
(b) Wrong association of spelling with pronunciation
(c) Use of the dictionary
(d) Spelling mistakes attributable to poor
pronunciation
236. _____ serve to reflect in writing the tonal variations and
pauses in the spoken form of a language.
(a) Punctuation marks (b) Spellings (c) Symbols (d) Signs
237. The writing skill is derived from ____ skill
(a) speaking (b) listening (c) reading (d) none of the
above
37 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

238. The written form of a language is received by _____

(a) speaking (b) listening (c) reading (d) none of the
above
239. The writing skill is developed through ____
(a) literacy (b) functionality (c) orality (d) textuality
240. The writing skill enables a person to _____ the complex
symbols of language on paper
(a) decode (b) encode (c) retrieve (d) all of the above
241. The writing skill is acquired as a learned behaviour
[True/False]
242. The writing skill is one of the complex skills of language
[True/False]
243. The evolution of ________education has reduced the
spoken form of language to the written form
(a) oral (b) formal (c) tertiary (d) informal
244. The writing skill is the most basic of all language skills
[True/False]
245. The writing skill is innate [True/False]

246. While one can read several texts without writing, one
cannot write without reading. [True/False]
247. Reading skill is more basic to the definition of literacy,
but writing is secondary. [True/False]
248. Reading is both _____ and _____ process.
(a) a perceptual and a cognitive
(b) an inspirational and a cognitive
(c) a cognitive and an educational
(d) an academic and a social
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 38

249. The process of light rays conveying the constituents of

the written text to the retina makes reading a _____
process.
(a) perceptual (b) cognitive
(c) nervous (d) understanding
250. The process in which the brain interprets or imposes
meaning on images is _____.
(a) perceptual (b) cognitive
(c) nervous (d) understanding
251. Effective and efficient reading is more or less _____
affair.
(a) a bottom-top (b) a top-down
(c) a top-bottom (d) a bottom-up
252. Which of the following is not true of reading?
(a) Reading is meaning making.
(b) Reading is meaning reconstruction.
(c) Reading is meaning studying.
(d) Reading is meaning negotiation.
253. Which of the following is not a reading terminology?
(a) Scanning (b) Skimming
(c) Quick reading (d) Study reading
254. _____ is the fastest reading speed.
(a) Scanning (b) Skimming
(c) Quick reading (d) Study reading
255. A reader who wants to collect information in order to
take a quick decision needs to do _____.
(a) Scanning (b) Skimming
(c) Quick reading (d) Study reading
39 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

256. An average person reads _____ words per minute.

(a) 250 (b) 260 (c) 270 (d) 280
257. Which of the following is not a poor reading habit?
(a) Vocalising when reading (b) Reading aloud
(c) Pointing or fingering (d) Multitasking
258. Which of the following is not one of the levels of
reading comprehension?
(a) Literary comprehension (b) Interpretive comprehension
(c) Critical comprehension (d) Creative comprehension
259. _____ involves getting deeper meanings, anticipatory
meanings and drawing inferences from the text.
(a) Literary comprehension (b) Interpretive
comprehension (c) Critical comprehension
(d) Creative comprehension
260. Extensive reading includes reading all but one of the
following:
(a) newspapers (b) inscriptions on vehicles
(c) novels (d) letters and emails

Exercise 010 Speaking Skills

Choose the best option

261. One of the following is not true of speaking

(a) It is the production of ideas from the brain to the
mouth (b) it is a means of communication
(c) it is a skill available to only the educated
(d) it is one of the basic language skills
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 40

262. The ability to speak well depends on how well the

speaker can read [True/False]
263. One’s speaking skill can be refined mainly by______
(a) reading widely (b) writing extensively
(c) reading and listening (d) listening intensively
264. One of the following is not an attribute of the speaking skill
(a) it is the production of words from the mouth
(b) it is the production of ideas from the brain
(c) it is done when there are people listening
(d) none of the above
265. The fluency of a speaker is largely dependent on the
speaker’s vocabulary. [True/False]
266. In order to produce acceptable meaningful utterances,
the speaker has to learn and internalize the structure
of the language in question [True/False]
267. Of all the language skills, the Speaking and ______skills
are described as productive skills
(a) Writing (b) listening (c) reading (d) all of the above
268. Speaking is a _____ skill of language.
(a) encoding (b) secondary (c) decoding (d) primary
269. Language existed basically in the spoken form
[True/False]
270. A person’s communicative competence is mainly a
reflection of his/her ____________ skills
(a) listening and speaking (b) reading and writing
(c) listening and reading (d) speaking and writing
271. The speaking skill is _____
(a) innate (b) acquired (c) formulative (d) none of the above
41 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

272. Literacy can best be described as a person’s proficiency

in speaking and reading [True/False]
273. Speech is usually made up of all but one of the
following:
(a) sound (b) stress (c) letters (d) intonation
274. The sounds of a language can be subdivided into ____
broad subdivisions
(a) four (b) two (c) five (d) six
275. _____________ are basic to most languages
(a) stress and intonation patterns
(b) vowel and consonant sounds
(c) paradigmatic and syntagmatic rules
(d) none of the above
276. One of the following is not a type of consonant sound
(a) fricatives (b) laterals (c) diphthongs (d) bilabials

Agree or disagree with the following expressions:

277. A good reader and writer has a better chance of

reaching the peak of his/her career than a good listener
and speaker. __________
278. Stage fight is a speaking challenge that can be overcome
by preparing ahead of time and practicing before
friends and family members. ___________
279. One can become a successful public speaker without a
prior knowledge of one’s audience. __________
280. Experimenting with vocabulary is a really good way of
getting feedback. _____________
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 42

281. Trying to respond to what people say to you can assist

in developing your speaking skill. ______________
282. There is little or no relationship between good listening
on the one hand, and showing compassion and
empathy on the other hand. ______________
283. If you forget a word, using um, or er can save you from
awkward moments. _____________
284. It's important to use a natural rhythm when speaking
English, but if you speak too fast people might find it
difficult to understand you. _______________
285. If you relax when you speak, you'll find your mouth
does most of the pronunciation work for you. When
you speak English at normal speed, you'll discover that
many of the pronunciation skills, such as linking
between words, will happen automatically. _________
286. When speaking English, trying to become less hesitant
and more confident will help one’s fluency. _________
287. Don't be shy to speak – the more you do it, the more
confident you'll become. _____________
288. Using "please" and "thank you" if you ask someone to
do something for you is a polite way of asking for a
favour. _______________

Read items A, B, and C in each of the following, then mark

the one that best describes good communication.

289. A. When conversing with others, I usually do most of

the talking.
43 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

B. When conversing with others, I usually let the other

person do most of the talking.
C. When conversing with others, I try to equalize my
participation in the conversation.
290. A. When I first meet someone, I wait for the other
person to make the introduction first.
B. When I first meet someone, I introduce myself with a
smile and offer a handshake.
C. When I first meet someone, I hug the person.
291. A. I usually "warm-up" new conversations with small
talk.
B. I usually avoid small talk and jump into more
important matters.
C. I usually avoid starting conversations.
292. A. I make an effort to remember and use peoples'
names.
B. I don't pay attention to names as I tend to forget
them.
C. I only learn the names of important people.
293. A. I frequently use courtesy words and phrases -
"Please," "Thank you," "You're welcome," "I'm sorry."
B. I occasionally use these courtesy words and phrases.
C. I don’t see the need for the courtesy words and
phrases.
294. A. I tend to be serious and don't smile often while
conversing.
B. I smile all the time while conversing.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 44

C. I smile at appropriate times while conversing.

295. A. I make eye contact while conversing.
B. I sometimes make eye contact while conversing.
C. I never make eye contact while conversing.
296. A. While conversing, I hold my head still at all times.
B. While conversing, I nod my head at appropriate
times.
C. While conversing, I nod my head constantly.
297. A. While conversing, I stand one-foot away from the
person.
B. While conversing, I stand two to three-feet away
from the person.
C. While conversing, I stand five to six-feet away from
the person.
298. A. I often stand while talking to a person who is sitting.
B. I often sit while talking to a person who is sitting.
C. I often lean downwards while talking to a person
who is sitting.
299. A. To end a conversation, I often just leave.
B. To end a conversation, I begin to look impatient
hoping the person will get the hint.
C. To end a conversation, I wrap up with a closing
statement.
300. A. If a co-worker has put on weight, I say nothing
about it.
45 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

B. If a co-worker has put on weight, I tell the person

that he or she has changed in appearance.
C. If a co-worker has put on weight, I honestly tell the
person that he or she looks fat.
301. A. When I'm listening to the speaker, I often cross my
arms over my chest.
B. When I'm listening to the speaker, I often lean back
and turn my body away from the speaker.
C. When I'm listening to the speaker, I often lean
slightly forward and face my body toward the speaker.
302. A. When I cross my leg, I cross my leg facing the
speaker.
B. When I cross my leg, I cross my leg away from the
speaker.
C. When I cross my leg, I bob my foot.
303. A. While listening, I tend to be distracted by things
going on around me.
B. While listening, I listen for meaning and ask
questions.
C. While listening, I watch the person speak, but I don't
"hear" a word.
304. A. When someone talks about an unfortunate or sad
experience, I don't comment about it.
B. When someone talks about an unfortunate or sad
experience, I try to change the subject.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 46

C. When someone talks about an unfortunate or sad

experience, I try to relate to the person's feelings and
show sensitivity to his or her misfortune.
305. A. When I discuss a topic, I tend to talk about and focus
on positive (good) aspects.
B. When I discuss a topic, I tend to talk about and focus
on the negative (bad) aspects.
C. When I discuss a topic, I tend to complain.

306. A. When I have a negative opinion or comment, I just

say it.
B. When I have a negative opinion or comment, I lead
in with a positive comment first.
C. When I have a negative opinion or comment, I say
nothing.
307. A. When I receive unfavourable feedback, I note where
I need to improve.
B. When I receive unfavourable feedback, I get angry
and defensive.
C. When I receive unfavourable feedback, I deny the
problem, make excuses, or plead ignorance.
308. A. When I give a person negative feedback, I focus on
the person's observable work or behaviour and offer
suggestions.
B. When I give a person negative feedback, I focus on
what I don't like about the person.
C. When I give a person negative feedback, I simply tell
the person what to do right.
47 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 3: LEXICAL RELATIONS AND INTERSENTENCE

CONNECTION

Exercise 011 Lexical Relations

What is the semantic relationship between (or among) the

following words? E.g., If it is antonymy, specify the type of
antonymy.

309. couch | sofa _____ (a) synonymy

(b) antonymy: contradictory (c) antonymy: relational
(d) antonymy: gradable
310. awake | asleep _____ (a) synonymy
(b) antonymy: contradictory (c) antonymy: relational
(d) antonymy: gradable
311. stop | go _____ (a) synonymy
(b) antonymy: contradictory (c) antonymy: relational
(d) antonymy: gradable
312. strong | weak _____ (a) synonymy
(b) antonymy: contradictory (c) antonymy: relational
(d) antonymy: gradable
313. (He took the) lead /led/ | lead /li…d/ _____
(a) homonymy (b) hyponymy
(c) polysemy (d) metonymy
314. get | obtain, become, buy _____ (a) homonymy
(b) hyponymy (c) polysemy (d) metonymy
315. crown | king or queen _____ (a) homonymy
(b) hyponymy (c) polysemy (d) metonymy
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 48

316. vehicle | car, truck, SUV, bicycle _____ (a) homonymy

(b) hyponymy (c) polysemy (d) metonymy
317. take | grasp, carry, go (a specific way): _____
(a) hyponymy (b) polysemy (c) homonymy
(d) antonymy: relational
318. I’ll stand (be on my feet) | (resist) here: _____
(a) hyponymy (b) polysemy (c) homonymy
(d) antonymy: relational
319. do | undo: _____ (a) hyponymy (b) polysemy
(c) homonymy (d) antonymy: relational
320. fast | slow: _____ (a) hyponymy (b) polysemy
(c) homonymy (d) antonymy: relational
321. alive | dead: _____ (a) antonymy: gradable
(b) antonymy: converse (c) synonymy
(d) homonymy
322. beginning | debut: _____ (a) antonymy: gradable
(b) antonymy: contradictory (c) synonymy
(d) homonymy
323. I saw the spring (season) | (metal coil) : _____
(a) antonymy: gradable (b) antonymy: contradictory
(c) synonymy (d) homonymy

Indicate whether the expressions below are slang, idioms or

metaphors.

324. My heart began to glow. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang

(c) Idiom
325. That car is a lemon. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
326. She walked out on me. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
49 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

327. They’re stoned. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom

328. Stop beating around the bush. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang
(c) Idiom
329. I dig Fela’s music. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
330. The echoes of my mind. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang
(c) Idiom
331. This is not etched in stone. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang
(c) Idiom
332. The assignment was a breeze. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang
(c) Idiom
333. Somebody said you aced the test. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang
(c) Idiom
334. I arrived at the eleventh hour. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang
(c) Idiom
335. This is a pretty glitzy hotel to be staying in.
(a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
336. I am really a goof at times.
(a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
337. Picking your nose is really a gross habit.
(a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
338. Love is a rose. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
339. Life is a journey. (a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
340. I am going to the beach to catch some rays.
(a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
341. I really get a kick out of listening to children talk.
(a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
342. Paul is too green. He can’t do the job.
(a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 50

343. His cotton candy words did not appeal to her taste.
(a) Metaphor (b) Slang (c) Idiom

Look closely at the words underlined and numbered in the

text below. Then answer the questions that follow.

The 92-year-old, petite, well-poised and proud lady, who is

fully dressed (344) each morning by eight (345) o'clock, with
her hair fashionably coifed and makeup perfectly (346)
applied, even though she is legally (347) blind, moved to a
nursing home today. Her husband of 70 years recently (348)
passed (349) away, making the move necessary (350).
After (351) many (352) hours of waiting patiently
(353) in the lobby of the nursing home, she smiled sweetly
when told her room was ready (354).
As she maneuvered her walker to (355) the elevator
(356), I provided a visual description of her tiny (357) room,
including the eyelet sheets that had been hung on her
window.
"I love (358) it," she stated (359) with the enthusiasm
(360) of an eight-year-old having just (361) been presented
with a new puppy (362).

344. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________

345. Give a homophone of this word. ____________________
346. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________
347. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________
348. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________
349. Give a homophone of this word. ____________________
51 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

350. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________

351. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________
352. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________
353. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________
354. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________
355. Give a homophone of this word. ____________________
356. What is the semantic relationship between this word
and the word “lift”? ___________________________
357. What is the semantic relationship between this word
and the word “huge”? __________________________
358. Give an antonym of this word. ______________________
359. Give a synonym of this word. _______________________
360. Give a synonym of this word. _____________________
361. What is the semantic relationship between this word
and the word “just” in the sentence: Tunde is a just
person? ____________________________
362. What is the semantic relationship between this word
and the word “dog”? ____________________

Exercise 012 Synonyms

Choose the best synonym from the three options suggested

for the words IN CAPITAL LETTERS in each of the
questions below:

363. Most people would agree that traffic problems are

MOUNTING in urban and rural areas
(a) ascending (b) multiplying (c) exacerbating
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 52

364. Traffic jams have become so FREQUENT that we now

take them for granted and plan our lives around them
(a) banal (b) relentless (c) common
365. Pollution is now a SERIOUS problem worldwide
(a) sombre (b) acute (c) momentous
366. So much fuel is being used that HARMFUL emissions
are constantly released into the environment
(a) malevolent (b) noxious (c) calamitous
367. Cars, nowadays, have become INTEGRAL to our lives
(a) innate (b) part-and-parcel (c) indispensable
368. Everyone wants a car, and it is hard to CURB such huge
demand in modern economies so dependent on road
transport (a) restrict (b) shun (c) defer
369. At this time, governments are responding to complaints
about traffic CONGESTION by building more roads.
(a) profusion (b) hindrance (c) bottlenecks

Use arrows in the space provided to match the item on the

left to its synonym on the right.

370 sharp slay

371 remembrance keepsake
372 kill jut
373 defend keen
374 bulge justify

375 adjacent kind

376 withhold juxtapose
53 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

377 type knock

378 ignite keep
379 Tap kindle

380 try powerful

381 approve endorse
382 continue endeavour
383 opponent for
384 forceful endure

385 prize abyss

386 gab pursue
387 chase cherish
388 gulf chaste
389 pure chat

390 encourage upbraid

391 defraud bleak
392 scold cheer
393 prove swindle
394 dismal confirm

Indicate the meanings of the bold words/phrases in the

following exercises:

395. Agent provocateur a) a provocative salesman

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 54

b) person who leads others into

committing unlawful acts
c) agent of destruction

396. The avant-garde a) guards employed on casual

basis
b) needed for immediate
employment
c) trend – setting, artists, writers,
etc.

397. De facto a) a leader or ruler in principle

b) really existing but not legally
stated
c) without any doubt whatsoever
as to the truth
398. Fait accompli a) a thing already done, and so
irreversible
b) a crucial point in ones fate or
destiny
c) one’s accomplishments as a
result of background

399. Faux pas a) past mistakes that one regrets

b) mistakes that can be pardoned
c) embarrassing blunder

400. Aide-mémoire (a) one’s memory

(b) one’s personal assistant
55 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) Something that acts as an aid

to memory
401. crème de la crème (a) the cream added to coffee
(b) the best of the best
(c) the worst of the best

402. Déjà vu (a) a bad feeling

(b) a feeling that you have seen or
experienced something before
(c) a feeling of anger and regret

403. tête-à-tête (a) a private talk or visit with

another person
(b) to remove one’s teeth
(c) a prolonged fight with a friend

404. femme fatale (a) An alluring woman who

seduces men
(b) an alluring man who destroys
women’s future
(c) a fatal event

405. cuisine (a) a particular food/cooking style

(b) a particular kitchen decoration
(c) a restaurant

406. faux (a) fake

(b) a fault
(c) a famine

407. décolletage (a) collage

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 56

(b) a college degree

(c) low necklines on women's
clothing.

408. fait accompli (a) a deed that has been done

(b) a fatal accomplishment
(c) a faithful deed

409. de jure (a) according to the law

(b) a foolish mistake
(c) a faulty person

410. coup de main (a) a surprise attack

(b) a surprise package
(c) a main dish

411. coup d'état (a) a famine

(b) to murder someone
(c) overthrow of the government

412. carte blanche (a) an earthquake

(b) a blank cheque
(c) freedom to do whatever you
want/need

413. debutante (a) beginner

(b) debonair
(c) destructive

414. bon appétit (a) safe appetite

(b) enjoy your meal
(c) safe journey
57 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

415. imbroglio a) difficult, embarrassing or

confusing situation
b) a serious scuffle among some
people
c) a fight after an argument

416. impasse a) a political misunderstanding

b) deadlock
c) unexpected break in
transmission

417. in camera a) in a room, behind closed doors

b) in secret, in a judge’s private
chambers
c) away from the crowd

418. interregnum a) period shortly before a new

one
b) period of two reigns
c) time when a new leader is
sworn in

419. ipso facto a) on account of that fact

b) without mincing words
c) let bygones be bygones

420. laissez-faire a) a lackadaisical attitude

b) policy of non-interference
c) in defence of equality, justice
and fairness
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 58

Select the answer that best expresses the same meaning as

the bold expression in each of the following:

421. Throughout the time we were in Abuja, our parents

allowed us to go to the cinema only once. [Permission
for one particular action in the past]
(a) awe could go (b) we were allowed to go
(c) we had to go (d) we were able to go

422. My suggestion is that you take some money along; the

police have the tendency to want to make things
difficult. [Factual possibility]
(a) can (b) will (c) shall (d) may

423. Bisi is as thick as two planks. If she had more

intelligence, it should be easy for her to get a husband.
[Unreal situation]
(a) she can (b) she will be able (c) she may (d) she could

424. I know a carpenter that knows how to make that kind

of wardrobe. [General ability]
(a) could (b) has the know-how (c) can
(d) can be able to

425. The Power Holdings Company of Nigeria will have

the ability to supply electricity efficiently by the year
2050. [Future ability]
(a) can (b) will be able to (c) might be able to
(d) could
59 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

426. When your great grandmother was in Ondo, was she

able to speak the dialect? [Past ability]
(a) had she been able to (b) could she
(c) was she enabled to (d) how possible was it for her to

427. My sight is becoming an embarrassment. What touches

me the most is that when I was much younger, I could
drive extremely long distances without glasses – even
in the thick of darkness. [General ability in the past]
(a) could drive (b) was always driving
(c) was sometimes able to (d) was able to drive

428. By an unusual stroke of luck, my housemaid had the

ability to dispossess the rapist of the deadly weapon.
[Particular ability]
(a) succeeded in dispossessing (b) tried to dispossess
(c) had the lucky ability to dispossess (d) could have
dispossessed

429. When we were fresh undergraduates at the University

of Lagos, the authorities allowed us to watch TV
whenever we wanted to. [General permission]
(a) we had the ability to watch (b) we could watch
(c) we would watch (d) we used to watch

430. Every child has the permission to drive the man’s Jeep
on his birthday. [Permission on a particular occasion]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 60

(a) can (b) could (c) has the ability to (d) is allowed to

Choose the definition that best fits the bold term as used in
each sentence.

Choose the correct option

431. Antonyms are either ____________

(a) gradable/non-gradable (b) open or close
(c) graded or non-graded (d) none of the above
432. Antonymy or Antonyms is simply a relation of
__________ (a) opposing sides (b) contrast
(c) comparison (d) opposition
433. One of the following pairs can pass as binary antonyms.
(a) old/young (b) father/mother
(c) uncle/aunt (d) employer/employee
434.___________ antonyms are graded comparatively of
superlatively
(a) gradable (b) graded (c) grade A (d) degradable
435. For a word to pass as the antonym of another, they must
belong to the same word class. [True/False]
436. One of the following is a complementary antonym.
(a) single/married (b) old/young
(c) big/small (d) give/receive
437. Not all Antonyms are morphologically identical.
(a) True (b) false
(c) partially correct (c) partially incorrect
438. The antonym of some words are derived by affixation
(a) True (b) false
61 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) partially correct (d) partially incorrect

439. It is the linguistic context of usage that will determine
the appropriateness of an opposite word.
(a) True (b) false
(c) partially correct (d) partially incorrect
440. Lexical items can be opposite in some situations but not
in all cases.
(a) True (b) false
(c) partially correct (d) partially incorrect
441. One of the following is a relational opposite.
(a) doctor/patient (b) little/less
(c) wide/narrow (d) none of the above
442. One of the following is not a gradable antonym.
(a) open/shut (b) short/tall
(c) beautiful/ugly (d) big/small
443. One of the following is not a complementary antonym
(a) open/shut (b) male/female
(c) obedient/disobedient (d) high/wide
444. One of the following are not relational opposites
(a) debtor/creditor (b) father/mother
(c) lend/borrow (d) beautiful/ugly
445. One of the following is a type of antonym
(a) gradable (b) complementary
(c) relational (d) proximity
446. One of the following is not an antonymous relationship
(a) best/worst (b) parent/child
(c) scream/shout (d) silent/noisy
447. One of the following is an antonymous relationship
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 62

(a) female/woman (b) vegetable/pumpkin

(c) children/puppies (d) loyalty/treason
448. One of the following is not an antonymous relationship
(a) conserve/waste (b) thrive/languish
(c) hobble/limp (d) foe/friend
449. One of the following is an antonymous relationship
(a) kill/slay (b) chase/pursue
(c) haughty/meek (d) dismal/bleak
450. One of the following is not an antonymous relationship
(a) dye/bleach (b) live/die
(c) moan/groan (d) fortitude/cowardice

Match the term on the left to its antonym on the right in the
following boxes.

451. wane A. wax

452. wary B. narrow

453. waste C. careless

454. wide D. noxious

455. wholesome E. conserve

63 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

456. virtue A. clear

457. vituperation B. full

458. vivacious C. praise

459. vacuous D. languid

460. vague E. vice

461. limber A. thriving

462. lenient B. severe

463. languishing C. stiff

464. literal D. prompt

465. late E. fictional

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 64

466. former A. hindsight

467. foreground B. background

468. fortitude C. remember

469. forget D. latter

470. foresight E. cowardice

471. bolster A. bogus

472. bold B. cowardly

473. boon C. weaken

474. boisterous D. still

475. bona fide E. calamity

476. firm A. soft

477. foolish B. clean

478. foment C. sensible

479. foe D. friend

480. foul E. quell

65 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

481. blunt A. disconnect

482. bliss B. accursed

483. bind C. tactful

484. bleach D. anguish

485. blessed E. dye

486. tolerance A. disobedient

487. torpid B. active

488. touchy C. loathing

489. tractable D. freeze

490. thaw E. unruly

491. tranquil A. original

492. transparent B. opaque

493. treason C. consolation

494. tribulation D. troubled

495. trite E. loyalty

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 66

496. loquacious A. silent

497. liquid B. solid

498. limp C. tight

499. link D. break

500. lift E. lower

Exercise 013 Homonym/Homophone

Choose the correct Homonym/Homophone that completes
each sentence.
501. The city __________ meets every other Thursday.
(a) counsel (b) council
502. He became a __________ when he closed the door on his
thumb. (a) curser (b) cursor
503. She put the _________ on the bottom of the document.
(a) cygnet (b) signet
504. His victory is quite a _________. (a) coo (b) coup
505. The scale begins with ______.
(a) do (b) dough (c) doe
506. Please don’t ________ me for the money. I will pay you
when I can. (a) done (b) dun
507. She performed an ___________ deed.
(a) illicit (b) elicit
508. The gasoline caused the fire to _________ up.
(a) flare (b) flair
67 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

509. What is that _________ odour? (a) fowl (b) foul

510. When the voting was done, the ________ had prevailed.
(a) nose (b) noes (c) Knows
511. I __________ the right number of beans in the jar.
(a) guest (b) guessed
512. Did you _________ when you watched the sad movie?
(a) bawl (b) ball
513. We use a ____________ reader in our classroom.
(a) basil (b) basal
514. A dermatologist will check each _________.
(a) pore (b) pour (c) poor
515. She was _______ at her wedding shower.
(a) feted (b) fetid
516. The fragrant __________ arose from the oven.
(a) sense (b) cents (c) scents
517. I swam through the ___________ reef.
(a) coral (b) choral
518. We chose this ________ because it is near downtown.
(a) site (b) sight (b) cite
519. The editor used a _________ to show me where to insert
the comma. (a) karat (b) caret (c) carrot
520. Most people have two eye _______.
(a) browse (b) brows
521. I was _________ over by the amount of money I won.
(a) bold (b) bowled
522. I live in the ____________ of Huntington.
(a) borough (b) burrow

Choose the correct option

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 68

523. We _______ our trip long before we left. (charted/

chartered)
524. To be _______, use easy-to-understand language.
(comprehensive/comprehensible
525. Jare made Dele his ________. (confidant/confident)
526. Kemi was rewarded for her
_____________. (conscientiousness/ consciousness)
527. That will be 99 ______. (scents/cents)
528. Ade fell into a deep _______ after his car
accident.(coma/comma)
529. Your attitude is extremely _______.
(complaisant/complacent)
530. The _______ for the rare painting was brisk.
(biding/bidding)
531. The depth and ______ of my love for you is
endless. (breathe/breadth/breath)
532. Let’s not ____ that subject. (brooch/broach)
533. The school ________ dropped during the
outbreak. (attendant/attendance)
534. We watched with _______ breath. (bated/baited)
535. I am _______ my soul to the whole world.
(bearing/baring)
536. I don’t think you should _______ your dress. (altar/alter)
537. Look _______ before you cross the street. (all
ways/always)
538. The _______ is full of garbage cans. (allay/alley)
539. The house is _______full of garbage cans. (all
ready/already)
69 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

540. To what are you ________? (eluding/alluding)

541. I think that’s an optical _________. (allusion/illusion)
542. ______ is quite high among the workers. (moral/morale)
543. She is quite an ______ artist. (adapt/adept/adopt)
544. She has a British _______. (ascent/accent)
545. The castle is surrounded by a deep ______. (moat/mote)
546. The ______ arrested the bank robber. (martial/marshal)
547. This ______ the hottest June on record. (may be/maybe)
548. We will have to put a _______ on the property.
(lien/lean)
549. He wanted to try ______ my workload.
(lightening/lightning)
550. I asked for a ______ of fifty dollars. (lone/loan)
551. I prefer the ______ course of action. (later/latter)
552. Which ________ of your childhood do you remember
best? (incidents/incidence)
553. He was _______ for theft. (indited/indicted)
554. That’s an _______ idea. (ingenious/ingenuous)
555. He ______ against all of his enemies in a letter.
(inveighed/invaded)
556. He is a ________. (humane/human)
557. We asked for ______ for the robber.
(impunity/immunity)
558. The scene of the murder was ________. (gristly/grisly)
559. Where does he keep his _______ of
money? (horde/hoard)
560. The children ______ on the village
green.(gambolled/gambled)
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 70

561. The band of ______ tried to shoot the

enemy. (guerrilla/gorillas)
562. This book needs no
_______. (foreward/foreword/forword)

Exercise 014 Hyponymy

Choose the correct option

563. Hyponymy is the meaning inclusion between a super-

ordinate term and one or more subordinate terms.
[True/False]
564. Hyponymy deals with hierarchical relationships.
[True/False]
565. The par-whole relationship between lexical items is
called Hyponymy. [True/False]
566. In hyponymy, the meaning of the super-ordinate item is
included in the Hyponyms. [True/False]
567. The larger set that contains smaller elements in
Hyponymy is called the _____ item (a) supra ordinate
(b) co-hyponyms (c) meronic (d) super-ordinate
568. The smaller items in a hyponym are called______
(a) meronyms (b) super hyponyms
(c) co-hyponyms (d) entailment
569. Hyponymy is a relationship of entailment. [True/False]
570. Hyponymy is basically a relationship between lexical
items. [True/False]
571. Hyponyms are generally used for emphasis.
[True/False]
71 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

572. One of the following does not contain hyponymous

relationship (a) woman, cow, lioness, bitch, female (b)
ram, ewe, sheep, lamb (c) nose, mouth, ear, eyes, lips
(d) flower, plant, vegetable, tree
573. Hyponymy is also known as _____inclusion
(a) genetic (b) meaning (c) hyponyms (d) contrast
574. A pane is a _____ of a window
(a) hyponymy (b) meronym (c) synonymy (d) antonym

Arrange the words in each group so that every word is a

hyponym of the word immediately before it.

Example: (a) mouse, rodent, mammal

Answer: mammal: rodent, mouse

575. house, building, bungalow, rotunda

576. run, jog, sprint, trek, move
577. pistol, weapon, firearm, revolver
578. person, uncle, relative.
579. dog, beast, beagle, hound
580. pilfer, steal, take
581. station wagon, car, convertible, vehicle, bus, van
582. shrub, tree, plant, poppy, rhododendron, flower,
marigold
583. steal, borrow, embezzle, get, burgle, buy
584. sing, speak, croon, chat, vocalize, yodel
585. denim, worsted, cotton, muslin, fabric, tweed, wool
586. amble, run, sprint, locomote, stroll, jog, walk
587. bic, biro, parker, fountain pen, pen
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 72

588. Lemon, olive, green, army

589. Soyinka, Achebe, authors, Ngugi Wa Thiong’O,
Emecheta, Adiche
590. factory, hospital, building, house, church,
591. sink, water cistern, shower, bathroom, bidet, urinary
592. physics, chemistry, sciences, botany, zoology
593. seaplane, biplane, aircraft, helicopter, glider, fighter,
594. novels, journals, books, anthology, manuals.
595. Cymbal, drum, violin, musical instruments, samba,
piano, sax
596. Scarlet, vermilion, red, crimson, burgundy,
597. Wheat, soy, grains, rice, guinea corn,
598. Paddle steamer, catamaran, container ship, boat, liner,
ferry, hovercraft
599. Terraced house, apartment building, chalet, duplex, row
house. Homes, cottage

Exercise 015 Collocation

Choose the best option

600. Collocation is the tendency of two words to occur

together. [True/False]
601. The two words that usually co-occur in collocation are
semantically independent. [True/False]
602. Collocations tend to favour specific meaning context.
[True/False]
603. Sometimes, the words in collocation can be mutually
selective. [True/False]
73 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

604. Some collocations are not considered as idioms because

of their syntactic behaviour. [True/False]
605. Collocations, unlike idioms can be modified.
[True/False]
606. Collocations can be bound or unbound. [True/False]
607. The items that enter into the relationship of collocation
are called _______ (a) collocators (b) collocations
(c) collatables (d) collocates
608. The items in collocation are mutually _______
(a) collocated (b) exclusive
(c) inclusive (d) synonymous
609. There are _____ types of collocation
(a) four (b) six (c) two (d) three
610. When collocations are free, more structural words can
be added to them. [True/False]
611. The words in free collocations cannot be altered.
[True/False]
612. The words in free collocations can be reordered.
[True/False]
613. Fix collocations can also be regarded to as idiomatic
expressions. [True/False]
614. Collocative items do not habitually co-occur.
[True/False]
615. Lexical items in fixed collocation can sometimes be
reordered. [True/False]
616. The lexical items in fixed collocation can be altered.
[True/False]
617. Phrasal verbs are forms of fixed collocation. [True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 74

618. The lexical items in collocation are mutually predictive.

[True/False]
619. Not all lexical items can collocate. [True/False]
620. Fixed collocations can sometimes be referred to as
frozen expressions. [True/False]
621. Binominals and trinominals can sometimes be referred
to as fixed collocation. [True/False]
622. Collocations are made up of mostly closed class items.
[True/False]
623. There are more collocations than words. [True/False]
624. The knowledge of collocational restriction is part
of a native speaker’s competence. [True/False]
625. One of these collocates with Butter
(a) rot (b) rancid (c) rotten (d) addled
626. ‘Penitent’ collocates with ______
(a) righteous (b) son (c) father (d) sinner
627. _____ collocates with Business.
(a) buy (b) run (c) risk (d) thief
628. ‘Buy’ collocates with all but one of the following
(a) an idea (b) a house (c) a man (d) a drink
629. One of these does not collates with Reach.
(a) a goal (b) a family (c) destination (d) an agreement
630. Only one of the following collocates with Fish.
(a) sea (b) book (c) cloudy (d) hot

Exercise 016 Grammatical Devices: Substitution

Choose one of the options to indicate the omitted words in

each of the following sentences.
75 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

631. Which ice-cream would you like?" – "I would like the
pink _____"
(a) ice cream (b) type (c) one (d) colour
632. 'I dropped the shirt because _____ was dirty'
(a) it (b) the dress (c) its (d) the shirt
633. I kept the English textbook. _____ was the only _____ I
had
(a) It and one (b) Its and book
(c) It and textbook (d) It and One
634. Sade has gone home. _____ will be back soon.
(a) She (b) He (c) It (d) I
635. My jumper is worn out, so I need a new _____
(a) ones (b) some (c) one (d) jumper
636. Mary likes coffee and I _____ too
(a) Like (b) does (c) do (d) love
637. Has she arrived? I think _____
(a) not (b) so (c) yes (d) she does
638. His car is red and ____ is too
(a) we (b) my (c) mine (d) they
639. I like Greece – we went on holiday _____
(a) once (b) there (c) before (d) ones
640. He may lose but I hope __________
(a) no (b) not (c) yes (d) he does
641. There’s plenty of food, so do have ____
(a) none (b) some (c) any (d) food
642. These cups are dirty. Let’s use the other _____
(a) cups (b) some (c) one (d) ones
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 76

(This following exercises test your knowledge of substitution

of verbs)

643. Many Nigerian graduates are taking jobs overseas and

the reason they are ….......... is because graduate
unemployment is currently high in the country.
(a) doing it (b) doing so (c) doing this way (d) doing
such thing
644. The prince is then told to kill and bring home a dragon,
but in order to …..........., he has to cross the Forbidden
Mountain.
(a) do it (b) do so (c) do this thing (d) do thus
645. Many people have refused to vote in elections for years.
They may have …......... because they believe that their
vote can change nothing.
(a) do so (b) did so (c) done so (d) doing so
646. Good writers frequently rephrase and summarise the
main ideas in their texts. They ….......... in order to
remind the reader about what is important.
(a) do so (b) doing so (c) did so (d) have done so
647. The company changed their product packaging last year
and by …....... they have attracted many new
customers.
(a) so (b) doing so (c) they did so (d) done so
648. There has been a lot of speculation about why the team
played so badly – the manager claims that they….........
because they were tired.
(a) do so (b) had done so (c) did so (d) were doing so
77 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

649. Western powers are constantly intervening in Middle

East politics, but in constantly …........., they risk
alienating the Arab world.
(a) doing so (b) do so (c) did so (d) having done so
650. During the court case, the accused man was asked why
he had stolen the painting, but he only admitted much
later that he had …......... because his wife loved it.
(a) being doing so (b) been doing so (c) done so (d) did so

Substitute pronouns for the italicized in each sentence. E.g.:

(a) The boy is reading the book. He is reading it.
(b) The students are talking to Tom. They are talking to him.

651. Mary is studying her lesson with John. _____________.

652. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson enjoy television very much.______.
653. That fellow understands the lesson completely.________.
654. The children like their teachers very much. ___________.
655. Do Charles and Mary like that English book? _________.
656. Is Miss Brown explaining the lesson to the students?
__________
657. The women are talking about the party. ______________.
658. The man is moving the furniture into the other
room. _______.
659. Those people need the money as soon as
possible.___________.
660. John and Frank are writing the letter right now. ______.
661. Frank and I usually meet our friends at the corner.
__________.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 78

662. The teachers spoke to the girls about that

matter. _________.
663. Mr. Harris is helping Alfred with the
lesson. _____________.
664. The policeman is giving a ticket to Mrs.
Anderson. _________.
665. David's friends always enjoy his jokes. _____________.
666. Harry didn't tell the bad news to his
parents. ______________
667. You and Manuel didn't give the money to Peter and
me. _______________.
668. Her father told Mary not to wash the dishes for her aunt.
________________.

Exercise 017 Ellipsis, Substitution, and more.

Use ellipsis to abbreviate the second clause in the following

sentences.

Example:
Nnena broke her leg and she injured her elbow.
Nnena broke her leg and injured her elbow.

669. At that time, Tope was working in a restaurant at night,

and he was going to school during the day.
670. Recently Dende has been listening to a lot of music, but
he has not been reading much.
79 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

671. Before her accident, Martha had been swimming on

Saturday mornings, or she had been running in the
park.
672. Harry’s room has been cleaned and it has been painted
too.
673. Suliat went to jail but her husband went into the
hospital.
674. Nafisah had cooked supper, and she had put on her
new dress by the time her fiancé arrived.
675. Sometimes Yinka sent his boss an email and sometimes
he phoned him.

Complete the following with the appropriate option:

676. When you go by train, make sure you take an

express,____ stops only at big stations.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
677. I prefer a flat in Ikoyi to _____ in Ibafo, because I want
to live near the city centre.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
678. Cars do cause us some health problems ______in fact far
more serious ____than mobile phones do.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
679. I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is
much fresher than ______in the city.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
680. My most famous relative of all, _____ who really left his
mark on Biafra, was Col Banjo, my grandfather.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 80

681.Do you like the book Tosan gave you as a birthday

present? Very much, it’s exactly ______I wanted.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
682. It is the ability to do the job _____ matters, not where
you come from or what you are.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
683. The store sells big ones, small ones, medium,_____ or
anything you want.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
684. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an
unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones
685. We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Adaeze
made ____ from some wood we had.
(a) that (b) one (c) the one (d) ones

In the following sentences, articles have been removed.

Choose either correct or incorrect to determine whether they
are still correct or not.

686. Children usually rush about. (Correct, Incorrect)

687. Computers are useful machines. (Correct, Incorrect)
688. Honey is sweet. (Correct, Incorrect)
689. Sugar is bad for your teeth. (Correct, Incorrect)
690. Wisdom is better than riches. (Correct, Incorrect)
691. Virtue has its own reward. (Correct, Incorrect)
81 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 018 Conjunction

Fill in the blank spaces with these words: although, and,

because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when

692. Things were different _____ I was young.

693. I do it _____ I like it.
694. Let us wait here _____ the rain stops.
695. You cannot be a lawyer _____ you have a law degree.
696. That was years _____ years ago.
697. She has not called _____ she left last week.
698. I saw him leaving an hour _____ two ago.
699. This is an expensive _____ very useful book.
700. We were getting tired _____ we stopped for a rest.
701. He was angry _____ he heard what happened.
702. Walk quickly _____ you will be late.
703. He had to retire _____ of ill health.
704 We will go swimming next Sunday _____ it's raining.
705. I heard a noise _____ I turned the light on.
706. Would you like a coffee _____ tea?
707. Do you know _____ she will arrive?
708. _____ the car is old it still runs well.
709. Do you want a pen _____ a bit of paper?
710. I would like to go _____ I am too busy.

Complete the following sentences by adding “and”, “but” or

“or”. The first one has been done for you.

Example: Mrs. Taylor is tall and slim.

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 82

711. Learning geography is hard ___ interesting.

712. I don’t like football__ soccer.
713. Do you pull the handle____ push it?
714. These tools are old ___still good.
715. We visited lots of castles ____palaces in England.
716. The classes are quite difficult ___ I’m doing well.
717. I didn’t know whether to turn left ____right.

Complete the following sentences by adding “and”, “but” or

“or” where necessary. The first one has been done for you.

Example. You’ll need paper scissors glue.

You’ll need paper, scissors and glue.

718. I don’t enjoy football swimming homework.

719. Shall we play tennis read a book watch TV?
720. Do you want to sit next to Peter, David Sam?
721. We visited India Japan South Korea on our trip.
722. Mr. Carter likes classical music pop music jazz.
723. No one likes people who are rude mean cruel.
724. Dad has to make our breakfast help us get dressed take
us to school.

Choose the sentence from the ones numbered 725 - 734 that
goes with the ones numbered 1 – 10 below. Join the two
sentences with “and”, “but” or “or”.

725. You weren’t at home.

726. Draw a picture of your favourite animal.
83 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

727. Nobody answered.

728. Do you want to play at my house?
729. It was closed.
730. Put it in the fridge.
731. We couldn’t find it.
732. Will he drop it?
733. Is Nicole smarter?
734. She didn’t know the answer.

1. Shall I bring my computer games to your house?

2. We went to the supermarket.
3. Take this milk.
4. We looked everywhere for the key.
5. I phoned you this morning.
6. Jim asked the teacher.
7. Take a pencil.
8. Is Susan the smartest student in the class?
9. Do you think he’ll catch the ball?
10. We knocked at the door.

Use either “and, but or because” to complete the following

sentences

735. I know that woman ______ I don't remember her name.

736. She's absent ______ she's ill.
737. I like French ______English, too.
738. My friend is clever ______ she likes helping people.
739. I went to bed early _______ I was tired.
740. My sister is messy _______ she works hard.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 84

741. Sam invited his friend ________ it's his birthday.

742. He speaks English ________ Spanish quite well.
743. I bought a newspaper _______ I didn't read it.
744. I like this dress ______ it is very expensive.

Complete these sentences

745. It was Sunday _____ they didn't receive their parcel.

(a) because (b) therefore (c) since
746. They will send it ____ they have received your
proposal. (a) unless (b) when (b) although
747. _______ it was cancelled, we didn't pay for it.
(a) unless (b) since (c) as much as
748. He works like mad ______ get early promotion.
(a) unless he (b) although to (c) in order to
749. _______ you don't have the receipt, we can't give you a
refund. (a) unless (b) since (c) as a result
750. I visited their house while you were staying in New
York. (a) unless (b) while (c) before
751. Tomorrow is a day off in Brazil ______you won't be able
to reach them. (a) though (b) unless (c) so
752. You won't get them ______you have confirmed your
order by mail. (a) while (b) given that (c) unless
753. We are forced to operate via Paris ___________ the fees
are too expensive. (a) given that (b) in as much as
(c) because
754. ______it is very cold, they have been able to forward
them. (a) when (b) unless (c) though
85 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

755. I would like to see the prototype _____ we send it to

production. (a) so that (b) unless (c) before
756. I'll tell your friends not to come _____ we can spend the
evening together. (a) before (b) unless (c) so that
757. We showed our cases at the customs _______ showing
the police our IDs. (a) after (b) when (c) although
758. _____ of the bad weather, the plane didn't take off.
(a) unless (b) because (c) given that
759. We enjoyed our walk ____ the bad weather.
(a) unless (b) in spite of (c) although
760. You won't find prospective customers _________ you
advertise in the media.
(a) unless (b) in spite of (c) given that
761. _______ you like it or not, I won't change my mind.
(a) although (b) given that (c) whether
762. You can have room 521 on the top floor ________ room
14 if you like it better
(a) as a result of (b) because of (c) instead of

Complete the following sentences.

763 ._______it is very cold, it is not freezing. (a) because (b)

though (c) as
764. It was Sunday and ______most shops were closed.
(a) since (b) therefore (c) though
765. ______you refuse to work, I will not give you a present.
(a) though (b) after (c) since
766. They will come back ______their work is over.
(a) when (b) though (c) while
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 86

767. ______it was raining, I took my umbrella.

(a) as (b) though (c) if
768. He works seriously ______become an engineer.
(a)so that (b) in order to (c) in spite of
769.______some were dancing, others were watching TV.
(a) while (b) till (c) since
770. Tomorrow is Sunday _____you can stay in bed till
lunch-time. (a) as (b) so (c) if
771.______you marry Jenny, you will have to stop drinking
and smoking. (a) if (b) so (c) therefore
772. Most people didn't like the film ______it was boring.
(a) if (b) after (c) because
773. I would like to see Venice _______ I die.
(a) after (b) before (c) though
774. I will tell them not to come ______we can work in peace.
(a) if (b) because (c) so that
775. He went to prison______-he had killed a man.
(a) because (b) before (c) if
776._______the bad weather, the plane couldn't take off on
time (a) in spite of (b) instead of (c) because of
777. ______the rain, the barbecue party was a success.
(a) in spite of (b) instead of (c) because of
778. You can have fish ______meat if you prefer.
(a) in spite of (b) instead of (c) because of
779. You will not find a job _______you have passed your
exam. (a) till (b) therefore (c) so
780. You will either work ______leave the firm.
(a) so (b) if (c) or
87 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

781. _______ tomorrow is Sunday, you will be able to stay in

bed till lunch-time. (a) as (b) if (c) so
782._____his parents were away, he invited twenty friends to
his party. (a) as (b) so (c) though

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate conjunctions.

783. You can come to the meeting ______ you don't say
anything.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
784. He jumped ______ he were a kangaroo.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
785. I'm not leaving ______ I get an apology from you.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
786. I came here ______ you could give me an explanation.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
787. Bola is very tall ______ Bill is very short.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
788. You look ______ you've seen a ghost.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
789. I refuse to pay anything ______ you do the work
properly.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
790. I will go shopping for food this evening ______ I don't
have to go at the weekend.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
791. You look ______ you haven't eaten for a week.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
792. I came early ______ I could talk to you privately.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 88

(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if

793. ______ I don't think she's perfect for the job, she's
certainly better qualified than Steve.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
794. I don't mind if you go out for lunch ______ you're back
for the meeting at two.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
795. Are you OK? You look ______ you have a problem.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
796. ______ the job is very interesting, it's also very badly
paid.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
797. We'll go to the mountains on Saturday ______ it doesn't
rain.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
798. The winters here are very cold ______ the summers are
very hot.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
799. You can write the report when you want ______ it's
ready by the end of the month.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
800. It looks ______ the government has got a lot of
problems.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
801. I want Mary to be in charge ______ I get back from
holiday.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
89 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

802. ______ I don't approve of what you did, I'm not going to
punish you for it.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
803. I'm learning English ______ I can get a better job.
(a) so that (b) as long as (c) while (d) until (e) as if
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 90

TEST 4: THE ENGLISH MORPHEME

Exercise 019 The Grammatical Rankscale

Fill in the gap with the correct option:

804. The highest-ranking unit in the grammatical rankscale is

the _____ (a) clause (b) word (c) sentence (d) phrase
805. The concept of rankscale is derived from the work of
______ Grammarians. (a) Traditional (b) Systemic
(c) Functional (d) Grammatical
806. The linguists who categorized grammar into different
units are known as _______ Grammarians
(a) Structural (b) Transformational
(c) Traditional (d) Systemic
807. The grammar of English consists of ____ units that can
be arranged in descending or ascending order.
(a) seven (b) six (c) five (d) four
808. The arrangement of grammatical unit in descending
order of their rank is known as _____ (a) rank-shifting
(b) rank-scale (c) ranking (d) categorisation
809. According to ______, a word consists of one or more
morphemes. (a) grammarians (b) morphologists
(c) linguists (d) lexicologists
810. A ______ is made up of one or more groups.
(a) phrase (b) word (c) clause (d) sentence
811. A group can be made up of just one word.
91 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) true (b) false (c) partially true (d) none of the above
812. A sentence can be realised by one or more _______
(a) groups (b) phrases (c) clauses (d) Syntax
813. The word is the smallest grammatical unit.
(a) false (b) true (c) partially correct
(d) partially incorrect
814.The morpheme is not significant for meaning in English
grammar.
(a) false (b) true (c) partially correct
(d) partially incorrect
815. ‘Morpheme’ and ‘Syllable’ refer to the same thing
(a) true (b) false (c) partially correct
(d) partially incorrect
816. A single member of one of the following can constitute
an English clause. (a) Noun (b) Adjective
(c) Adverb (d) Verb
817. How many clauses are in the sentence, ‘A racket is an
instrument which we use to hit ball when we play
tennis or badminton from time immemorial’.
(a) five (b) four (c) three (d) two
818. Which of the following is true of the English clause.
(a) it is the bedrock of good written English
(b) it is lower in rank than the group
(c) it often contains many verbal groups
(d) it can be modified to form a complex sentence
819. How many clauses are in this sentence? Britain
conquered and pacified Nigeria, but she never
subjugated the country.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 92

(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four

820. How many clauses are in the following sentence?
Since then, in every generation of my family, the first
born son has carried his name and become the leader of
our tribe. (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four
821. The most basic component of a correct sentence is _____
(a) the adjectival group (b) the adverbial group
(c) the verbal group (d) the nominal group
822. A clause can be described (as) ______
(a) according to its function (b) finite or non-finite
(c) dependent or independent (d) all of the above
823. All but one of the following is true of the English
sentence.
(a) An English sentence typically starts with a capital
letter and ends with a full stop
(b) An ideal English sentence has two or three clauses
(c) The English sentence comprises one or more clauses
(d) An English sentence can be realised by a single
word

Exercise 020 Root and Stem

The following statements are either true or false. Choose the

correct answer from the given options.

824. The root of a word is a unit of meaning. [True/False]

825. The root of a word is an abstraction. [True/False]
826. A Root morpheme can either be free or bound
[True/False]
93 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

827. Root morphemes are obligatory for affixation or

compounding to take place. [True/False]
828. The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and
of a word family. [True/False]
829. The root carries the most significant aspects of semantic
content and can be reduced into smaller constituents.
[True/False]
830. Stems may be roots. [True/False]
831. Stems may be morphologically complex, as in
compound words. [True/False]
832. A stem is that part of a word that inflectional affixes
attach to. [True/False]
833. The exact use of the word 'stem' does not depend on the
Morphology of the language in question. [True/False]

Determine the root or stem in the following words:

834. The root in the word ‘chatters’ is ______

(a) s (b) Chat (c) Chatter (d) Chatt
835. The stem in the word ‘chatters’ is _____
(a) s (b) Chat (c) Chatter (d) Chatt
836. The root in the word ‘interrupt’ is _____
(a) in (b) inter (c) rupt (d) terrupt
837. The stem in the word ‘interrupt’ is _____
(a) in (b) inter (c) rupt (d) terrupt
838. The root in the word ‘mice’ is _____
(a) mic (b) mice (c) mouse (d) ice
839. The root in the word ‘running’ is _____
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 94

(a) ing (b) ning (c) run (d) nning

840. The stem of the verb ‘wait’ is _____
(a) waits (b) waited (c) wai (d) wait
841. How many stems does the word ‘friendships’ have?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none
842. ‘meat ball’ is an example of a _____
(a) stem (b) root (c) stem + root (d) root + stem
843. ‘bottle opener’ is an example of a _____
(a) stem (b) root (c) stem + root (d) root + stem
844. What is the stem of antidisestablishmentarianism?
(a) disestablishment (b) establish
(c) disestablishmentarianism
(d) disestablishmentarian

Exercise 021 Free and Bound Morpheme

The following statements are either true or false. Choose the

right answer from the given options.

845. A free morpheme is one that functions freely as a root or

affix. [True/False]
846. A bound morpheme is a one that appears as
part of a larger word. [True/False]
847. Affixes are not always bound. [True/False]
848. Affixes often convey grammatical meaning.
[True/False]
849. There are other affixes aside from prefixes and suffixes.
[True/False]
95 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

850. Prefixes and suffixes are also known as mobile

morphemes. [True/False]
851. All English words typically consist of a single free
morpheme. [True/False]
852. Some words may contain more than one base.
[True/False]
853. A base is a bound rather than a free morpheme.
[True/False]
854. A word consists of a free morpheme which can also be
referred to as its base. [True/False]
855. Compound words always contain at least two bases.
[True/False]

Determine the free and bound morphemes in the following

words.

856. The word ‘chairmen’ contains _____ free morphemes.

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
857. The word ‘chairmen’ contains _____ bound morphemes.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none
858. The bound morpheme in the word ‘tenant’ is _____
(a) te (b) ten (c) ant (d) none
859. The free morpheme in the word ‘shipment’ is _____
(a) ship (b) hip (c) ment (d) none
860. The free morpheme in the word ‘feet’ is _____
(a) fee (b) foot (c) feet (d) none
861. How many morphemes are in enlightenment?
(a) two (b) three (c) four (d) five
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 96

862. How many bound morphemes are in the sentence, An

appointment shall not be valid until it has been accepted in
writing? (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four

Exercise 022 Inflectional and Derivational Morpheme

The following statements are either true or false. Choose the
right answer from the given options.

863. Inflectional morphemes do not encode grammatical

categories such as plural, person, tense, or case.
[True/False]
864. Inflectional categories tend to be fully productive,
whereas derivational categories often show strong
restrictions as to the kinds of possible combinations.
[True/False]
865. A productive morpheme is one that can be attached
regularly to any word of the appropriate class.
[True/False]
866. A derivational morpheme is the process of forming a
new word on the basis of an existing word.
[True/False]
867. ‘Determination’ from ‘determine’ is an example of the use
of an inflectional morpheme. [True/False]
868. Inflection applies to all members of a part of speech,
while derivation applies only to some members of a
part of speech. [True/False]
97 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

869. When a derivational suffix is applied to a word of a

syntactic category, it changes such a word into
another syntactic category. [True/False]
870. Derivational affixes are bound morphemes. [True/False]
871. Derivation can occur without any change of form.
[True/False]
872. An inflectional morpheme (e.g. in was or been) cannot
express more than a single grammatical function in
the context in which it appears. [True/False]
873. A derivational morpheme can either be a prefix or a
suffix, whereas an inflectional morpheme can only be
a suffix. [True/False]
874. Unlike inflectional morphemes, derivational
morphemes can change the meaning of a word or its
part of speech. [True/False]
875. When an inflectional morpheme is applied to change
the class of a word, then it loses its status as an
inflectional morpheme and it should be regarded as a
derivational morpheme. [True/False]
876. A word can contain many derivational affixes, but only
one inflectional affix. [True/False]
877. If a word contains an inflectional suffix and one or more
derivational suffixes, the derivational suffixes will
always precede the inflectional suffix. [True/False]
878. When affixes are combined in a word, the spelling of an
individual affix will often differ from its spelling in
the word in which it is included. [True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 98

879. Affixation – the process of adding derivational

morphemes to a word – is a major source of new
words in English. [True/False]
880. Most derivational affixes were borrowed into English
from either Greek or Latin. [True/False]
881. Inflectional morphemes form a much larger class in
English than derivational morphemes. [True/False]
882. English words can contain many different derivational
affixes. [True/False]
883. There are seven inflectional morphemes in this sentence.
Economic causes operated most frequently, and others
religious, social, administrative, and educational exerted
their own forces. [True/False]
884. ‘Derivational morphemes’ and ‘conversion’ share the
same feature of change in word class. [True/False]
885. The word ‘restore’ is derived from ‘rest’ and ‘store’.
[True/False]
886. Inflectional morphemes come last when used with
derivational morphemes. [True/False]
887. Both ‘Conversion’ and ‘derivational morphemes’ do not
essentially change the word class of a word.
[True/False]
888. An inflectional morpheme can be realised as zero or
infix in some nouns and verbs. [True/False]
889. Inflectional morphemes indicate only the variants of a
word. [True/False]
890. Boys, Children’s and Babies’ exhibit only instances of
plural inflections. [True/False]
99 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Complete the following English derivational patterns.

Example: verb-to-noun (abstract): (deliver → deliverance)

891. adjective-to-adverb (slow → _____)

892. noun-to-verb (plagiarism → _____)
893. adjective-to-adjective (pink → _____ )
894. adjective-to-adverb (professional → _____ )
895. noun-to-adjective (recreation → _____)
896. noun-to-verb (glory → _____ )
897. verb-to-adjective (drink → _____ )
898. adjective-to-noun (judicial → _____)
899. noun-to-adjective (institution → _____)
900. verb-to-adjective (anoint → _____)
901. verb-to-noun (involve → _____)
902. verb-to-noun (instruct → _____)
903. adjective-to-verb (modern → _____)
904. verb-to-noun (pirate → _____)
905. adjective-to-noun (rare → _____)
906. adjective-to-noun (warm → _____)
907. verb-to-adverb (care → _____)
908. verb-to-adjective (catch → _____)
909. verb-to-noun (grow → _____)
910. verb-to-adjective (touch → _____)
911. noun-to-verb (fantasy → _____)
912. noun-to-verb (demon → _____)
913. noun-to-verb (idol → _____)
914. noun-to-verb (sympathy → _____)
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 100

915. adjective-to-verb (commercial → _____)

916. adjective-to-verb (critic → _____)
917. adjective-to-verb (final → _____)
918. Noun-to-noun (socialist → _____)
919. Noun-to-noun (hypnosis → _____)
920. Noun-to-noun (chemist → _____)

What are the following words inflected for?

921. "man" → "men" (a) tense (b) number (c) gender

(d) none
922. "take" → "took" (a) tense (b) number (c) verb
(d) none
923. “sing" → "sang” (a) ablaut (b) number (c) time
(d) none
924. “read” → “read” (a) number (b) none (c) action
(d) time
925. “doe” → “deer” (a) animal (b) number (c) gender
(d) concord
926. “rebind” → “rebound” (a) action (b) verb (c) tense
(d) none
927. “fungus” → “fungi” (a) bacteria (b) gender (c) time
(d) number
928. “datum” → “data” (a) computer (b) noun (c) number
(d) concord
929. “forebear” → “forbore” (a) tense (b) time (c) action
(d) verb
930. “medium” → “media” (a) information (b) noun
101 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) number (d) none

931. “ mouse” → “mice” (a) noun (b) number (c) tense
(d) none

For each of the bold words in the passage below, label the
inflectional suffix:
Pres = present tense compr = comparative degree

Past = past tense supl = superlative degree

Prsprt = present participle poss = possessive case

Psprt = past participle pl = plural number

The place fascinated us, as it (932) should have. For this was
the kitchen midden of all the civilization we knew. It gave us
the (933) most tantalizing glimpses into our (934)
neighbours' lives and our own; it provided an aesthetic
distance from which to know(935) ourselves.

The town dump was our poetry and our history. We (936)
took it home with us by the wagonload, (937) bringing back
into town the things the town had (938) used and thrown
away. Some little part of what we (939) gathered, mainly
bottles, we managed to bring back to usefulness, but most of
our gleanings we left (940) lying around the barn or attic or
cellar until in some (941) renewed fury of spring cleanup our
(942) families carted them off to the dump again, to be
rescued and briefly treasured by some other boy.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 102

Occasionally something we really valued with a passion was

snatched from us in horror and (943) returned at once. That
happened to the mounted head of a white mountain goat,
(944) somebody's trophy from old times and the far Rocky
Mountains, that I (945) brought home one day. My mother
took one look and discovered that his beard was full of
moths.

I (946) remember that goat; I regret him yet. Poetry is

seldom useful, but always memorable. If I were a sociologist
anxious to study in detail the life of any community I (947)
would go very early to (948) its refuse piles. For a
community may be as well (949) judged by what it throws
away - what it has to throw away and what it (950) chooses
to - as by any other evidence. For whole civilizations we
sometimes have no more of the poetry and little more of the
history than this (from Wolf Willow 1955: 35-36).
103 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 5: ENGLSIH WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

Exercise 023 Affixation

Complete the following sentence with the given options.
(suffixation prefixation infixation)
Affixation is the linguistic process speakers use to form
different words by adding affixes (_951_ ) at the
beginning, (__952___ ) the middle, or (__953___ ) the
end of words.
954. Which of the following is not an affix?
(a) ness (b) and (c) pre- (d) –s
955. Which of the following is not true of affixes?
(a) Affixes are morphemes that are attached to a word
stem to form a new word.
(b) Affixes are bound morphemes by definition.
(c) Affixes may be derivational.
(d) Affixes are also base words.
956. In the word ‘un-do’, the affix _____
(a) appears at the front of a stem
(b) appears at the back of a stem
(c) links two stems together in a compound
(d) Changes a segment of a stem
957. In the word ‘look-ing’, the affix _____
(a) appears at the front of a stem
(b) appears at the back of a stem
(c) links two stems together in a compound
(d) changes a segment of the stem
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 104

958. In the word ‘speedometer’, the affix _____

(a) appears at the front of a stem
(b) appears at the back of a stem
(c) links two stems together in a compound
(d) Changes a segment of a stem
959. In the word ‘mouse → mice’, the affix _____
(a) appears at the front of a stem
(b) appears at the back of a stem
(c) links two stems together in a compound
(d) changes a segment of a stem

The following words are compounds which also include

derivational affixes. Analyze the words, identifying the roots
and their parts of speech.

Example: housekeeper - house (root - noun) + keep (root -

verb)

960. flightworthiness 966. safety-tested

961. chatterbox 967. worldly-wise
962. owner-occupied 968. antiaircraft
963. freedom-loving 969. machine-readable
964. handicraft 970. chartered accountant
965. broken-hearted

Exercise 024 Compounding

Choose one of the options to answer the following questions.
971. Which of the following is not true of compounding?
(a) A compound is a free morpheme
(b) A compound is a lexeme that consists of more
105 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

than one stem.

(c) Compounding refers to the faculty and device of
language to form new words by combining or
putting together old words.
(d) Compounding occurs when a person attaches two
or more words together to make them one word.
972. The meanings of compound words interrelate in such a
way that a new meaning comes out which is very
different from the meanings of the words in isolation.
[True/False]
973. The common semantic classification of compounds
yields the following types except: (a) endocentric
(b) exocentric (c) appositional (d) derivational
974. In the word ‘doghouse’, dog is the _____
(a) Head (b) tail (c) modifier (d) qualifier
975. In the word ‘doghouse’, house is the _____
(a) head (b) tail (c) modifier (d) qualifier
976. Which of the following is not a compound word?
(a) black cat (b) white-collar (c) must-have
(d) barefoot
977. Which of the following is an appositional compound?
(a) actor-director (b) bittersweet (c) skinhead
(d) darkroom
978. Which of the following is a copulative compound?
(a) actor-director (b) bittersweet (c) skinhead
(d) darkroom
979. Which of the following is an exocentric compound?
(a) actor-director (b) bittersweet (c) skinhead
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 106

(d) darkroom
980. Which of the following is a verb-noun compound?
(a) actor-director (b) bittersweet (c) skinhead (d)
killjoy
981. Which of the following is a noun-noun compound?
(a) breastfeed (b) bittersweet (c) skinhead (d) killjoy
982. Which of the following is a verb-verb compound?
(a) sleepwalk (b) bittersweet (c) skinhead (d) killjoy

Use the example below to describe the morphological

pattern in each of the compounds in the table below:

Example: gravedigger N + V + -er → N

983 hovercraft 995 dugout 1007 Lukewarm

984 dairyman 996 hard-hearted 1008 law-abiding
985 bath-towel 997 homesick 1009 far-reaching
986 goldfish 998 proofread 1010 Homemade
987 inroads 999 overqualified 1011 clean-cut
988 bystander 1000 overachieve 1012 fighter-bomber
989 setback 1001 badmouth 1013 Earthenware
990 meltdown 1002 redhead 1014 driver's seat
991 blackout 1003 birth control 1015 baking powder
992 stand-in 1004 breakfast 1016 drip-coffee
993 turnout 1005 thoroughgoing 1017 wisecrack
994 money- 1006 quick-change 1018 Snowplough
hungry
107 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 025 Conversion

Verbify the following words:

1019. chair _____

1020. e-mail _____
1021. strike _____
1022. talk _____
1023. salt _____
1024. pepper _____
1025. bed _____
1026. ship _____
1027. cup _____
1028. dress _____
1029. divorce _____
1030. fool _____

Exercise 026 Reduplication

Choose one of the suggested options to solve the following
problems.
1031. Which of the following is a rhyming reduplication?
(a) hokey-pokey (b) bye-bye (c) ding-dong
(d) kitty-cat
1032. Which of the following is an exact reduplication?
(a) hokey-pokey (b) bye-bye (c) ding-dong
(d) kitty-cat
1033. Which of the following is not an exact reduplication?
(a) night-night (b) bye-bye (c) choo-choo
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 108

(d) kitty-cat
1034. Which of the following is an ablaut reduplication?
(a) pee-pee (b) razzle-dazzle (c) poo-poo
(d) pitter-patter
1035. The following are examples of reduplication, except
_____. (a) wingding (b) no-no (c) zig-zag
(d) sweet-rat

Exercise 027 Backformation

Choose one of the suggested options to solve the following
problems.
1036. Through back-formation one can create a new lexeme,
usually by removing actual or supposed affixes.
(True/False)
1037. Back-formation is not different from clipping.
(True/False)
1038. Back-formation cannot change the part of speech or a
word's meaning. (True/False)
1039. The verb resurrect was backformed from the noun
resurrection by removing the _____.
(a) ion suffix (b) tion suffix (c) on suffix
(d) rection suffix
1040. The verb burgle is a back-formation from _____.
(a) burglar (b) burg (c) burglary (d) burgle
1041. The adjective "couth" is a back-formation from _____.
(a) uncouth (b) couth (c) outh (d) th
1042. The verb "edit" is a back-formation from _____.
(a) editor (b) edition (c) editorial (d) editors
109 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 028 Blending

Choose one of the suggested options to fill the blank.
1043. breakfast + lunch = _____
(a) breaklunch (b) breaunch (c) blunch (d) brunch
1044. simultaneous + broadcast = _____
(a) simulcast (b) simucast (c) simbroad (d)
neouscast
1045. smoke + fog = _____
(a) smog (b) smokfog (c) mog (d) sforg
1046. spoon + fork = _____
(a) ponk (b) pork (c) spork (d) spoork
1047. cybernetic + organism = _____
(a) cybernism (b) neticism (c) cyber.org (d) cyborg
1048. motor + hotel = _____
(a) motel (b) mortel (c) rotel (d) motorhotel
1049. lithe + slimy = _____
(a) slithy (b) slim (c) the (d) Emy
1050. When two words are combined in their entirety, the
result is considered a compound word rather than a
blend. (True/False)
1051. The word ‘bagpipe’ is a blend of ‘bag’ and ‘pipe’.
(True/False)
1052. Which of the following is not true of blending.
(a) A blend is the combination of two words.
(b) A blend is a word formed from parts of two or
more other words.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 110

(c) Blends deal with the action of abridging and then

combining various lexemes to form a new word.
(d) The beginning of one word can be added to the
end of the other.

Exercise 029 Clipping

1053. Clipping is the word formation process which consists
in the reduction of a word to one of its parts.
(True/False)
1054. Clippings are coined as words belonging to the
standard vocabulary of a language. (True/False)
1055. Clipping mainly consists of the following types except
_____: (a) short clipping (b) back clipping (c) fore-
clipping (d) middle clipping
1056. The following except one are examples of back
clipping. (a) fax (b) gas (c) memo (d) varsity
1057. The following except one are examples of fore-
clipping. (a) tec (b) chute (c) coon (d) gator
1058. The following except one are examples of middle
clipping. (a) flu (b) jammies (c) pop (d) polly
1059. The following except one are examples of complex
clipping. (a) cablegram (b) shrink (c) org-man
(d) op art

Clip the following words.

1060. professionals and amateurs ____

1061. photograph opportunity _____
1062. science fiction _____
1063. situation comedy _____
111 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 030 Borrowing

Determine the source of the following words (Arabic
French German Hebrew Latin Sanskrit):

1064. Sabbath _____

1065. cuisine _____
1066. blitzkrieg _____
1067. communion _____
1068. hijab _____
1069. guru _____
1070. sternum _____

Exercise 031 Acronym/Alphabetism

Choose the correct option.
1071. The following except one are acronyms pronounced as
a word, and containing only initial letters.
(a) AIDS (b) NATO (c) Scuba (d) Nabisco
1072. The following except one are acronym/blending
pronounced as a word, and containing non-initial
letters.
(a) Amphetamine (b) Gestapo (c) Interpol (d) Laser
1073. Which of the following is an acronym pronounced as a
word, and containing a mixture of initial and non-
initial letters. (a) Radar (b) SQL (c) JPEG (d) NATO
1074. One of the following common acronyms is not usually
pronounced like a word (a) FAQ (b) MEND (c) SAT
(d) NECO
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 112

1075. The following except one are acronyms pronounced as

a combination of names of letters and a word.
(a) CD-ROM (b) IUPAC (c) 2GO (d) IRA
1076. The following except one are acronyms pronounced
only as the names of letters.
(a) BBC (b) OEM (c) NCAA (d) USA
1077. The following except one are acronyms pronounced as
the names of letters but with a shortcut.
(a) C4ISTAR (b) AAA (c) IEEE (d) NAACP
1078. The following except one are acronyms created by
shortcut incorporated into name.
(a) 3M (b) E3 (c) W3C (d) VHDL

Identify the process of word formation responsible for each

of the following words. Try to determine the process
before you consult a dictionary, though it may be
necessary for you to do so.

1079 curio 1088 serendipity 1097 guestimate

1080 (to) laze 1089 diesel 1098 canary
1081 (to) 1090 (a) ha-ha 1099 brain-drain
network
1082 (to) cohere 1091 (to) make up 1100 bookworm
1083 (a) sitcom 1092 (to) total 1101 gaffe-slack
1084 (the) 1093 (the) 1102 psycho
muppets hereafter
1085 (a) what- 1094 amphetamine 1103 walkie-
not talkie
113 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1086 margarine 1095 (a) construct 1104 bonfire

1087 Dystopia 1096 (the) chunnel

The words in column A have been created from the

corresponding words in column B. Indicate the word
formation process responsible for the creation of each word
in column A.

Column A Column B
1105 stagflation stagnation + inflation
1106 nostril nosu + thyrl 'hole' (in Old English)
1107 bookie Bookmaker
1108 van Caravan
1109 Amerindian American Indian
1110 CD compact disc
1111 RAM random access memory
1112 televise television
1113 xerox xeroxography
1114 telathon television + marathon
1115 sci-fi science fiction
1116 elect Election
1117 deli delicatessen
1118 scuba self- contained underwater breathing
apparatus
1119 scavenge scavenger
1120 hazmat hazardous material
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 114

TEST 6: NOUN, NOMINALISATION AND THE

NOMINAL GROUP

Exercise 032 Nouns

The following are nouns formed from adjectives and verbs.
Indicate the adjectives and verbs they were formed from.

Nouns formed from adjectives:

1121. intensity ___________________
1122. applicability ________________
1123. carelessness ________________
1124. difficulty __________________

Nouns formed from verbs:

1125. nominalization _____________
1126. investigation _______________
1127. movement _________________
1128. reaction ___________________
1129. refusal ____________________
1130. failure ____________________

In the sentences below, the underlined words are used as

verbs and nouns. Indicate which one is used as a verb and
which one is used as a noun.

1131. I need a change. _____

1132. I will change. _____
1133. The murder of the man was tragic. _____
1134. He will murder the man. _____
115 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1135. Progress is important. _____

1136. Our plan must progress nicely. _____
1137. The use of drugs is dangerous. _____
1138. Use your fork! _____
1139. Import the goods as soon as possible. _____
1140. The imports are cheap this year. _____

Choose the correct option.

1141. The underlined item in the news headline: “Police
found drunk in a hotel room” is an instance of
(a) an H-type Nominal Group (b) a simple Verbal
Group (c) an unmodified Adjectival Group
(d) the complement of a Prepositional Group
1142. The underlined words in “Call me a taxi” can best be
described as (a) two Nominal Groups
(b) an mh-type Nominal Group (c) an hq-type
Nominal Group (d) a complex Nominal Group
1143. The sentence, “Send this pestilent, traitorous, cow-
hearted, yeasty codpiece to the brig” has ...... Nominal
Group(s) (a) one (b) two (c) three
(d) more than three
1144. All but one of the following can function as the
qualifier of a Nominal Group:
(a) possessive pronouns (b) prepositional
groups (c) reflexive pronouns
(d) relative clauses
1145. All but one of the following can function as an H-type
Nominal Group:
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 116

(a) abstract nouns (b) common nouns

(c) proper nouns (d) personal pronouns
1146. The head word of “The Truth of the Gospel Global
Ministries International” is (a) Truth (b) Gospel
(c) Ministries (d) International
1147. Nominalisation is the use of a verb, an adjective, or an
adverb as the head of a noun phrase, with or without
morphological transformation. (True/False)
1148. Nominalisation can also refer specifically to the
process of producing a noun from another part of
speech via the addition of derivational affixes.
(True/False)
1149. Nominalisation requires the addition of a derivational
suffix to create a noun. (True/False)
1150. Nominalisation may not require the addition of a
derivational suffix to create a noun. (True/False)

Use the following sentence to answer the NEXT FOUR

questions:

“There I was, standing there in the church, and for the first
time in my whole life I realized I totally and utterly loved
one person.”

1151. There (the first item in the sentence) is

(a) a nominal group (b) an adverbial group
(c) an adjectival group (d) an adverbial particle
1152. The expression there in the church is
(a) an adverb and a prepositional group
(b) a post-modified adverbial group
117 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) an unmodified adverbial group and a prepositional

Group (d) an hq-type nominal group
1153. The underlined words: for the first time in my whole
life is an instance of (a) a mhq-type Nominal Group
(b) an Adverbial Group (c) a Prepositional Group
(d) compound Prepositional Groups
1154. The sentence “I can't compete with you physically and
you're no match for my brains” has .... instances of
(a) Zero Nominal Group (b) Two Nominal Groups
(c) Three Nominal Groups (d) Four Nominal Groups
1155. “Any attempt to create a climate of fear and panic
among the populace by you will be deemed by us an
act of insurrection.” The underlined collection of
words is an instance of
(a) a nominal group with a prepositional group as
qualifier
(b) a nominal group with a subordinate clause as
qualifier
(c) a post-modified adjectival group
(d) a post-modified adverbial group
1156. “My ancestor, Paikea came to this place a long time
ago on the back of a whale. Since then, in every
generation of my family, the first born son has carried
his name and become the leader of our tribe.” The
first underlined collection of words can best be
described as _____ while the second can be described
as _____.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 118

(a) One Prepositional Group and a Nominal Group /

One Prepositional Group
(b) Two Prepositional Groups and One Nominal
Group / Two Prepositional Groups
(c) Two Prepositional Groups / Two Prepositional
Groups
(d) Two Prepositional Groups and One Adverbial
Group / One Prepositional Group
Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or
uncountable (U).
1157. The children are playing in the garden. _____
1158. I don't like milk. _____
1159. I prefer tea. _____
1160. Scientists say that the environment is threatened by
pollution. _____
1161. My mother uses butter to prepare cakes. _____
1162. There are a lot of windows in our classroom. _____
1163. We need some glue to fix this vase. _____
1164. The waiters in this restaurant are very professional.
_____
1165. My father drinks two big glasses of water every
morning. _____
1166. The bread my mother prepares is delicious. _____
1167. Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery. _____
1168. Some policemen are organizing road traffic to avoid
any accidents. _____
1169. I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic.
_____
119 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1170. I'd like some juice please! _____

1171. Successful condidates will join the camp later this year.
_____
1172. A rise in oil prices is inevitable since there is more and
more world demand for energy. _____
1173. The exercises on this website are interesting. _____
1174. Dehydrated babies must drink a lot of water. _____
1175. Adult illiterates learn through a special government
programme. _____
1176. I met some nice people when I was walking along the
beach. _____

Identify the Common Nouns in the following sentences.

1177. We arrived early at the station. _____________________
1178. There are different species of fish. __________________
1179. The man was trying to steal his car. _________________
1180. They have gone to the zoo. ________________________
1181. The baby is crying. _______________________________
1182. My mother is in the kitchen. _______________________
1183. He threw some nuts to the monkeys. ________________
1184. The children are playing in the field. ________________
1185. That temple was built before I was born. ____________
1186. He has bought a new car. __________________________
1187. My father likes to swim. ___________________________
1188. She won a trophy in a competition. _________________
1189. I like to ride on a camel. ___________________________
1190. Do birds eat meat? _______________________________
1191. He went to visit his uncle. _________________________
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 120

1192. My brother wants to play with us. __________________

1193. Let me have a look at your puppy. __________________
1194. The taxi broke down. _____________________________
1195. The boys are playing noisily. _______________________
1196. She is hanging out the clothes to dry. _______________

Use capital letters for Proper Nouns in the following

sentences.
1197. paris is the capital of france.
1198. william shakespeare is a famous english author.
1199. ‘war and peace' was written by leo tolstoy.
1200. The universities of oxford and cambridge offer degree
courses at the highest level.
1201. john's two dogs are named rover and boxer.
1202. david will travel to france to do a degree course on the
french revolution.
1203. suez canal joins the red sea and the mediterranean sea.
1204. republic of liberia is on the west coast of africa.
1205. mick jagger is the lead singer of rolling stones
1206. mount kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in africa.

Change the nouns in bold from the feminine to the

masculine.
1207. My aunt visits her niece every week-end.
1208. The lady has several mares on her farm.
1209. The daughter is more talkative than her mother.
1210. Does any actress like to play the role of the princess?
1211. Their queen is a widow.
121 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1212. The manageress is still a spinster.

1213. In the movie, the tigress was killed by the heroine.
1214. His daughter-in-law is a postmistress.
1215. The countess has one sister.
1216. The authoress is writing a book about the empress.

Change the nouns in bold from the masculine to the

feminine.

1217. The bridegroom thanked the priest.

1218. His brother works as a waiter.
1219. The dog barked at the milkman.
1220. A cock was killed by a fox.
1221. The manservant has worked many years for the duke.
1222. Her husband is a conductor.
1223. He was a postman before he became a postmaster.
1224. The lad wants to be a monk.
1225. The sultan owns a stallion.
1226. Her father-in-law is a landlord.

Fill in the blanks with abstract nouns from the nouns in

brackets.

1227. I had a very happy ______ (child).

1228. I forgot to renew my _____ (member) in the sailing
club.
1229. We formed a deep and lasting _____ (friend).
1230. He hopes to take over the _____ (leader) of the party.
1231. There are lots of nice people in the _____ (neighbour).
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 122

1232. In the _____ (king) of Thailand, the king commands the

respect of every citizen.
1233. She seems to be enjoying _____ (mother).
1234. He had barely reached _____ (man) when he married.

Exercise 033 Rank Shifting

Choose the correct option.
1235. Rankshifting is a major concept in sentence analysis in
Systemic Functional Grammar. [True/False]
1236. The concept of rankshifting helps us to learn how a
unit of a different level can be brought down to create
complex grammatical structures. [True/False]
1237. The concept of rankshifting does not exist in traditional
English grammar. [True/False]
1238. Rankshifting can occur in all the elements of structure.
[True/False]
1239. Rankshifting shows us how the grammar of language
works with minimal possible labour to produce
unlimited number of sentences. [True/False]
1240. The concept of systems within systems can be seen
while analysing a Rankshifted Unit. [True/False]
1241. Rankshifting can be used to create complexity in
structure of one's language. [True/False]
1242. Rankshifting can be at the word level. [True/False]
1243. Rankshifting is a process whereby a unit of one rank is
moved down the rank scale to serve as if it were a
unit of a lower rank. [True/False]
123 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1244. Rankshifted items are found among grammatical items

of equal status. [True/False]
1245. One of the following contains a rank shifted clause
(a) someone has stolen my most precious gold
(b) many look but only few see
(c) the book is under the bed
(d) you needn’t tell lies to whoever asks for the truth
1246. A rankshifted nominal group can function as an
element of structure in one of the following:
(a) prepositional group (b) subject (c) predicator
(d) both a and b
1246. Rank shifting is derived from the concept of _______
(a) Rank scaling (b) ranking (c) rankscale
(d) Grammaticality
1247. One of the following is potentially a rankshifted clause.
(a) My husband came to my office immediately he left
the airport
(b) if it rains (c) the red book on the shelf is mine.
(d) grandma is ploughing in the garden
1248. Which of these is a rank-shifted clause functioning as a
nominal group?
(a) the boy came to see me when he arrived (b) before
you cook your food you must wash your hands
(c) that he should pass when everyone else failed is an
aberration
1249. One of the following is a rankshifted finite clause
(a) That is the sailor who, like a great pirate, saved his
ship (b) the house next door is owned by my father
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 124

(c) you shouldn’t tell lies to elderly people

(d) none of the above
1250. One of the following contains a rankshifted nominal
group functioning as completive
(a) the formula is not familiar to us.
(b) the potter is across the road
(c) the red book is mine
(d) none of the above
1251. One of the following contains a rankshifted nominal
group functioning as a qualifier
(a) the child is on the road
(b) the passage to be read has been edited
(c) this is the man who saved my life
(d) all of the above
1252. One of the following contains a rankshifted clause
functioning as a qualifier
(a) The man leaning on his car is my neighbour
(b) The lecturer is very angry
(c) the red boat is owned by my father
(d) the man in purple shirt is my brother
1253. Rankshifted items are always found at the textual
level. [True/False]
125 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 7: VERB, TENSE AND ASPECT

Exercise 034 Verbal Group Features

Fill in the blanks with ‘is' or ‘are'.

1254. The rose _____ a beautiful flower.

1255. His two sons _____ still small.
1256. My brother _____ doing his degree at that university.
1257. Dogs _____ the most faithful animals.
1258. There _____ a lot of ants on the tree.
1259. That chair _____ comfortable to sit on.
1260. The equator _____ an imaginary line round the earth.
1261. The natives of this island _____ a friendly people.
1262. We _____ waiting for the bus.
1263. _____ your mother sleeping now?

Fill in the blanks with ‘does' or ‘do'.

1264. _____ you know him?

1265. That _____ not mean I _____ not like her.
1266. Please _____ not smoke here.
1267. _____ anybody know the answer?
1268. They _____ not want to play.
1269. It _____ not matter where you put it.
1270. He _____ the measuring and we _____ the cutting.
1271. Those sheep _____ not belong to that farmer.
1272. My feet _____ not get tired easily.
1273. Everyone here _____ not know about it.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 126

Use the Simple Present tense of the words in brackets.

1274. It _____ (hurt) to know what he said.

1275. I sometimes _____ (play) football with my friends.
1276. My sister _____ (want) to be a teacher.
1277. We _____ (like) to do our homework together.
1278. His father _____ (smoke) a pipe.
1279. 6. Does your mother _____ (cook) every day?
1280. The train _____ (leave) in an hour.
1281. He _____ (wash) his car on Sundays.
1282. My friend _____ (ride) a bike to work.
1283. They often _____ (swim) in the river.

Each of the following sentences exhibits aspect. State

whether it is perfective or progressive aspect?

1284. David has bought a new house.

(a) Perfective (b) Progressive
1285. I think we have seen this film already.
(a) Perfective (b) Progressive
1286. The whole class is going to the theatre tonight.
(a) Perfective (b) Progressive
1287. John's left his coat in the car.
(a) Perfective (b) Progressive
1288. Susan's leaving today.
(a) Perfective (b) Progressive
1289. David has fallen in love.
(a) Perfective (b) Progressive
1290. He was taking the photos when the owner arrived.
127 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) Perfective (b) Progressive

1291. He had taken the photos by the time the owner
arrived.
(a) Perfective (b) Progressive
1292. Williams has dedicated his life to linguistics.
(a) Perfective (b) Progressive
1293. He was standing at the gate.
(a) Perfective (b) Progressive

The following exercises express different times by using

different tenses. From the alternatives suggested,
choose any one that best suits each context.

1294. Sir, I’m not lying about the matter. I know nothing of
it. If I knew, ..........
(a) I must tell you. (b) I can tell you.
(c) I’d tell you. (d) I shall tell you.
1295. Mr. Tenant, I’ve been waiting for three hours and I’m
running out of patience. I think it’s time your wife
..........
(a) is coming back. (b) came back.
(c) has to come back. (d) comes back.
1296. You’d better run away; .......... If you’re caught, you’ll
pay even for the ones you didn’t pick.
(a) the farmer is on his (b) here comes the farmer
(c) the owner of the farm has come
(d) come here is the farmer
1297. We’re back on the field. Yes, Amokachi .......... and
..........
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 128

(a) dribbles Gullit / passes to Yekini

(b) is dribbling Gullit / is passing to Yekini
(c) has dribbled Gullit / passed to Yekini
(d) dribbled Gullit / is passing to Yekini
1298. What happened to your friend down the street? ..........
(a) I don’t see him anymore these days
(b) I don’t see him always again
(c) I don’t use to see him again
(d) I don’t see him any more
1299. Sir, I’m sorry, but you cannot enter without a ticket.
Oh, you have one? When did you buy it? – ..........
(a) I bought it now. (b) I’ve bought it since.
(c) I’ve just bought it. (d) I’ve bought it since
yesterday.
1300. On behalf of all the staff, we offer you our condolences
on the death of your mother. We hear that your
mother ..........
(a) has been killed last month
(b) was killed last month
(c) is no more since last month
(d) has passed on since last month
1301. When the reporter tried to inform us of the bloody
coup, we simply told him to keep it to himself as
..........
(a) we have known about it already
(b) we knew about it already
(c) we were not knowing it now
(d) it’s not the first time we’re knowing about it
129 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1302. Every one of us complains about the insensitivity of

the government. Sir, as a barber, if you were the president,
..........
(a) what are you going to do? (b) what will you do?
(c) what would you do? (d) what can you do?
1303. One curious thing about my uncle is that he wishes
..........
(a) he is having eight wives
(b) he had eight wives
(c) he can have eight wives
(d) he can be allowed by law to have eight wives
1304. I’m afraid, you know. Your father has been sleeping
since 4.00 p.m. yesterday. It’s about time ..........
(a) to wake up (b) to wake
(c) he woke up (d) he’s awake
1305. If only .......... I would have as many children as I liked.
(a) I am as rich as the Governor of the Central Bank
(b) I am a millionaire
(c) I know the secret of parenting
(d) I had the time
1306. Mr. Darling, your wife is growing like a tub. I’m sorry,
but she looks ..........
(a) as if she had swallowed a cow
(b) like she eats like a horse
(c) as if she’s a globe
(d) as if she is a balloon
1307. Are you deaf? I asked you ..........
(a) how old are you
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 130

(b) how old is your age

(c) how old you were
(d) what is your age
1308. Would your parents like it if .......... ?
(a) I am to visit you more often
(b) you are to visit me more often
(c) I visited you more often
(d) I visit you less often
1309. The new manager is a slave driver. He uses us all the
time but is reluctant to pay us at the end of the month. To
my thinking, ..........
(a) he will prefer us to work and work and work
(b) he would rather we are slaves
(c) he would rather we worked and didn’t take any
money
(d) he will rather have us work as slaves
1310. I love this job. Would you believe this is my fifteenth
year here? I mean, ..........
(a) I’ve worked here since 1990
(b) I worked here since 1990
(c) I had worked here since 1990
(d) I have been working here since 1990
1311. The topic today has to do with the effects of acid on
polymer products. How many of you .......... ?
(a) read any book on polymer products
(b) have read any book on polymer products
c) had read any books on acid and polymer products
(d) had been reading any books and articles on
131 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

polymer products
1312. So you heard her preach for the first time last Sunday?
Incredible! But ..........
(a) my mother-in-law has preached for years
(b) my mother-in-law is always preaching every time
(c) my mother-in-law is used to preaching
(d) my mother-in-law has been preaching always
1313. One of the following statements is not true:
(a) An auxiliary verb can function as the main verb in
the absence of a lexical verb
(b) The main verb has been ellipted in a statement: “I
will.”
(c) The non-modal auxiliary precedes the modal in the
Verbal Group.
(d) The lexical verb is always the last item in a
complex Verbal Group.
1314. Aspect in the English Verbal Group can be realised by
(a) BE or HAVE (b) BE or DO
(c) HAVE and DO (d) WILL and BE
1315. The items daily, late, fast and much are more likely to
function in a(n)
(a) Nominal Group (b) Verbal group
(c) Adjectival Group (d) Adverbial Group

Choose the correct option

1316. One of the first women to take a pick and shovel into a
coal mine was 18-year-old Lola Ladele who ______ just
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 132

finished high school in West Virginia and ____ from a

family of miners.
(a) had/ came (b) has/came (c) has/ comes
1317. The year was 2006, and Ladele was following in the
footsteps of a few women who ______ the taunts and the
ostracism of male miners.
(a) braved (b) had braved (c) has braved
1318. Many of the men who worked the mines _____ that
women _____ bad luck into the shafts.
(a) believe/ brought (b) believed/ brought
(c) believed/bring
1319. But she had her father’s protection. He ______
alongside her in her first years in the mines.
(a) was working (b) worked (c) works
1320. Above ground, however, there were suspicions and
rumours about the women who _______alongside the
men. Some miners' wives worried, Ladele says, that their
husbands ______ too close to the women miners.
(a) work/were (b) worked/were (c) worked/being
1321. __________ accepted into the mines, the women were
expected to take on all the tasks.
(a) Being (b) Having been (c) Haven been
1322. For Ladele, each year the work became a little easier.
But she recalls that the "heavy lifting and carrying"
_______ "most difficult."
(a) remains (b) had remained (c) remained
1323. The money in the mines was good, Ladele recalls. In
fact, it was too good, she ______, because it went to her
133 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

head and "instead of saving money for college, I spent it

all on clothes and sports cars."
(a) said (b) says (c) had said
1324. By 1980, there were 3,000 women in the mines, and
looking at their union, the United Mine Workers, these
women ______ wonder about their representation.
(a) begin to (b) began to (c) were beginning to
1325. All were white males, Ladele says. To have endured
the difficulties of the early years of women in the mines
and then not ______ represented in the union bothered
many of the women.
(a) being (b) to be (c) been
1326. These women knew that Ladele had been active in the
UMW and they ______ her to look into working for the
union.
(a) urged (b) had urged (c) were urging
1327. In 1980, Ladele accepted a union job as the first female
mine safety inspector and she __________ the only
woman on that job today.
(a) remained (b) remains (c) had remained
1328. Why are you so sweaty? I _________ in the garden
for three hours.
(a) had been working (b) have been working
(c) will have been working
1329. When they arrived, Susan _________ for an hour.
(a) has been waiting (b) had been waiting
(c) will have been waiting
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 134

1330. My hands are dirty. I _____________ my bicycle.

(a) had been repairing (b) have been repairing
(c) will have been repairing
1331. By 10 o'clock this morning, I _________my car for two
hours.
(a) have been mending (b) will have been mending
had been mending
1332. We _________ for three hours before we went to the
cinema.
(a) have been studying (b) will have been studying
had been studying
1333. My father _________at the company for more than two
years before he changed his job.
(a) has been working (b) had been working
(c) will have been
1334. By the end of April he _______ here for eleven years.
(a) has been working (b) will have been working
(c) had been working
1335. The roadway was very slippery. It ______ heavily.
(a) had been snowing (b) has been snowing
(c) will have been snowing
1336. Olga _________ for her friends since two o'clock.
(a) has been waiting (b) will have been waiting
(c) have been waiting
1337. You won't pass your exam until you _____as hard as
your sister.
(a) will have been working (b) have been working
(c) had been working
135 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1338. My friend said he ______ to call me all Sunday.

(a) will have been trying (b) had been trying
(c) has been trying
1339. By 12 o'clock he _____in the garden for five hours.
(a) will have been working (b) has been working
(c) had been working
1340. I often ________ a bicycle when I was a kid.
(a) had ridden (b) rode (c) have ridden
1341. He knew London well because he _______ the city
several times.
(a) had visited (b) has visited (c) had been visited
1342. We _______ this report by the end of the month.
(a) will have written (b) write (c) wrote
1343. I'd like to invite you to a barbecue. _______ anything
tomorrow?
(a) do you do (b) You do (c) Are you doing
1344. I ______ this program when Tom and Justin arrived.
(a) have been watching (b) was watching (c) am watching
1345. They _____ in Poland for ten years but they moved out
in 2000.
(a) had been lived (b) had been living (c) have lived
1346. The bus _______ every morning at 7 a.m. Don't be late!
(a) leaves (b) will be leaving (c) has left
1347. I am not hungry. I _____ dinner.
(a) had already eaten (b) have already eaten (c) already
eat
1348. What are you doing? I ______ TV.
(a) was watching (b) am watching (c) watch
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 136

1349. I ______ as a teacher since 2006. I still work in this

school.
(a) have been worked (b) have been working
(c) worked
1350. Tomorrow at this time I _______to Chicago.
(a) will fly (b) am flying (c) will be flying
1351. She was tired because she _______in the garden. (a)had
been working (b) has worked (c) had been working
1352. I promise, I ________ my homework in two hours.
(a) have done (b) will do (c) am doing
1353. Look at the sky! It ______ rain. Let's go home.
(a) will go (b) goes (c) is going to
1354. I was reading a book when the phone ______.
(a) rang (b) rung (b) was ranging
1355. I promise, I _______ anyone about your problems.
(a) won't be telling (b) won't tell (c) tell
1356. Right now, our house _______ by Acme House
Painters.
(a) was being painted (b) is being painted (c) is painting
1357. Do you know what you want to do after you ______?
(a) graduated (b) will graduate (c) graduate
1358. If I had found her address, I______ her a postcard.
(a) had sent (b) would have sent (c) will send
1359. If Tim_______ time he would travel around the world.
(a) will have (b) has (c) had
137 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 035 English Tense

Identify the tense of the verbs in the following sentences.

1360. California leads the country in college enrolment.

(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
1361. More than 1.9 million students attended public and
private college last year in California.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
1362. New York was second in total enrolment with 1
million college students.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
1363. College officials attribute California's large total
enrolment to its huge enrolment of community college
students.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
1364. Last year, more than 1 million students had enrolled in
California's public, two-year colleges.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
1365. More students attended California's two-year colleges
alone than attended both two- and four-year schools in
New York.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 138

1366. More than half the students in California colleges

describe themselves as members of minority groups.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
1367. New Hampshire, Maine and North Dakota reported
the smallest percentages of minority students last year.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
1368. Minority enrolment gradually has increased in the past
decade throughout the country.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect
1369. College officials expect total college enrolment next
year at 15 million.
(a) present tense (b) simple past tense
(c) present perfect (d) past perfect

Choose the correct option

1370. I recommended that the student ______ his

composition as soon as possible
(a) finishes writing (b) should finish the writing
(c) finish writing (d) finished writing
1371. If you ask nicely, Mother will probably ______ a piece
of cake.
(a) let you to have (b) allow you have
(c) allow that you have (d) let you have
1372. Although he doesn't like most sports, he _______ .
139 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) enjoys swimming and golfing (b) is a swimmer

and golfs (c) likes swimming and he golfs
(d) likes to swim and a golfer
1373. Susan and I can go to the lecture, ______ .
(a) but neither can Charles (b) and so Charles can
(c) but Charles can't (d) and Charles also can
1374. _______ was due to a poor water supply.
(a) The epidemic's starting (b) The outbreak of the
epidemic (c) How the epidemic got started
(d)That the epidemic it began
1375. If you check the map, you'll notice _______ to the north
of Oakdale.
(a) that Camden placed (b) that Camden lies
(c) Camden laying (d) Camden there is
1376. He seized control of the government __________ .
(a) by diplomacy and being forceful
(b) by using diplomacy and force
(c) not only because of diplomacy but force
(d) by being a diplomat and forceful
1377. I would have gone to the meeting if I _____ time.
(a) had had (b) have had (c) had (d) would have had
1378. I'm really _____ to Seattle for the weekend.
(a) hoping go (b) wish to go (c) looking forward to
going (d) anticipating to going
1379. Robespierre, the French politician, __________ .
(a) had great faith in Rousseau, the philosopher, and
he was a clever lawyer from Arras
(b) came from Arras, having great faith in the
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 140

philosopher Rousseau who was a clever lawyer

(c) not only was a clever lawyer coming from Arras,
but he had great faith in the philosopher Rousseau
(d) was a clever lawyer from Arras who had great
faith in the philosopher Rousseau
1380. The prince was the person ______
(a) in whose honour the ball was given
(b) whom the ball was given for him
(c) for him the ball was given (d) whose honour the
ball was given
1381. The young hikers went ______ they got lost.
(a) as far as (b) too far this is why
(c) very far therefore (d) so far that
1382. A student must learn ______ .
(a) that his time needs a wise use
(b) how to use his time in a way which is wise
(c) to make wise use of his time
(d) wise ways in his time's use
1383. The bank refused ______ .
(a) to cash the check of the man's (b) to cash the man
a check (c) to cash a check for the man
(d) the man's check he wanted cashing
1384. The concert pianist ______ the auditorium before we
arrived. (a) had left (b) already left (c) was left
(d) has been left
1385. ______, keep your clothes neat and your person clean.
(a) Always to look your best way
(b) To look your best at all times
141 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) To all times look one's best

(d) At all times if wanting to look one's best
1386. I'd just as soon ______ those important papers with
you. (a) that you won't take (b) your not taking
(c) please don't you take (d) you didn't take
1387. The more we looked at the abstract painting, ______ .
(a) the less we liked it (b) we liked it less
(c) better we liked it (d) it looked better
1388. _____, she ran out of the room.
(a) Having tears in her eyes and turned suddenly
(b) Turning suddenly, with tears in her eyes
(c) With a sudden turn, tearful eyes
(d) With tears in her eyes and a sudden turn
1389. It is better to lose one's life than ______ .
(a) if you lose your spirit (b) losing his spirit
(c) to lose one's spirit (d) your spirit getting lost
1390. If we ______, we won't get tired.
(a) to take driving by turns (b) drive in turns
(c) take each turns driving (d) take turns driving
1391. This custom, ______ is slowly disappearing.
(a) of many centuries ago origin
(b) which originated many centuries ago
(c) with many centuries of origin
(d) originating for many centuries
1392. He was _______ when I walked into the room.
(a) ready for leaving (b) about to leave
(c) in the point of leaving (d) most ready to leave
1393. He went on foot, but he ______ by bus.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 142

(a) might of gone (b) should gone

(c) could have gone (d) ought have gone
1394. In spite of the fact that there is much written about
Charlemagne, ______ .
(a) his character and personality are hard to visualize
(b) is difficult to discover his character and
personality
(c) picturing his personality and character are hard
things
(d) you can't figure out his personality and character
1395. By 1988, scientists surely ______ a cure for the common
cold.
(a) have discovered (b) must discover
(c) are discovering (d) will have discovered
1396. Would you mind ______ that large stack of papers over
there ? (a) to hand to me (b) hand me
(c) handing me (d) to hand me
1397. That small car, ______ , is advertised in many current
magazines.
(a) with a small price and comfortable
(b) cheap and comfortable
(c) low in price but large in comfort
(d) inexpensive but some comfortable
1398. My music teacher ______ my scales several times a
day. (a) urged that I played (b) encourage me to play
(c) said to me play (d) had me play
1399. She seems very mature for a ______ .
(a) twenty-year-old girl (b) girl with twenty years
143 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) girl of twenty year (d) twenty-years-old girl

1400. Mrs. Lukula has ______ that she is unable to get a job.
(a) such small education (b) so little education
(c) a such little education (d) a so small education
1401. Of the two toys, the child chose ______ .
(a) the less expensive (b) the one most expensive
(c) the least expensive (d) the most expensive of them
1402. Eventually, the man ______ in his country.
(a) got very powerful (b) attained a huge power
(c) was a big power (d) rose to great power
1403. Is it necessary ______ the book immediately ?
(a) for him to return (b) that he returns
(c) his returning (d) to him return
1404. ______ today, he would get there by Friday.
(a) Would he leave (b) Was he leaving
(c) Were he to leave (d) If he leaves
1405. You can find the store you're looking for ______ 2233
Highland Road. (a) on (b) at (c) nearby (d) in
1406. John is playing soccer, but he ______ .
(a) should be studying (b) should studying
(c) ought to be studied (d) ought to studying
1407. Shakespeare is ______ .
(a) a well-known but not a widely read poet
(b) a well-known poet but not read widely
(c) well known but not a poet which is read widely
(d) a well-known poet but who is not read widely
1408. How many people ______ the conference on self-
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 144

improvement ? (a) attended (b) is attending

(c) do they attend (d) did attend
1409. ______, he washed the cup and put it away.
(a) Having drank the coffee (b) Drinking the coffee
(c) Having drunk the coffee (d) After drank the coffee
`
145 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 8: ADJECTIVE, ADVERB AND PREPOSITION

Exercise 036 Adverbial Group Features

Choose the best option

1410. One of the following is not true:
(a) A Statement that does not have a Verbal Group is
ungrammatical. (b) An Adverbial Group can function
within a Verbal Group (c) A Prepositional Group can
function as Adjunct or Complement of a sentence
(d) An Adjectival Group functions only as Subject
Complement
1411. One of the following cannot function as the
complement of a Prepositional Group:
(a) a modal auxiliary (b) a clause
(c) an adjective (d) an adverb
The Germans were a mixed bag. The junior minister of home
affairs who had the attitude of an undertaker deprived of a
corpse had been unbearably curt. My visit was not even so
much on behalf of our own struggle as in solidarity with our
German chapter; NALICON had begun to sprout chapters in
several countries. The chapter had joined forces with a
group of Nigerians who had fled Abacha’s persecution and
had entered Germany illegally. They had sought sanctuary
in a church, backed by its servants of God and their
followers, but the earthly ministry was determined to evict
and deport them. Our reception by this thin-faced
undertaker hovered between diplomatic incivility and
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 146

downright rudeness, the ultimate and unpardonable

expressions of which was his failure to offer us coffee and
biscuits!
[Soyinka, Wole (2006:400) You must Set Forth at Dawn. New
York: Random House]

1412. The expression a mixed bag can best be described as

(a) An mh-type Nominal Group (b) An Adjectival
Group (c) An mhq-type Nominal Group
(d) Adverbial Group
1413. The modifier of the Nominal Group The junior
minister of home affairs who had the attitude of an
undertaker deprived of a corpse is
(a) The (b) The junior
(c) the junior minister of home affairs
(d) the junior minister of home affairs who had the
1414. The qualifier of the Nominal Group The junior
minister of home affairs who had the attitude of an
undertaker deprived of a corpse is
(a) a Prepositional Group (b) a subordinate clause
(c) a Relative Clause (d) An Adjectival Clause
1415. The group of words in solidarity with our German
chapter can correctly be analysed as
(a) PG+PG (b) Prep+Noun+PG
(c) Prep+Noun+Prep+NG (d) Prep+Nominal Group
1416. The words had begun to sprout chapters in several
countries can best be described in the context in which
they have been used as:
147 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) VG+VG+NG+PG (b) VG+PG

(c) VG+NG+PG (d) VG+PG+PG
1417. The head of the group: a group of Nigerians who had
fled Abacha’s persecution is
(a) group (b) Nigerians (c) Abacha (d) persecution
1418. The Verbal Group was determined is marked for
(a) Aspect (b) Number (c) Emphasis (d) Voice

Pick the correct words in the brackets.

1419. My father is as (strong, stronger, strongest) as his

father.
1420. She is (pretty, prettier, prettiest) than her sister.
1421. You are not as (tall, taller, tallest) as your brother.
1422. That pond is the (shallow, shallower, shallowest) in
this area.
1423. That has to be the (interesting, more interesting, most
interesting) film I have seen.
1424. Which university offers (the good, the better, the best)
degree courses?
1425. This clown is not as (funny, funnier, funniest) as the
other one.
1426. He is easily the (bad, worse, worst) player in the team.
1427. The second half of the play was (little, less, the least)
interesting.
1428. What is (far, farther, the farthest) distance you have
ever run?

Replace the personal pronouns with possessive adjectives:

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 148

1429. Where is (I) book? __________

1430. Here is (we) teacher. __________
1431. She goes to school with (she) brother. __________
1432. (They) father works in a car factory. __________
1433. (You) laptop is very expensive. __________
1434. (He) favourite hobby is tennis. __________
1435. husband and I want to go to Paris. __________
1436. We want to see (it) historical monuments. __________
1437. Lara likes (she) dog! __________
1438. (It) name is Bobby. __________

Identify the adverb that does not belong to the following

groups.

1439. Manner: (a) well (b) beautifully (c) terribly

(d) downward
1440. Place: (a) Often (b) here (c) there (d) everywhere
1441. Time: (a) before (b) after (c) still (d) weekly
1442. Frequency: (a) always (b) never (c) sometimes
(d) enough
1443. Degree: (a) almost (b) nearly (c) barely
(d) absolutely
1444. Certainty: (a) fast (b) definitely (c) probably
(d) certainly

Fill the blanks with the appropriate adverb.

1445. Betty looks _____ something is wrong.

(a) only if (b) even if (c) as if (d) so that
1446. The people danced _____ the music played.
149 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) like (b) as (c) unless (d) in case.

1447. David goes swimming _____ his illness.
(a) even if (b) in spite of (c) though (d) whereas.
1448. _____ I looked, I found fingerprints.
(a) until (b) whereas (c) because (d) wherever.
1449. This region is called “land of apple” _____ it yields a
lot of apples. (a) because (b) although
(c) until (d) only if
1450. _____ ploughing the field, the farmer uncovered a
dinosaur bone. (a) as though (b) while
(c) until (d) since.
1451. Lucy can’t attend the meeting _____ she finds a baby-
sitter. (a) unless (b) even if (c) only if (d) if.
1452. _____ the fire started blazing, the skewers were tilted
toward the flames. (a) so that (b) as if
(c) such as (d) as soon as.
1453. _____ pandas mostly eat bamboo, they are also
carnivorous. (a) not only (b) until
(c) although (d) as soon as.
1454. Seat belts were introduced _____ traffic fatalities would
be reduced. (a) as if (b) then (c) so that (d) only if.
1455. _____ his parents disapprove, he said he won’t go to
university. (a) even though (b) until
(c) as if (d) despite.
1456. _____ running, grizzly bears are capable of attaining a
speed of 35 miles an hour.
(a) so that(b) when they are (c) so (d) though.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 150

Exercise 037 Applying Adverbs and Particles

Reconstruct the following sentences using the adverbs in

brackets

1457. I go to the pictures. (often)

1458. I have seen an elephant. (never)
1459. She's a good student (always)
1460. I do my homework (usually)
1461. I forget my homework (sometimes)
1462. I can open these milk cartons (never)
1463. It rains when I'm on holiday (usually)
1464. I go away at weekends. (very often)
1465. Have you been to New York? (ever)
1466. She has been friendly to me. (always)

Exercise 038 Applying Adverbs and Prepositions

Put in the missing words from the following: along; at; by; for;
from; in; into; near; of; off; on; onto; out; to; towards; with;
without.

1467. He was proud _____ his wife and pleased _____ the
smile _____ his father's face.
1468. None of them knew _____ the sadness which was to
happen _____ them.
1469. She was walking _____ the path _____ her mother's
house when she was attacked _____ a tiger _____ night.
1470. Someone told him that his wife had been carried _____
_____ the jungle.
151 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1471. He found his wife _____ the foot _____ a tree _____ the
jungle.
1472. _____ a few moments the men who were _____ him left
him alone; then they moved _____ his wife's body.
1473. He stood up and they saw the anger _____ his face.
1474. He turned _____ them and held _____ his hand.
1475. "Go back _____ the village. I'll wait here _____ the
tiger. Leave me here _____ my wife _____ the dark."
1476. He blew _____ the lamp and lay down _____ the
ground.
1477. He drew _____ his daggers and prepared _____ wait
_____ his revenge.
1478. Suddenly, the tiger appeared _____ him. It pounced
_____ him _____ warning.
1479. He struck upwards _____ all his strength, cutting
deeply _____ the tiger's neck _____ both sides.
1480. The force _____ the spring threw him away _____ the
tiger, and he jumped _____ his feet, ready _____ face
his enemy.
1481. Gently, he picked her up _____ the darkness and
carried her _____ the lights _____ the village.

Use of the following to fill each blank: against, among, before,

between, near, of, over, under.

1482. They were arguing _____ who was the first one to see
the UFO.
1483. Criminal charges will be brought _____ the driver
_____ the van.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 152

1484. The busy nurse forgot she left the thermometer _____
my tongue.
1485. I sat too _____ to her and caught her cold.
1486. She is trying to remove something that stuck _____ her
teeth.
1487. A puppy was _____ the survivors _____ a train crash.
1488. The magician made himself disappear _____ a crowd
_____ 100 spectators.
1489. _____ the day of wedding she changed her mind not to
marry him.
1490. It is _____ my beliefs to be nice to someone I dislike.
1491. I put my hands _____ my eyes because I couldn't bear
to see the crocodiles fight.
1492. It took us _____ ten minutes to finish the big bowl
_____ peanuts.
1493. A fight broke out when the robbers couldn't divide the
loot _____ themselves.
1494. _____ I ask if there is a toilet _____ here, I had better
look for it myself.
1495. We paddled quickly downstream as our boat was
_____ crocodiles and hippopotamuses.
1496. I had a sore throat so I came up _____ a lot _____
problems trying to get the students to understand what
I say.
1497. He jumped out _____ the car just before it fell _____ a
cliff.
1498. Someone must have queue-jumped. There were ten
people _____ me in the queue but now eleven.
153 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1499. She took an hour to choose _____ a white dress and a

black dress.
1500. They decided to take legal action _____ him for driving
_____ the influence of alcohol.

Use one of the following to fill in each blank: at, by, for, from,
in, into, of, off, on, onto, to, with

1501. Every one of us felt frightened _____ the anger _____

his voice.
1502. He failed _____ his second attempt to pass her exam,
and had to stay _____ _____ college _____ another year.
1503. They are all _____ fifteen except _____ Peter whose
fifteen birthday was _____ the fifth _____ last month.
1504. When a mouse scurried ______ the floor, she jumped
up _____ the table.
1505. She tied the string securely _____ a branch and the
balloons _____ the other end of the string.
1506. We looked up _____ the sky _____ the sound of the
plane.
1507. The victory was a cause _____ celebration, and
everyone joined in _____ the singing.
1508. Every day she comes _____ school _____ a taxi but goes
home _____ bus.
1509. These powerful computers range _____ price _____
N100, 000 _____ N200,000.
1510. His car swerved _____ the road when he tried to avoid
a ghostly figure _____ a white dress standing _____ his
way.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 154

1511. Despite living ____ the ripe old age ____ 100, she never
experienced loss ____ hearing which often occurs ____
old age.
1512. She went to live abroad after the break-up _____ her
first marriage. She had two daughters _____ her first
marriage.
1513. I called _____ Ms Ant's house yesterday to see if she
had recovered _____ her illness. She was still suffering
_____ aches and pains.
1514. Who was I dancing _____ at the party last night? I
danced _____ Julia but _____ only about a minute or
two.
1515. Put that naked statue _____ me _____ the corner _____
the room, please.
1516. While waiting _____ the bus, I saw a motorcyclist
stopped _____ the police _____ speeding and _____ not
wearing a helmet.
1517. I stopped _____ his house to borrow a raincoat _____
the middle _____ a storm _____ Sunday.
1518. You can rely _____ him to come _____ noon.
1519. I saw him looking _____ some books _____ the library
_____ weekend. His brother was _____ him.
1520. The sea was too rough _____ sailing _____ our small
boat, and we ended up heading _____ the open sea.

Exercise 038 Adjectives, Adverbs and Preposition Use

Fill in the blanks with the following adjectives, each of

which is to be used only once: little; wild; dark; angry;
155 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

eight; muddy; honest; heavy; clumsy; much; proud; skinny;

brave; narrow; blind.
1521. My mother is as _____ as a peacock of our new house.
1522. I cannot lift this _____ metal box.
1523. That _____ boy knocked down the vase again.
1524. The thin beggar raised his _____ hand.
1525. The _____ soldier was awarded a medal.
1526. Cars are too big to use this _____ path.
1527. Tigers are _____ animals.
1528. He is poor. He hasn't _____ money.
1529. He is an _____ man. You can trust him.
1530. They helped the _____ man cross the road.
1531. Look at the _____ sky. It is going to rain.
1532. They have broken the window. Their father is very
_____ with them.
1533. There are _____ pints in a gallon.
1534. We have to take off our shoes. This path is _____.
1535. There is only a_____ water left in the bottle.

Choose the best option.

1536. My best friend lives ______ Bolanle Road.

(a) in (b) on (c) at
1537. I'll be ready to leave ____ about twenty minutes.
(a) in (b) on (c) at
1538. Since he met his new girlfriend, Juan never seems to be
______ home. (a) on (b) in (c) at
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 156

1539. The child responded to his mother's demands ______

throwing a tantrum. (a) by (b) in (c) at
1540. I think she spent the entire afternoon ______ the phone.
(a) on (b) in (c) at
1541. I will wait ______ 6:30, but then I'm going home.
(a) from (b) at (c) until
1542. The police caught the thief _____ the corner of Cascade
and Plum Streets. (a) in (b) at (c) from
1543. My fingers were injured so my sister had to write the
note _____ me. (a) for (b) with (c) to
1544. I am not interested _____ buying a new car now.
(a) to (b) for (c) in
1545. What are the main ingredients ______ this casserole?
(a) about (b) to (c) of
1546. My best friend, John, is named ______ his great-
grandfather. (a) after (b) to (c) about
1547. Grandpa stayed up ______ two in the morning.
(a) since (b) for (c) until
1548. My parents have been married ______ forty-nine years.
(a) since (b) for (c) until
1549. He usually travels to Philadelphia _______ train.
(a) by (b) at (c) with
1550. You frequently see this kind of violence ____
television. (a) with (b) in (c) on
1551. I told Mom we'd be home ______ an hour or so.
(a) to (b) in (c) at
1552. I was visiting my best friend _____ the hospital.
(a) of (b) at (c) in
157 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1553. The professor _______ South Africa amazed the

American students with her stories.
(a) from (b) of (c) in
1554. I'll see you ____ home when I get there.
(a) in (b) by (c) at
1555. It's been snowing ________ Christmas morning.
(a) since (b) for (c) until
1556. Many people not familiar _____ the facts of the matter,
will consider my statements merely a matter _____
opinion. (a) of, with (b) with, of (c) by, of (d) with, by
1557. Some students do not study all term, and then the
night _____ the final test, they cram all night, hoping to
pull it _____ at the last minute. (a) before, of
(b) before, down (c) before, off (d) for, on
1558. The exchange rate rose above 30 Crowns _____ the first
time this year. (a) in (b) by (c) of (d) for
1559. What is needed now, above _____ else, is peace.
(a) though (b) all (c) by (d) after
1560. He is a very rich man, after all, and gives generously
_____ most charities requests, _____ reason.
(a) to, within (b) at, for (c) for, within (d) to, by

Indicate whether the sentence contains a misplaced or

dangling modifier and bring out the misplaced modifier
where it exists

1561. Warning against treating domestic violence leniently,

the conference began with a statement from the head of
Freeport's University Women's Club. (a) Yes (b) No
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 158

1562. To ignore such instances, those who commit violence

go on to commit more violent offenses. (a) Yes (b) No
1563. Police figures only indicate that 25 percent of all calls
result in arrests. (a) Yes (b) No
1564. Ignored by law enforcement officials, crimes against
women have increased every year over the past
decade, she said. (a) Yes (b) No
1565. By stepping up investigations and arrests, women will
no longer be victimized by violent boyfriends and
husbands. (a) Yes (b) No
1566. Studying the national crime data, women are injured
by their partners every 12 seconds. (a) Yes (b) No
1567. The leading cause of death among women crime
victims, the police should be aware of the scope of
domestic violence. (a) Yes (b) No
1568. Causing more injuries to women than rape, mugging
and car accidents, domestic violence is familiar to
hospital personnel but ignored too often by law
authorities, Margot Adler, chairwoman of the Mallory
College sociology department, said. (a) Yes (b) No
1569. Adler said an abusive relationship should be broken
off quickly rather than hoping the abuse will stop.
(a) Yes (b) No
1570. But since leaving abusive partners is the major cause of
the deaths of women killed by their male partners,
women remain at risk, Adler said. (a) Yes (b) No
159 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 039 More on Adjectives and Adverbs

From the choices provided after each sentence, select a word

or phrase that would correctly complete the sentence.

1571. Those are probably the ___________ curtains in the

store. (a) fancyest (b) fanciest (c) most fanciest
1572. Uncle Carl is really _________________ man.
(a) an old sweet (b) a sweet, old (c) a sweet old
1573. The Karmen-Ghia used to be ____________ sports car.
(a) a fine German (b) a German, fine (c) a fine, German
1574. Everyone was home for the holidays. What could
make for ___________ Christmas than that?
(a) a merryer (b) the merriest (c) a merrier
1575. They grew up in _______________ house in Mexico
City. (a) a comfortable, little (b) a little, comfortable
(c) a comfortable little
1576. Diehard is the __________ movie I've ever seen.
(a) most excited (b) most exciting (c) most exciteable
1577. Tashonda wanted to take a course with _______
professor. (a) that interesting new Japanese economics
(b) that Japanese interesting, new economics
(c) that interesting, new, Japanese, economics
1578. Of all the mechanics in the shop, Jerzy is surely
________. (a) the less competent
(b) the least competent (c) the competentest.
1579. In the fall, the valleys tend to be ___________ than the
hilltops. (a) foggy (b) more foggier (c) foggier
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 160

1580. My cold is definitely _________ this morning.

(a) worse (b) worst (c) worser

Complete the following sentences with these words: a few, a

great deal, a little, a lot, a lot of, a majority of, enough, many,
much of, plenty, several of, some

1581. I'm having _________ of trouble passing my driving

exam.
1582. _______ the movies were rated PG.
1583. ________ information proved to be outdated.
1584. We're close to the project deadline, but there is still
_________ time left.
1585. Although there are ________ brilliant students in this
state -- thousands, even, only will choose to remain in
the state after graduation.
1586. We were able to destroy ________ the parasites with
our antigen, but ________ of them survived to cause
trouble.
1587. __________ a student has passed through these doors.
1588. Although of the lawn is open to the sun, there are
___________ of shade trees to make it comfortable.
1589. I think he drank _________ wine last night.
1590. _______ the evidence was taken from the police safe
last night.

Insert Prepositions (where/if necessary)

1591. Peter doesn't go ----- work ----- Fridays.

1592. They arrived ------- Paris exactly -----eight o'clock.
161 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1593. Aunt Lucy is coming to see us -------10 --------Tuesday

morning.
1594. We're going to meet our friends ------- the clubhouse.
1595. I'll wait ------- you ------the bus stop.
1596. What are you looking ------? – I just can't find my pen --
---- my pocket.
1597. Grandfather is leaving --------- London tomorrow
morning.
1598. Dora bought her new dress ---five thousand naira -----
the department store.
1599. The post office is --------the railway station, -------- the
supermarket.
1600. Can you see a yellow house ----- the left? The bank is
next to it.
1601. Go straight ------ this road and take the third street ----
the right.
1602. I live ----- Abeokuta, but I was born ------- Minna, Niger
State.
1603. When she came ------- the room, she put her bag -----
table.
1604. My brother went ------the seaside ----- car.
1605. My brother went ------ Newcastle ---- his car.
1606. There isn't a bus -------- the village – we've got to go ----
foot.
1607. Cut the cake ------- three pieces --------- a knife.
1608. A lot ------ planes fly ------ the ocean these days.
1609. Get -------- the bus -------- the church and get -------- the
fourth stop.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 162

1610. The boss has been waiting ------- you --------- a long
time.
1611. Could you hear what the policemen were talking ------?
1612. The inspector was talking-------- a young man -------the
counter.
1613. An old lady ------- a large hat has just gone ------ the
door.
1614. A young man--------a brown jacket has entered the
house.
1615. The woman ------- the dog was walking ------ High
Street.
1616. The teacher was sitting ------ his desk ------- the class.
1617. Tony's car was standing -------- two trees.
1618. Mother made a chocolate cake -------- Tommy's
birthday.
1619. Father gave little Tommy a new watch.
1620. Please give this letter -----Mr Whiskers.
1621. The postman came --- good news ----- Uncle George.
1622. When will you send the letter ------ the railway
company?
1623. Nobody ------ the family has heard ------ the accident.
1624. The bus was standing ------- the bridge ------ its doors
open.
1625. Lots --------people travel ------- air nowadays.
1626. All the children were sitting --------- the large kitchen
table.
1627. I like travelling ------ boat -------- summer.
163 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1628. The bird flew ------ a high tree and started to circle ------
it.
1629. Don't speak to the director -------your hands ------ your
pockets.
1630. Mr Jenkins will phone you again ------ the afternoon.

Select the most appropriate order of modifiers or the only

appropriate placement of modifier(s).

1631. Select the sentence in which usually appears in an

appropriate position.
A. She usually shops for clothes at the local thrift store.
B. Usually she shops for clothes at the local thrift store.
C. She shops for clothes at the local thrift store usually.
D. Either "A" or "B" is fine.

1632. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of

adverbial phrases.
A. She leaves the island during the months of
December and January after dark.
B. She leaves the island after dark during the months of
December and January.
C. Either "A" or "B" is fine.

1633. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of

adverbs and adverbial phrases.
A. Kabira prays at St. Matthew's Church fervently for
her grandmother's recovery.
B. Kabira prays fervently for her grandmother's
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 164

recovery at St. Matthew's Church.

C. Kabira prays fervently at St. Matthew's Church for
her grandmother's recovery.
D. Any one of the above is fine.

1634. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of

adverbial phrases.
A. Juan made an appointment to see his doctor at two
o'clock on the first Thursday of July next summer.
B. Juan made an appointment next summer to see his
doctor next July at two o'clock on the first Thursday.
C. Either "A" or "B" is fine.

1635. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of

modifiers.
A. My father was born in Potiskum in the backroom of
a bakery.
B. My father was born in the backroom of a bakery in
Potiskum.
C. Either "A" or "B" is fine.

1636. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of

modifiers.
A. Dry the car carefully with a soft fluffy towel.
B. Dry the car with a soft fluffy towel carefully.
C. Carefully dry the car with a soft fluffy towel.
D. Either "A" or "C" is fine.
165 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1637. Select the most emphatic position for the adverbial

modifier of this sentence.
A. Rarely do we see this kind of talent on a small-town
high school baseball team.
B. We rarely see this kind of talent on a small-town
high school baseball team.
C. "A" and "B" are equally emphatic.

1638. Select the sentence with the most appropriate order of

adverbial modifiers.
A. He found the golf clubs that his father had used to
win the U.S. Open in the car trunk.
B. In the car trunk, he found the golf clubs that his
father had used to win the U.S. Open.
C. He found in the car trunk the golf clubs that his
father had used to win the U.S. Open.

1639. Select the sentence with the most appropriate position

for the adjectival modifier.
A. These miniature roses only grow to be an inch
across.
B. These miniature roses grow to be only an inch
across.
C. Either "A" or "B" is fine.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 166

TEST 9: THE ENGLISH CLAUSE

Exercise 040 The Nature of the English Clause

Agree or disagree with the following sentences.

1640. A clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can
express a complete proposition. (Agree/Disagree)
1641. A clause has only one main verb. (Agree/Disagree)
1642. Two clauses can be joined with a pronoun.
(Agree/Disagree)
1643. The expression, ‘I live in London, which is in England’
is one clause. (Agree/Disagree)
1644. Clauses can be contained within clauses.
(Agree/Disagree)
1645. A group of Subject-Predicate construction is called a
clause. (Agree/Disagree)
1646. An English relative clause is a subordinate clause that
modifies a noun phrase, most commonly a noun.
(Agree/Disagree)

Choose the correct option

1647. Which of the following is not a dependent marker?

(a) after (b) although (c) as (d) however
1648. In the sentence, ‘When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop
for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy.’ the
dependent marker is _____.
(a) When (b) for (c) was (d) very
167 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1649. Which of the following is not a coordinating

conjunction? (a) nor (b) so (c) yet (d) whether
1650. Which of the following is not an independent marker?
(a) consequently (b) furthermore (c) however (d) but
1651. The sentence, ‘I am a doctor, and my wife is a lawyer.’ is
_____ made up of _____.
(a) a compound sentence, two independent clauses
(b) a complex sentence, one independent clause
(c) a compound-complex sentence, one independent
(d) a complex sentence, two independent clauses

State the functions of the following subordinate clauses.

1652. Wherever she goes, she leaves a piece of luggage

behind. _________________________________________
1653. Bob enjoyed the movie more than I did._____________
1654. I know that he likes me. __________________________
1655. The only one of the seven dwarfs who does not have a
beard is Dopey. __________________________________
1656. That is the reason why I came. _____________________

Determine the type of dependent clauses in capital letters

1657. HOWEVER HARD HE TRIES, he never seems able to

do the work well.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1658. Can you tell me WHERE HE LIVES.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 168

1659. Twelfth Night, WRITTEN BY SHAKESPEARE, is a

famous comedy.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1660. AS SOON AS THE CROWD HEARD THE NEWS, they
rushed to the street.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1661. He is going to the golf course WHERE HE INTENDS
TO PUT IN SOME PRACTICE.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1662. BECAUSE OF HIS HARD WORK, he got the first
position in the exam.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1663. WORKING HARD got him the first position in the
exam. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1664. He was such a hard worker THAT WE ALL
EXPECTED HIM TO PASS.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1665. HAVING A LOT OF WORK TO DO, I decided not to
go. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1666. My dream is THAT I CAN OWN A FASHION SHOP.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
169 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above

1667. I do not know the town WHERE HE IS GOING.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1668. AS A RESULT OF HIS HARD WORK, he was awarded
the prize.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1669. There is something YOU DON'T KNOW.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1670. The fact THAT HE HAD NOT SAID ANYTHING
surprised everybody.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1671. He said goodbye to everyone BEFORE LEAVING THE
ROOM. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1672. The student WHO ANSWERED THE QUESTION was
Tomi. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1673. I was angry at WHAT SHE SAID.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1674. IF THE RAIN STOPS, I shall go for a walk.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1675. He became ill BECAUSE HE DROVE TOO FAST.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 170

(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause

(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1676. WHY HE WAS MISSING cannot be explained.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1677. ALTHOUGH HE TRIED HARD, he was not successful.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1678. The rubbish WHICH JOHN HAS COLLECTED must
be burned. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1679. Kick the ball hard, AS PETER DID.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1680. We don't know WHEN SHE LEFT HONG KONG.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1681. I am standing WHERE I CAN SEE THE GAME.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1682. Tom, WHOSE MOTHER YOU MET YESTERDAY, is
not well. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1683. Tell me WHAT I CAN DO FOR YOU.
(a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1684. He told me the secret SO THAT I SHOULD HELP
HIM. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
171 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above

1685. My sister, WHO CAN SPEAK GOOD ENGLISH, is a
tourist guide. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above
1686. WHILE I WAS SPEAKING TO HIM, he was looking at
the sky. (a) Noun Clause (b) Adverb Clause
(c) Adjective Clause (d) None of the above

Exercise 041 Types of Clause (Nominal, Relative,

Adverbial and Verbless Clauses)
Determine the types of clauses that are in the following
sentences.
1687. The boy wondered if his parents bought him what he
wanted for Christmas.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1688. The present which he bought me is beautiful.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1689. I haven't been skating since we all went up to Banff last
winter.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1690. He stood there as if he was frozen to the very spot.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1691. Who loves Tim is a secret.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1692. The man that has started an English course is from Port
Harcourt.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1693. Fred jogs where there is no traffic because he likes it.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 172

1694. Whoever ate my lunch is still in the cafeteria.

(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1695. The man who has started an English course is from
Port Harcourt.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1696. Charming couple.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1697. The clothes.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1698. How you did it is not my concern.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1699. That I wanted a ball was irrelevant in the discussion.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1700. Good flight.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1701. We left after the speeches ended.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1702. Do you know how long it will take?
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1703. The people with whom I was sitting were very noisy.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1704. 10 years!
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1705. The company she works for is based in London.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1706. My students, who are all adults, are learning English to
get a better job."
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
173 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1707. I saw Joe when I went to the store.

(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1708. The textbooks, which the students like, have lots of
helpful examples.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless
1709. I saw Joe when I went to the store.
(a) Nominal (b) Relative (c) Adverbial (d) Verbless

From among the kinds of clauses listed below, choose the

one you think describes the clause in italics in the following
sentences.

(a) Noun clause as subject

(b) Noun clause as object
(c) Noun clause as object of the preposition
(d) Noun clause as predicate nominate,
(e) Adjectival,
(f) Adverbial
1710. Although Americans love to travel to foreign countries, they
seldom learn to speak other languages.
1711. My sister, who teaches Spanish and Italian in New York,
says that she had more students twenty years ago.
1712. She wrote a book about what she has learned over the
years.
1713. What she worries about is the general decline in
American language-learning skills.
1714. She believes that American families used to take more pride
in learning second languages.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 174

1715. The internet, which has become such a global phenomenon,

has contributed to the predominance of English.
1716. My sister's conviction is that American students could use
the internet to help them learn other languages.
1717. English is the dominant language on the internet
because the American computer industry dominates the rest
of the world.
1718. When non-Americans get on the internet, they frequently
are trying to improve their English.
1719. What computers have meant to language learning has
surprised just about everyone in the academic world.

Choose the correct option in the following questions. The

expression "prescriptively correct" means that other
possibilities might be acceptable in informal writing or
speech, but the prescriptively correct option would be most
recommended for formal, academic writing.

1720. What is true of the following example? "Many people

probably think that politeness is simply a social
lubricant."
A. It contains a prepositional phrase.
B. It contains an adjectival clause.
C. It contains an adverbial clause.
D. It contains a noun clause.
E. None of the above.
1721. What is true of the following example? "The expanding
economy of the 1920s created new freedom for young
people, who began to break away from their families
175 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

and live on their own."

A. It contains a noun clause.
B. It contains an adverbial clause.
C. It contains a relative clause.
D. It contains no dependent clause.
1722. What is true of the following example? "If society as a
whole cannot be rejuvenated, the individual needs to
work for personal certainty."
A. It contains a noun clause.
B. It contains an adverbial clause.
C. It contains an adjectival clause.
D. It contains an appositive phrase.
E. None of the above.
1723. What is true of the following example? "He did not
care about why I wanted a dog."
A. It contains a noun clause.
B. It contains an adverbial clause.
C. It contains an adjectival clause.
D. It contains an appositive phrase.
E. None of the above.
1724. What is true of the following example? "The man
whose dog you wanted is here."
A. It contains a noun clause.
B. It contains an adverbial clause.
C. It contains a relative clause.
D. It contains an appositive phrase.
E. None of the above.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 176

1725. What is true of the following example? "College

students who spend four years on their degrees
generally make more money than graduates of two-
year colleges."
A. It contains a restrictive noun clause.
B. It contains a non-restrictive noun clause.
C. It contains a restrictive relative clause.
D. It contains a non-restrictive relative clause.
E. None of the above.
1726. What is true of the following example? "You might
hurt yourself if you don't watch out."
A. It contains a noun clause.
B. It contains an adverbial clause.
C. It contains an adjectival clause.
D. It contains an appositive phrase.
E. None of the above.
1727. What is true of the following example? "A man had
just married an automobile."
A. It is a simple sentence.
B. It is a complex sentence.
C. It is a compound sentence.
D. It is a compound-complex sentence.
E. None of the above.
1728. What is true of the following example? "The ape is
accepted, and sits quietly smoking a cigar and reading
a newspaper, which he holds upside down."
A. It is a simple sentence.
B. It is a complex sentence.
177 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

C. It is a compound sentence.
D. It is a compound-complex sentence.
E. None of the above.
1729. What is true of the following example? "He
doesn't like it, but he wants it to like him."
A. It is a simple sentence.
B. It is a complex sentence.
C. It is a compound sentence.
D. It is a compound-complex sentence.
E. None of the above.

Choose the correct option.

1730. In the sentence "John likes exercising at the YMCA,"

the underlined word is correctly classified as which of
the following?
A. participle B. gerund
C. main verb D. infinitive
E. auxiliary verb
1731. In the sentence "Waiting for the late bus, I decided
finally to learn how to drive," the underlined word is
correctly classified as which of the following?
A. participle B. gerund
C. main verb D. infinitive
E. auxiliary verb
1732. In the sentence "He was eager to leave for vacation,"
which of the following is true?
A. A participle serves as an adverb.
B. An infinitive serves as an adjective.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 178

C. An infinitive serves as a direct object.

D. A participle serves as an adjective.
E. An infinitive serves as an adverb.
1733. In the sentence "I hope to vacation in Canada next
year," which of the following is true?
A. A participle serves as an adverb.
B. An infinitive serves as an adverb.
C. An infinitive serves as a direct object.
D. A participle serves as an indirect object.
E. An infinitive serves as an indirect object.
1734. What is true of the following example?
"She reads the journals to watch professional trends."
A. It contains a participial phrase functioning as an
adjective.
B. It contains a prepositional phrase functioning as an
adjective.
C. It contains a prepositional phrase functioning as an
adverb.
D. It contains an infinitive phrase functioning as an
adverb.
E. It contains an infinitive phrase functioning as an
adjective.
1735. Which of the following sentences is prescriptively
correct?
A. I appreciate your taking the time to talk with me.
B. I appreciate you taking the time to talk with me.
C. Both of the above
D. Neither of the above
179 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1736. In the sentence "John, who was hired to deal with such
problems, was intending to work on the project today,"
the underlined element is correctly classified as which
of the following?
A. A clause B. A phrase
C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above
1737. In the sentence "Mary, the latest person to be hired,
will probably be the first person to be fired," the
underlined element is correctly classified as which of
the following?
A. A prepositional phrase B. A participial phase
C. An appositive phrase D. All of the above
E. None of the above
1738. In the sentence "My father, refusing to believe that
someone had stolen his truck from our driveway,
rushed out the front door to check for himself," the
underlined element is correctly classified as which of
the following?
A. A prepositional phrase B. A participial phase
C. An appositive phrase D. All of the above
E. None of the above
1739. In the sentence "The boy on the bicycle rode through
my wife's perennial garden," which of the following is
true?
A. A prepositional phase functions adjectivally.
B. A prepositional phrase functions adverbially
C. Both of the above
D. Neither of the above
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 180

After each sentence select the option that best describes the
use of clauses in that sentence.

1740. The doctor told Charlie to lose weight and exercise

vigorously for forty-five minutes a day.
(a) This sentence has two independent clauses.
(b) This sentence has no independent clauses.
(c) This sentence has one independent clause.
1741. The doctor was worried that Charlie was putting on
too much weight.
(a) The section in blue is an independent clause.
(b) The independent clause is "The doctor was
worried."
(c) This sentence has no independent clause.
1742. Charlie has a hard time sticking to a diet; he really
loves rich, sweet desserts.
(a) This sentence has two independent clauses.
(b) This sentence has one independent clause.
(c) This sentence has no independent clauses.
1743. In fact, the last time he tried to lose weight, he ended
up actually gaining weight.
(a) "he ended up actually gaining weight" is the only
independent clause.
(b) The section underlined is an independent clause.
(c) This sentence has two independent clauses.
1744. Charlie has decided to hire a personal trainer because
he is worried about his heart.
(a) The section underlined is an independent clause.
(b) This sentence has two independent clauses.
181 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) "Charlie has decided to hire a personal trainer" is

the independent clause.
1745. His new personal trainer, whose name is Adriana
Bongiorno, thinks Charlie may be a lost cause.
(a) The part underlined is not an independent clause.
(b) The part underlinede is an independent clause.
(c) This sentence has two independent clauses.
1746. That she can make him do the exercises but not stick to
the diet.
(a) The part underlined is an independent clause.
(b) This sentence has two independent clauses.
(c) This sentence has no independent clause.
1747. He is very good as long as Miss Bongiorno is around,
but he goes to the freezer for ice-cream when she
leaves.
(a) This sentence has three independent clauses.
(b) This sentence has two independent clauses.
(c) This sentence has one independent clause.
1748. Charlie must learn that eating all those sweets may
give him a temporary pleasure but that it's not good for
his heart and that he would feel better about himself if
he stopped eating all those rich and sweet foods that
are not good for him.
(a) The independent clause has three words.
(b) The independent clause begins with the first "that."
(c) This sentence has several independent clauses.
1749. Miss Bongiorno is starting to make a difference,
though, and Charlie is starting to make some progress.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 182

(a) This sentence has one independent clause.

(b) The clause following "though" is a dependent
clause.
(c) This sentence has two independent clauses.

Select the option that best describes the arrangement of

clauses within each sentence. Sometimes the description will
refer to only the underlined part of a sentence.

1750. Before Harrison bought his new car, he remembered

that his grandmother might give him her old sedan.
(a) The independent clause is "Before Harrison bought
his new car."
(b) The independent clause in this sentence contains
only two words.
(c) There are two independent clauses here.
1751. Alicia's wrist began to hurt, and her mother made a
doctor's appointment for her.
(a) The underlined part is the sole independent clause
here.
(b) The real independent clause begins with "and."
(c) This sentence contains two independent clauses.
1752. Zipping around the park in her little sportster, Juditha
began to feel, at last, like a millionaire.
(a) The underlined part is the independent clause.
(b) Trick question: there is no independent clause.
(c) The independent clause begins with "Juditha."
1753. Although Jerzy had taken several courses in computer
science, he couldn't solve the problems with his hard
183 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

drive.
(a) The underlined part is the independent clause.
(b) The independent clause begins with the word "he."
(c) The sentence contains two independent clauses.
1754. The Celtics have begun their long journey back to
championship basketball, working seriously on
fundamentals and beginning to attract new fans to the
game.
(a) The sentence is one long independent clause.
(b) The sentence contains two independent clauses.
(c) Only the underlined part is the independent clause.
1755. Ernest wanted to spend the night studying, but his
wife had other ideas.
(a) The sentence contains two independent clauses.
(b) Only the underlined part of the sentence is an
independent clause.
(c) The sentence is one long independent clause (with a
compound verb).
1756. The crowd began to clap and cheer as the team
entered through a cloud of smoke.
(a) The sentence contains two independent clauses.
(b) The independent clause begins with the word "as."
(c) The underlined part is the independent clause.
1757. Ngozi worked his way up to middle management but
kept on wishing for a better job.
(a) The underlined part of the sentence is the
independent clause.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 184

(b) The sentence is one independent clause.

(c) The sentence contains two independent clauses.
1758. Gesua began to leap around the room when his wife
fed him the jalapeño peppers.
(a) The independent clause is the part of the sentence
not underlined.
(b) The independent clause is the part of the sentence
that is underlined.
(c) The sentence contains two independent clauses
1759. Hilary signed the contract but never agreed to
purchase the CDs.
(a) This sentence contains two independent clauses.
(b) The underlined part is the complete independent
clause.
(c) The entire sentence is one independent clause.

The clauses in italic can either be restrictive or non

restrictive, name them appropriately.

1760. Students who have young children are invited to use the
free day-care centre.
1761. I left my son at the campus day-care centre, which is free
to all full-time students.
1762. John Wayne, who appeared in over 200 movies, was the
biggest box-office attraction of his time.
1763. I refuse to live in any house that Jack built.
1764. Merdine, who was born in a boxcar somewhere in
Arkansas, grows homesick every time she hears the wail
of a train whistle.
185 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1765. My new running shoes, which cost more than a hundred

dollars, fell apart during the marathon.
1766. I lent some money to Earl, whose house was destroyed in
the flood.
1767. The thing that impresses me the most about America is the
way parents obey their children.
1768. A physician who smokes and overeats has no right to
criticize the personal habits of his patients.
1769. The beer that made Milwaukee famous has made a loser
out of me.

Exercise 042 Dependent and Independent Clauses

Give the correct answer to the following

1770. Complete this sentence: An independent clause has a

subject and verb and ________
a. can stand alone as a coherent sentence.
b. expresses a complete thought.
c. Both a and b
1771. Complete this sentence: Because a subordinate clause
depends on the rest of the sentence to express a complete
thought, it is called a ________
a. prepositional clause.
b. dependent clause.
c. verbal clause.
1772. Choose the TRUE statement.
a. A subordinate clause standing alone is an error
called a sentence fragment.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 186

b. A subordinate clause always stands alone as an

independent sentence.
c. A subordinate clause must be placed by another
subordinate clause.
1773. Which is an example of a sentence fragment?
a. Because the young elephant named Babanoo was
new to the zoo, she was fed first.
b. Because the elephant named Babanoo was new to the
zoo and was fed first.
c. The elephant named Babanoo was new to the zoo, so
she was fed first.
1774. Which example shows two independent clauses joined
by a coordinating conjunction?
a. She weeded the garden before she swept out the
garage.
b. She weeded the garden and swept out the garage.
c. She weeded the garden, and she swept out the
garage.
1775. Which example shows a noun clause acting as a noun
in a complete sentence?
a. What her brother needs is someone to tutor him in
geometry.
b. Her brother needs someone to tutor him in
geometry.
c. She said her brother needs someone to tutor him in
geometry.
1776. Which example is CORRECT?
187 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

a. The attendance award went to whomever had

perfect attendance all year.
b. The attendance award went to whoever had perfect
attendance all year.
c. Neither a nor b
1777. In which sentence is the subordinate clause
underlined?
a). Although he had climbed other mountains, he was
not experienced enough for this expedition.
b). Although he had climbed other mountains, he was
not experienced enough for this expedition.
c). Although he had climbed other mountains, he was
not experienced enough for this expedition.
1778. In which sentence is the independent clause
underlined?
a. She raced down the platform, but the train was
pulling away from the station.
b. She raced down the platform, but the train was
pulling away from the station.
c. Both a and b

Indicate whether the underlined clauses are -ing clauses, -ed

clauses, infinitive clauses, or verbless clauses.

1779. If anything, it seems lighter. (a) –ing clause (b) –ed

clause (c) infinitive clause (d) verbless clause
1780. She’s got one or two bugs named after her. (a) –ing
clause (b) –ed clause (c) infinitive clause (d) verbless
clause
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 188

1781. It was necessary to allow the cow freedom to move

during the operation. (a) –ing clause (b) –ed clause (c)
infinitive clause (d) verbless clause
1782. A dazzling display of electronic watches caught our
eye, every face a mass of liquid crystal figures. (a) –ing
clause (b) –ed clause (c) infinitive clause (d) verbless
clause
1783. I remember going in Leningrad on a study tour. (a) –
ing clause (b) –ed clause (c) infinitive clause (d)
verbless clause

Identify the words in inverted commas

1784. ‘Birds fly’. (a) It is a phrase. (b) It is an independent

clause which forms a sentence. (c) It is not a sentence.
(d) it is grammatically wrong
1785. 'He is clever but lazy.' (a) There is only one
independent clause. (b) there are two independent
clauses (c) it is a phrase (d) It is not an independent
clause.
1786. 'The sun has risen and the birds are singing.'
(a) There is one independent clause. (b) There are two
independent clauses. (c) There is one independent
clause and one phrase (d) There are two sentences.
1787. 'She came late because of the traffic congestion.' (a) It is
grammatically wrong. (b) It is a phrase. (c) There is one
independent clause. (d) There are two independent
clauses.
1788. 'She came late because there was traffic congestion.'
189 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) There is one independent clause and one phrase.

(b) There are two sentences. (c) There are two
independent clauses. (d) There is only one independent
clause.
1789. 'The teacher told the student to stay behind and copy
the sentence.' (a) There is one independent clause (b)
There are two independent clauses. (c) There are two
sentences. (d) It is grammatically wrong.
1790. 'The teacher told the student that he had to stay
behind.' (a) There is only one independent clause. (b)
There is one independent clause and one phrase. (c)
There are two independent clauses. (d) There are two
sentences.
1791. 'A bird, stealing a piece of meat from the shop, flew to
a tree. (a) There are two independent clauses. (b) There
are two sentences. (c) There is one independent clause.
(d) It is grammatically wrong.
1792. 'Our new teacher, whose name is Jenny Chan, is very
kind. (a) There are two independent clauses. (b) There
are two sentences. (c) There is one independent clause.
(d) The sentence is grammatically wrong.
1793. 'She gets up when the clock rings, so she is never late
for school.' (a) There is one independent clause. (b)
There are two independent clauses. (c) There are three
independent clauses. (d) There are three sentences.

Identify the words in capital letters:

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 190

1794. 'I knew THAT HE WOULD COME.' (a) subject (b)

object (c) object of the preposition (d) none of the above
1795. 'I was surprised by WHAT HE SAID.' (a) subject (b)
object (c) object of the preposition (d) none of the above
1796. 'WHY HE DID IT was not known.' (a) subject (b)
object (c) object of the preposition (d) none of the above
1797. 'He dreamed THAT HE WAS FLYING TO THE
MOON.' (a) subject (b) object (c) object of the
preposition (d) none of the above
1798. 'I do not know WHAT HE IS GOING TO DO.' (a)
subject (b) object (c) object of the preposition (d) none
of the above
1799. 'WHEN WILL YOU COME BACK TO SCHOOL is
important to us.' (a) subject (b) object (c) object of the
preposition (d) none of the above
1800. 'I want to know IF YOUR SISTER IS A DOCTOR.' (a)
subject (b) object (c) object of the preposition (d) none
of the above
1801. 'THAT HE FAILED IN THE EXAM surprised us.' (a)
subject (b) object (c) object of the preposition (d) none
of the above
1802. 'She laughed at WHAT WE SAID.' (a) subject (b) object
(c) object of the preposition (d) none of the above
1803. 'We were greatly amused by WHAT YOU TOLD US.'
(a) subject (b) object (c) object of the preposition (d)
none of the above
191 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Identify the adverbial clauses in capital letters:

1804. ALTHOUGH HE TRIED HIS BEST, he failed the

examination.
(a) Adverbial clause of manner (b) Adverbial clause of
concession (c) Adverbial clause of place (d) Adverbial
clause of comparison
1805. He was so busy THAT HE FORGET HIS LUNCH
(a) Adverbial clause of time (b) Adverbial clause of
place (c) Adverbial clause of purpose (d) Adverbial
clause of result
1806. The problem is more difficult THAN I FIRST
THOUGHT. (a) Adverbial clause of comparison (b)
Adverbial clause of concession (c) Adverbial clause of
result (d) Adverbial clause of condition
1807. IF I WERE YOU, I would try once more.
(a) Adverbial clause of manner (b) Adverbial clause of
purpose (c) Adverbial clause of condition (d) Adverbial
clause of purpose
1808. I will follow you WHEREVER YOU GO.
(a) Adverbial clause of time (b) Adverbial clause of
place (c) Adverbial clause of manner (d) Adverbial
clause of result
1809. WHEN WE ARRIVED, the film had already started.
(a) Adverbial clause of time (b) Adverbial clause of
place (c) Adverbial clause of manner (d) Adverbial
clause of result
1810. He ate everything AS IF HE HAD NOT EATEN
ANYTHING FOR DAYS.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 192

(a) Adverbial clause of time (b) Adverbial clause of

place(c) Adverbial clause of manner (d) Adverbial
clause of result
1811. She made a plan SO THAT SHE COULD USE HER
TIME WISELY.
(a) Adverbial clause of manner (b) Adverbial clause of
purpose (c) Adverbial clause of result (d) Adverbial
clause of comparison
1812. She was sad BECAUSE SHE LOST HER HANDBAG.
(a) Adverbial clause of time (b) Adverbial clause of
condition (c) Adverbial clause of concession
(d) Adverbial clause of reason
1813. AS SOON AS THE RAIN STOPPED, we went home.
(a) Adverbial clause of time (b) Adverbial clause of
place (c) Adverbial clause of manner (d) Adverbial
clause of condition

The following clauses in italics are adjectival clauses. True or

False?

1814. 'I thanked the man that helped Me.'

1815. 'He has a sister, is a singer.
1816. 'He has a sister, is a singer.
1817. 'The book I bought last week is interesting.
1818. 'My father, you met yesterday, invited you to our house.'
1819. 'The book which is on the desk is mine.'
1820. 'I hated the man used foul language.'
1821. 'The place where I met Mary was a beautiful park.
193 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1822. 'My sister Anita, who is fifteen years old, studies at a

girls' school.'
1823. 'All the books, had nice pictures in them, were sold out.'

For the following sets of proverbs, fill in the clause type,

using the codes below:
MC = main clause REL = relative clause
ADV = adverbial clause NOM = nominal clause
INF = infinitive clause PRT = participial clause
GER = gerund clause

1824. A cutting word is [_____] worse than a bowstring. A

cut may heal [_____], but the cut of the tongue does
[_____] not.
1825. Ashes fly [_____] back into the face of him who throws
[_____] them.
1826. He who is being carried [_____] does not realize
[_____] how far the town is [_____].
1827. Quarrels end [_____] but words once spoken never die
[_____].
1828. Send [_____] a boy where he wants [_____] to go and
you see [_____] his best pace.
1829. Smooth seas do not make [_____] skilful sailors.
1830. The lion does not turn [_____] around when a small
dog barks [_____].
1831. Two birds disputed [_____] about a kernel, when a
third swooped [_____] down and carried [_____] it off.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 194

1832. When a needle falls [_____] into a deep well, many

people will look [_____] into the well, but few will be
[_____] ready to go [_____] down after it.
1833. He who learns [_____] teaches [_____].
1834. After three days without reading [_____], talk becomes
[_____] flavourless.
1835. Even a hare will bite [_____] when it is [_____]
cornered.
1836. A good fortune may forebode [_____] a bad luck,
which may in turn disguise [_____] a good fortune.
1837. If you are [_____] patient in a moment of anger, you
will escape [_____] a hundred days of sorrow.
1838. If you do not study [_____] hard when young you'll
end up [_____] up bewailing [_____] your failures as
you grow up [_____].
1839. Learning is [_____] a treasure that will follow [_____]
its owner everywhere.
1840. Listen [_____] to all, plucking [_____] a feather from
every passing goose, but, follow [_____] no one
absolutely.
1841. Make [_____] happy those who are [_____] near, and
those who are [_____] far will come [_____].
1842. Only when all contribute [_____] their firewood can
they build [_____] up a strong fire.
1843. To attract [_____] good fortune, spend [_____] a new
coin on an old friend, share [_____] an old pleasure
with a new friend, and lift [_____] up the heart of a true
195 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

friend by writing [_____] his name on the wings of a

dragon.
1844. It is better to ask [_____] twice than to lose [_____] your
way once.
1845. He who builds [_____] according to every man's advice
will have [_____] a crooked house.
1846. Even a small star shines [_____] in the darkness.
1847. A slip of the foot may soon be [_____] recovered, but
that of the tongue perhaps never.
1848. Kind words don't wear out [_____] the tongue.
1849. Bad is [_____] never good until worse happens [_____].
1850. Let [_____] deeds match [_____] words.
1851. Speaking silence is [_____] better than senseless
speech.
1852. It is [_____] easy to sit [_____] at the helm in fine
weather.
1853. A good plan today is [_____] better than a perfect plan
tomorrow.
1854. A good conscience is [_____] a soft pillow.
1855. A single penny fairly got [_____] is [_____] worth a
thousand that are [_____] not.
1856. All are [_____] not asleep who have [_____] their eyes
shut.
1857. Be [_____] silent, or say [_____] something better than
silence.
1858. Could everything be [_____] done twice, everything
would be [_____] done better.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 196

1859. If you would have [_____] the lamp burn, you must
pour [_____] oil into it.
1860. Instead of complaining [_____] that the rosebush is
[_____] full of thorns, be [_____] happy that the thorn
bush has [_____] roses.
1861. It is [_____] better to turn [_____] back than go [_____]
astray.
1862. It is [_____] not till the cow has lost [_____] her tail,
that she discovers [_____] its value.
1863. Small undertakings give [_____] great comfort.
1864. Admission by the defendant is [_____] worth a
hundred witnesses.
1865. Do not confine [_____] your children to your own
learning, for they were [_____] born in another time.
1866. Happy is [_____] the generation where the great listen
[_____] to the small, for it follows [_____] that in such a
generation the small will listen [_____] to the great.
1867. Opinions founded [_____] on prejudice are always
sustained [_____] with the greatest violence.
1868. Promise [_____] little and do [_____] much.
1869. Rivalry of scholars advances [_____] wisdom.
1870. The kind man feeds [_____] his cat before sitting
[_____] down to dinner.
1871. Whoever teaches [_____] his son teaches [_____] not
only his son but also his son's son, and so on to the end
of generations.
197 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1872. Who seeks [_____] more than he needs [____] hinders

[_____] himself from enjoying [_____] what he has
[_____].
1873. Slander slays [_____] three persons: the speaker, the
spoken to, and the spoken of.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 198

TEST 10: BASIC ENGLISH SENTENCE PATTERN

Exercise 043 Elements of the Sentence Structure

(Subject, Predicator, Complement, Object, Adverbial)

Answer True or False.

1874. The subject does not have the grammatical function in

a sentence of relating its constituent (a nominal group)
by means of the verb to any other element present in
the sentence. [True/False]
1875. In many languages, verbs are inflected (modified in
form) to encode tense, aspect, mood and voice.
[True/False]
1876. A verb may agree with the person, gender, and/or
number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or
object. [True/False]
1877. Complements can function as subjects and objects and
exist within them. [True/False]
1878. Complements, like modifiers, add to the meaning of a
sentence. [True/False]
1879. An object denotes somebody or something involved in
the subject's "performance" of the predicate.
[True/False]
1880. An adverbial is a word or a group of words that
qualifies or tells us something about the sentence or the
verb. [True/False]
199 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1881. In English, adverbials most commonly take the form of

adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or
prepositional phrases. [True/False]
1882. The word adverbial is also used as an adjective, which
has the same function as an adverb. [True/False]
1883. An adverbial is also known as an adjunct. [True/False]

Identify the subjects in the following sentences.

1884. The man who is sitting over there told me that he just
bought a ticket to Tahiti.
1885. Nothing else is good enough.
1886. That nothing else is good enough shouldn't come as a
surprise.
1887. To eat six different kinds of vegetables a day is healthy.
1888. Eating is a pleasure.
1889. His constant hammering was very annoying.
1890. That he had travelled the world was known by
everyone.
1891. “I love you” is often heard these days.
1892. To read is easier than to write.
1893. Whom to hire is a difficult question.

Identify the predicator in the following sentences.

1894. My grumpy old English teacher smiled at the plate of

cold porridge.
1895. The daredevil cockroach splashed into Sara's soup.
1896. Theo's overworked computer exploded in a spray of
sparks.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 200

1897. The curious toddler popped a grasshopper into her

mouth.
1898. Francisco's comic book collection is worth N20,000.00.
1899. Potato chips crunch too loudly to eat during an exam.
1900. During the summer, my poodle constantly pants.
1901. Godzilla appeared happy to see me.
1902. Have you a pin?
1903. To rise early is healthful.
Identify the complements in the following sentences.

1904. Mr. Johnson is a management consultant.

1905. She looks ill.
1906. We elected him chairman.
1907. We painted the house red
1908. My son painted his room blue.
1909. The class elected the smallest boy President.
1910. The clown made the children very excited.
1911. The waitress seems grumpy.
1912. I consider the waitress grumpy.
1913. I know that she is beautiful.

Identify the objects in the following sentences.

1914. We listened to the radio.

1915. They sent him a postcard.
1916. I followed her advice.
1917. I forgot to eat.
1918. I remembered being there.
1919. I explained that he was blond.
201 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1920. I remembered why she had left.

1921. I knew what she wanted me to do.
1922. He was sent a postcard.
1923. A gift was sent to him.

Identify the adverbials in the following sentences.

1924. Lola ate salad yesterday morning.

1925. Mr Adelabu, however, voted against the proposal.
1926. John put the flowers in a vase.
1927. John helped me with my homework.
1928. Surprisingly, he passed all of his exams.
1929. Eventually, he came.
1930. The car drove out.
1931. The bird flew in.
1932. What the hell are you talking about?
1933. You bloody well know that smoking's not allowed
here!

Identify the sentence patterns in the following sentences.

1934. Students from 45 colleges and universities today

agreed to form a national organization devoted to
fighting student apathy.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 202

1935. The students said their immediate objective is to

increase student turnout in elections.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
1936. Students don't vote.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
1937. That was the message the group told delegates to take
home.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
1938. Most of the delegates to the weekend conference
appeared enthusiastic about the prospect of increasing
student activism.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
203 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1939. Stewart Haines of Mallory College told the 150

delegates, "Your task is just beginning."
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
1940. Studies have shown that college students lack civic
concerns.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
1941. The result, said Haines, is the growing power of
special-interest groups and lobbyists.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
1942. The delegates also want to stimulate interest in public-
service careers.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 204

1943. Few students seem interested in teaching or

government service.
(a) S/V-subject-verb
(b) S/V/SC-subject-verb-subject complement
(c) S/V/O-subject-verb-object
(d) S/V/IO/DO-subject-verb-indirect object-direct
object.

Exercise 044 Subject and Predicate

Identify the subject and the predicate in the following

sentences.

1944. Most college freshmen call themselves political

moderates. The subject of the sentence is:
(a) Most college freshmen
(b) political moderates.
(c) Freshmen
1945. According to a survey of 276,000 freshmen, 57
percent say they are "middle of the road" politically.
The predicate of the sentence is:
(a) 57 percent
(b) say they are "middle of the road" politically.
(c) say
1946. Twenty percent of the freshmen described themselves
as "conservative" or far right. The subject of the
sentence is:
(a) Twenty percent of the freshmen
(b) described themselves as "conservative" or far right.
(c) Freshmen
205 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1947. Twenty-four percent said they are "liberal" or "far left."

The predicate of the sentence is:
(a) Twenty-four per cent
(b) said they are "liberal" or "far left."
1948. The extremes were the lowest in more than a decade.
The subject of the sentence is:
(a) The extremes
(b) were the lowest in more than a decade.
1949. On the other hand, the "middle-of-the-road"
freshmen grew to a 14-year high.
The predicate of the sentence is:
(a) the "middle-of-the-road" freshmen
(b) grew to a 14-year high.
1950. The freshmen were also surveyed about their attitude
toward abortion.
The predicate of the sentence is:
(a) The freshmen
(b) were also surveyed
1951. More than 30 years ago, in the survey's first years,
about 65 percent of the freshmen said abortion should
be legal. The subject of the sentence is:
(a) about 65 per cent of the freshmen
(b) said abortion should be legal.
1952. In the latest survey, the Higher Education Research
Institute reported that 51 per cent of freshmen favour
the legal status of abortion. The predicate of the
sentence is:
(a) the Higher Education Research Institute
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 206

(b) reported that 51 per cent of freshmen favour the

legal status of abortion.
1953. The National Organization for Women response to the
abortion figures is that people now take the legality of
abortion for granted.
The predicate of the sentence is:
(a) The National Organization for Women response
(b) is that people now take the legality of abortion for
granted.

Choose the right sentence pattern for each sentence.

The most common sentence patterns are:

S-P (subject + predicator), P-S (predicator + subject),
S-P-O (subject + predicator + object),
S-P-C (subject + predicator + complement),
S-P-C-O (subject + predicator + complement + object),
S-P-O-C (subject + predicator + object + complement)

1954. Jennifer baked for weeks before the holidays.

a) S-P-A
b) S-P-O
c) S-P
d) S-P-C
1955. Brad looks very handsome in his new sweater.
a) S-P
b) S-P-O
c) S-P-C
d) S-P-O-C
207 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1956. There was a strange sound coming from the cellar.

a) P-S
b) S-P
c) S-C-O
d) S-P-O-C
1957. A jockey rides racehorses until he gets too old or too
heavy.
a) P-S
b) S-P-O
c) S-P-C
d) S-P-C-O
1958. Aunt Tilly gave Marty some cookies.
a) S-P
b) S-P-O
c) S-P-C
d) S-P-C-O
1959. The teacher called Robbie class clown.
a) P-S
b) S-P
c) S-P-O-C
d) S-O-C
1960. Marlene had gone to the concert, but left early.
a) S-P
b) S-P-C-O
c) S-P-C
d) S-P-O
1961. Sam paints portraits, not walls!
a) P-S
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 208

b) S-P-O
c) S-P-C-O
d) S-P-C
1962. There is no future in making cassette tapes anymore.
a) S-P
b) P-S
c) S-P-C-O
d) S-P-O-C
1963. The members of the team were all excited after the
championship game.
a) P-S
b) S-P-O
c) S-P-C-O
d) S-P-C

Break the following sentences into their basic elements

(i.e. S – P – O – C – A).

E.g.: S P C
Singing and dancing/ is /Bukky’s favourite pastime.

1964. The young couple always returns home late.

1965. The officer was charged with murder.
1966. Johnson confessed that he found Nkiru attractive.
1967. The dog pants whenever it is excited.
1968. It will be nice to have water in every Nigerian home.
1969. Engineering is a useful discipline.
1970. Many students hate Mathematics these days.
1971. I wish I were Mr President’s son.
209 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1972. Reconciliation is out of the question.

1973. The shock that his wife had twins killed the man.
1974. Liars make me sick.
1975. To become a man is not a day’s job.
1976. Many Nigerian politicians forget that God is watching
them.
1977. Everyone will render an account of his stewardship.
1978. Flats are very expensive in Lagos these days
1979. Brass Bells by Akinwumi Isola is one of my favourite
videos.
1980. The Nigerian common man expects too much from
government.
1981. Today’s student actually abhors education.
1982. Salewa presented Bola a computer for her birthday.
1983. Girls should not sell themselves cheap.

Choose the option that best describes the word/group of

words in italics:

1984. Rocky Mountain National Park is one of the most

beautiful nature preserves in America.
(a) subject (b) subject complement
(c) object complement (d) object
1985. Rocky Mountain National Park is one of the most
beautiful nature preserves in America.
(a) subject (b) object complement
(c) subject of the preposition (d) object of the
preposition
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 210

1986. Rocky Mountain National Park is one of the most

beautiful nature preserves in America.
(a) Subject of the preposition (b) object of a preposition
(c) object complement (d) direct object
1987. The Rocky Mountain National Park is one of the most
beautiful nature preserves in America.
(a) transitive verb (b) direct verb
(c) linking verb (d) lexical verb
1988. You can see a wide variety of animal life in the park.
(a) object of a preposition (b) direct object
(c) object complement (d) subject
1989. You can see a wide variety of animal life in the park.
(a) object complement (b) object of a preposition
(c) direct object (d) subject
1990. You can see a wide variety of animal life in the park.
(a) object of the preposition (b) subject complement
(c) subject of the preposition (d) direct object
1991. You can see a wide variety of animal life in the park.
(a) subject complement (b) subject
(c) object of a preposition (d) direct object
1992. You can see a wide variety of animal life in the park.
(a) transitive verb (b) linking verb
(c) direct object (d) subject
1993. Flocks of sheep exist in their natural habitat.
(a) object of the preposition (b) object complement
(c) subject complement (d) subject

Write one sentence for each of the sentence patterns.

1994. Sub + Intransitive verb
211 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1995. Subject +Liking verb + Complement

1996. Subject + Transitive verb + Direct object
1997. Subject + Transitive verb + Indirect object+ Direct object
1998. Subject + Transitive verb + Direct object + complement
1999. Subject + Intransitive verb + Adverb
2000. Subject + Liking verb + Complement
2001. Subject + Transitive verb + Direct object
2002. Subject + Transitive verb + Direct object + Indirect
Object
2003. Subject + Transitive verb + Direct object + Complement
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 212

TEST 11: THE ENGLISH NON-SIMPLE SENTENCE

Exercise 045 Sentence Types

After each sentence, select the option that best describes that
sentence.

2004. Pauline and Bruno have a big argument every

summer over where they should spend their summer
vacation. A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2005. Pauline loves to go to the beach and spend her days
sunbathing. A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2006. Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets
from the log cabin up in the mountains, and he enjoys
hiking in the forest. A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2007. Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping
wood, swatting mosquitoes, and cooking over a
woodstove. A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2008. Bruno dislikes sitting on the beach; he always gets a
nasty sunburn. A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence
213 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2009. Bruno tends to get bored sitting on the beach,
watching the waves, getting sand in his swimsuit, and
reading detective novels for a week.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2010. This year, after a lengthy, noisy debate, they decided
to take separate vacations. A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2011. Bruno went to the White Mountains of New
Hampshire, and Pauline went to Cape Cod.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2012. Although they are 250 miles apart, they keep in
constant contact on the internet.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2013. Bruno took the desktop computer that he uses at
work, and Pauline sits on the beach with her laptop
computer, which she connects to the internet with a
cellular phone. A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2014. Paula , who has been studying medicine for the last
three years , will work at the new clinic next summer.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 214

2015. Jonathan promised me that he would look after the

hotel reservations and I told him that I would buy the
plane tickets
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2016. Next week, Ron is leaving for Haiti
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2017. Did you know which novel we will read for the
course? A. Simple Sentence
B. Compound Sentence C. Complex Sentence
D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2018. Marilyn wants to get married next year , but Fred
would like to finish his studies first.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2019. Although the sport is new, it has already attracted six
collegiate teams in the Southeast.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2020. Their practice field is a stretch of asphalt, and their
heroes make a living driving cars.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2021. The training rooms of these college athletes smell of
grease and gasoline.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
215 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2022. Their tools are screwdrivers and spanners rather than

basketballs and footballs.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2023. This new brand of college athlete is involved in the
sport of auto racing.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2024. Most of the students are engineering majors, and they
devote every minute of their spare time to their sport.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2025. The students work on special cars designed for their
sport.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2026. The cars are called Legend cars, models of Ford and
Chevys from 1932 to 1934, and they are refitted by the
students with 1200 cc motorcycle engines.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2027. Although their usual speed ranges from 50 to 90 miles
an hour, Legends cars can move up to 100 miles an
hour on a straightaway.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2028. The Saturday morning races of the competing teams
have attracted as many as 3,500 fans, but the students
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 216

concede they are no threat to the nation's fastest

growing sport of stock car racing.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2029. Although it started to rain, we decided to continue our
walk.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2030. There were books on the floor, under the table, and all
about the room.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2031. She was going to school full-time and hoped to
graduate in June.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2032. Transportation came to a halt as the steadily falling
snow accumulated faster than the snow plows could
clear it away.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2033. Marie and Bill and I stayed up until four in the
morning.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2034. Unless conditions change for her, she will spend the
rest of her life working for minimum wage in a dusty
mill; there are thousands of women like her.
217 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence

C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2035. She wanted to go, but her child was sick.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2036. Joe is smart; he will go far.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2037. As soon as Dick started a coin collection, his brother
bought an album of rare stamps.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence
2038. Nature is her passion in life, and colleagues say that
she is a skilled naturalist.
A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentence
C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

Choose the option that best completes the following

sentences:

2039. The book __________ is not in the library.

(a) what I want to borrow (b) I want to borrow
(c) which I want to borrow it (d) that I want to
borrow it.
2040. __________ was once regarded as impossible has come
true. (a) That (b) Which (c) What (d) There
2041. Is this factory _________ you visited last year?
(a) the one (b) where (c) which (d) that
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 218

2042. I found ______ strange ______ nobody had said

anything at the meeting.
(a) that ------ that (b) it ------ ______
(c) this ------ that (d) it ------ that
2043. The problem lies __________ her English is too poor.
(a) in the fact (b) in fact that
(c) in the fact that (d) in that
2044. ______ a pity that we have missed the film.
(a) That's (b) It's (c) What's (d) There's
2045. __________ comes home back first should cook dinner.
(a) Who (b) Who that (c) Whoever (d) Who ever
2046. They talked about things and persons _________ they
remembered. (a) that (b) who (c) which (d) what
2047. If you ______ anything to say, just speak out.
(a) had (b) had had (c) will have (d) have
2048. The playground ______ we play is very large.
(a) what (b) where (c) that (d) July 4, 1774 is the day
2049. __________ all the Americans should remember.
(a) when (b) where (c) in which (d) that
2050. The news ______ the president has died is untrue.
(a) which (b) that (c) when (d) why
2051. We were very much surprised at the way ______ he
treated the old lady.
(a) by which (b) in which (c) that (d) which
2052. We must give him a warning ________ he likes it or
not. (a) that (b) if (c) whether (d) whatever
2053. Do you know the girl __________.
(a) whom he often talk to (b) to that he often talks
219 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) he often talks to (d) to who he often talks

2054. He is a foreigner, _______ I know from his accent.
(a) which (b) that (c) and (d) when
2055. That was the century _________ the world was
devastated by wars.
(a) through which (b) by which
(c) during which (d) from which
2056. The world _______ we live is a wonderful world.
(a) by which (b) in which (c) at which (d) in that
2057. She asked to be sent to _________.
(a) where she needed (b) where was she needed
(c) where she was most needed (d) where she most
needed
2058. __________ there is a will, there is a way.
(a) When (b) Where (c) While (d) That
2059. They were not aware __________ was going on around.
(a) what (b) of what (c) that what (d) of that
2060. They are all interested in _____________ John managed
to do it. (a) which (b) what (c) how (d) that
2061. Mr. Baker graduated from either Harvard or Yale, but I
can't remember __________.
(a) that (b) where (c) which (d) how
2062. George Washington was born in 1732 in a very rich
family in __________ is now the state of Virginia.
(a) which (b) that (c) where (d) what
2063. Please give the message to __________ is at the desk.
(a) whomever (b) who (c) whoever (d) whom
2064. He was able to sell his car for exactly __________.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 220

(a) what he was paid for it (b) what he had paid for it
(c) that he paid for it (d) which he had paid for it
2065. It is considered unwise to give a child __________ he or
she wants. (a) whichever
(b) whatever (c) whenever (d) however
2066. I have money. I could choose __________ dress looked
nice on me. (a) whichever (b) whatever
(c) which (d) that
2067. Do you think ___________ watching TV all the time is a
nice way of relaxation? (a) what (b) when
(c) that (d) by
2068. It was only a small seaside town then compared to
__________ now. (a) that it is (b) it is
(c) what it is (d) what is it
2069. What do you think __________?
(a) should I do (b) I should do
(c) for me to do (d) what to do
2070. A reward of N10,000 will be given __________ can find
the lost cat. (a) to whomever (b) to whoever
(c) whoever (d) whomever
2071. I have no doubt __________ we'll succeed.
(a) what (b) which (c) that (d) about
2072. __________ the fire fighters were able to bring the
forest fire under control was obvious.
(a) What (b) That (c) ------ (d) Which
2073. __________ surprised me most was the sudden change
of his attitude.
(a) That (b) What (c) Which (d) It
221 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2074. __________ we are doing has never been done before.

(a) Whether (b) That (c) What (d) Which
2075. __________ we are in need of money is quite clear to
all. (a) What (b) All (c) Which (d) That
2076. What has __________ has been done!
(a) to be done (b) done (c) been done (d) to do
2077. He said that he wasn't interested in having a car, but
__________ he couldn't afford one.
(a) the fact (b) the fact was that
(c) the fact that (d) a fact is
2078. The Sahara Desert is __________ "the sea of death."
(a) that we call (b) what we call
(c) what called (d) that calls
2079. This is _________ the river was polluted.
(a) what (b) how (c) that (d) whether
2080. Some children like to eat food rich in fat and sugar.
__________ they have weight problems and bad teeth.
(a) That's why (b) That's the reason
(c) That's how (d) That's what
2081. The thing _________ I like to do is just _________ you
want me to do.
(a) what ------ what (b) what ------ that
(c) that ------ what (d) that ------ that
2082. The problem is __________ or not we can find the right
person to deal with the situation.
(a) whether (b) if (c) how (d) what
2083. The city is __________ we visited three years ago.
(a) where (b) the place where (c) what (d) that
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 222

2084. It is no longer a question now _________ China is a

strong country.
(a) which (b) that (c) whether (d) what
2085. Steve had a wish __________ he would travel around
the world after he retired.
(a) which (b) in which (c) that (d) what
2086. The reason __________ he went to Australia is for
learning English.
(a) that (b) which (c) how (d) why
2087. _______ I suggest, he always disagrees.
(a) what (b) whatever (c) how (d) however
2088. Anyone can borrow books from the library __________
he has a library card.
(a) as long as (b) even though (c) since (d) unless
2089. Most animals can swim right away __________ they go
into water.
(a) for the first time (b) the first time
(c) when first (d) when the first
2090. It was about twelve o'clock __________ I finished
writing the report.
(a) when (b) since (c) while (d) the time
2091. Life in the future will certainly be different from what
it is now, __________ point of view people may take.
(a) the (b) no matter (c) whatever (d) whichever
2092. It is almost impossible to become skilful in speaking a
language __________ you use it constantly.
(a) without (b) if not (c) except (d) unless
223 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2093. Could I have some sort of social life now, dad?

No, __________ you have reached the age of eighteen.
(a) till when (b) not until (c) till then (d)until when
2094. She found her calculator __________ she lost it.
(a) where (b) that (c) when (d) which
2095. How long has this auto shop been in business?
__________ 2003.
(a) After (b) in (c) on (d) since
2096. I often spend my weekends in the library, __________ I
can find a lot to read.
(a) where (b) when (c) books (d) that
2097. Everything will be all right __________ Tom is left to
do the work in his own way. (a) as well as
(b) as long as (c) as good as (d) as far as
2098. The money spend on medical insurance last year was
four times __________ ten years ago.
(a) much more (b) as much as of
(c) that as much of that (d) as much as that of

Complete the following paragraph with the options given

below (dependence markers; compound; complex
sentence; coordinating conjunctions; compound-
complex; simple):

A (2099) _____ sentence consists of two or more independent

clauses (or simple sentences) joined by (2100) _____ like
"and," "but," and "or". A (2101) _____ contains one
independent clause and at least one dependent clause
joined by (2102) _____ like “because”, “as a result”, or
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 224

“when”. Unlike a compound sentence, however, a

complex sentence contains clauses which are not equal.
A (2103) _____ sentence is a sentence with at least two
independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses. These three types of sentences are different
from the (2104) _____ sentence, which contains only
one clause.

Identify the following sentences as compound, complex or

complex-compound.
2105. Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not
want to go. (Complex, Compound, Complex-
Compound)
2106. I enjoyed the apple pie that you bought for me.
(Complex, Compound, Complex-Compound)
2107. I ate breakfast before I went to work. (Complex,
Compound, Complex-Compound)
2108. Canada is a rich country, but still it has many poor
people. (Complex, Compound, Complex-Compound)
2109. I ate the meal that you cooked.
(Complex, Compound, Complex-Compound)
2110. Today at school, Mr. Mustapha brought in his pet
rabbit, and he showed it to the class, and I got to pet it,
and Kate held it, and we coloured pictures of it, and it
ate part of my carrot at lunch. (Complex, Compound,
Complex-Compound)
2111. I ate the meal that you cooked. (Complex, Compound,
Complex-Compound)
225 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2112. Lagos has better clubs, but Abuja has better cinemas.
(Complex, Compound, Complex-Compound)
2113. The dog that you gave me barked at me, and it bit my
hand. (Complex, Compound, Complex-Compound)
2114. The dog lived in the backyard, but the cat, who knew
he was superior, lived inside the house.
(Complex, Compound, Complex-Compound)
2115. My friend invited me to a tea party, but my parents
didn't let me go. (Complex, Compound, Complex-
Compound)
2116. Do you want to stay here, or would you like to go
shopping with me? (Complex, Compound, Complex-
Compound)
2117. I have a lot of work to finish, so I will be up all night.
(Complex, Compound, Complex-Compound)
2118. My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to
go. (Complex, Compound, Complex-Compound)
2119. I was scared, but I didn't run away. (Complex,
Compound, Complex-Compound)
2120. Sir John A. Macdonald had a serious drinking
problem; when sober, however, he could be a
formidable foe in the House of Commons. (Complex,
Compound, Complex-Compound)

Combine the following simple sentences to create a

compound sentence.

2121. It rained for three days. The streets in my

neighbourhood flooded.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 226

2122. I got to ball practice late. I forgot to set my alarm.

2123. Kyle completed his homework. He put it in his binder.
2124. Luke mowed the lawn. He earned ten dollars.
2125. I stayed up late last night. I am tired today.
2126. Neil doesn't like seafood. He doesn't like cabbage.
2127. My pencil was broken. I borrowed one from Jake.
2128. I like apples. I like pears more.
2129. Eight people got into the elevator. It was crowded.
Three people got off.
2130. Georgia gathered the pictures. She could arrange them
in a special album for her family.
227 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 12: THE ENGLISH MINOR SENTENCE

Exercise 046 Minor Sentence

Choose the correct option

2131. Man snatched ballot box, set it on fire. This is an example

of _____ (a) a non-productive complex minor sentence
(b) a sentence fragment
(c) a productive complex minor sentence
(d) a productive compound minor sentence
2132. The billboard advert Rule your world is an example of
_____ (a) productive minor sentence
(b) non-productive minor sentence
(c) a basic sentence (d) a media sentence
2133. One of the following is not a minor sentence
(a) See you soon (b) Because he loves her
(c) What’z up? (d) Ha!
2134. Non-productive minor sentences ______
(a) have fixed usages (b) are found in book titles
(c) usually omits the subject (d) are usually
complimentary remarks
2135. “Writing poems when angry” is an example of
________ (a) Productive minor compound sentence
(b) Non-productive minor sentence (c) productive
minor sentence (d) conversational sentence
2136. “Love you, sweet dreams!” is an example of a
(a) productive minor compound sentence (b) composite
minor sentence (c) productive minor complex sentence
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 228

(d) non-productive minor sentence

2137. One of the following cannot be described as a minor
sentence (a) Thank you (b) come
(c) happy birthday (d) agree?
2138. Non-productive minor sentences can be found in
(a) Newspaper headlines (b) Book titles
(c) Personal names (d) apologies
2139. Impressive despite poor preparations is an example of
________ (a) complex productive minor sentence
(b) compound productive minor sentence
(c) non- productive minor sentence
(d) none of the above
2140. Everywhere you go is an example of ________
(a) simple sentence (b) minor sentence
(c) compound sentence (d) complex sentence
2141. Productive minor sentences do not feature in one of
the following
(a) Formal gatherings (b) newspaper headlines
(c) football commentaries (d) title of books
2142. Minor sentences and sentence fragments are different
from traditional perception of sentences because
(a) they are structurally complete (b) they are
structurally incomplete (c) they do not have subject
(d) they do not have verbs
2143. One major difference between sentence fragments and
minor sentences is that______
(a) sentence fragments are usually longer than minor
sentences (b) sentence fragments do not feature in
229 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

conversations while minor sentences do (c) sentence

fragment are generally regarded as aberrant and
unacceptable while minor sentences are often seen as
normal features of conversation (d) All of the above
2144. Sentence fragments and minor sentences are basically
the same [True/False].
2145. A sentence fragment qualifies for description as minor
sentence when it is used in an appropriate context.
[True/False]
2146. Sentence fragments are usually favoured in formal
writing more than minor sentences. [True/False]
2147. An expression can be classified as a minor sentence if
one or more obligatory elements of the major sentence
is missing. [True/False]
2148. Non-productive minor sentences feature mainly in foot
ball commentaries. [True/False]
2149. Non-productive minor sentences are usually _____
(a) long (b) compound sentences
(c) subordinate sentences (d) short
2150. Non-productive minor sentences are used mainly for
_____ (a) farewells, appreciation, apologies, etc,
(b) conversation, commentaries, etc
(c) Formal meeting, lectures, etc. (d) All of the above
2151. The expression: Good Morning is _________
(a) a productive minor sentence (b) a non productive
minor sentence (c) a sentence fragment
(d) a simple sentence
2152. There are ________ categories of minor sentences
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 230

(a) three (b) four (c) five (d) six

2153. Hearty congratulations is a _________
(a) sentence fragment (b) non-progressive minor
sentence (c) productive simple minor sentence
(d) All of the above
2154. Know what? is a _________
(a) simple sentence (b)non-productive minor sentence
(c) Productive minor question (d) productive
compound sentence
2155. ‘The President’s daughter, if she consents’ is a _______
(a) productive compound minor sentence
(b) productive complex minor sentence
(c) productive exclamatory minor sentence
(d) productive compound-complex minor sentence
2156. Woman head butts husband, slaps mother-in-law before
setting home ablaze is an example of a _____
(a) productive exclamatory minor sentence
(b) productive compound-complex minor sentence
(c) productive complex minor sentence
(d) productive compound minor sentence
2157. SUG president and university authorities unyielding is an
example of _________
(a) productive exclamatory minor sentence
(b) productive compound-complex minor sentence
(c) productive complex minor sentence
(d) productive compound minor sentence
2158. Another tsunami in Asia is an example of ______
(a) simple sentence (b)non-productive minor sentence
231 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) Productive simple minor sentence (d) productive

compound sentence
2159. Water! is an example of _______
(a) productive compound minor sentence
(b) productive simple minor sentence
(c) productive exclamatory minor sentence
(d) productive command minor sentence

The following obituary contains some sentences that are

complete and some that are fragments. Indicate which
are complete, and which are fragments.
2160. William F. Penkelemesi, 73, of 110 Bodija Square, died
last night at home following a heart attack.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
2161. Practiced law in Freeport for more than 45 years and
was with the firm of Akintola and Williams.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
2162. He joined the firm after graduating from Harvard Law
School where he was a member of the prestigious Law
Review.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
2163. Because his law course grades were in the upper 10
percent of the class.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
2164. Penkelemesi served as president of the state bar
association from 1980 to 1994.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 232

2165. And was chairman of the local chapter of the

organization, then known as the National Foundation
for Infantile Paralysis.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
2166. A local delegate for many years to the state Republican
Party organization, Perkins was active in several GOP
presidential campaigns.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
2167. Was survived by his widow, Josephine Penkelemesi.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
2168. Services will be held at Heavenly Rest Chapel
Wednesday.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment
2169. At 10 a.m.
(a) Complete (b) Fragment

From each of the options listed below, select the one that is
NOT a sentence fragment

2170. (a) Mrs Blanco gone to visit her mother at the hospital.
(b) Finding a parking space there is usually easy
during the week.
(c) Driving in the city during the evening rush hour.
2171. (a) To apply for a job at the new store in the mall.
(b) Asking the interviewer how often he would have to
work on weekends.
(c) Shaking his new boss's hand, Tony knew he would
like working there.
2172. (a) By the time Frances found out how expensive the
233 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

wallpapering job would be.

(b) After getting estimates from five contractors, she
decided to do the work herself.
(c) Before picking out an interesting wallpaper pattern
that went well with her furniture.
2173. (a) Who borrowed Stefanie's car Saturday night?
(b) The nineteen-year-old car looked out of place next
to the new models.
(c) Which the salesman was surprised to find in such
good shape.
2174. (a) While waiting for her neighbour to move the car
that blocked the driveway.
(b) To avoid hitting the other car, Michael had to back
across the corner of the lawn.
(c) By making sure that no one will park across the
driveway again.
2175. (a) Because Manuel was sure he had heard the same
strange story many months ago.
(b) Although I will never forget how cold we were
when we lost our heat last winter.
(c) Since Anna wasn't at the meeting, I took notes so
that she wouldn't miss anything.
2176. (a) When my cousin moved to Troy, New York, after
he finished school.
(b) After he went to all the trouble of fixing up his
apartment.
(c) While living there, he made very few friends.
2177. (a) My brother has been running a charter fishing boat
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 234

for five years.

(b) Many of his customers coming back three or four
times over the summer.
(c) His business been so busy that he has very little
time for anything else.
2178. (a) In the hiding place that Carl had been using for
years to get away from the noisy house.
(b) By the time that everyone had quieted down, my
favourite television show was over.
(c) Before planning another family get-together at the
already crowded park.
2179. (a) Although I knew she might wear something
outrageous, I was still shocked by her dress.
(b) Because she didn't want to tell where she had
bought the strange outfit.
(c) When we finally heard that she had made the dress
herself
2180. (a) Although it was snowing harder than we had ever
seen it snow before.
(b) We decided to leave before it got any worse.
(c) The tread on our snow-tires, after all, not what it
used to be.
2181. (a) Snow piling up on my neighbour’s roof.
(b) He decided to use a snow-blower to blow the snow
from his roof.
(c) However, how he ever expect to get the snow-
blower up on his roof.
2182. (a) After doing a superb job of keeping his driveway
235 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

clear all winter long.

(b) Mostly because he was afraid of what his
neighbours would say.
(c) Luis just gave up on it this time.
2183. (a) It's always pleasant to look out at the snow while
it's falling.
(b) Mrs. Burke wondering how she would ever clear
the sidewalk.
(c) When the snow finally began to taper off in the late
morning.
2184. (a) Brenda said she always preferred snow to rain.
(b) These blizzards getting a bit ridiculous though, she
added.
(c) Because snow-removal is so costly to large cities.
2185. (a) Sometimes snow-ploughs getting to the back streets
two days after a storm.
(b) The citizens were getting quite angry.
(c) By the time the snow ploughs get here, they
shouted.
2186. (a) Connecticut getting its share of north-eastern-type
storms this year.
(b) My neighbour says he leaving for Florida soon.
(c) Since he hasn't saved a dime, I wonder where he'll
get the money to move.
2187. (a) Handicapped people affected the most by this
snow.
(b) Getting out of their cars and negotiating sidewalks a
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 236

real problem for them.

(c) Handicapped parking spots are often covered by
several feet of snow.
2188. (a) To earn some money over the semester break.
(b) Charlie spent N20 on a new snow shovel.
(c) Although it seems to have stopped snowing
suddenly.
2189. (a) As long as we don't lose our power in the night.
(b) That's what worries me.
(c) Sick of this weather and worried about his aging
mother.
2190. (a) Before the committee finished the annual report.
(b) Get the file on Designs Unlimited for me.
(c) Although the textbooks have not yet arrived.
2191. (a) Unless Mr. Parsons arranges the meeting.
(b) In the most interesting book that I have ever read.
(c) We considered several solutions to the problem.
2192. (a) Running the presses all by himself.
(b) Impressed by several of the largest buildings in
town.
(c) Because Miles could not attend the seminar, he
borrowed my notes.
2193. (a) By hiding all the ash trays in the house.
(b) Our company has been considering a change in
operating procedures.
(c) The radio been on for hours.
2194. (a) To answer her audiences' many questions.
(b) Hoping to convince the other committee members
237 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

to vote for the bill.

(c) Wanting to be respected by others is not a selfish
goal.
2195. (a) While we were waiting, the usher announced the
show was cancelled.
(b) When we finally arrived at the hotel.
(c) That we expect to find in better condition.
2196. (a) Leaving early to catch a flight at the local airport.
(b) Many of the students looking forward to the end of
the semester.
(c) To play the guitar better has been my dream for
years.
2197. (a) At the monthly meeting of the regional astronomy
society.
(b) In the last five minutes, she has sneezed ten times.
(c) Continuing to think that the weather would clear.
2198. (a) The water was overflowing from the tub by the
time she returned.
(b) Since his subscription to the computer magazine
had run out.
(c) Several dogs running through the back yard.
2199. (a) Testing the sound system in the auditorium.
(b) Hearing the train approaching, the crowd moved
closer to the edge of the platform.
(c) Before picking up her car at the repair shop.
2200. (a) Falling interest rates have resulted in increased real
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 238

estate sales.
(b) Which we were all very happy to hear about.
(c) In the few stores that carry parts for that model.
2201. (a) Mr. Higgins been nominated for president of the
nature society.
(b) Dreaming of clear blue summer skies and long
walks on the beach.
(c) When we saw how much the town had changed, we
were disappointed.
2202. (a) James having trouble starting his car.
(b) Before deciding to finish weeding the garden.
(c) Raised in Boston, she later moved to Tucson.
2203. (a) Surprised at how enthusiastic their response was.
(b) Music sifted gently through the open windows.
(c) At the opening of the new museum.
2204. (a) Since we knew they were busy, we didn't bother to
call.
(b) That she heard on the news this morning.
(c) Whose latest book she had just read.
2205. (a) To graduate in the top 10 percent of the class.
(b) The singer at the wedding, who was so highly
recommended, sounded awful.
(c) Which made me feel even worse than before.
2206. (a) Crossing the light just as the light changed.
(b) From the way he signalled to his assistant.
(c) When they returned, I was asleep.
239 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2207. (a) Before the party was over.

(b) After the game, we went out to eat.
(c) Who planned the entire convention.
2208. (a) Caitlin been working at the restaurant for three
months.
(b) By preparing his speech several days in advance.
(c) Watching television is a favourite pastime for many.
2209. (a) Although the reports aren't ready yet.
(b) At the end of the last song, the audience stood and
applauded.
(c) Considering that the car has so many miles on it.

Choose the correct option from the following.

2210. Which of the following is a sentence fragment?

A. However, he didn't finish the essay.
B. Although he didn't finish the essay.
C. Therefore, he didn't finish the essay.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.

2211. Which of the following is a sentence fragment?

A. However, the dog doesn't bite him.
B. The dog will not bite him.
C. if the dog did not bite him.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.

2212. What is true of the following example?

"Guinevere and Lancelot, who can be considered
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 240

archetypal betrayers."
A. It contains a noun clause.
B. It contains an adverbial clause.
C. It is a comma splice.
D. It is a sentence fragment.
E. It is a run-together sentence.

2213. Which of the following contains a sentence fragment?

A. I studied for the exam. Therefore, I will do well.
B. I studied for the exam; therefore, I will do well.
C. I studied for the exam therefore I will do well.
D. All of the above E. None of the above

2214. Which of the following contains a sentence fragment?

A. I will help you with the homework if you ask me.
B. I will help you with the homework, if you ask me.
C. I will help you with the homework. If you ask me.
D. All of the above E. None of the above

2215. What is true of the following sentence?

"If the characters' speeches were analyzed, the author's
prejudices would emerge."
A. It is a sentence fragment. B. It is a complex sentence.
C. It is a compound sentence.
D. It is a comma splice. E. None of the above.

2216. What is true of the following sentence?

"Whereas, no one could believe that she had married
him." A. It is a sentence fragment.
B. It is a comma splice.
241 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

C. It is a compound sentence.
D. It is a compound-complex sentence.
E. None of the above.

2217. What is true of the following sentence?

"Moreover, no one could believe that she had married
him." A. It is a sentence fragment.
B. It is a comma splice.
C. It is a compound sentence.
D. It is a compound-complex sentence.
E. None of the above.

2218. What is true of the following sentence?

"When , cows flew."
A. It is a sentence fragment.
B. It is a comma splice.
C. It is a compound sentence.
D. It is a compound-complex sentence.
E. None of the above.

2219. What is true of the following sentence?

"Nevertheless, cows flew."
A. It is a sentence fragment.
B. It is a comma splice.
C. It is a compound sentence.
D. It is a compound-complex sentence.
E. None of the above.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 242

TEST 13: COORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION

Exercise 047 Syndetic and Asyndetic Coordination
Choose the best option:
2220. Asyndetic coordination refers to the explicit use of
coordination. (True/False)
2221. Coordination is the combination of grammatical items
of unequal ranks(False/True)
2222. When units of grammar of equal ranks are combined,
it is known as coordination (False/True)
2223 Asyndetic coordination involves the use of punctuation
marks. (True/False)
2224. Syndetic coordination refers to the explicit use of
coordination (True/False)
2225. Syndetic coordination involves the use of and, or, etc.
(True/False)
2226. Syndetic coordination involves the use of punctuation
marks. (False/True)
2227. Asyndetic coordination refers to the implicit use of
coordination (False/True)
2228. Coordination must be between units of equal class
(True/False)

Each of the following sentences exhibits coordination. Is it

syndetic, asyndetic or polysyndetic coordination?

2229. Susie and Pippa called for you this morning.

(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
243 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2230. You wouldn't believe how many exams I've got. I've
got semantics and pragmatics and sociolinguistics and
psycholinguistics and Syntax.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2231. This wine has a rich, fruity, full-bodied quality.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2232. I'd like ham, eggs and fried bread for breakfast.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2233. It was a happy time, a carefree time, a period of our
lives which we will never forget.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2234. I came, I saw, I conquered
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2235. I will have eggs and ham
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2236. This is the villain among you who deceived you, who
cheated you, who meant to betray you completely.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2237. I have done. You have heard me. The facts are before
you. I ask for your judgement.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2238. I will need bread, cheese and ham
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2239. The government of the people, by the people, for the
people shall not perish from the earth
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 244

2240. We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any
hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure
the survival and the success of liberty.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2241. We must hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind,
Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2242. The president will understand the criticism and take
action.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic
2243. After the announcement but before the game, there
was a celebration.
(a) Syndetic (b) Asyndetic (c) Polysyndetic

Underline the coordinators in the following sentences and

state the type of coordination used in them (syndetic/
asyndetic)

2244. He looked at them sadly and reproachfully.

2245. Hit my wife, get out of here.
2246. The boys went to Ilorin; the girls went to Ibadan
2247. He served the food but did not eat with them
2248. You can go home now or do the dishes
2249. The fishes are either asleep or the whale is wandering
about
2250. The children love their father but he doesn’t love them
2251. The woman can sing, her husband can dance
2252. Slowly, stealthily, the boys followed the old woman
245 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 048 Coordination and Subordination

Choose the correct answer from the given options for the
following questions.
2253. This coordinating conjunction conveys the meaning of
choice. (a) nor (b) for (c) or (d) yet
2254. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of choice? (a) wherever (b) than (c) before (d) although
2255. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of condition? (a) after (b) provided that
(c) in order that (d) since
2256. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of condition? (a) once (b) as (c) so that (d) if even
2257. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of contrast?
(a) before (b) wherever (c) although (d) than
2258. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of place or location?
(a) although (b) before (c) wherever (d) than
2259. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of purpose or result?
(a) after (b) in order that (c) provided that (d) since
2260. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of purpose or result?
(a) once (b) once (c) so that (d) if even
2261. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of reason or cause? (a) since
(b) in order that (c) provided that (d) after
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 246

2262. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning

of reason or cause?
(a) as (b) if even (c) so that (d) once
2263. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of time? (a) since (b) after
(c) in order that (d) provided that
2264. This subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of time. (a) than (b) wherever
(c) although (d) before
2265. Which subordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of time? (a) once (b) so that (c) if even (d) as
2266. Which coordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of addition? (a) so (b) for (c) but (d) and
2267. Which coordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of choice? (a) and (b) but (c) for (d) so
2268. Which coordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of contrast? (a) and (b) for (c) so (d) but
2269. Which coordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of contrast? (a) or (b) nor (c) for (d) yet
2270. Which coordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of negative choice? (a) nor (b) or (c) yet (d) for
2271. Which coordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of reason? (a) or (b) nor (c) for (d) yet
2272. Which coordinating conjunction conveys the meaning
of result? (a) and (b) for (c) so (d) but

Use the appropriate coordinators to combine the following

sentence pairs.
247 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2273. Plans for renovating downtown into an upscale

shopping centre were finalized. Discussions began on
budgeting city funds for the project.

2274. The nearest supermarket started to carry produce and

spices that specifically matched the diets of many
people in the community. Shoppers continued to be
lured to the big-box store out on the highway.

2275. The main office has cut our printing and copying
budget. We will need to rely more heavily on e-mail,
Skype, and instant messaging.

2276. The professor suspected that the student was

plagiarizing on the final paper. The student may have
been plagiarizing since the beginning of the semester.

2277. Please respond to this e-mail at your earliest

convenience, so that I can get started here. Include your
notes as an attachment.

Use the appropriate subordinators to combine the sentence

pairs.

2278. I had to hand the project over to Max. You didn’t

respond to any of my e-mails.
2279. Another candidate with more qualifications applies in
the next forty-eight hours. You should get the position
without any difficulties.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 248

2280. Victor had prepared and practiced for the presentation

thoroughly. The projector died and the presentation
was not successful.
2281. Keep calling our customers from last year. You make
your sales quota.
2282. The instructor copies his lesson directly from the
textbook. The students lose interest and doze off.

Join the following sentences together with the appropriate

subordinators and coordinators where appropriate:
2283. I want to get more soda. It’s hard to eat popcorn
without it.
2284. He enjoys walking through the country. He often goes
backpacking on his vacations.
2285. I stayed up all night studying for my Maths exam. I
was so tired all day today.
2286. Westlife is a great band. They only put out one album.
2287. Paul is dating someone. Paul and Kate always go to
movies together.
2288. He often watched TV. She preferred to read instead.
2289. I didn’t know which job I wanted. I decided to wait to
choose.
2290. The president failed to explain the cause of the crises.
He did not offer any solutions.
249 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Choose the correct option.

2291. Which of the following words is a coordinating

conjunction?
A. although B. however
C. nevertheless D. All of the above
E. None of the above

2292. Which of the following words is a subordinating

conjunction?
A. although B. however
C. nevertheless D. All of the above
E. None of the above

2293. Which of the following sentences is prescriptively

correct?
A. The space station has been damaged; therefore,
we must abandon it.
B. The space station has been damaged, therefore,
we must abandon it.
C. The space station has been damaged, therefore we
must abandon it.
D. All of the above E. None of the above

2294. Which of the following sentences is a comma splice?

A. The space station has been damaged; therefore, we
must abandon it.
B. The space station has been damaged, therefore, we
must abandon it.
C. The space station, has been damaged therefore we
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 250

must abandon it.

D. All of the above E. None of the above

2295. Which of the following sentences is a run-together

sentence?
A. The space station has been damaged; therefore, we
must abandon it.
B. The space station has been damaged, therefore, we
must abandon it.
C. The space station has been damaged therefore we
must abandon it.
D. All of the above E. None of the above

2296. Which of the following sentences is prescriptively

correct?
A. There are many good examples of this in his writing,
one is:
B. The implications are obvious, the adjective golden
gives the impression of good.
C. The peacock has no monetary value, rather it is
"another mouth to feed."
D. All of the above E. None of the above

2297. Which of the following sentences is prescriptively

correct?
A. Mrs. Baba was not evil; she was just wrong.
B. Mrs. Baba was not evil, she was just wrong.
C. Mrs. Baba was not evil therefore she was just wrong.
D. Mrs. Baba was not evil she was just wrong.
E. Mrs. Baba was not evil nevertheless she was just
251 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

wrong

2298. Which of the following is a conjunctive adverb?

A. nevertheless B. however
C. thus D. All of the above
E. None of the above

2299. Which of the following is a coordinating conjunction?

A. and B. for C. nor
D. All of the above E. None of the above

2300. Which of the following is a subordinating conjunction?

A. since B. although C. when
D. All of the above E. None of the above

Choose the correct option.

2301. You can borrow my car (unless/as long as) you

promise not to drive too fast.
2302. I'm playing tennis tomorrow (unless/providing) it
rains.
2303. I'm playing tennis tomorrow
(unless/providing/provided) it doesn't rain.
2304. I don't mind if you come home late (unless/as long as)
you come in quietly.
2305. I'm going now (unless/provided) you want me to stay.
2306. I don't watch TV (unless/as long as) I've got nothing
else to do.
2307. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool
(unless/provided) they are with an adult.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 252

2308. (Unless/provided) they are with an adult, children are

not allowed to use the swimming pool.
2309. We can sit here in the corner (unless/as long as) you'd
rather sit over there by the window.
2310. You won't pass the exam (unless/as long as) you try a
bit harder.

Exercise 049 Subordination and Coordination

Complete the following:

2311. This letter will not arrive. You haven’t written the
address properly, and _______, there is no stamp on the
envelop. (a) on the other hand (b) however
(c) although (d) on top of that
2312.________Liz is superstitious (a) on the other hand
(b) however (c) although (d) on the one hand
2313._______she does not believe in Chinese horoscope
(a) on top of that (b) on the other hand
(c) although (d) however
2314. Elisa won’t be able to sell flowers in a shop _____ she
can speak proper English (a) on the other hand
(b) unless (c) despite (d) on top of that
2315.Winston learnt his French grammar, __________ he did
not understand it very well
(a) although (b) consequently
(c) on the other hand (d) on top of that
253 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2316. In 1869, the first trans-continental railway was built

across the United States. _________ It took only a week
to travel from the East Coast to the West Coast
(a) on the contrary (b) on the other hand
(c) consequently (d) unfortunately
2317. Prince Albert was interested in social developments in
London, _________ he died before he could finish his
(a) on the other hand (b) however
(c) consequently (d) resultantly
2318. The great Exhibition of 1861 was full of original
exhibits. ______it was a great success
(a) as a result (b) on the other hand
(c) however (d) although

Complete the following with the right option:

2319. I am going to school ________I don't feel well.
(a) although (b) whereas (c) otherwise (d) since
2320. Pollution is very high in Japan _______it is much lower
in Europe. (a) since (b) unless (c) whereas (d) provided
2321. There is no point in doing that ______nobody cares.
(a) since (b) unless (c) whereas (d) provided
2322. ________we are very careful, we can no longer save
that river. (a) in spite of (b) although
(c) unless (d) whereas
2323. Leave at once _________you are not interested.
(a) unless (b) owing to (c) although (d) since
2324. __________what you say, no one will believe you now.
(a) unless (b) however (c) no matter (d) in spite of
2325. They would try, _________repeated warnings.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 254

(a) unless (b) owing to (c) no matter (d) in spite of

2326. __________they were English, their accent sounded
very strange indeed. (a) whereas (b) however
(c) although (d) unless
2327. __________hard you may try, you'll convince nobody.
(a) whereas (b) however (c) although (d) unless
2328. Phone them at once _________they won't fret
unnecessarily. (a) so that (b) owing to (c) whereas
(d) unless
2329. _______ bad weather conditions, the game was
cancelled. (a) owing to (b) in spite of (c) no matter
(d) despite

In this exercise, choose the correct subordinating conjunction

to fill the space at the beginning of the adverb clause.

2330. We keep our bread in the fridge, ________ it doesn't go

bad. (a) since (b) so that (c) although (d) after
2331. The five-cent coin looks very Canadian, ________ it has
a picture of a beaver on it.
(a) since (b) so that (c) though (d) before
2332. ________ Volkswagen cars are cheap, they last a long
time. (a) because (b) in order that (c) although (d) after
2333. You should give the iron time to heat up ________ you
iron your clothes.
(a) because (b) so that (c) before (d) until
2334. You need proper shoes to go hiking in the mountains,
________ the ground is rough and hard.
(a) because (b) so that (c) even though (d) before
255 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2335. Hockey players wear lots of protective clothing

________ they don't get hurt.
(a) because (b) in order that (c) though (d) after
2336. You will have to pay higher insurance ________ you
buy a sports car.
(a) if (b) so that (c) although (d) before
2337. You shouldn't drive ________ drinking alcohol.
(a) if (b) in order that (c) even though (c) after
2338. ________ the dolphin lives in the sea, it is not a fish -
it's a mammal.
(a) whether (b) so that (c) although (d) after
2339. You may get malaria ________ you are bitten by a
mosquito.
(a) if (b) so that (c) though (d) before

Complete the following.

2340. The people ____we met in Ireland have sent us a letter.

(a) upon which (b) where (c) who
2341. We were playing football ____it started to rain.
(a) when (b) unless (c) if
2342. It was so dark ____I couldn't see anything.
(a) that (b) which (c) when
2343. This is the house _____ I've lived for 10 years.
(a) that (b) where (c) when
2344. I was lost ______ I bought a street map.
(a) so (b) where (c) when
2345. Peter was absent from school yesterday _____he had a
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 256

fever. (a) because (b) otherwise (c) while

2346. I enjoyed the race, _____my results weren't very good.
(a) even though (b) also (c) because
2347. ______ I was in Ireland I went to see Patrick.
(a) while (b) although (c) even
2348. You should always wash your hands ____ meals.
(a) before (b) while (c) after
2349. He's not a student _____a teacher.
(a) but (b) as (c) because
2350. I am old ____ I still play football. (a) and (b) so (c) but
2351. Marie wants to learn carpentry _____she isn't good
enough at maths yet. (a) because (b) and (c) but
2352. I got your message _______I came over straight away.
(a) and (b) so (c) but
2353. We had to cancel our meeting _____the hall was
flooded. (a) because (b) and (c) but
2354. The chicken is in the oven _____the potatoes are
boiling on the hob. (a) because (b) and (c) but
2355. It might rain ______you'd better bring a coat.
(a) and (b) but (c) so
2356. I'm going out _____ I can't stand the noise the kids are
making in here. (a) because (b) and (c) but
2357. Sam is my cousin _____he will be staying with me for a
while. (a) and (b) but (c) so
2358. Your dog is well behaved ____your cat scratched me
the minute I arrived! (a) and (b) but (c) so
2359. I can answer these questions ______I'm going to the
advanced level! (a) and (b) but (c) so
257 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Complete the following.

2360. You cannot go to America____ you know a little

English. (a) provided (b) unless (c) without
2361. The film is long and boring _____ the book is thrilling
and well-written. (a) since (b) whereas (c) unlike
2362. He will get the job ____he pass his exam first.
(a) until (b) provided (c) whether
2363. The young girl stayed out until one, _____her
godmother had been very clear as to the consequences
of her actions. (a) since (b) whereas (c) although
2364. She had come there in order to dance, and dance she
did, ______her ugly stepsisters had to sit and watch her
enviously since nobody asked them to dance.
(a) since (b) whereas (c) until
2365. You can go out tonight ____you don't come back too
late. (a) unless (b) until (c) as long as
2366. I will send you back your money ___ I find a job.
(a) until (b) as soon as (c) as long as
2367. He would not believe me,_____ worried me very
much. (a) whom (b) what (c) which
2368. She took a taxi ____she might arrive on time.
(a) though (b) so that (c) in order to
2369. I wonder _____they'll come or not.
(a) where (b) where (c) whether
2370. ____ I have lived here for years, I don't know the
neighbourhood yet. (a) since (b) though (c) whereas.
2371. I met the writer ____latest book you are reading.
(a) which (b) whom (c) whose
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 258

2372. Hurry up, ______ you're going to miss your plane!

(a) otherwise (b) unless (c) whereas
2373. He could not go anywhere _____ his wife following
him. (a) until (b) unless (c) without
2374. You must tell him the truth ______ he reproaches you
for doing so later. (a) since (b) even if (c) in case.
2375._______updating our records, could you please fill in
this form? (a) as a consequence of
(b) for the purpose of (c) by way of
2376. We choose him for the job _____his experience in Asia.
(a) on the basis of (b) by way of (c) in the absence of
2377. Unfortunately ________the bankruptcy, we were
forced to sell off the business.
(a) as a consequence of (b) for the purpose of (C)in
relation to
2378. I'll take responsibility for the decision ______the
managing director.
(a) on the basis of (b) by way of (c) in the absence of
2379. Your monthly salary will vary _____the amount of
goods you sell.
(a) on the basis of (b) in relation to (c) in contrast to
2380. I'm afraid I can't offer you much _________
refreshment. (a) by way of (b) in relation to
(c) in a variety of
2381. They sell rugs and carpets ____ shapes and sizes.
(a) in a variety of (b) in contrast to (c) in relation to
2382. This year's exam results were excellent- very much
_____the poor grades people got last year.
259 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) in contrast to (b) in relation to (c) by way of

2383. I scolded him quite harshly ________ he refrained from
being shockingly irregular to school.
(a) on the condition that (b) in as much as (c) in order
that
2384. He is quite a lovable person ______ he tends to be
utterly idiotic at times. (a) even if (b) owing to
(c) in addition to
2385. He is not a bit gifted _______ he puts in such diligent
efforts that he does considerably better than is expected
of him. (a) consequently (b) nevertheless
(c) subsequently
2386. All like him immensely ______ the fact that he is at
times rather dishonest.
(a) even if (b) regardless of (c) provided that
2387. He stole-something beneath his dignity ____ the fact
that he was utterly broke and very hungry.
(a) owing to (b) in the event (c) in spite of
2388. He is quite a generous fellow, _____ his spouse is a
shockingly selfish individual.
(a) on the contrary (b) as well as (c) in comparison with
2389. I prefer reading, ______ I believe that it is the one and
only method with which to tone up my language.
(a) in contrast (b) on the condition (c) in as much as
2390. He is a very repulsive fellow, _____ his ambitious
nature makes him quite a dangerous customer!
(a) provided that (b) even if (c) furthermore
2391. He is sunk, _______ there is no hope left for him at all-
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 260

such is his pathetic state of affairs!

(a) in other words (b) as a result of (c) eventually
2392. She is simply a wonderful person- ______ a real angel
to be precise! (a) as a matter of fact (b) on the other
hand (c) in addition

Complete the following with the correct option.

2393. She refused the job ____ the wages weren’t satisfactory
(a) as though (b) as (c) though
2394. The things some people have to do _________earn a
living! (a) for to (b) in order to (c) because of to
2395. He decided to go out for a walk ________ television
(a) as though (b) instead of (c) in order to
2396. ________much some people achieve in life, they
invariably dream of doing something else
(a) no matter (b) however (c) as
2397. He was extremely tired, ______ he went to bed.
(a)even though (b) so (c) however
2398. They stared at him ______he was mad.
(a) as though (b) unless (c) although
2399. Drivers are not allowed to stop on the hard shoulder of
the motorway ____ it is an emergency.
(a) as though (b) unless (c) in as much as
2400. She often has nightmares, _______she has no problems.
(a) as though (b) although (c) unless
2401. I arrived late this morning ______of the heavy rain.
(a) whether (b) because (c) otherwise
2402. Peter has gone to America. I don't know _____he will
261 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

come today or not.

(a) whether (b) if (c) meanwhile
2403. ______the farmer came back to the field he would be
happy to see his wife. (a) unless (b) provided (c) if
2404. You must remind him of it, ______ , he may forget.
(a) unless (b) because (c) otherwise
2405. Sola is very good at English, _______her brother is very
lazy. (a) if (b) whereas (c) unlike
2406. Rotimi is the most beautiful girl ______I have ever
seen. (a) who (b) which (c) that
2407. ______I pass my exam I will invite all my friends to a
party. (a) who (b) when (c) unless
2408. He was punished ________he failed his exam.
(a) because (b) unless (c) whereas
2409. You can take my book ________ you bring it back
tomorrow. (a) whether (b) unless (c) provided.
2410. _________he comes, please call me.
(a) if (b) provided (c) whether
2411. The device enables temperatures to be monitored,
_______ improving the safety margin.
(a) nevertheless (b) thereby (c) furthermore
2412. A new technique, ________the infra-red camera, means
that dusts are surrounding new stars. (a) namely
(b) that is to say (c) besides
2413. Superconducting, ________when materials lose all
resistance, is likely to enable computer.
(a) besides (b) i.e. (c) thus
2414. Programmable electronic systems are more reliable,
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 262

_____ they can be used to handle almost anything.

(a) whereas (b) such as (c) moreover
2415. Computers can process data extremely fast,________ of
this, they have several serious drawbacks.
(a) in spite (b) consequently (c) despite
2416. The new engine is far more efficient, ______ more work
is required to reduce noise.
(a) thereby (b) thus (c) nevertheless
2417. The presence of high concentrations of elements that
are rarely found on Earth, _______ iridium, suggests
that a large meteorite hit the Earth at that spot roughly
65 million years ago. (a) namely (b) such as
(c) moreover
2418. The data is stored on hard disk ______it is easily
accessible. (a) e.g. (b) actually (c) hence
2419. Applicants for the job should speak at least one other
European language _______French.
(a) obviously (b) on the whole (c) besides
2420._______, in the initial stages there are minor problems
to be overcome. Feel free to contact me if you need any
help. (a) as a rule (b) despite (c) furthermore

Use any of the following to complete the following sentences

“as though, though, as if, because, that, whereas, even if,
since, as, so that

2421. He felt ____he had been plunged into another century.

2422. I knew they were all listening, _____none of them
looked at me.
263 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2423. 'Do ______I say, not as I do' (my father's favourite

motto)
2424. I put a note beside his cereal bowl _____he would be
sure to see it.
2425. She married him ________he was extremely rich.
2426. The lecture was so boring ______we nearly fell asleep
2427. I am an early riser _______he loves lying in.
2428. _______you're already here, you might as well stay.
2429. You'll have to come _______you don't like it.
2430. I love him all the more ________he understands me.

Complete the following with any of these words: only,

although, as well, and, like, than, so, because, before, if,
even.

2431. Sam liked school ________he had many friends there.

2432. Sam left school ______he joined the navy.
2433. He hadn't travelled much ____ he joined the navy.
2434. Sam was seasick ______he left the navy.
2435. He got a job in a bank _______he had no qualifications.
2436. He will stay at the bank ______he likes it there.
2437. I love swimming and my brother loves swimming
________.
2438. Almost all my family loves swimming. ________my
grandmother swims every day.
2439. She swims _______a fish.
2440. ______ my father doesn't like it very much.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 264

Choose the right word from the following to combine the

following sentences. "But, However, So, Because, And"

2441. She can speak French, she can't write it.

2442. He's going to work in Colombia, he's learning Spanish.
2443. I went into town. I bought some food I went to the
library.
2444. I don't have a car, I have a motorcycle
2445. She's working late next Friday, she can't come to the
party
2446. We enjoyed the vacation, it rained a lot.
2447. She went home she was tired
2448. He worked hard, he passed all his exams.
265 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 14: DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Exercise 050 Reporting in English

Choose the best option that can be used in news reporting to

replace sentences below:

2449. “If you tell that story a second time, I will send you out
of this house now.”
(a) He (or she) warns that if he (or she) repeats the
story, he (or she) would send him (or her) out of the
house now.
(b) He (or she) warns that if he (or she) repeated the
story, he (or she) will send him (or her) out of the
house then.
(c) He (or she) warned that if he (or she) repeated the
story, he (or she) would send him (or her) out of the
house then.
(d) He (or she) warned that if he (or she) repeats the
story, he (or she) would send him (or her) out of the
house now.
2450. “This country belongs to all of us; that is why we
should all try to see what we can do to make it the best
country in the world.”
(a) He (or she) said that our country belonged to all of
us. That is why we should all strive to make it the best
county in the world.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 266

(b) He (or she) says that our country belong to all of us.
That was why we should strive all to make it the best
county in the world.
(c) He (or she) said that our country belonged to all of
us. That was why we should all strive to make it the
best county in the world.
(d) He (or she) said that our country belongs to all of
us. That is why we should all strive to make it the best
county in the world.
2451. “Darling, please tell me you love me more often. After
all, without love, marriage is not quite worth it.”
(a) She pleads that her husband should tell her that he
loves her more often because, according to her, without
love, marriage is not worth it.
(b) She pleaded that her husband should tell her that he
loves her more often because, according to her, without
love, marriage is not worth it.
(c) She pleads that her husband should tell her that he
loved her more often because, according to her,
without love, marriage was not worth it.
(d) She pleaded that her husband should tell her that
he loved her more often because, according to her,
without love, marriage was not worth it.
2452. “Hold it! Park. What do you have in the boot? Park
well or I’ll shoot.”
(a) He shouted at the driver to hold it, park well or he
would shoot. He asked him what he had in his car boot
and threatened to shoot.
267 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(b) He shouted at the driver to stop. He asked him

what he had in his car boot and threatened to shoot if
he didn’t park properly.
(c) He shouted hold it and park. He asked the driver
what was in his car boot and ordered him to park well
or he would shoot.
(d) He shouted angrily at the driver to hold it. Then he
inquired about the content of the boot before ordering
him to park well or he will shoot.
2453. “Come on, cut the crap! I only want to know how the
accident happened. How could a Picanto car kill fifteen
cows and the driver survived?”
(a) He said he should come on and cut the crap. He
said he wanted to know how the accident happened.
He wondered how a Picanto car could kill fifteen cows
and the driver survived.
(b) He spoke angrily. He said he wanted to know how
the accident happened. He wondered how a Picanto
car could kill fifteen cows and the driver survived.
(c) He said he should speak the truth. He only wanted
to know how the accident happened. He wondered
how a Picanto car could kill fifteen cows and the driver
survived.
(d) He spoke angrily. He said he wanted to know how
the accident happened. He can’t believe that a Picanto
car could kill fifteen cows and spare the driver
survived.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 268

Choose the best option

2454. Susan said, "I met your sister last week."

(a) Susan said that I met your sister last week.
(b) Susan said that I had met your sister last week.
(c) Susan said that she had met my sister that week
(d) Susan said that she had met my sister the week
before

2455. Ifunaya said, "You are not listening to me."

(a) Ifunaya said that you are not listening to her.
(b) Ifunaya said that you were not listening to her.
(c) Ifunaya said that I was not listening to her.
(d) Ifunaya said I had not been listening to her.

2456. Bee Lee said, "I am very happy today because my

father has given me a car." (A month later, you report
his statement.)
(a) Bee Lee said that he was very happy that day
because his father has given him a car.
(b) Bee Lee said that he was very happy that day
because his father had given him a car.
(c) Bee Lee said that he is very happy today because his
father has given him a car.
(d) Bee Lee said that he was very happy today because
his father has given him a car.

2457. The headmistress says, "The young people of today are

tomorrow's leaders." (An hour later, you report her
statement.)
269 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) The headmistress says that the young people of

today are tomorrow's leaders.
(b) The headmistress says that the young people of that
day are the next day's leaders.
(c) The headmistress said that the young people of that
day are the next day's leaders.
(d) The headmistress said that the young people of
yesterday are today's leaders.

2458. The children said, "We will build a sand-castle

ourselves."
(a) The children said that they would build a sand-
castle themselves.
(b) The children said that they will build a sand-castle
ourselves.
(c) The children said that we would build a sand-castle
ourselves.
(d) The children said that we will build a sand-castle
themselves.

2459. He said, "I am looking at the diagram."

(a) He said that I am looking at the diagram
(b) He said that I was looking at the diagram.
(c) He says that he was looking at the diagram.
(d) He said that he was looking at the diagram.

2460. Steven said, "I don't have any money to pay for this
ticket."
(a) Steven said that he don't have any money to pay for
this ticket.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 270

(b) Steven said that he doesn't have any money to pay

for that ticket.
(c) Steven said that he didn't have any money to pay
for that ticket.
(d) Steven said that he hadn't had any money to pay for
that ticket.

2461. Jill said, "Jack must give his answer to me."

(a) Jill said that Jack must give her answer to him.
(b) Jill said that Jack had to give his answer to her.
(c) Jill said that Jack had to give his answer to me.
(d) Jill said that Jack must give his answer to me.

2462. She said, "I have been sewing from morning until
now." (The next day, you report her statement)
(a) She said that she had been sewing from morning
until then.
(b) She said that she has been sewing from morning
until then.
(c) She said that she had been sewing from morning
until now.
(d) She said that she has been sewing from morning
until now.

2463. Carl said, "You may meet them next month."

(a) Carl said that you may meet them next month.
(b) Carl said that I may meet them next month.
(c) Carl said that I might meet them the following
month
(d) Carl said I may meet them the following month
271 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Rewrite the following in the Reported Speech.

2464. He said, "I have eaten my lunch."

2465. She said, "I am doing a degree at the university"
2466. The teacher said to the class, "Pay attention."
2467. My mother said to me, "Buy some bananas for me."
2468. My father said to me, "Don't waste your money."
2469. She said to me, "Where is the hospital?."
2470. My friend said to me. "Don't be late tomorrow."
2471. He asked me, "When will the train arrive?"
2472. His teacher said to him, "Try to do it by yourself."
2473. She asked me, "What are your favourite online games?"

Complete the following sentences:

Example:"Sit down, please!" - She asked me to sit down.

2474. "Put it here." - He told me _________________________.

2475. "What do you do?" - She wondered ________________.
2476. "Do you want it?" - Joe asked me ___________________.
2477. "Don't forget!"- He reminded me ___________________.
2478. "Where did you live?" - He wanted to know _________.
2479. "Park your car behind the house, please." - He asked
me _________________________________.
2480. "Do not hesitate." - He told me _____________________.

Turn the following sentences into indirect speech:

2481. ‘What do you want?’ she asked him.

2482. ‘Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.
2483. He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the payment?’
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 272

2484. ‘Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the girl.
2485. The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help me?’
2486. ‘Which way should I go?’ asked the little girl.
2487. Alladin said to the magician, ‘What have I done to
deserve so severe a punishment?’
2488. ‘Don’t you know the way home?’ I said to her.
2489. ‘Do you write a good hand?’ the teacher said to the
student.
2490. ‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’
said the judge finally.
2491. ‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’ asked
Ulysses.
2492. ‘Who are you, sir, and what do you want?’ they asked.
2493. The king was impressed with the magician and asked,
‘What can I do for you?’
2494. She asked, ‘What is it that makes you stronger and
braver than other men?’
2495. ‘Can you solve this problem?’ he asked me.

Use the hints given to change the following sentences to

indirect speech:
Example: 'I might be late for dinner.' he told me.
INFORMED He informed me that he might be late for
dinner.

2496. 'What do you think of the college?' she asked me.

ASKED ______________________________________

2497. 'I'll call you later tonight,' Keith promised.

273 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

WOULD _____________________________________

2498. 'I didn't break the window,' said the boy.

DENIED ______________________________________

2499. 'Why don't you come this evening?'

SUGGESTED __________________________________

2500. 'You look really tired,' he told her.

SAID _________________________________________

2501. 'You must do your homework tonight.' the teacher

said.
TOLD ________________________________________

2502. 'What's your name?' he asked.

KNOW _______________________________________

Rewrite the following direct speech passages into indirect

speech passages:

2503. Daddy Ude said, ‘How was school today son? What
did you learn? Were your teachers nice to you? Were
you a good boy? Did they give you any assignment? In
fact, if you brought home any assignment, just take it to
your mum. I have nothing to do with assignments: I’m
only interested in your becoming a big highly placed
lawyer in future.’

2504. Pauline declared, ‘Mum, I just thought to let you

know. I hope to marry this guy Nath. You know him,
I’m sure you do. Well, I delayed till now because I
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 274

didn’t want you or dad to discourage me. Yes, I know

he’s a – what did you call him the other day?- yes, a
tout. But who says a tout can’t marry the daughter of
an ambassador?

2505. ‘One of the first things you can do,’ advises the U.S
National Dissemination Centre for Children with
Disabilities, ‘is to collect information --- information
about your child’s disability, about the services that are
available and about the specific things you can do to
help your child develop to the fullest extent possible.’
275 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 15: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION

Exercise 051 Active and Passive Sentences

Choose the correct option:

2506. Transformations are __________

(a) non-basic simple sentences (b) lexical rules (c)
syntactic rules (d) pattern rules
2507. They were helped by Bola. What is the name given to
the underlined word in this passive sentence?
(a) Subject (b) agent (c) focus (d) theme
2508. Passive sentences are formed with the application of
the process of ________ (a) insertion (b) movement
(c) deletion (d) none of the above
2509. In passive construction, the active object moves to the
initial position to become the _______ (a) subject
(b) predicator (c) noun (c) none of the above
2510. The active verb in a passive construction changes to
_____ (a) lexical verb (b) auxiliary verb
(c) passive verb (d) transformative verb
2511. The above change takes place with the aid of a(n)
________ verb and a past tense morpheme
(a) lexical verb (b) auxiliary verb (c) transitive verb
(d) intransitive verb
2512. The subject, after passive transformation, move to the
____ position (a) initial position (b) medial
(c) final position (d) none of the above
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 276

2513. The subject, after passive transformation, becomes a(n)

________ (a) a place adjunct (b) an agentive adjunct
(c) an active adjunct (d) a disjunct
2514. Exclamatory sentences sometimes involve the use of
insertion. [True/False].
2515. Polar questions (yes/no questions) involve the process
of movement. [True/False]
2516. In the active voice, the subject is the receiver of the
action. [True/False]
2517. The recipient of an action in a passive voice is ______
(a) the verb (b) the subject (c) the object (d) (b) and (c)
2518. One of the following is not true about the active voice.
(a) It is possible both in speech and writing.
(b) It is direct and more natural.
(c) The subject is the recipient of the action.
(d) The subject performs the action of the verb.
2519. The use of the auxiliary verb is indispensable in the use
of the passive voice. [True/False]
2520. An idea cannot be expressed in the passive voice
without using an auxiliary or helping verb. [True/False]
2521. The past participle verb form is the most used verb
form in the expression of passive voices. [True/False]
2522. The passive voice is generally used when the subject is
indefinite, general or unimportant. [True/False]
2523. The passive voice is generally used to emphasise the
sufferer rather than the performer of the action.
[True/False]
277 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2524. The active voice is more effective than the passive

voice in most cases. [True/False]
2525. The passive voice is used when the action that was
performed is more important than the performer of the
action. [True/False]
2526. The passive voice is formed by combining the verb to
be with the past participle of the principal verb.
[True/False]

Select the most appropriate forms in the exercises below.

2527. --- Is there any subway like this in your city?

--- Yes, but it ___________ at the moment.
(a) is still been built (b) is still being builded
(c) is still being built (d) is built
2527. --- Did you enjoy last night's concert?
--- Yes, although Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
__________rather poorly.
(a) has been played (b) was playing
(c) had played (d) was played
2528. In some parts of the world, tea __________ with milk
and sugar.
(a) is serving (a) serves (c) served (d) is served
2529. I need one more stamp before my collection
__________.
(a) has completed (b) completed
(c) is completed (d) will complete
2530. Several people __________ in yesterday's car crash.
(a) were badly hurt (b) were badly hurted
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 278

(c) was badly hurt (d) hurted badly

2531. Paper __________ by the Chinese long before its use
__________ in Europe.
(a) invented ------ known
(b) was invented --------- were known
(c) invented ------ was known
(d) was invented ------ was known
2532. As soon as everyone __________ the examination
__________, the test papers were given out.
(a) taking ------ was seated (b) took ------ seated
(c) taking ------ seated (d) taken ------ was seated
2533. Higher education __________ available to all high
school graduates in this country.
(a) have been made (b) has been made
(c) has made it (d) have made it
2534. Many machines __________ by electricity.
(a) are made run (b) are made to run
(c) make to run (d) are made running
2535. Worries __________ all kinds of illness, from high
blood pressure to stomach ache.
(a) believe to have caused (b) are believed to be caused
(c) are believed to cause (d) believed to be caused
2536. I __________ my watch at home, so I don't know what
time it is. (a) have left (b) have been left
(c) was left (d) am left
2537. The football team __________ eleven members.
(a) is made up (b) makes up of
(c) consists of (d) is consisted of
279 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2538. The British __________ not to be very good at cooking.

(a) says (b) say (c) is said (d) are said
2539. Vehicles __________ through that area on Saturday
night.
(a) don't let pass (b) are not let to pass
(c) are not letted to pass (d) are not let pass
2540. The grandmother __________ that her grandson
_________ in the school.
(a) told ------ was taken good care of
(b) was told ------ had taken good care of
(c) has told ------ taken good care of
(d) was told ------ had been taken good care of
2541. This dictionary __________ to you; yours __________
by someone else.
(a) is not belonged ---------- has been taken
(b) doesn't belong ---------- has taken
(c) doesn't belong ---------- has been taken
(d) doesn't belong ---------- will have been taken
2542. The money the lady spent on clothes last year
__________ more than N10,000.
(a) was added to (b) added up to
(c) added to (d) was added up to
2543. Although Mr. Smith is __________ a famous writer, he
talks very little about himself.
(a) known about (b) known for (c) knowing as (d)
known as
2544. Once the plan __________ , a student may get as much
as N10,000 as travel expenses.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 280

(a) gets approved (b) approved

(c) as approved (d) gets approving
2545. The lights in the kitchen __________ all night.
(a) has left on (b) have left on
(c) have been left on (d) has been left on

Examine the following sentences. Indicate which of them are

in the passive voice and which of them are in the active
voice?

2546. The strangers stole our car.

2547. Our car was stolen by the strangers.
2548. The thieves were arrested by the police.
2549. The police charged the thieves to court.
2550. They were sentenced to three years imprisonment by
the magistrate.
2551. They will be called to bar in the afternoon.
2552. You will be gone by next month.
2553. They were gone before their mother arrived.
2554. Coloured bulbs have been fixed in the recreation park.
2555. We will have a decision made by Monday.
2556. That question has been taken.
2557. I sent the letter by courier.
2558. They refine oil in Port Harcourt.
2559. The Tempest was written by William Shakespeare.
2560. Green Eagles captured the gold medal in the African
Cup of Nations.
2561. The courier has been received by the man.
281 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2562. The money wouldn’t have been stolen if not for your
carelessness.
2563. The killing of triplets has been banned by the
Governor.
2564. You should have been beaten for being disrespectful.
2565. The stubborn boy is being beaten by his mother.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 282

TEST 16: AGREEMENT IN ENGLISH

Exercise 052 Subject-verb Concord questions

2566. Choose the grammatical option:

(a) The people benefits when the nation privatise.
(b) The people benefit when the nation privatise.
(c) The people benefit when the nation privatises.
(d) The people benefits when the nation privatises.

2567. Choose the grammatical option:

(a) The royal couple leave to the party early.
(b) The royal couple did left the party early.
(c) It is high time we leave this university.
(d) It’s high time we left this university.

2568. Rosemary and ........ warned Priscilla and ............. but

................... would not listen.
(a) me/him/he and her (b) I/him/she and he
(c) I/he/she and him (d) me/he/him and her

2569. Neither the minders nor Mrs Johnson ......... available

for questioning.
(a) was (b) were (c) was being (d) were being

2570. One of the ......... who ........ at the club .............. held for
questioning by the police.
(a) men/dances/are been (b) men/dance/is being
(c) men/dance/are been (d) men/dances/is being

2571. In proximity concord, the verb agrees with the noun

that is ............................................................ nearer to it
283 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2572. Notional concord is chosen on the basis of

................................ rather than form. meaning

2573. In informal speech, everybody, somebody, etc. sometimes

take a plural verb (True/False)

2574. Expressions such as together with, along with and more

than function like and in the English clause structure.
(True/False).

2575. Words that state a quantity or an amount function as

plural subjects when they refer to a part of something,
not the whole thing. (True/False)

2576. When the auditor visits the local government office,

speak to the officials, and looked up the records, she’ll
discover that the council is financially buoyant.

The above sentence would have been correct if

(a) speaks and looks up had been used instead of speak
and looked up, respectively.
(b) discovered and was had been used instead of
discover and is, respectively.
(c) spoke and discovers had been used instead of speak
and discover, respectively.
(d) visit and look up had been used instead of visits
and looked up, respectively.

2577. One of the following options is correct:

(a) Miss Williams was so angry that she doesn’t give
me a chance to explain myself.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 284

(b) Miss Williams is so angry that she isn’t giving me a

chance to explain myself.
(c) Miss Williams was so angry that she didn’t give me
a chance to explain myself.
(d) Miss Williams is so angry that she didn’t gave me a
chance to explain myself.

2578. Choose the grammatical option.

(a) They wanted him and I to coach the team.
(b) They wanted he and me to coach the team.
(c) They wanted him and me to coach the team.
(d) They wanted he and I to coach the team.

2579. Choose the correct option.

(a) The lions have lied in wait for their prey.
(b) The lions have lay in wait for their prey.
(c) The lions have laid in wait for their prey.
(d) The lions have lain in wait for their prey.

2580. Identify the ungrammatical sentence

(a) Chima always over-sped whenever he drove his new
Mercedes.
(b) Salewa is so sweet that everyone scrambles to hug
her.
(c) The Falcons played so well that they defeated the
world champion.
(d) Grandma insisted that she finds the young man quite
loveable.

2581. Identify the ungrammatical sentence

285 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(a) No sooner had he started the job than he started

cooking the books.
(b) You supposed to know that she is telling a lie.
(c) Demola is looking forward to going back to school.
(d) Saka did come to the party yesterday.

2582. In formal speech, nobody, everybody, somebody, etc.

usually select singular verbs in conformity with the rule of
(a) grammatical concord
(b) notional concord
(c) proximity concord
(d) both grammatical and notional concord
2583. One of the following is incorrect
(a) Saburi whispered that he couldn’t stand Bode
because he was always hanging around the girls.
(b) Saburi whispers that he can’t stand Bode because he
is always hanging around the girls.
(c) Saburi whispers, “I can’t stand Bode because he is
always hanging around the girls.”
(d) Saburi whispered that he couldn’t stand Bode
because he is always hanging around the girls

2584. Select the acceptable option.

(a) When I am opportuned to visit London, I will visit
Harrods.
(b) Mr Raheem’s shoe is always shinning.
(c) The thieves break in at 2.00 a.m. yesterday morning
(d) If I was Mr President, I won’t remove fuel subsidy.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 286

2585. The quotes below contravene the rules of concord:

Neither of the sisters were very much deceived.—Thackeray.
Both death and I am found eternal.—Milton.
To make the quotes acceptable in modern English, one
of the following is acceptable:
(a) were and am should be replaced with was and was,
respectively.
(b) Neither and am should be replaced with both and
are, respectively.
(c) were and am should be replaced with was and
were, respectively.
(d) were and am should be replaced with are and were,
respectively.

2586. Choose the acceptable option.

(a) Either Salewa or I am having egg for breakfast.
(b) UBA have granted my loan application.
(c) The family are well known in Edunabon.
(d) I wish we have enough money to buy a new car.

2587. Choose the acceptable option.

(a) The boy with the two little dogs sometimes arrive
late to school.
(b) Retrenchment have hit the bottling industry.
(c) The boys who help me to clean my house have
travelled abroad.
(d) Salim, my secretary and driver, have been paid his
salary.

2588. Neither the children nor their nanny ......... able to

287 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

attend the party.

(a) was (b) were (c) are (d) can be

Read the following passages carefully and insert the

appropriate verbs in the numbered spaces:

The president as well as the minister for finance …(2589)…

at the reception held in honour of the national honours
awardees. In fact, my wife, as much as our children,
…(2590)…. quite excited at the rare privilege of being at Aso
Rock Villa. My son said, “It ......( 2591)....... as if we should
remain here forever.” People had so much to eat and drink
that some guests forgot that they ....... (2592) ..... supposed to
be VIPs.

2589. (a) is (b) are (c) was (d) were

2590. (a) is (b) are (c) was (d) were
2591. (a) is (b) was (c) seemed (d) does
2592. (a) ___ (b) are (c) was (d) were

Not only my brother-in-law but also my secretary’s five-year

old twins .…( 2593)…. invited to the party. In fact, either my
housemaids or their neighbourhood friend …(2594)….
expected at the event. Anyway, my daughter as well as my
relatives living with us … (2595)…. going to be there to see
how everything ...... ( 2596) .......

2593. (a) has been (b) have been

(c) have being (d) were been
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 288

2594. (a) is (b) are (c) was (d) were

2595. (a) is (b) are (c) was (d) were
2596. (a) go (b) goes (c) went (d) has gone

Fill in the blank with the proper agreement form:

2597. She asked him whether the mayor or the city council
_____ responsible for introducing the budget.
(a) is (b) are (c) were
2598. The budget, as well as other documents, ______ filed
with the city clerk.
(a) are (b) is (c) were
2599. The allocation for the police department is one of the
items that ______ Councilwoman Gold.
(a) interest (b) interests (c) were interesting
2600. Most of the news media ______ the budget hearings.
(a) cover (b) covers (c) was cover
2601. Neither the council members nor the mayor ______
happy with the need to increase the property tax.
(a) were (b) was (c) have been
2602. The number of votes opposing the budget _______
twice last year's number of opposition votes.
(a) was (b) were (c) are
2603. Gold said N2 million for the purchase of textbooks
______ a lot of money in the age of the computer.
(a) is (b) are (c) weren’t
2604. Neither Councilman Garner nor the other members
______ happy with the item, Gold said.
(a) is (b) are (c) was
289 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2605. Councilman Fuentes commented that the council _____

investigating putting computers in every classroom.
(a) are (b) is (c) were
2606. Every one of the members of the council ________
receiving mail and calls on the subject, Gold said.
(a) is (b) are (c) been

The following exercises express different times by using

different tenses. From the alternatives suggested,
choose any one that best suits each context.

2607. Sir, I’m not lying about the matter. I know nothing of
it. If I knew, ..........
(a) I must tell you. (b) I can tell you.
(c) I’d tell you. (d) I shall tell you.

2608. Mr. Tenant, I’ve been waiting for three hours and I’m
running out of patience. I think it’s time your wife
..........
(a) is coming back. (b) came back.
(c) has to come back. (d) comes back.

2609. You’d better run away; .......... If you’re caught, you’ll

pay even for the ones you didn’t pick.
(a) the farmer is on his way (b) here comes the farmer
(c) the owner of the farm has come (d) come here is the
farmer

2610. We’re back on the field. Yes, Amokachi .......... and

..........
(a) dribbles Gullit / passes to Yekini
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 290

(b) is dribbling Gullit / is passing to Yekini

(c) has dribbled Gullit / passed to Yekini
(d) dribbled Gullit / is passing to Yekini

2611. What happened to your friend down the street? ..........

(a) I don’t see him anymore these days
(b) I don’t see him always again
(c) I don’t use to see him again
(d) I don’t see him any more

2612. – Sir, I’m sorry, but you cannot enter without a ticket.
Oh, you have one? When did you buy it? – ..........
(a) I bought it now now. (b) I’ve bought it since.
(c) I’ve just bought it. (d) I’ve bought it since
yesterday.

2613. On behalf of all the staff, we offer you our condolences

on the death of your mother. We hear that your mother
..........
(a) has been killed last month (b) was killed last month
(c) is no more since last month (d) has passed on since
last month

2614. When the reporter tried to inform us of the bloody

coup, we simply told him to keep it to himself as ..........
(a) we have known about it already
(b) we knew about it already
(c) we were not knowing it now
(d) it’s not the first time we’re knowing about it
291 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2615. Every one of us complains about the insensitivity of

the government. Sir, as a barber, if you were the
president, ..........
(a) what are you going to do? (b) what will you do?
(c) what would you do? (d) what can you do?

2616. One curious thing about my uncle is that he wishes

..........
(a) he is having eight wives (b) he had eight wives
(c) he can have eight wives (d) he can be allowed by
law to have eight wives

2617. I’m afraid, you know. Your father has been sleeping
since 4.00 p.m. yesterday. It’s about time ..........
(a) to wake up (b) to wake (c) he woke up
(d) he’s awake

2618. If only .......... I would have as many children as I liked.

(a) I am as rich as the Governor of the Central Bank
(b) I am a millionaire
(c) I know the secret of parenting
(d) I had the time

2619. Mr. Darling, your wife is growing like a tub. I’m sorry,
but she looks ..........
(a) as if she had swallowed a cow
(b) like she eats like a horse
(c) as if she’s a globe
(d) as if she is a balloon

2620. Are you deaf? I asked you ..........

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 292

(a) how old are you (b) how old is your age
(c) how old you were (d) what is your age

2621. Would your parents like it if .......... ?

(a) I am to visit you more often
(b) you are to visit me more often
(c) I visited you more often
(d) I visit you less often

2622. The new manager is a slave driver. He uses us all the

time but is reluctant to pay us at the end of the month.
To my thinking, ..........
(a) he will prefer us to work and work and work
(b) he would rather we are slaves
(c) he would rather we worked and didn’t take any
money
(d) he will rather have us work as slaves

2623. I love this job. Would you believe this is my fifteenth

year here? I mean, ..........
(a) I’ve worked here since 1990*
(b) I worked here since 1990
(c) I had worked here since 1990
(d) I have being working here since 1990

2624. The topic today has to do with the effects of acid on

polymer products. How many of you .......... ?
(a) read any book on polymer products
(b) have read any book on polymer products
(c) had read any books on acid and polymer products
293 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(d) had been reading any books and articles on

polymer products

2625. So you heard her preach for the first time last Sunday?
Incredible! But ..........
(a) my mother-in-law has preached for years
(b) my mother-in-law is always preaching every time
(c) my mother-in-law is used to preaching
(d) my mother-in-law has been preaching always

2626. These doctors are very funny. This one asked me ..........
and when I told him .......... he cleared his throat and
shook his head in sarcastic pity.
(a) how long have I had the cough / I have had it for 10
years
(b) have I had the cough for how long / how long I
have had it for 10 years
(c) how long I had had the cough / I had had it for 10
years
(d) how long I have had the cough / I have had it for 10
years

2627. .......... have you been here? I hope ..........

(a) Since how long / it’s not too long
(b) For how long / it wasn’t too long
(c) How long / it hasn’t been long
(d) Since when / it isn’t too long

2628. Sweetheart, little do you know that I married you

..........
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 294

(a) because I want a wife who could cook

(b) because I wanted a wife who can cook
(c) because I wanted a wife who knows how to cook
(d) because I wanted a wife who could cook

2629. My friend wanted to join the police ..........

(a) but he isn’t tall enough
(b) but he wasn’t tall enough
(c) but his height is not good enough
(d) but his short height disqualifies him

2630. All of Lola’s friends wish .......... but I hope they ..........
(a) she will be more reasonable / would understand her
plight
(b) she can be more reasonable / will understand her
plight
(c) she would be more reasonable / will understand her
plight
(d) she could be more reasonable / could understand
her plight

2631. I really don’t care what’s happening to you at work; all

I know is that you promised ..........
(a) that you will give me some money today
(b) that you are going to give me some money today
(c) giving me some money today
(d) that unfailingly, you will give me some money
today
295 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2632. The Chief Caterer didn’t want the cook to mess up the
dinner, so he took a bite of the cake to see ..........
(a) how it was tasting (b) if it was tasting fine
(c) how delicious it was tasting (d) how it tasted

2633. We all saw the thief .......... out of the house .......... a box
containing money.
(a) ran / carried (b) run / carrying
(c) run / carry (d) ran / carrying

2634. Go for a walk in the park? I don’t want to do that. If I

do, ..........
(a) I’m going to miss the football match on TV
(b) I should possibly miss the football match on TV
(c) I will miss the football match on TV
(d) I’m going to probably miss the football match on
TV

2635. My wife ..........

(a) will have a baby in May
(b) could have a baby in May
(c) is going to have a baby in May
(d) must have a baby in May

2636. The steward told us that when he got up in the middle

of the night to look round the house, ..........
(a) the DJ was playing some fine music
(b) the DJ had been playing some fine music
(c) the DJ played some fine music
(d) the DJ had to play some fine music
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 296

2637. I didn’t like the show any bit. The whole music was
sheer cacophony: the leader .........., the saxophonist
.........., and the timpanist ..........
(a) played the guitar like a lunatic / blew his own tunes
/ was doing something else
(b) was playing the guitar like a lunatic / blew his own
tunes / did something else
(c) was playing the guitar like a lunatic / was blowing
his own tunes / was doing something else
(d) had been playing the guitar like a lunatic / had to
blow his own tunes / must have been doing something
else

2638. My wife .......... to open a new office on the block, but

the building collapsed overnight!
(a) had been looking forward (b) was of the hope
(c) had been nursing the hope (d) had hoped

2639. A return trip to Siberia? Now, that’s a request ..........

(a) I was not going to expect (b) I hadn’t expected
(c) I’m not expecting (d) I won’t have expected

2640. Dad, I’m sorry I make you sad by calling that good-for-
nothing hooligan your son-in-law. I promise ..........
(a) I would not see him any more
(b) I would stop seeing him
(c) I won’t see him any more
(d) I’d stop to see him
297 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2641. Funny, what your mother did when she took a sip of
Bailey’s Irish Cream. She spat for several hours. It was
the first time ..........
(a) she will be drinking it (b) she might have drunk it
(c) she has drank it (d) she had drunk it

2642. The lecturer is very careless. He .......... everything on

his table. For instance, he .......... even mark sheets on
his table and students have the opportunity to falsify
marks.
(a) laids / laids (b) lies / lies
(c) lay / lay (d) lays / lays

2643. All the vouchers have been .......... on the Vice

Chancellor’s table for fifteen weeks. Most of the time, a
letter .......... there until the writer comes to ask for a
reply.
(a) laying / lays (b) lying / lies
(c) laid / lays (d) laying / lies

2644. Secretaries should know that if papers are important,

they .......... on table tops. This is because a notable
secretary in a past era .......... some vital documents on
her table gone to lunch, inadvertently allowing a rival
company to steal information on a patented invention.
(a) cannot be lain / had laid
(b) should not be laid /had laid
(c) must not be laid / had laid
(d) ought not be lain / had lain
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 298

2645. The engineers knew that the river would not ..........
unless the rains continued. They also knew that they
needed to design the elevator to .......... quickly to the
40th floor – just in case.
(a) be raised / be raised (b) raise / rise
(c) rise / rise (d) raise / raise

2646. Two days before the execution, the robber was taken to
the place where he would be .......... With doleful eyes,
he looked at the spot where his execution ..........
(a) hunged / was to be taking place
(b) hanging / shall take place
(c) hung / would take place
(d) hanged / was to take place

2647. We really do not know why Mum’s saying we should

shoot down birds that fly over our house. For years,
birds .......... over the house and no one .......... to kill
them.
(a) have flied / chose
(b) flew / had choosed
(c) have flew / has chosen
(d) have flown / has chosen

2648. The woman was not angry because the man had asked
her to leave, but that he did so after she .......... him six
adorable children. She said that was why she .......... in
the most painful part of the body.
(a) has born / bit him (b) had borne / had bitten him
(c) has born / bit him (d) bore / bit him
299 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2649. A lot of problems have .......... this company since we

started business in 1990. In fact, a lot of people have
.......... for shares, but we have refused to sell any
because all that these people want to do is .......... the
company further.
(a) besetted / bidded / to bleed (b) besetted / bid / to
bleed (c) beset / bid / to bleed (d) beset / bid / bleed

2650. Many students have not .......... their theses. In a

manner of speaking, such students have simply ..........
their priorities because no student can graduate
without a thesis.
(a) binded / mislay (b) binded / mislaid
(c) bounded / mislain (d) bound / mislaid

2651. Have you ever .......... your hair? I have always .......... it
as an alternative to beautifying one’s hair. I prefer to
.......... it.
(a) died / forgoed / barb (b) dyed / foregone / barb
(c) died / forgone / cut (d) dyed / forgone / cut

2652. As soon as the rain started, all the passengers .......... up

the glasses. But no sooner had the glasses been ..........
up than the rain stopped. The passengers then ..........
them down again. The moral of the story is “Don’t
.......... up until you’re soaked.”
(a) winded /winded / winded / wind
(b) wounded / wounded / wounded / wind
(c) winded / wounded / wounded / wind
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 300

(d) wound / wound / wound / wind

2653. You need to give this dress to someone younger or

smaller than you. You must know that it has .......... a
good deal over the years. By the way, have you ..........
something else to wear if you give this away?
(a) shrinked / gotten (b) shrank / got
(c) shrinken / gotten (d) shrunk / got

2654. The Commissioner of Police .......... the headquarters to

inquire if anyone could babysit for his wife for a few
days. All of the policemen there said they had never
.......... all their lives, and that nobody .......... for them
either.
(a) radio / babysitted / babysit
(b) radioed / babysat / babysat
(c) radioed / babysitted / babysat
(d) radioed / babysitted / babysitted

2655. The choir had .......... the second hymn before the pastor
arrived to preach on using one’s voice for God.
However, a lot of people who stood close to the pastor
said that his mouth .......... badly of alcohol. Well, a
number of them .......... into the congregation to avoid
the pastor’s bad breath.
(a) sang / stinked / slided (b) sang / stank / slidded
(c) sung / stank / slid (d) sung / stunk / slided

2656. I was walking alone near the cemetery the other day.
Suddenly, I heard a voice .......... my name in the most
301 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

sonorous voice. Quickly, I .......... round to see who it

was: my great grandfather. He looked like a small
schoolboy, and .......... at me to embrace me. I knew I
was .......... because my feet refused to move. I tried to
shout. No way. Luckily, ..........
(a) calling / spinned / springed / stucked / I was dreaming
(b) called / spun / sprang / stuck / I have been dreaming
(c) call / spun / sprang / stuck / I had been dreaming
(d) called / spinned / sprung / stucked / I was dreaming

Are the following sentences correct? If not, correct them and

give reasons for your corrections:

2657. There have to be concord between subject and verb

2658. Three quarters of a ton of coal is sufficient
2659. Adjuncts are different; some of these denotes manner
2660. There is a new series of films on Ghanaian television at
the moment
2661. One have to use inversion in these sentences
2662. The minutes of the last meeting were read
2663. There is a lot of opportunities for young people these
days
2664. The committee are discussing his proposal
2665. An investigation have shown that obesity may be
caused by a sedentary life style
2666. Some sees adoption as problematic for China,
especially since...
2667. The language use here and elsewhere in his novels are
very poetic
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 302

2668. There's still a great deal of prejudice against direct

marketing
2669. Adoption of Chinese children have increased a lot
during the past 10 years
2670. One last thing that have an influence on the market are
the new loans
2671. Luxury goods are in demand these days
2672. The police suspects two Lithuanian tourists
2673. These loans was introduced in the 1990s
2674. The Irish have just said no to the EU treaty
2675. Housing prices has increased drastically
2676. Sales has risen to N1.5 a year
2677. There is two bottles of wine left
2678. Why they chose these initiatives are difficult to say
2679. Your advise was useful to me
2680. Employment figures has increased
2681. There is no means of finding out what happened
2682. Everybody want to come to his party
Choose the correct sentence from either of the options given

2683. (a) The team has added two players to their volleyball
squad.
(b) The team has added two players to its volleyball
squad.
2684. (a) Everyone on the team does their best
(b) Everyone on the team does her best.
2685. (a) Each of the players knows their responsibilities.
(b) Each of the players knows her responsibilities.
303 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2686. (a) Neither Ellen nor Betty was pleased by their play.
(b) Neither Ellen nor Betty was pleased by her play.
2687. (a) No one on the team liked their performance last
year.
(b) No one on the team liked her performance last year.
2688. (a) Men are watching less television now than at any
time in the past, reports the Nielsen Media Research
organization.
(b) Men are watching less television now than at any
time in the past reports the Nielsen Media Research
organization.
2689. (a) Male viewers have tuned out, whereas women
tuned in.
(b) Male viewers have tuned out, whereas women have
tuned in.
2690. (a) "For example, men love football, three of the four
top-rated programs every year are National Football
Conference games," he said.
(b) "For example, men love football. Three of the four
top-rated programs every year are National Football
Conference games," he said.
2691. (a) Consequently, commercials on these games are
costly. It can cost advertisers as much as N2 million on
the Super Bowl.
(b) Consequently, commercials on these games are
costly. They can cost advertisers as much as N2 million
on the Super Bowl.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 304

2692. (a) The top-rated network show among men 18 to 49 is

"Monday Night Football," which costs ABC N550
million a year.
(b) The top rated network show among men 18 to 49 is
"Monday Night Football" which costs ABC N550
million a year.
2693. (a) Mafe has said most prime-time shows are geared to
women. He said that audience is too narrow.
(b) Mafe said most prime-time shows are geared to
women. He said that audience is too narrow.
2694. (a) If the networks can find shows popular with men in
the 18 to 49 age group advertisers will be happy to pay
a premium he said.
(b) If the networks can find shows popular with men in
the 18-49 age group, advertisers will be happy to pay a
premium, he said.
2695. (a) Networks, under intense competition from cable,
will survive only if they would engage in imaginative
programming, he said.
(b) Networks, under intense competition from cable,
will survive only if they will engage in imaginative
programming, he said.
2696. (a) Every one of the network executives know the
problem, but not the solution.
(b) Every one of the network executives knows the
problem, but not the solution.
305 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Choose the right alternative from the given options:

2697. She and her friends _____ at the fair. (is/are)

2698. The book or the pen _____ in the drawer. (is/are)
2699. The boy or his friends _____ every day. (run/runs)
2700. His friends or the boy _____ every day. (run/ runs)
2701. One of the boxes _____ open. (is/are)
2702. The people who listen to that music _____ few. (is/are)
2703. The team captain, as well as his players, _____ anxious.
(is/are)
2704. The book, including all the chapters in the first section,
_____ boring. (is/are)
2705. The woman with all the dogs _____ down my street.
(walk/ walks)
2706. Each of these hot dogs _____ juicy. (is/are)
2707. Everybody _____ Mr. Jones. (know/knows)
2708. Either _____ correct. (is/are)
2709. The news _____ on at six. (is/are)
2710. Five dollars _____ a lot of money. (is/are)
2711. Dollars _____ often used instead of rubles in Russia.
(is/are)
2712. These scissors _____ dull. (is/are)
2713. Those trousers _____ made of wool. (is/are)
2714. The team _____ during practice. (run/runs)
2715. The committee _____ how to proceed. (decide/decides)
2716. The family _____ a long history. (has/have)
2717. My family _____ never been able to agree. (has/have)
2718. The President, accompanied by his wife, _____
travelling to India. (is/are)
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 306

2719. All of the books, including yours, _____ in that box.

(is/are)
2720. My aunt or my uncle _____ arriving by train today.
(is/are)
2721. Neither John nor Karim _____ available. (is/are)
2722. Either Kala or Chris _____ helping today with stage
decorations. (is/are)
2723. Neither she nor I _____ going to the festival. (is/am)
2724. The serving bowl or the plates _____ on that shelf.
(go/goes)
2725. Neither Jenny nor the others _____ available. (is/are)
2726. A car and a bike _____ my means of transportation.
(is/are)
2727. The politician, along with the newsmen, ___expected
shortly. (is/are)
2728. Each of the girls _____ well. (sing/sings)
2729. Every one of the cakes _____ gone. (is/are)
2730. Fifty percent of the pie _____disappeared. (has/have)
2731. Fifty percent of the pies _____ disappeared. (has/have)
2732. One-third of the city _____ unemployed. (is/are)
2733. One-third of the people _____ unemployed. (is/are)
2734. The number of people we need to hire _____ thirteen.
(is/are)
2735. A number of people _____ written in about this subject.
(has/have)
2736. Neither of them _____ available to speak right now.
(is/are)
2737. Either of us _____ capable of doing the job. (is/are)
307 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2738. There _____ four hurdles to jump. (is/are)

2739. There _____ a high hurdle to jump. (is/are)
2740. Ten dollars _____ a high price to pay. (is/are)
2741. Five years _____ the maximum sentence for that
offense. (is/are)
2742. The staff _____ in a meeting. (is/are)
2743. The staff _____ in disagreement about the findings.
(is/are)
2744. The jury _____ the verdict. (determine/determines)
2745. The crowd _____ out in the street. (is/are)
2746. A number of people _____ very outspoken on the
issue. (was/were)
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 308

TEST 17: MECHANICS 1: SPELLING

Exercise 053 Spelling

Choose the correct option to complete the following

sentences:

2747. We will need to …… our time if we hope to catch him

in the act.
(a) bid (b) bide (c) bead (d) beed

2748. The Managing Director told us that everybody would

have to fend for …… (a) him or herself
(b) his or her self (c) himself or herself

2749. I can’t visit him again when she is with him; you know
what they say, once …… (a) once bitten, twice shy
(b) once beaten, twice shy (c) one beaten, two shy

2750. Question: When last did you see your dad?

Answer: Ah, I haven’t seen him for ….
(a) donkey years (b) donkey’s years
(c) donkey year’s (d) donkeys’ years

2751. That new Manager was a beauty queen in her ……

(a) heyday (b) hay days (c) hey days

2752. My dear husband, I blame the housemaid; let’s shake

hands and let ……
(a) bygone be bygone (b) bygones be bygones
(c) byegone be byegone
309 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2753. …… last week, the President confirmed the man’s

appointment.
(a) Sometimes (b) Sometime (c) Some times

2754. ……, I feel like abandoning my family and running to

Chad. (a) Atimes (b) At times (c) A times

2755. My husband objected to buying a jeep because he

thought it’s a bit too ……
(a) bogus (b) showy (c) much (d) irresponsible

2756. Son, the dupe is the person ……

(a) who defrauded you (b) who was defrauded
(c) who got you defrauded

In the following exercises, the bold words have been

deliberately misspelled. Write out their correct forms.

2757. In aid of the harzzads of disseasses such as acquired

immune deffisciency syndrome, the government is
trying to look for vaxinnes, even against dizzentry.

2758. Dresses that have too much embroddery are rather

against my conssioussness about fashion. People that
have reached the pinackle of their carrier shouldn’t be
found to show aleggeance to such clothing.

2759. In the first Febuary of this milienium, four army

officers were arrained for armed robbery. They were a
leftennant, a couple, a sargent, and a cornell.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 310

2760. Not many people regard it as a caterstrophy if they

don’t know where to put the asterix, the comar, or the
appostrophy in sentences.

2761. My late aunt detested ladies who wore eccessive

jewery. To her, it was another way of asking a
mascurade to perform at a divine ceremony.

2762. I ran into one essentrick journalist last night who kept
telling me about the ideocincracies of the present
political joggernuts.

2763. Many rich women in this country regard it an

abberration if when you are hungry, you cannot
simply press a bell to call your cook. In fact, to those
who have acumullated a lot of money, this social
requirement is not a luxury.

2764. Please look at the callender and tell me what day is

today. I want to remember when this ilegitimmate
child was born. I have to stop stealing to orgument my
salary in order to take care of him.

2765. Pastor Ayodele decided not to buy a puegot.

Although his friends embbarased him all the time, he
knew that he had a convenant with God and that all
would be well.

2766. Bullies usually harrazz their classmates. If a

questionear is administered, one would discover that
bullies are really not to be feared.
311 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2767. Magic thrives on sheer optical illussion. If not, why

can’t a magician cure a child’s diarreah? But there are
vetinary doctors who cannot carry out the disection of
any mammal without the use of sizzors. What do you
think of them?

2768. The new manager has the greatest annoinnting. I have

enough prove of his carissmatic qualities. But he does
not allow anyone to excersize his faith anyhow. He
once told us that covettousness is a grevious sin.

2769. Can you swim in the Misisipi? I know a man who

swam across the Mediteranian in two weeks. If you
swim in either of them, you will see a hipopotaemus
eating a hambugher. In fact, I garrantee that you will
see it today.

2770. The car is as good as new. You only need to do certain

things: change the tottle to improve the ascelleration.
And get a new charsis. You may also have to redo the
upostery, get a new caburator, install new verbs in the
tires, and that’s all. Well, if you like, replace the
ingnission, the rare assles and the feronter and
bomber. Once you fix these little things, you’re riding a
brand new car.

2771. Good food must contain the following: protain,

carbonhidrate, ion, and callshium.

2772. How do you teach grammer to learners of a language?

Begin with their ascent, to ellimminnate the traits of
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 312

their local language. Next, expose them to the

voccablarry, to ennabble them to understand certain
words in the language. And so on.

2773. The following The University is trying to ressussitate

the dissiplinnary panel on students’ misdimenor.

2774. In aid of the hazards of disseasses such as acquired

immune deficiency syndrome, the government is
trying to look for vaxinnes, even against dizzentry.

2775. One of my sons is very misschivious. On a number of

ocations, he left his acomodation in Lagos and went to
sleep in a hotel in Katsina State.

2776. Lyla said that the accused persons were not even her
aqquantances. Sometime afterwards, I saw her queing
for food at the canteen, where she later implored me to
write a forward for her new book.

2777. Last night before the rain, I heard a few rumbles of

thunder and saw some flashes of ligthing. I had first
thought of poseponning an appointment but I realized
that it was not one that could be councilled.

Below is a list of words; some are correct while some are not.
In front of each word, state whether it is correct or not and if
it is not, give the correct spelling

2778. Absence 2780. acheive

2779. Accomodate 2781. conscience
313 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2782. ricoshet 2795. schizoid

2783. business 2796. schzofrenic
2784. transfferred 2797. torbid
2785. quized 2798. zegma
2786. rumbuscious 2799. zodiac
2787. salascious 2800. whirligig
2788. plecebo 2801. wonderlust
2789. stopping 2802. chancellery
2790. apparant 2803. castellited
2791. conscious 2804. katatonic
2792. braclet 2805. deresory
2793. alotted 2806. defference
2794. schlock 2807. haemophalie

Below are some frequently misspelt words. One of the pair is

spelled correctly, the other incorrectly. Identify the correctly
spelt ones:

2808. Municipal Municiple

2809. cemitery cemetery
2810. Indispensible Indispencible
2811. occurrence occurence
2812. villain villian
2813. exhillirate exhilarate
2814. irresistible irresistable
2815. consensus concensus
2816. commitment committment
2817. pronunciation pronounciation
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 314

2818. illiterate iliterate

2819. liaison liason
2820. development developement
2821. occasion occassion
2822. desireable desirable
2823. nickle nickel
2824. alot a lot
2825. referring refering
2826. receive reseive
2827. separrate separate
2828. privilege priviledge
2829. predjudice prejudice
2830. grammer grammar
2831. accommodate accomodate
2832. barbarous barberous
2833. athelete athlete
2834. preceed precede
2835. harass harrass
2836. arguement argument
2837. repetition repitition
2838. definitely definately
2839. exaggerate exagerate
2840. achievement acheivement
2841. vaccum vacuum
2842. embarrass embarass
2843. allotted alotted
2844. aparent apparent
2845. siege seige
2846. yield yeild
315 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2847. delicous delicious

2848. withness witness
2849. continuous continous
2850. separate seperate
2851. gradeable gradable

Choose the correct spelling in the following options:

2852. Which of the following spellings is correct?

(a) acomodate (b) accomodate
(c) acommodate (d) accommodate
2853. Which of the following spellings is most preferred in
British English?
(a) acknowledgment (b) acknowledgement
(c) acknowlegment (d) acknowlegement
2854. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) arguement (b) argument
(c) arguemant (d) arguemint
2855. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) comitment (b) comitmment
(c) commitment (d) comitmant
2856. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) consensus (b) concensus
(c) consencus (d) consenssus
2857. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) deductible (b) deductable
(c) deductuble (d) deductabel
2858. Which of the following spellings is always preferred in
American English and preferred as an adjective in
British English? ("He has insulin-__________ diabetes.")
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 316

(a) dependant (b) depindant

(c) dependent (d) dependunt
2859. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) embarras (b) embaras
(c) embarass (d) embarrass
2860. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) existance (b) existence (c) existanse (d) existanc
2861. Which of the following spellings is correct for a page at
the beginning of a book?
(a) foreward (b) forword (c) forward (d) foreword
2862. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) harass (b) haras (c) harrass (d) herrass
2863. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) inadvertant (b) inadvartant
(c) inadvartent (d) inadvertent
2864. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) indispensabel (b) indispensible
(c) indispensable (d) indespensible
2865. Which of the following spellings is preferred in British
English? (a) judgement (b) judgment
(c) judgemant (d) judgmant
2866. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) liason (b) liasson (c) liasone (d) liaison
2867. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) license (b) lisense (c) lacense (d) lisence
2868. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) occassion (b) ocassion (c) occasion (d) ocasion
2869. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) occurrence (b) ocurrance
317 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(c) occurrance (d) occurance

2870. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) perserverance (b) persaverence
(c) perserverence (d) perseverance
2871. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) prerogative (b) perogative
(c) perogitive (d) preragitive
2872. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) privelege (b) privilege (c) privlege (d) privelige
2873. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) procede (b) proceede (c) proced (d) proceed
2874. Which of the following spellings is preferred in British
English? (a) acknowledgment (b) acknowledgement
(c) acknowlegment (d) acknowlegement
2875. Which of the following spellings is preferred?
(a) supersede (b) supercede
(c) superceed (d) suparseed
2876. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) withhold (b) withhuld (c) withold (d) withhald
2877. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) millennium (b) milennium
(c) millenium (d) milenium
2878. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) mischievious (b) mischievous
(c) mischivous (d) mischevious
2879. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) medeval (b) medeaval (c) medieval (d) medeival
2880. Which of the following spellings is correct?
(a) herarchy (b) hirarchy (c) hierachy (d) hierarchy
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 318

2881. Which of the following spellings is correct?

(a) drunkenness (b) drunknness
(c) drunkeness (d) drunkinness

Each of the sets below contains three spelling words. You

have three choices:

1. One of the three words may be misspelled. If so, indicate

which one it is — (a), (b) or (c).
2. All three words are spelled correctly — (d).
3. All three words are spelled incorrectly — (e).

2882. (a) fiery (b) Febuary (c) exceed (d) all correct
(e) all wrong
2883. (a) desireable (b) receive (c) truely
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2884. (a) siege (b) sheik (c) disappearance
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2885. (a) cemetery (b) calendar (c) valuable
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2886. (a) describe (b) proffession (c) awkward
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2887. (a) alot (b) rythm (c) terriffic
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2888. (a) category (b) picnicking (c) forty
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2889. (a) liesure (b) usable (c) assassin
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2890. (a) religious (b) pursue (c) dilema
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
319 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2891. (a) harass (b) Fahrenheit (c) tomatoes

(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2892. (a) suprise (b) analysis (c) sheriff
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2893. (a) souvenir (b) beginner (c) attendance
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2894. (a) yeild (b) committed (c) attendance
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
2895. (a) support (b) connoisseur (c) fulfil
(d) all correct (e) all wrong
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 320

TEST 18: PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALISATION

Exercise 054 Punctuation and Capitalisation

Capitalise and punctuate the following sentences correctly:

2896. Have you got your copy of dr Johnson’s new book

writing for impact ................................................................
2897. please dont get us into trouble ...........................................
2898. If this pen isn’t your’s, then whose is it ............................
2899. Theirs no room for there dog .............................................
2900. It’s a depressing day. Its cold and the skys overcast
..................................................................................................
2901. Youre Ijaw arent you ...........................................................
2902. James mother doesnt approve of his new girlfriend
..................................................................................................
2903. Biodun attended a girls school in the early 80s
..................................................................................................
2904. Ours is a close relationship .................................................
2905. Its not nice to jilt a girl. ........................................................

Rewrite the following sentences using capital letters,

inverted commas and commas where necessary:

2906. wow said mr kuta this child is really brilliant

..................................................................................................
2907. what do you want from me demanded the lady
..................................................................................................
2908. he said many Nigerians love certificates but hate
education ..............................................................................
321 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2909. oh no mr president said mrs audu ....................................

2910. rev musa asked james why he was fishing on a sunday.
i’m not fishing protested the boy. i m just teaching my
worm to swim
Underline the wrongly capitalised words in the following
sentences:
2911. Dr. Goldberger travelled through the Southern part of
pennsylvania to get to the conference on victorian
poetry .
2912. Many of the students in the introduction to
Microcomputers course at the university of hartford
last fall preferred using macintosh Computers rather
than the pc's provided in the Lab.
2913. My favorite uncle, my Father's brother, wrote a famous
book on the role of buddha in Herman Hesse's novel
siddhartha .
2914. "Wait," He said, "Until the Huskies have won a few
games."
2915. The secretary of the Society of Concerned Students
wrote to the Ambassador of south Africa.
2916. On the fourth of July, we celebrate the war of
Independence; on labor Day, we celebrate the
contributions of Organized Labor to American life.
2917. My mother asked Mayor Pete a question about
scandinavian immigration.
2918. I'll never forget reading the Last Of The Mohicans
when I was in Mrs. Turveydrop's high school English
class.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 322

2919. tunde somehow managed to get an A in his Physics

course, but he failed History 104.
2920. I think that lake Superior is the largest and the most
Northern of the great lakes.
2921. Clerihew is a classical studies major, but his favorite
course is in french history.
2922. News of the grant was announced by President
Chauncey Bedouin, who used to be president of
Breadwidth university.
2923. Tara played baseball until he came down with Measles.
2924. Last spring, sometime in late March, I believe, Kenny
heard that he had been awarded a Fulbright
fellowship.
2925. Tola earned a master's degree in business before she
went on for a Ph.D. in Economics.

Write out these sentences using the appropriate punctuation

marks.

2926. my sister is called susan she was born in may

2927. friday is my favourite day of the week
2928. when is fred going to play baseball
2929. we went to new york to do some shopping
2930. i live in john street in norwich england
2931. isn't it surprising that foreign students don't have more
trouble with our language
2932. how can they cope with all our inconsistencies
2933. much of our spelling is inconsistent much of our
pronunciation is too
323 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2934. note the pronunciation of the following words rough

cough through dough bough
2935. they all end in ough however the pronunciation of
each is different
2936. and look at these words bird curd heard herd stirred
word
2937. they all end with the same sound nevertheless, the
sound is spelled differently in each word
2938. in 1906 theodore roosevelt wrote the government
printing office requesting them to use simplified
spelling in all government publications congress
however passed a resolution forbidding any departure
from standard spelling
2939. george bernard shaw left a large share of his estate to
promote simplified spelling the british court broke his
will on the grounds of impracticality
2940. the chicago tribune tried for years to spell many words
simply it finally was forced to give up the battle
2941. my aunt is planning to visit us but uncle clark can't
come
2942. how many nations are members of the united nations
2943. he complained that the democratic party wasn't really
democratic
2944. we loved to go down to the river when we were
children although we didn't even know its name was
the niger river
2945. on the day after labor day children go back to school
2946. i turned west, when i should have turned east
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 324

2947. i'm taking history 101, english 100, french 200, and
psychology 309
2948. i like history and english but i find french and
psychology difficult
2949. During my high school days, I spent a lot of time on
athletics and later won a letter in baseball from abuja
university
2950. I subscribe to newsweek and sports illustrated
2951. i have never before had a professor who makes things
as clear as does professor makinde
2952. the grace anglican church is one of the most beautiful
church buildings in the city
2953. i'm taking math english psychology and art history
2954. she went to college in the south and then went to a
graduate school in the east
2955. i bought some bonds of central east public service
company because i think it's a good company
2956. the woolworth building is one of the tallest buildings
in the city
2957. a college president has a tough job today, according to
president jonathan
2958. all of the senators listened to the explanation by
senator mubarak
2959. i think dad is coming to the play and perhaps my
cousin and my sister will come too
2960. he celebrated on the fourth of july but had to get back
to work on the fifth
325 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Rewrite the following sentences using the correct

capitalization.

2961. My aunt is planning to visit us, but uncle seye can't

come.
2962. How many nations are members of the African union?
2963. He complained that the democratic party wasn't really
democratic.
2964. We loved to go down to the river when we were
children although we didn't even know it was the osun
river.
2965. On the day after labor day, workers go back to work.
2966. I turned west, when I should have turned east.
2967. I'm taking his 101, egl 100, fre 200, and psy 309.
2968. I like history and english, but I find french and
psychology difficult.
2969. During my high school days, I spent a lot of time on
athletics and later won a letter in baseball from lead
university.
2970. I have never before had a professor, who makes things
as clear as does professor ijiwoye.
2971. The national art theatre in lagos state is one of the most
beautiful buildings in Nigeria.
2972. I'm taking math, english, psychology, and history.
2973. She went to college in the south, and then went to a
graduate school in the east.
2974. The former cocoa house is the tallest building in
Ibadan.
2975. He celebrated on the fourth of july, but had to get back
to work on the fifth.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 326

Answer the following questions.

2976. Choose the sentence in which capital letters and

punctuation marks are used correctly.
(a) Sarah said. “Its name is Whinny.”
(b) Sarah said, “Its name is Whinny.”
(c) Sarah said “its name is Whinny.”
(d) Sarah said, “its name is Whinny.”
2977. Choose the sentence that is written correctly.
(a) Mother asked if we were ready to go.
(b) Len said, I’m not ready yet.
(c) “I will, he called to her.”
(d) Molly asked “if he might hurry.”
2978. Choose the sentence that is written correctly.
(a) how glad we were to see Aunt Jessica!
(b) Has she missed us.
(c) we welcomed her into our home?
(d) She was visiting us for summer.
2979. Choose the sentence in which the comma is used
correctly.
(a) Yes I set, the alarm clock.
(b) Well that is, very early.
(c) No I, cannot change it.
(d) No, it is set for five o’clock.
2980. Choose the sentence that is written correctly
(a) my friend moved to Japan last?
(b) she telephones me often?
(c) Sometimes her voice sounds very near.
(d) i miss her very much
327 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2981. Choose the sentence in which capital letters and

punctuation marks are used correctly.
(a) “What is your pony’s name” Todd asked.
(b) “What is your pony’s name,” Todd asked.
(c) “What is your pony’s name?” Todd asked.
(d) “What is your pony’s name.” Todd asked.
2982. Choose the sentence in which the capital letters are
used correctly
(a) Mr is taking the place of mr. Gold.
(b) Mrs. fields is our new librarian .
(c) Mr. walters introduced her to me.
(d) She will enjoy working with T.R. Briggs.
2983. Choose the sentence in which the comma is used
correctly
(a) Well, the ending did surprise me.
(b) No I didn’t, go back to the stage.
(c) Yes the play was, fun.
(d) No Michael, was the lead actor.
2984. Choose the group of words that is written correctly.
(a) I want to learn about rainfall she want to learn
about oceans.
(b) Here is the book I need do you have others?
(c) The encyclopaedia is useful. Do you use the 2009
edition?
(d) My dictionary has many pages I use it often
2985. Choose the newspaper, book or magazine title that is
written correctly.
(a) The New Yorker
(b) The Secret in the Old Attic
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 328

(c) Hailstones and Halibut Bones

(d) Alice in Wonderland
2986. Choose the group of words that is written correctly.
(a) Pat wrote a paper about Alexander Bell. She gave it
to her teacher.
(b) Pat knew about inventors she read about them.
(c) Alexander Bell invented the telephone it brought
people closer.
(d) Thomas Edison invented many things can you
name them?
2987. Choose the sentence in which capital letters are used
correctly.
(a) He lived in Ilorin for ten years.
(b) Peter was born in makurdi
(c) Now they are about to move to delta state
(d) Then his family moved to jos
2988. Choose the sentence in which commas are used
correctly
(a) The flag’s colours are red, green, and white.
(b) The flag’s colours are red, green and, white.
(c) The flag’s colours are red, green and white.
(d) The flag’s colours are red, green, and, white.
2989. Choose the sentence in which commas are used
correctly
(a) Everyone danced, sang, and laughed at the party.
(b) Everyone danced, sang, and, laughed at the party.
(c) Everyone danced, sang and laughed, at the party.
(d) Everyone danced, sang and laughed at the party.
329 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2990. Choose the sentence in which capital letters and

punctuation marks are used correctly.
(a) “I’ve never seen a pony with blue eyes before”
exclaimed margaret.
(b) “I’ve never seen a pony with blue eyes before!”
exclaimed Margaret.
(c) “I’ve never seen a pony with blue eyes before,”
exclaimed Margaret!
(d) “I’ve never seen a pony with blue eyes before.”
exclaimed Margaret.
2991. Choose the group of words that is written correctly.
(a) Donald made a boat but he could not float it.
(b) Maria built a kite. it could really fly!
(c) Paul painted a picture did you see it?
(d) I baked bread it was delicious!
2992. The sentence in which capital letters are used correctly.
(a) Have you ever visited the Obudu Ranch?
(b) Then we went on to akure.
(c) We ended our trip in Apapa amusement park.
(d) My family travelled through the west.
2993. Choose the sentence that is written correctly
(a) look at a book about a faraway land.
(b) Have you ever dreamed of a faraway place.
(c) Have you ever wanted to visit a new place?
(d) many books can help you imagine distant places?
2994. Choose the abbreviation that is written correctly
(a) P. O. Box 43
(b) pennsylvania AV.
(c) MR Okorie
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 330

(d) Thu., June 8

2995. Choose the sentence that is written correctly.
(a) Emily asked, Do you want to go to the museum
today?
(b) Melissa replied, I can’t go today.
(c) Emily “said that she would let her know.”
(d) “Will you be able to go tomorrow?” Melissa asked.*
2996. Choose the sentence in which capital letters are used
correctly.
(a) lekan and shina were invited to the party.
(b) Ms. Herbert met each guest at the door.
(c) mrs. martins greeted all the guests.
(d) Governor elechi made a speech
2997. Choose the sentence in which commas are used
correctly
(a) We will meet you, Sandra at the door.
(b) You will need your coat and hat, Bayo.
(c) I want to know Sandra if you, will take a walk.
(d) Bayo will you come with, Sandra, and me?
2998. Choose the sentence that is written correctly.
(a) “Who will drive to the beach?” asked Tony.
(b) Wendy added, Bring gloves too.”
(c) Tuned reminded us “that we need to bring our
skates.”
(d) My father will drive said Margaret.
2999. Choose the abbreviation that is written correctly
(a) Janu. 12, 1965
(b) Macmillan Paper Comp.
(c) Allen St.
331 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(d) Satur., May 19

3000. Choose the abbreviation that is written correctly
(a) Jane Johnson, Jr.
(b) dr. Julia Fadeke
(c) MRS Phillips
(d) Bauchi, Ma.01002
3001. Choose the sentence in which commas are used
correctly.
(a) Look Kefee at, that home run.
(b) Ronald will you, wear that funny baseball cap?
(c) Kefee, may I sit next to, Alex?
(d) We hoped, Alex, you would come to the party.
3002. Choose the book, newspaper, or magazine title that is
written correctly.
(a) Things Fall Apart
(b) The Secret Garden
(c) Newton news
(d) Better Homes And Gardens
3003. Choose the sentence in which capital letters are used
correctly.
(a) luck and Star run in the yard together.
(b) Richard takes care of his pet dog, lucky.
(c) Lucky plays with my dog, Star.
(d) My Grandmother thinks that they are quite a team.
3004. Choose the sentence in which capital letters are used
correctly.
(a) Damola wished she could travel to the rocky
mountains.
(b) She learned that mexico is our neighbor.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 332

(c) Damola studied a map of the united states.

(d) She saw that Canada is our northern neighbor.
3005. Choose the book, newspaper, or magazine title that is
written correctly.
(a) Tales Of A Traveler
(b) Webster's New World Dictionary
(c) Newsweek
(d) The Wind in the Will

Indicate the punctuation that should be used.

3006. __ (a) : (b) “ (c) - (d), Many men walk away from
court-ordered child support payments ___ (a) : (b) “ (c)
- (d) , and little is done to make them obey the court
orders (a): (b) .“ (c) - (d),” a study issued today reports.
3007. State governments are collecting on less than 20
percent of the 13 million court orders___ (a) . (b) ; (c) ,
(d) : the caseload is growing by 10,000 cases a month.
3008. Several states have recently enacted tough child ____
(a), (b) no punctuation necessary (c) — (d) - support
laws.
3009. Massachusetts__ (a) 's (b) s' (c) no punctuation
necessary (d) ‘ and New York's laws are the most
stringent.
3010. Describing them as too punitive____ (a) no
punctuation necessary (b) , (c) – (d) ; some lawyers
oppose these laws.
3011. But Freeport District Attorney Paul Robinson asked,
"How would you feel as a single mother trying to raise
two children on $250 a month__ (a)." (b) ?" (c) "? (d) ?".
333 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3012. Robinson said (a) " (b) – (c),“ (d) , __I intend to seek
jail sentences for those who are not making the
payments the court has ordered__ (a) . (b) ''. (c) ." (d) ''.
3013. He said that too many children are living in poverty as
a result of this situation. Robinson said he had three
objections to present state laws __ (a) – (b) : (c) . (d) ,
absence of stiff penalties, no provision for garnishing
wages, too much leeway for delay.

In the following sentences, remove or insert punctuation

where it is undesired, missing, or requires change.
Mistakes include missing, unwanted, or misplaced
colons, semicolons, parentheses, and quotation marks.
Note that each sentence has at least one punctuation
error. If you feel no error exists, write "No error."

3014. The three largest earthquakes occurred in: San

Francisco, Tokyo, and Lima.
3015. According to Dr. D. Simpson [1986], a biologist at the
Harvard Medical School, "Only 30,000 Dollars is
needed for interphase death to occur in yeast cells".
3016. The synergistic reactor contains a chamber in which
the exhaust from the burning coal mixes with
limestone; see Appendix A.
3017. The synergistic reactor contains a chamber in which
the exhaust from the burning coal mixes with limestone
- see Appendix A.
3018. The synergistic reactor contains a chamber in which
the exhaust from the burning coal mixes with limestone
(See Appendix A.)
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 334

3019. The absorption A is calculated by:

A = 1 - kR,
where k is the correction factor and R is the measured
reflectance.

Add what you think are appropriate punctuation marks to

the sentences below.

3020. Dynamite was lavishly used and many of San

Franciscos proudest structures were crumbled by man
himself into ruins but there was no withstanding the
onrush of the flames.
3021. Lila who lives in a trailer with a parakeet and some
scrappy dogs and cats has been the town fire warden
for almost 30 years.
3022. The woman is wearing golden stretch pants green
eyelids and a hiveshaped head of hair that looks both
in colour and texture exactly like 25-cents worth of
cotton candy.
3023. Hurling which has been the national sport of Ireland
since legendary times is to American eyes like a soccer
game played at ice-hockey speed.
3024. While on maneuvers in South Carolina Billy Pilgrim
played hymns he knew from childhood.
3025. Guiding the ball through the upper chutes down a
runover lane off the slingshot bumpers to the flippers I
cradled it there bouncing it back and forth until I had a
perfect shot through the lighted spinner.
3026. The train its metal wheels squealing as they spin along
the silver tracks rolls more slowly now.
335 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 19: THE PARAGRAPH

GRAMMATICAL THEORIES

PARAGRAPHS
Exercise 055 Paragraph and paragraphing

Study the paragraph carefully and answer the questions that

follow:

The Human Body

The human body is a wonderful piece of work that nature
has created. It is not beautiful like the body of a butterfly or
a peacock but it is shaped practically. It can do many types
of work which other animals cannot. It is not strong like the
body of a tiger. But in place of physical strength it has a big
and sharp brain. By using this brain the human physique has
been able to overcome many of its limitations. By sitting in
an aeroplane it flies faster than a kite, by riding a motorcycle
it travels faster than a leopard, and by firing a machine gun
it fights much better than a tiger. In spite of all this, the
human body suffers from many diseases because it has a
weakness for habits such as smoking, drinking and
overeating. When it is healthy the body can give great
pleasure but when it is sick it can cause great pain. The wise
man would always keep his body fit because a healthy mind
can work only in a healthy body.

A. Some of the linkers in the paragraph are

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 336

(3027) _____ (3028) _____ (3029) _____ (3030) _____

(3031) _____

B. State the functions they perform in the paragraph.

3027. _________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3028. _________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3029. _________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3030. _________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3031._________________________________________________
________________________________________________

Read the following passage and answer the questions after

it:

(1) Many times art history courses focus on the great

"masters," ignoring those women who should have achieved
fame. (2) Often women artists like Mary Cassatt have
worked in the shadows of their male contemporaries. (3)
They have rarely received much attention during their
lifetimes.
(4) My art teacher has tried to make up for it by teaching us
about women artists and their work. (5) Recently she came
to class very excited; she had just read about a little-known
artist named Annie Johnson, a high school teacher who had
lived all of her life in New Haven, Connecticut. (6) Johnson
never sold a painting, and her obituary in 1937 did not even
337 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

mention her many paintings. (7) Thanks to Bruce Blanchard,

a Connecticut businessman who bought some of her
watercolors at an estate sale. (8) Johnson is finally starting to
get the attention that she deserved more than one hundred
years ago. (9) Blanchard now owns a private collection of
hundreds of Johnson's works — watercolors, charcoal
sketches, and pen-and-ink drawings.
(10) There are portraits and there are landscapes. (11) The
thing that makes her work stand out are the portraits. (12)
My teacher described them as "unsentimental." (13) They do
not idealize characters. (14) Characters are presented almost
photographically. (15) Many of the people in the pictures
had an isolated, haunted look. (16) My teacher said that
isolation symbolizes Johnson's life as an artist.

Now answer the following questions

3032. In context, which is the best revision to the underlined

portion of sentence 3 (reproduced below)?

They have rarely received much attention during their

lifetimes.
a. In fact, they had
b. Too bad these artists have
c. As a result, these women have
d. In spite of this, women artists
e Often it is the case that the former have

3033. In context, which of the following revisions to sentence

7 is most needed?
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 338

a. Delete "Thanks to".

b. Move "Thanks to Bruce Blanchard" to the end of
sentence 7.
c. Delete "who".
d. Change "her" to "Johnson's".
e. Change the period to a comma and combine sentence
7 with sentence 8.

3034. In context, which of the following is the best version of

sentence 10 (reproduced below)?
There are portraits and there are landscapes.
a. (As it is now)
b. You can see both portraits and landscapes.
c. Therefore, both portraits and landscapes are among
her works.
d. Johnson painted both portraits and landscapes.
e. Among them Johnson has portraits and landscapes.

3035. Which of the following would be the most suitable

sentence to insert immediately after sentence 1?
a. The race is on to produce the "ultimate" computer.
b. I have found the computer somewhat difficult to
learn to operate.
c. Many people are understandably intimidated by
computers.
d. They are now so common that they have a profound
effect on daily life.
e. Modern telephones belong to the family of
computers.
339 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3036. Sentence 5 would make the most sense if placed after

a. Sentence 1 b. Sentence 2
c. Sentence 8 d. Sentence 6
e. Sentence 7

3037. In context, which is the best way to revise and combine

the underlined portions of sentences 3 and 4
(reproduced below)?
A newspaper article suggested that they were wrong. It
pointed out that nearly all stores now sell goods that
are not made in this country.
a. A newspaper article suggested that the
demonstrators were wrong, pointing out
b. They were wrong, a newspaper article suggested, it
pointed out that
c. Suggesting that they are wrong, in a newspaper
article it says
d. The newspaper article suggests that the shoppers
were wrong,
e. The newspaper article suggests that the shoppers
were wrong,

Exercise 056 Coherence and Unity

The following passages test your knowledge of coherence

and unity
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 340

3038. Decide which transitions to use from the list below to

fill the paragraph.

Second, also, another reason is that, for example, moreover,

however, on the other hand, first, one reason is that, the best choice

There are three major airports near Washington, D.C., but

the traveller to Washington should be careful about which
one he or she chooses. ________ Baltimore-Washington
International Airport, which is located near the city of
Baltimore, is a good international airport. _________ it is not
the best choice for a traveller who wants to visit Washington.
_________ it is relatively far from the city of Washington
itself. _________ a passenger bus trip between Baltimore and
Washington is somewhat expensive. Dulles International
Airport is a slightly better choice, since it is located closer to
the city. _________ if a traveller arrives in the early evening,
he or she will encounter rush-hour traffic, which is not a
good way to begin a trip to the city. _________ may be
Washington-Reagan National Airport. There are two
reasons for this. _________ this airport is the closest to the
city. _________ it is located on the Metro train system, which
is a convenient method of transportation, allowing a
traveller to travel almost anywhere he or she likes in the city
of Washington.

3039. Decide which transitions to use from the list below to

fill the paragraph.
341 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

in the same way, likewise, another similarity, similarly, whereas,

too, while, both, however

Even though we come from different cultures, my wife and I

are alike in several ways. For one thing, we are
_______thirty-two years old. In fact, our birthdays are in the
same month, hers on July 10 and mine on July 20. _________
is that we both grew up in large cities. Helene was born and
raised in Paris and I come from Yokohama. Third, our
hobbies are alike _________. My wife devotes a lot of her free
time to playing jazz piano. _________, I like to spend time
after work strumming my guitar. A more important
similarity concerns our values. For example, Helene has
strong opinions about educating our children and raising
them to know right from wrong. I feel _________. Our
children should receive a good education and also have
strong moral training.

3040. Decide which transitions to use from the list below to

fill the paragraph.

however, likewise, another difference, similarly, whereas, also,

while, but, on the other hand

Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the
U.S., they are different in many ways. For example, the
physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large,
having an area of 114,000 square miles, ___________ Rhode
Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only
1,214 square miles. ___________ is in the size of the
population of each state. Arizona has about four million
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 342

people living in it, ___________ Rhode Island has less

than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of
natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is
a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not
receive much rainfall every year. ___________ Rhode
Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average
of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, ___________
Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore,
Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a
significant coastline

Exercise 057 Cause and Effects in Paragraphs

Read the paragraphs below, then use the listed cause and
effect conjunctions to complete them.

3041. because, since, as a result, as a consequence of, due to,

indeed.

There are several possible reasons why my father is in

excellent health, even though he is over eighty years of age.
For one thing, he is in excellent condition ________he has
stopped smoking cigarettes. He quit smoking cigarettes
_______ whenever he climbed stairs he would invariably
stop several times and cough loudly. His good health is also
______his cutting down on the wrong kinds of foods. For
example, whereas before he would eat fatty red meat and
deep-fried dishes several times a week, nowadays he seldom
does so. He has more energy _____. He is also in good
343 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

physical shape ___________ his devotion to exercise. He

swims three times a week at the local gym, and on sunny
days he prefers to walk home rather than take the bus.
______my father is in better shape than some of his children
are!

3042. Consequently, so, therefore, as a result of, as a

consequence of, cause of

The invention of the rocket has sometimes had negative

effects on human society. For example, these devices have
been used in warfare. ______, people have sometimes been
killed en masse. Rocket technology has improved with time,
_____ rocket engines have come to possess greater range.
Conceivably, deadly "warheads" can ______be sent to reach
targets far away from the launch site. Recently, _______the
development of nuclear power, a rocket with a nuclear
warhead can be the _______the deaths of millions of people
in a few moments. Tens of millions more can possibly die
______the spread of radioactive fallout from a single
explosion.

3043. because of this, as a consequence, as a result of, due to,,

therefore.

On the other hand, the invention of the rocket has also had
amazing benefits for human life. For instance, weather
satellites carried into space by rockets can warn people
about bad weather. Many lives threatened by storm can,
______ be saved. As another example, rockets can carry
robot probes into space. People can explore not only the
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 344

Earth but also other planets in the solar system ______such

capability. Moreover, ______, people can learn more about
their collective place in the Universe. Finally, rockets can
carry communications satellites into orbit. Millions of people
from all over the world are ____ able to talk to one another,
engage in business, join in scientific research, and do
countless other useful activities together. In short, ______ the
rocket and communications satellites, the world has almost
become one country.

3044. Read the following text about growing cotton in India.

The paragraphs have not been printed in the correct
order.

Arrange the paragraphs in the correct order using the

paragraph numbers. Remember that the topic of one
paragraph should follow logically from the topic of the
last paragraph and should lead on to the topic of the next
paragraph.

1. Most of the farmers are extremely poor. Attracted by

cheap loans from pesticides traders and the prospect of a
quick buck, they borrowed heavily to raise cotton on
small plots of land.
2. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the crop losses
and destruction in Andhra Pradesh arose from the
repeated application of excessive amounts of chemicals - a
practice actively encouraged by pesticides traders.
3. The suicide of Samala Mallaiah in Nagara village grabbed
media headlines. He owned one acre of land, leased two
345 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

more and grew cotton on all three. After making a loss in

the first year, he leased yet more land in an attempt to
recover. Confronted with falling prices, mounting debts
and pest attacks, he committed harakiri. ‘Cotton has given
us shattered dreams,’ said one old farmer in Nagara
village.
4. As many as 60,000 small farmers in the region of Andhra
Pradesh, southern India, have taken to farming cotton
instead of food crops. Some 20 of them have recently
committed suicide by eating lethal doses of pesticide.
5. Whitefly, boll weevils and caterpillars multiplied and
destroyed their crops, despite the constant application of
pesticides. The average yield of cotton fields in Andhra
Pradesh fell by more than half in just one year. Now the
farmers are in no position to repay the loans or feed their
families.
6. Nearly half the pesticides used in India go into protecting
cotton, the most important commercial crop in the
country. However, pests have shown increased immunity
to a range of pesticides. Last year there were heavy crop
losses due to leaf-curl, which is caused by the dreaded
whitefly. This nondescript, milky-white fly sucks sap
from the cotton leaves, making them curl and dry up. The
fly struck first in Pakistan and north-western India. Then
it turned south.

Exercise 058 Topic Sentence

3045. Identify the topic sentences in the following

paragraphs.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 346

Paragraph 1
The maintenance of order in prestate societies is rooted in a
commonality of material interests. The greater the amount of
common interests, the less need there is for law-and-order
specialists. Among band-level cultures law and order stem
directly from the relations between people and the natural
habitat from which subsistence is derived. All adults usually
have open access to this habitat: the rivers, lakes, beaches,
oceans; all the plants and animals; the soil and the subsoil. In
so far as these are basic to the extraction of life-sustaining
energy and materials they are communal "property."

Paragraph 2
Though the United States has spent billions of dollars on
foreign aid programs, it has captured neither the affection
nor esteem of the rest of the world. In many countries today
Americans are cordially disliked; in others merely tolerated.
The reasons for this sad state of affairs are many and varied,
and some of them are beyond the control of anything this
country might do to try to correct them. But harsh as it may
seem to the ordinary citizen, filled as he is with good
intentions and natural generosity, much of the foreigners'
animosity has been generated by the way Americans behave.

Paragraph 3
Anthropology is the study of humankind, especially of
Homo sapiens, the biological species to which we human
beings belong. It is the study of how our species evolved
347 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

from more primitive organisms; it is also the study of how

our species developed a mode of communication known as
language and a mode of social life known as culture. It is the
study of how culture evolved and diversified. And finally, it
is the study of how culture, people, and nature interact
wherever human beings are found.

Exercise 059 Reference

3046. Identify the references of the words underlined in the

paragraph in which they are found:

Paragraph A
In the same year the Swiss scholar, J. J. Bachofen, published
Das Mutterrecht, (Mother Right), a book showing that
matriliny, the tracing of descent through women, and
matriarchy, the dominance of women in society, as well as
the cult of female goddesses, preceded the patriarchy and
the patriliny we find in Biblical and Classical societies. This
idea was accepted with varying degrees of caution by many
nineteenth-century anthropologists and ultimately was
wholly endorsed by Engels, who, in the preface to the fourth
edition of The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the
State , gave warm praise to Bachofen.

Paragraph B
Should the qualified defence of diminished responsibility be
retained? In answering this question, one has to contend
with two muddles in English law, a general muddle about
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 348

mental disorder and criminal responsibility, and a specific

muddle about murder and manslaughter.

Paragraph C
Time for Christians began with the Creation and would end
with Christ's Second Coming. World history was bounded
by these two events. The spread of this belief marks the
divide between the mental outlook of Classical antiquity and
that of the Middle Ages.

Paragraph D
This will not be the case if, for example, Uruguay could have
supplied the parties with a commodity that, though useful to
both, was in short supply in one country but not in the other.
Should we then say that Uruguay is not neutral unless it
starts providing the country suffering from the shortage in
that commodity? If by not helping it Uruguay is hindering it,
then this conclusion is forced on us.

Paragraph E
In the same article, Crutzen stresses that chemists used to
believe biomass fires produced some 2.5 billion tons of
carbon annually, but have now revised this estimate
upwards to 3 billion tons.

Paragraph F
We have already seen that subjects given no pre-training do
less well in the test phase than those given initial
349 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

discrimination training and we have acknowledged that

unambiguous interpretation of this difference is impossible.

3047. Read the following text about Leonardo da Vinci. The

first sentence of each paragraph has been removed and
listed in the box below the text. Match them with the
correct paragraphs.

The Genius of Leonardo

1. He was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer and
property owner. His artistic bent obviously appeared at
an early age for when he was 15 he was apprenticed to the
painter Verocchio. In 1472 he was accepted in the
painters’ guild in Florence, where he remained until 1481.
2. And among his early drawings were many sketches of
mechanical apparatus and weapons, evidence of his
interest in, and knowledge of things mechanical.
3. His artistic achievements in Milan reached their peak with
the mural ‘The Last Supper’ completed in 1497.
4. In the 1490s he began monumental treatises on painting,
architecture, human anatomy and mechanics. He set
down his observations on these themes in voluminous
notes and sketches, which he would later assemble in his
notebooks. There remain of his notebooks a prodigious
7000 pages, all in characteristic ‘mirror-writing’.
5. He then went back to Milan and entered the service of the
French King Louis XII. Later he was to work in Rome
with Raphael and Michelangelo on designs for the new
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 350

church of St Peter. In 1516 he settled in France, at Cloux,

near Amboise, where he died three years later.
6. He was no mere theorist advancing fanciful ideas. He was
a practical man, who designed things that would work,
because he could see how they would work.
7. There is no evidence that Leonardo actually built the
machines and mechanical devices he sketched and
described. And in many cases their practical importance
remained unrealised and unrealisable for centuries. There
was neither the demand for them nor the technology.
(Pears Encyclopaedia, 1987, p. 342)

a. Leonardo returned to Florence in 1499, where he painted

that most famous painting 'The Mona Lisa' (1503).
b. Between 1482 and 1499 he was employed in the service of
the Duke of Milan, to whom he was painter, sculptor,
musician and technical adviser on military and engineering
matters.
c. In whatever subject he studied, Leonardo laid absolute
faith in the evidence of his eyes.
d. Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, a small
village in Tuscany.
e. And it is in his 'things', his machines, that we are
interested in this book.
f. By then Leonardo's expertise with paint brush and palette,
pen and pencil was already well advanced.
g. But his creative energies now were turning more and
more to scientific and literary pursuits.
351 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Put the following sentences in the correct order to produce

well organised paragraphs.

3048. Paragraph 1
a. For a lightweight poster or sign, you can use either
offset book stock or cover stock.
b. You'll probably have to take your publication to a
commercial printer, however, since bristol won't feed
through most desktop printers or copy machines.
c. The type of paper you choose for a poster or a sign
depends on how it will be reproduced and how it is
going to be used.
d. If you need to create a more durable poster or sign, or
create packaging, bristol stock is your best choice.
(Microsoft publisher CD deluxe companion, p. 185)

3049. Paragraph 2
a. It's rare, but not unheard of, for mail to go astray.
b. And many corporate mail servers have had growing
pains, too, experiencing holdups and the odd deletion.
c. On the whole though, you can assume email will arrive.
d. However during 1997, AOL and Microsoft Network -
to name just the big players - had severe mail outages
resulting in the delay, and in some cases loss, of email.
e. In general Internet email is considerably more reliable
than the postal service.
(The Internet and world wide web: The rough guide, (1997),
p. 15)
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 352

3050. Paragraph 3
a. Time may indicate the importance of the occasion as
well as on what level an interaction between persons is
to take place.
b. The same applies for calls after 11:00 P.M.
c. Different parts of the day, for example, are highly
significant in certain contexts.
d. Our realisation that time talks is even reflected in such
common expressions as, "What time does the clock
say?"
e. In the United States if you telephone someone very
early in the morning, while he is shaving or having
breakfast, the time of the call usually signals a matter of
utmost importance and extreme urgency.
f. A call received during sleeping hours is apt to be taken
as a matter of life and death, hence the rude joke value
of these calls among the young.
(Edward Hall, (1973), The silent language, p. 2)

3051. Paragraph 4.
a. But modern anthropology stands opposed to the view
that anatomy is destiny.
b. Men are taller, heavier, and stronger than women;
hence it is "natural" that hunting and warfare should be
male specialities.
c. Men have higher levels of testosterone; hence they are
"naturally" more aggressive, sexually and otherwise,
and are "naturally" dominant over women.
353 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

d. Since differences in the anatomy and physiology of

human males and females are so obvious it is easy to be
misled into believing that sex-linked roles and statuses
are primarily biological rather than cultural
phenomena.
e. As the underlying demographic, technological,
economic, and ecological conditions to which these sex-
linked roles are adapted change, new cultural
definitions of sex-linked roles will emerge.
f. Moreover since women menstruate, become pregnant,
and lactate, they "naturally" are the ones to stay at
home to care for and feed infants and children.
g. Nor are women born with an innate tendency to care
for infants and children and to be sexually and
politically subordinate.
h. Rather it has been the case that under a broad but finite
set of cultural and natural conditions certain sex-linked
specialities have been selected for in a large number of
cultures.
i. Males are not born with an innate tendency to be
hunters or warriors or to be sexually and politically
dominant over women.
(Marvin Harris, (1975). Culture, people, nature, p. 610)

Choose the best topic sentence for each group of supporting

sentences. Write it on the line provided.

Example: ___________b_____________. I usually go skiing

every weekend in the winter even though it is
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 354

expensive. I love the feeling of flying down a

mountain. The views are beautiful from the top of a
mountain and along the trails. Even the danger of
falling and getting hurt can’t keep me away from the
slopes on a winter day.
a) Skiing is expensive.
b) Skiing is my favourite sport.
c) Skiing is dangerous.

3052. _______________________________________________.
North Americans send cards for many occasions. They
send cards to family and friends on birthdays and
holidays. They also send thank-you cards, get well
cards, graduation cards, and congratulation cards. It is
very common to buy cards in stores and send them
through the mail, but turning on the computer and
sending cards over the Internet is also popular.
a) Sending cards is very popular in North America.
b) Birthday cards are the most popular kind of card.
c) It is important to send thank-you cards.

3053. _____________________________________________ . I
enjoy summer sports like water skiing and baseball.
The weather is usually sunny and hot, so I can go to the
beach almost every day. Gardening is my hobby and I
spend many summer days working in my garden.
Unfortunately, the days pass too quickly in summer.
a) I like to garden in summer.
b) Summer is my favourite season.
c) Summer is to short.
355 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3054. ________________________________________ . First of

all, we need money to repair old roads and build new
roads. We also need more to pay teachers’ salaries and
to pay for services such as trash collection. Finally,
more tax money is needed to give financial help to the
poor citizens of the city. It is clear that the city will have
serious problems if taxes are not raised soon.
a) We should raise city taxes.
b) City taxes are too high.
c) City taxes pay for new roads.

3055. _________________________________________ . For

example, a person can have breakfast in New York,
board an airplane, and have dinner in Paris. A
businesswoman in London can instantly place an order
with a factory in Hong Kong by sending a fax.
Furthermore, a schoolboy in Tokyo can turn on a TV
and watch a baseball game being played in Los
Angeles.
a) Airplanes have changed our lives.
b) Advances in technology have made the world seem
smaller.
c) The fax machine was an important invention.

3056. ___________________________________________ . One

thing you must consider is the quality of the
university’s educational program. You also need to
think about the
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 356

school’s size and location. Finally, you must be sure to

consider the university’s tuition to make sure you can
afford to go to school there.
a) It is expensive to attend a university in the United
States.
b) There are several factors to consider when you choose a
university to attend.
c) You should consider getting a good education.

3057. Thousands of new people are born on our planet every

day. The number of inhabitants in the world has
already reached over six billion. If the present growth
rate remains unchecked, the world may soon face
wide-spread starvation, poverty, and serious health
problems. __________________________________ (topic
sentence).
(a) Therefore, it is predicted that the world will face
serious health problems in the near future.
(b) The rapid growth of the world's human population is
the most important problem the world needs to
address.
(c) One of the burning issues is the population explosion
in third world countries.

3058. __________________________________ (topic sentence).

Arriving in the land below the Rio Grande River, the
Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortez was surprised
to see the local inhabitants raising crops that included
avocados, corn, garlic and nuts. Onions, tomatoes,
357 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

chilli peppers and pumpkins were also grown in the

rich soil. Irrigation systems were employed in some of
the drier regions. The Aztec farmers also were skilful in
creating terraced gardens to make the most of the
rainfall and to minimise soil erosion. Evidence shows
that they employed crop rotation as well as natural
fertilisers to enhance the production of their farm
products.
(a) The Aztecs of Mexico were a nation of accomplished
farmers.
(b) Hernando Cortez discovered farming in Mexico.
(c) Mexico is blessed with rich farmland and an
abundance of food products.

For each of the following paragraphs, choose the topic

sentence that best fits the rest of the paragraph.

3059. _____. Residents have been directed to use the new

plastic bins as their primary recycling containers. These
new containers will make picking up recyclables faster
and easier.
a. The city has distributed standardized recycling
containers to all households.
b. Recycling has become a way of life for most people.
c. While most Americans recycle, they also use more
resources than residents of other countries.
d. Even small cities have begun recycling to pick up used
glass, plastic, and paper.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 358

3060. _____. Telecommuters produce, on average, 20% more

than if they were to work in an office. Their flexible
schedule allows them to balance both their family and
work responsibilities.
a. People who work in offices make up a large part of the
U.S. workforce.
b. Office workers who telecommute from their own
homes are more productive and have greater flexibility.
c. Many companies now offer their employees benefits
that were not available just a few years ago.
d. One of the biggest problems in corporate America is the
lack of skilled office workers.
3061. _____. No search of a person's home or personal effects
may be conducted without a written search warrant.
This means that a judge must justify a search before it
can be conducted.
a. There is an old saying that a person's home is his or her
castle.
b. Much of the U.S. legal system was based on the old
British system.
c. The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution protects
citizens against unreasonable searches.
d. "Personal effects" is a term that refers to the belongings
of a person.
3062. _____. You must imitate as closely as possible the
parents' methods of feeding. First, hold the beak open
using thumb and forefinger. Then, introduce food into
the beak with tweezers or an eyedropper.
a. Recently, I read an article about baby birds.
359 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

b. Hand-rearing wounded or orphaned baby birds

requires skill.
c. Baby birds are very special creatures, and they are also
very small.
d. I have been told that you should not touch a baby bird
that has fallen out of its nest.
3063. _____. All waves, though, have common characteristics
that govern their height. The height of a wave is
determined by its speed, the distance it travels, and the
length of time the wind blows.
a. Currents, unlike waves, are caused by steady winds or
temperature fluctuations.
b. Tsunamis used to be called tidal waves.
c. Ocean waves can vary from tiny ripples to powerful,
raging swells.
d. A breaker is when a wave gets top-heavy and tips over.
3064. _____. When people respect the law too much, they
will follow it blindly. They will say that the majority
has decided on this law and therefore I must obey it.
They will not stop to consider whether or not the law is
fair.
a. Some people say there is too little respect for the law,
but I say there is too much respect for it.
b. Sometimes, a judge will decide that a law is unfair.
c. I believe that the majority of the people in this country
do not understand what it means to have respect for
other people.
d. Most of the laws passed at the end of the twentieth
century are fair laws.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 360

3065. Gary was a very distinguished looking man with a

touch of gray at the temples. Even in his early fifties, he
was still the one to turn heads. He enjoyed spending
most of his time admiring his profile in the mirror. In
fact, he considered his good looks to be his second
most important asset in the world. The first, however,
was money. He was lucky in this area, too, having been
born into a wealthy family. _____. He loved the power
his wealth had given him. He could buy whatever he
desired, be that people, places, or things. Gary checked
that mirror often and felt great delight with what he
saw.
a. Gary's gray hair was his worst characteristic.
b. Conceit was the beginning and the end of Gary's
character—conceit of person and situation.
c. Gary felt blessed to be wealthy and the joy consumed
his every thought.
d. The only objects of Gary's respect were others who held
positions in society.
3066. The term spices is a pleasant one, whether it connotes
fine French cuisine or a down-home, cinnamon-
flavored apple pie. _____. Individuals have traveled the
world seeking exotic spices for profit and, in searching,
have changed the course of history. Indeed, to gain
control of lands harboring new spices, nations have
actually gone to war.
a. The taste and aroma of spices are the main elements
that make food such a source of fascination and
pleasure.
361 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

b. The term might equally bring to mind Indian curry

made thousands of miles away and those delicious
barbecued ribs sold around the corner.
c. It is exciting to find a good cookbook and experiment
with spices from other lands—indeed, it is one way to
travel around the globe!
d. The history of spices, however, is another matter
altogether, often exciting and filled with danger and
intrigue.
3067. _______. The best way to begin is by selecting a
working space with good lighting. Proper tools are also
important, and you will want to purchase some quality
paint brushes and a selection of quality paints.
a. Painting models and miniatures is a satisfying hobby.
b. Low quality painting tools can be frustrating.
c. Good lighting is important when painting.
d. Don't buy paintbrushes on sale.
3068. _______. The farm dates back to the Revolutionary
War, when it was owned by Silas Wheeler. Wheeler
himself fought in several early battles of the war, but
his farm is best remembered as the site of an important
battle, when the Colonial forces won a decisive victory
against the British.
a. Farms are places where we can learn many things.
b. Wheeler Farm is an important historical landmark.
c. Silas Wheeler was an American patriot.
d. The Revolutionary War made many people famous.

Choose the answer that best develops the topic sentence

given.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 362

3069. Indoor pollution sources that release gases or particles

into the air are the primary cause of indoor air-quality
problems in homes.
a. Inadequate ventilation can increase indoor pollutant
levels by not bringing in enough outdoor air to dilute
emissions from indoor sources.
b. Some physicians believe that the dangers of
"environmental allergens" are greatly exaggerated.
c. Although there are more potential pollution sources
today than ever before, environmental activists are
working hard to make our world a safer place.
d. I'll choose a good, old-fashioned log cabin any day to
the kind of squeaky-clean, hermetically-sealed modern
condos you find in the big American cities.

3070. In the Middle Ages, red hair was associated with evil,
so to have red hair was to be in constant danger.
a. People with red hair are sometimes singled out and
called unflattering nicknames.
b. The Middle Ages was a time of great turmoil and
people were often summarily executed by being
burned at the stake.
c. During that time period, people with red hair were
sometimes killed because they were thought to be
witches.
d. Red hair is passed on genetically from parent to child.

3071. Many weed killers operate by killing the plant's root,

thereby preventing the weed from spreading.
363 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

a. The weed killer is absorbed by the leaves, then travels

to the roots.
b. Proper care must be taken when handling weed killers.
c. Some weeds don't need water to survive.
d. Weeds are plants that nobody wants.

3072. One of the most fascinating discoveries in modern

physics is the idea that light can behave both as
particles and as waves.
a. In order to understand quantum physics, one must
know a great deal about mathematics.
b. What is called "empty space" by laypersons is really not
empty at all, but a sea of negative energy electrons.
c. This idea, first suggested by the French noblemen Louis
de Broglie, is counterintuitive, but can be empirically
proven.
d. Some physicists say that nothing is real unless it is
observed.

3073. The Internet has revolutionized mass communication.

a. The Internet was not invented by a politician.
b. E-mail, blogs, chat rooms, and many other tools make it
easy to communicate with people.
c. Communication is a difficult art to learn.
d. The world's largest computer fills an entire building.

3074. There are many good reasons to eat organic food. It

tastes great. It is grown and handled according to strict
guidelines to ensure that it is safe and pesticide-free.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 364

And organic farming respects the balance demanded of

a healthy ecosystem.
a. Many restaurants and supermarkets now carry organic
products.
b. Health-food stores are popping up all over the country.
c. An organic lifestyle is good for you, and for our world.
d. Ten years ago, it was much more difficult to find
organic food in traditional supermarkets.

3075. It is a myth that financial aid for higher education just

means getting a loan and going into heavy debt.
a. It's important for young people to avoid starting out
their working lives under a load of indebtedness.
b. Financial aid is meant to help those students who could
otherwise not attend college.
c. The truth is that students in medicine and law are often
able to pay back their student loans in short order.
d. The fact is that most schools have their own grants and
scholarships, which the student doesn't have to pay
back, and a large percentage of students get these.

3076. This contract will confirm our agreement in connection

with your services as freelance writer for the work
entitled Why Kangaroos Can't Fly.
a. The title, although rather silly, accurately sums up the
tone and style of the book.
b. You agree to assist us in preparation of the book by
developing content for it, based on your zoo-keeping
experience.
365 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

c. It is important to have a legal contract before turning

your written work over to a publishing company.
d. This book will make an important contribution to
kangaroo lore around the world.

3077. America's fascination with reality television is a topic

of much discussion. Many think that people tune in
simply to keep up-to-date with the latest popular
culture trends.
a. Whether you love it or hate it, reality television is
definitely here to stay.
b. Every season brings several new reality television
shows. However, not every one of them succeeds.
c. Reality television has no redeeming qualities
whatsoever. Critics find it shallow, sensationalistic, and
mindless.
d. Ordinary people might also see themselves in these
reality television personalities, leading to a sense of
exhilaration as they watch their television counterparts
achieve celebrity status and win big prizes.

3078. Pasta is both delicious and healthy, and it has the

added benefit of being easy to prepare.
a. Pasta was invented in the Middle Ages in Italy.
b. Tomato sauce is the best topping for spaghetti.
c. Marathon runners eat pasta before a race.
d. Most pasta dishes can be prepared in less than 15
minutes.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 366

For each of the following paragraphs, choose the sentence

that does NOT belong.

3079. (1) The cassowary, a solitary, meat-eating creature who

makes its home deep in the jungles of New Guinea,
hardly seems like a bird at all. (2) It is enormous,
weighing up to 190 pounds. (3) Its plumage is more
like hair than feathers; its song is a deep, menacing
rumble; and it has lost the capability of flight. (4)
Human beings have long been fascinated by birds,
particularly by their ability to fly.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4

3080. (1) An odd behaviour associated with sleep and

dreaming is somnambulism, commonly known as
sleepwalking. (2) Sleepwalkers suffer from a
malfunction in a brain mechanism that monitors the
transition from REM to non-REM sleep. (3)REM sleep
is vitally important to psychological well-being.
(4)Sleepwalking episodes diminish with age and
usually cause no serious harm—the worst thing that
could happen would be a fall down the stairs.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4

3081. (1) Lyme disease is sometimes called the great imitator

because its many symptoms mimic those of other
illnesses. (2) When treated, this disease usually
367 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

presents few or no lingering effects. (3) Left untreated,

it can be extremely debilitating and sometimes fatal. (4)
One should be very careful when returning from a trek
in the woods to check for deer ticks.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4

3082. (1) The harp is a musical instrument that has an

upright triangular frame. (2) Its strings are positioned
perpendicular to the sounding board. (3) Harps are
found in Africa, Europe, North and South America,
and a few parts of Asia. (4) Its beautiful sound, which
is capable of stirring great emotion, might bring tears
to your eyes.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4

3083. (1) In the summer, the northern hemisphere is slanted

toward the sun, making the days longer and warmer
than in winter. (2) Many religions make use of the
solstices in their rites. (3) The first day of summer is
called the summer solstice and is also the longest day
of the year. (4) However, June 21 marks the beginning
of winter in the southern hemisphere, when that
hemisphere is tilted away from the sun.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 368

3084. (1) People are quick to blame the weatherman if it rains

on their parade! (2) The American Meteorological
Society defines a meteorologist as a person "who uses
scientific principles to explain, understand, observe, or
forecast the earth's atmospheric phenomena and/or
how the atmosphere affects the earth and life on the
planet." (3)Many meteorologists have degrees in
physics, chemistry, and other fields. (4) Their work
often involves teaching, weather forecasting,
atmospheric research, and other kinds of applied
meteorology.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4

3085. (1) The park was empty, except for a child who stood
just on the other side of the fence, a little girl about
seven years old, thin and pale, with dark eyes and dark
hair cut short and ragged. (2) The statistics on
neglected children in our country probably fall short of
the actual numbers. (3) The child wore no coat, only a
brown, cotton skirt that was too big for her—pinned at
the waist with a safety pin—and a soiled, long-sleeved
yellow blouse with rhinestone buttons. (4) Her
fingernails were dirty and broken, the tips of her
fingers bluish with cold.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4
369 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3086. (1) Ghosts can be either benevolent or malevolent. (2)

As someone once said, "I don't believe in ghosts, but
I'm afraid of them." (3) They can be comic and
comfortable, like the old sea captain in The Ghost and
Mrs. Muir, or horrific beyond belief, like the ghosts of
the revellers at the party in the Overlook Hotel in
Stephen King's The Shining. (4) They can emerge from
the afterlife to teach us lessons, like old Marley in A
Christmas Carol, or come back moaning to be avenged,
like the ghost in Hamlet.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4

3087. (1)There are many ways to benefit from a weight-

lifting program. (2) Using light weights for many
repetitions builds muscle tone and protects against
injuries. (3) Using heavy weights for just a few
repetitions builds muscle mass and makes the body
stronger. (4) There are many gyms that provide
personal trainers.
(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2
(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4

3088. (1) C. S. Lewis is best known for his fantasy stories

called The Chronicles of Narnia. (2) Lewis lived in
Cambridge, England. (3) He was actually a prolific
author, however, and wrote a great many books. (4) He
was not limited to fantasy, but also wrote science
fiction, satire, and many other types of literature.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 370

(a) Sentence 1 (b) Sentence 2

(c) Sentence 3 (d) Sentence 4

Answer True or False.

3089. A paragraph is a sequence of words that cooperate in

supporting one main point. [True/False]
3090. The best paragraphs have three main parts: a topic
sentence, details and a conclusion [True] [False]
3091. A good paragraph has at least three detail sentences.
[True/False]
3092. Before you can write a topic sentence, you must decide
what you want to say and what you don't want to say
in your paragraph. [True/False]
3093. A topic sentence is always a complete sentence
expressing an idea about the limited topic. [True/False]
3094. A topic sentence contains the supporting ideas that
form the basis of a paragraph. [True/False]
3095. A topic sentence is not a title or an explanation of the
writer's plan. [True/False]
3096. The best way to demonstrate the importance of unity
in paragraph development is to show how the
intrusion of irrelevant information can disrupt our
understanding of a paragraph. [True/False]
3097. The more clearly a topic sentence focuses the reader's
attention on the points covered by the paragraph that
the writer wants to make, the better. [True/False]

GRAMMATICAL THEORIES
371 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 060 Introduction to Traditional Grammar

Agree or disagree with the following about Traditional

Grammar by indicating whether each statement is true or
false

3098. Traditional Grammar was based on the structural

analysis of Latin, Greek and Aramaic [True/False]
3099. The notion of parts of speech was a legacy bequeathed
to modern Grammar by Traditional Grammar
[True/False]
3100. Subject and predicate; present, past and future tenses
are legacies from Traditional Grammar [True/False]
3101. the notion case, exemplified by accusative, genitive
and ablative predate is the hallmark of Traditional
Grammar [True/False]
3102. Traditional Grammar gave priority to both the spoken
and the written form of the language under description
[True/False]
3103. Traditional Grammar is as descriptive as it is
prescriptive [True/False]
3104. One of the following is not true of Traditional
Grammar:
(a) The term is used to summarize the range of
methods found in the pre-linguistic era of
grammatical study.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 372

(b) It is concerned with the collection of prescriptive

rules and concepts about the structure of language
that is commonly taught in schools.
(c)Traditional English grammar was largely based on
Latin grammar and current linguistic research.
(d) it refers back to the Aristotelian orientations
towards the nature of language as seen in the works
of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
3105. The chief goal of traditional grammar is perpetuating a
model of what constitutes proper language [True/False]
3106. Traditional Grammarians are not linguists [True/False]
3107. One of the following is not a criticism of Traditional
Grammar:
(a) it rejects the facts that spoken form is prior to the
written form.
(b) It subscribes to the notion of varieties of language
according to regions
(c) It is bound to specific kinds of writing, the more
formal styles
(d) It gives a general conception of the nature of
language in essentially aesthetic terms
3108. One of the following is not true of Traditional
Grammar:
(a) It is diachronic (Historical) rather than synchronic in
its approach.
(b) It tries to enforce the rules of a dead language on a
living one.
(c) It enhances the development of the structure of a
language
373 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(d) It has been described as pre-scientific, prescriptive

and having a literary bias.
3109. One of the following is not true of Traditional
Grammar:
(a) Traditional Grammar uses meaning as the primary
tool of linguistic analysis.
(b) It sees each language as unique and describes it
independent of other languages.
(c). It does not recognise contemporary usage, neither
does it take cognisance of functional and social
varieties of Language.
(d) There are claims that it does not discern between all
linguistic level such as phonetics, morphology,
syntax and semantics.

Exercise 061 Introduction to Systemic Functional

Grammar

Agree or disagree with the following about Systemic

Grammar by indicating whether each statement is true
or false

3110. Systemic Functional Linguists posit that language use

is functional, semantic, contextual and semiotic
[True/False]
3111. Michael Halliday, a proponent of Systemic functional
grammar, in his analysis of the use of language, is very
concerned with the uses to which linguistic description
can be put. [True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 374

3112. According to him, grammar 'is functional in the sense

that it is designed to account for how the language is
used' [True/False]
3113. Function is seen by Systemic linguists as the
explanatory principle of language. [True/False]
3114. Linguists working in computational corpus analysis
tend to be oriented towards Halliday's approach to
language. [True/False]
3115. Michael Halliday believes that linguistics should be
concerned with the grammars internalised in the
human mind [True/False]
3116. Systemic linguists believe that the social uses of
language should be of serious academic interest and
they therefore concern themselves with the meaning
inherent in texts, discourse and communication.
[True/False]
3117. Systemic linguists see the concept of language as a set
of choices expressible as systems. [True/False]
3118. They believe that every text - that is, everything that is
said or written - unfolds in some context of use.
[True/False]
3119. Function is seen by Systemic linguists as the
explanatory principle of language. [True/False]
3120. There are four metafunctions in Systemic Functional
Grammar. [True/False]
3121. ‘Environmental’ is one of the metafunctions of
Systemic Grammar. [True/False]
3122. To the Systemic linguists, grammar is primarily
paradigmatic. [True/False]
375 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3123. Language as social semiotic (Halliday 1978) refers to

how people use language with each other in
accomplishing everyday social life [True/False]
3124. Systemic Linguists advance four main theoretical
claims about language:
(a) that language use is functional
(b) that its function is to make meanings
(c) that these meanings are influenced by the social and
cultural context in which they are exchanged
(d) that all users have competence in their language.
3125. Choose the inaccurate option
(a) The use of language in large and small groups for
the purpose of meeting socio-cultural needs is
referred to as the socio-semiotic function.
(b) The ability to construe experience in terms of what
is going on around us and inside us is the ideational
function.
(c) The ability to interact with the social world by
negotiating social roles and attitudes is the
interpersonal function.
(d) The need is to be able to create messages with
which we can package our meanings in terms of
what is New or Given, and in terms of what the
starting point for our message is the textual function.
3126. One of the following does not accurately describe any
of the three areas that the scope of language choice can
be broken into:
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 376

(a) Field refers to the actual experiences and content in

the text (ideational meaning)
(b) Tenor describes language use according to the
situated relationship of the author to the reader or
audience (interpersonal relationship).
(c) Mode explains how textual (spoken or written)
language is stitched together to arrive at a unified
whole.
(d) Genre refers to the content of a language
programme organised around the teaching of whole
texts or media in individual contexts.’

3127. One of the following does not accurately explain

Systemic Functional Grammar:
(a) A sentence is analysed using the acronyms S, P, C,
and A.
(b) S = NP + VP
(c) A sentence residue consists of Predicator,
Complement and Adjunct
(d) The predicator is present in all major clauses, except
those where it is displaced through ellipsis

3128. Identify the inaccurate statement:

(a) The theme normally occupies the initial position in
the clause structure
(b) When the Adjunct occupies the first position in the
clause it can be described as marked theme
(c) Theme can also be marked by intonation in speech
(d) A message consists of either a theme or a rheme.
377 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3129. One of the following options is incorrect:

(a) In a Mental Process, the Subject could be the Senser,
while the Object is the Phenomenon.
(b) The three types of Relational Process are intensive,
circumstantial and possessive.
(c) A material process involves an actor on one hand
and a goal on the other hand.
(d) Verbal process answers the question “What did you
do?” while Existential Process represents that
something exists or happens.

3130. Only one of the following is the most accurate

description of the English Mood system:

(a) indicative and imperative

(b) declarative and interrogative
(c) indicative and interrogative
(d) imperative and declarative

Exercise 062 Introduction to Transformational Generative

Grammar

Choose the correct option:

3131. Noam Chomsky, a major proponent of

Transformational Generative Grammar, is indifferent
to the social aspect of language, but M. A. K. Halliday
sees it as crucially important [True/False]
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 378

3132. Chomsky believes that linguistics should be concerned

with the grammars internalised in the human mind.
[True/False]
3133. He also posits that every normal human being is born
with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
[True/False]
3134. TG Grammarians subscribe to the notion that humans
are innately programmed with universal linguistic
principles which equips them to be able to learn any
language they are exposed to at birth [True/False]
3135. Transformational grammarians believe that the social
uses of language should be of serious academic interest
and they therefore concern themselves with the
meaning inherent in texts, discourse and
communication. [True/False]
3136. According to them, language is not essentially a
medium of communication; it is just something we are
born with. [True/ False]
3137. A phrase structure rule can best be described as:
(a) S = S – V – O – A.
(b) S = NP + VP
(c) S = S–C–O–A
3138. The operation of the Subject Auxiliary Inversion (SAI)
in TGG can be illustrated with one of the following
sentences:
(a) What is the name of your school?
(b) Lagos has been transformed by Mr Fashola
(c) Have you seen Monica today?
(d) Sherifat really loves ice cream.
379 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3139. One of the following is not an example of possible

transformations in TGG:
(a) Embedding
(b) Negation and deletion
(c) Passivisation
(d) Pluralisation
3140. One of the following is not a basic rule in
Transformational Generative Grammar:
(a) agreement or concord rule
(b) negative transformation rule
(c) substitution and deletion rules
(d) contextualisation rule
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 380

TEST 20: CYBER ENGLISH

Exercise 063 The Notion of Cyber English

Indicate whether the following statements are True or False.

3141. The English language has developed remarkably with
the Internet technology. [True/False]
3142. The Internet and its use could hamper the teaching and
learning of English in a second language environment.
[True/False]
3143. The net is really a system which links together a vast
number of computers and the people who use them.
[True/False]
3144. The Internet remains that New Age innovation that has
revolutionalised the storage, speed, exchange as well as
dissemination of information in virtually all fields of
the world via the World Wide Web (www) which
originated in 1989. [True/False]
3145. World Wide Web is that aspect of the Internet and also
the liquid pages of information filled with different
colourful graphics, texts, sounds, animations and
advertisements from different parts of the globe.
[True/False]
3146. When linking pages that have related information, it is
said that one is ‘surfing the Net’. [True/False]
3147. Internet English emerged over the past years as young
people tried to shorten written messages (words) on
381 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

the Internet and mobile phone, just to be informal and

save energy, time, space, and money. [True/False]
3148. New words and acronyms found their ways into
people’s language repertoire through cyber English,
thus enriching the English language. [True/False]
3149. As new words are being formed, the existing ones
continue to lose their meanings and gradually becomes
outdated. [True/False]
3150. The kind of ellipsis, acronyms, abbreviations,
colloquial language, slang, etc., used on Facebook, E-
mail, Yahoo Messenger, Skype, etc., can also be used in
academic writing. [True/False]

Below are some words that have taken on new meanings in

the world of the Internet. Give their original and new
meanings in the space provided.

Exercise 064 Cyber English Vocabulary

S/N Cyber Lexis Cyber Literal

Meaning Meaning
3151. MEMORY
3152. APPLICATION
3153. PROGRAM
3154. CURSOR
3155. KEYBOARD
3156. WEB
3157. VIRUS
3158. MOUSE
3159. FORUMS
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 382

3160. NET
3161. SCREEN
3162. MONITOR
3163. MOTHER BOARD
3164. CD
3165. HARD DRIVE
3166. SOCIAL
NETWORKING
3167. INFORMATION
3168. CHIPS
3169 BLACKBERRY
3170. COMPUTER
3171. HYPERTEXT
3172 E-
3173. DOWNLOAD
3174. OFFLINE
3175. SPAM
3176. CONNECTED
3177. MULTITASKING
3178. CRASHED-DOWN
3179. 404
3180. COPY AND PASTE
383 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Exercise 065 Cyber Acronyms

Supply the meanings of the following acronyms.

S/N Cyber Meanings

Acronyms
3181. MUD
3182. IRC
3183. HTTP
3184. HTML
3185. URL
3186. ISP
3187. BCC
3188. BBS
3189. FAQ
3190. DNS
3191. IP
3192. WCDMA
3193. GPRS
3194. WAP
3195. WiFi
3196. LAN
3197. WLAN
3198. PAN
3199. IM
3200. HSDPA
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 384

ANSWER KEYS

TEST 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Exercise 001 Definition and Characteristics of Language

1. C 12. False 23. False

2. C 13. True 24. False
3. D 14. True 25. False
4. D 15. False 26. A
5. True 16. False 27. A
6. True 17. False 28. E
7. False 18. True 29. E
8. True 19. False 30. E
9. False 20. True
10. True 21. True
11. True 22. False

Exercise 002 Levels of Language Description

31. True 42. False 53. True

32. True 43. True 54. True
33. True 44. True 55. False
34. True 45. True 56. False
35. True 46. False 57. False
36. False 47. False 58. True
37. False 48. True 59. True
38. False 49. True 60. False
39. True 50. False
40. False 51. True
41. True 52. False

Exercise 003 The Basic Properties of Language

61. D 62. D 63. A

385 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

64. C 70. C 76. A

65. B 71. B 77. C
66. D 72. C 78. A
67. A 73. C 79. B
68. C 74. B 80. C
69. B 75. A

Exercise 004 Functions of Language

81. D 88. D 95. B

82. D 89. A 96. C
83. D 90. B 97. B
84. A 91. D 98. A
85. B 92. A 99. False
86. C 93. A 100. True
87. A 94. B

Exercise 005 Functions of Language

101. D 117. D 133. B

102. A 118. C 134. D
103. B 119. A 135. A
104. A 120. A 136. D
105. C 121. A 137. A
106. D 122. C 138. A
107. B 123. D 139. B
108. A 124. D 140. B
109. B 125. B 141. B
110. B 126. B 142. A
111. C 127. B 143. D
112. C 128. C 144. B
113. D 129. A 145. D
114. D 130. D 146. D
115. A 131. A 147. C
116. C 132. A 148. C
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 386

149. C 154. C 159. D

150. A 155. B 160. C
151. B 156. A
152. D 157. A
153. A 158. D

Exercise 006 Branches of Linguistics

161. B 168. A 175. A

162. C 169. C 176. C
163. C 170. C 177. D
164. C 171. B 178. D
165. D 172. C 179. D
166. B 173. B 180. B
167. A 174. A

Exercise 007 The History of English Usage in Nigeria

181. True 188. True 195. True

182. False 189. True 196. False
183. True 190. True 197. True
184. True 191. True 198. False
185. True 192. True 199. False
186. False 193. False 200. True
187. True 194. False

Exercise 008 The Dictionary and its Use

201. True 208. False 215. True

202. True 209. True 216. False
203. False 210. True 217. False
204. False 211. False 218. False
205. True 212. True 219. True
206. True 213. True 220. False
207. False 214. True
387 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

TEST 2: BASIC LANGUAGE SKILLS

Exercise 009 Communication Skills

221. B 235. C 249. A

222. A 236. A 250. B
223. A 237. C 251. C
224. D 238. C 252. C
225. A 239. A 253. C
226. B 240. B 254. A
227. C 241. True 255. B
228. D 242. True 256. A
229. C 243. B 257. B
230. D 244. False 258. A
231. A 245. False 259. B
232. D 246. True 260. B
233. A 247. True
234. A 248. A

Exercise 010 Speaking Skills

261. C 274. B 286. Agree

262. True 275. B 287. Agree
263. C 276. C 288. Agree
264. B 277. Disagree 289. C
265. True 278. Agree 290. B
266. True 279. Disagree 291. A
267. A 280. Agree 292. A
268. D 281. Agree 293. A
269. True 282. Disagree 294. C
270. D 283. Agree 295. A
271. B 284. Agree 296. B
272. False 285. Agree 297. B
273. C 298. B
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 388

299. C 303. B 307. A

300. B 304. C 308. A
301. C 305. A
302. A 306. B

TEST 3: LEXICAL RELATION AND INTERSENTENCE

CONNECTION

Exercise 011 Lexical Relations

309. A 321. B 333. B

310. B 322. C 334. C
311. B 323. D 335. B
312. D 324. C 336. A
313. A 325. A 337. A
314. B 326. C 338. A
315. D 327. B 339. A
316. B 328. C 340. C
317. A 329. B 341. B
318. B 330. A 342. B
319. D 331. C 343. A
320. D 332. A

There are no answer keys for exercise 344 to 362.

Exercise 012 Synonyms

363. C 366. B 369. C

364. C 367. C
365. B 368. A

There are no answer keys for question 370 to 394.

395. B 397. C 399. C

396. C 398. A 400. C
389 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

401. B 412. C 422. D

402. B 413. A 423. D
403. A 414. B 424. C
404. A 415. A 425. B
405. A 416. B 426. B
406. A 417. C 427. D
407. C 418. A 428. A
408. B 419. A 429. B
409. A 420. B 430. D
410. A
411. C 421. B

431. A 438. A 445. D

432. D 439. A 446. C
433. D 440. A 447. D
434. A 441. A 448. C
435. True 442. A 449. C
436. A 443. D 450. C
437. A 444. D

There are no answers for questions 451 to 500.

Exercise 013 Homonym/Homophone

501. B 509. B 517. A

502. A 510. B 518. A
503. B 511. B 519. B
504. B 512. A 520. B
505. A 513. B 521. B
506. B 514. A 522. A
507. A 515. A
508. A 516. C
525. confidant
523. charted 526. conscientiousness
524. comprehensible 527. cents
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 390

528. coma 545. moat

529. complacent 546. marshal
530. bidding 547. may be
531. breadth 548. lien
532. broach 549. lightening
533. attendance 550. loan
534. bated 551. latter
535. baring 552. incidents
536. alter 553. indicted
537. all ways 554. ingenious
538. alley 555. inveighed
539. already 556. human
540. alluding 557. immunity
541. illusion 558. grisly
542. morale 559. horde
560. gambolled
543. adept 561. guerrilla
544. accent 562. foreword

Exercise 014 Hyponymy

563. True 567. D 571. False
564. True 568. C 572. C
565. False 569. True 573. B
566. True 570. True 574. A

575. Building: house, bungalow, rotunda

576. Move run, jog, sprint, trek,
577. Weapon: pistol, firearm, revolver
578. Person: uncle, relative, cousin.
579. Dog: beast, beagle, hound
580. Take: pilfer, steal,
581. Vehicle: station wagon, car, convertible, bus, van
582. Plant: shrub, tree, poppy, rhododendron, flower, marigold
583. Get: steal, borrow, embezzle, burgle, buy
584. Vocalize: sing, speak, croon, chat, yodel
391 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

585. Fabric: denim, worsted, cotton, muslin, tweed, wool

586. Locomote: amble, run, sprint, stroll, jog, walk
587. Pen: bic, biro, parker, fountain pen,
588. Green: Lemon, olive, army
589. Authors: Soyinka, Achebe, Ngugi Wa Thiong’O, Emecheta, Adiche
590. Building: factory, hospital, house, church,
591. Bathroom: sink, water cistern, shower, bidet, urinary
592. Sciences: physics, chemistry, botany, zoology
593. Aircraft: seaplane, biplane, helicopter, glider, fighter,
594. Books: novels, journals, anthology, manuals.
595. Musical instruments: Cymbal, drum, violin, samba, piano, sax
596. Red: Scarlet, vermilion, crimson, burgundy,
597. Grains: Wheat, soy, rice, guinea corn,
598. Boat: Paddle steamer, catamaran, container ship, boat, liner, ferry,
hovercraft
599. Homes: Terraced house, apartment building, chalet, duplex, row
house, cottage

Exercise 015 Collocation

600. True 611. False 622. False

601. True 612. True 623. True
602. True 613. True 624. True
603. True 614. False 625. B
604. True 615. False 626. D
605. True 616. False 627. B
606. False 617. True 628. C
607. D 618. True 629. B
608. C 619. True 630. A
609. C 620. True
610. True 621. True

Exercise 016 Grammatical Devices: Substitution

631. C 632. A 633. A

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 392

634. A 640. B 646. A

635. C 641. B 647. B
636. C 642. D 648. C
637. B 643. B 649. A
638. C 644. B 650. C
639. B 645. C
651. she 657. They/it 663. him/it
652. They/it 658. He/it 664. He/it/her
653. He or she/it 659. It 665. They/them
654. They/them 660. They/It 666. He/it/them
655. They/it 661. We/them 667. You/it/us
656. She/them 662. They/them 668. her/them/her

Exercise 017 Ellipsis, Substitution, and more

669. At that time, Tom was working in a restaurant at night, and was
going to school during the day.
670. Recently Fred has been listening to a lot of music, but has not been
reading much.
671. Before her accident, Martha had been swimming on Saturday
mornings, or running in the park.
672. Harry’s room has been cleaned and painted too.
673. Jill went to jail but her husband into the hospital.
674. Norah had cooked supper, and put on her new dress by the time her
boyfriend arrived.
675. Sometimes Fred sent his boss an email and sometimes phoned him.

676. B 682. A 688. Correct

677. B 683. D 689. Correct
678. D 684. B 690. Correct
679. C 685. B 691. Correct
680. C 686. Correct
681. C 687. Correct

Exercise 018 Conjunction

393 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

692. when 701. when 710. but

693. because 702. or
694. until 703. because 711. but
695. unless 704. Since 712. or
696. and 705. so 713. or
697. since 706. or 714. but
698. or 707. when 715. and
699. but 708. although 716. but
700. so 709. and 717. or

718. I don’t enjoy football, swimming and homework.

719. Shall we play tennis, read a book or watch TV?
720. Do you want to sit next to Peter, David or Sam?
721. We visited India, Japan and South Korea on our trip.
722. Mr. Carter likes classical music, pop music and jazz.
723. No one likes people who are rude, mean or cruel.
724. Dad has to make our breakfast, help us get dressed and take us to
school.
725. I phoned you this morning but you weren’t at home.
726. Take a pencil and draw a picture of your favourite animal.
727. We knocked at the door but nobody answered.
728. Do you want to play at my house or shall I bring my computer
games to your house?
729. We went to the supermarket but It was closed.
730. Take this milk and put it in the fridge.
731. We looked everywhere for the key but we couldn’t find it
732. Do you think he’ll catch the ball or will he drop it.
733. Is Susan the smartest student in the class or Is Nicole smarter?
734. Jim asked the teacher but she didn’t know the answer.

735. but 739. because 743. but

736. because 740. but 744. but
737. and 741. because 745. B
738. and 742. and 746. B
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 394

747. B 767. A 787. C

748. C 768. B 788. E
749. B 769. A 789. D
750. B 770. B 790. A
751. C 771. A 791. E
752. C 772. C 792. A
753. C 773. B 793. C
754. C 774. C 794. B
755. C 775. A 795. E
756. C 776. C 796. C
757. A 777. A 797. B
758. B 778. B 798. D
759. B 779. A 799. B
760. A 780. C 800. E
761. C 781. A 801. D
762. C 782. A 802. C
763. B 783. B 803. A
764. B 784. E
765. C 785. D
766. A 786. A

TEST 4: THE ENGLISH MORPHEME

Exercise 019 The Grammatical Rankscale

804. C 811. A 818. D

805. B 812. C 819. C
806. D 813. A 820. B
807. C 814. A 821. C
808. B 815. B 822. D
809. B 816. D 823. B
810. C 817. C

Exercise 020 Root and Stem

395 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

824. True 832. True 840. D

825. True 833. False 841. A
826. False 834. B 842. A
827. True 835. C 843. A
828. True 836. C 844. C
829. False 837. C
830. True 838. C
831. True 839. C
Exercise 021 Free and Bound Morpheme

845. False 852. False 859. A

846. True 853. True 860. B
847. False 854. True 861. B
848. True 855. True 862. B
849. False 856. B
850. True 857. A
851. True 858. D

Exercise 022 Inflectional and Derivational Morpheme

863. False 878. True 893. pinky

864. False 879. True 894. professionally
865. True 880. True 895. recreational
866. True 881. False 896. glorify
867. False 882. True 897. drunk
868. False 883. False 898. judiciary
869. False 884. True 899. institutional
870. True 885. False 900. anointed
871. True 886. True 901. involvement
872. False 887. False 902. instruction
873. True 888. True 903. modernize
874. True 889. True 904. piracy
875. False 890. False 905. rarity
876. True 891. slowly 906. warmth
877. True 892. plagiarize 907. carefully
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 396

908. catchy 917. finalize 925. C

909. growth 918. socialism 926. C
910. touchy 919. hypnotism 927. D
911. fantasize 920. chemistry 928. C
912. demonize 929. A
913. idolize 921. B 930. C
914. sympathize 922. A 931. B
915. commercialize 923. C
916. criticize 924. D

932. should Past

933. most Supl
934. neighbours' pl (+ poss)*
935. ourselves Pl
936. took Past
937. bringing Prsprt
938. used Pstprt
939. gathered Past
940. lying Prsprt
941. renewed Past
942. families Pl
943. returned Pstprt
944. somebody's Poss
945. brought Past
946. remember Pres
947. would Past
948. its Poss
949. judged Pstprt
950. chooses Pres

TEST 5: WORD FORMATION PROCESS IN ENGLISH

Exercise 023 Affixation

397 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

951. prefixation 954. B 958. C

952. infixation 955. D 959. D
953. suffixation 956. A
957. B

960. flight worth (root - -y -ness

(root - noun) + (adjectivalize (nominalizer)
noun) + r) +
961. chat (root -er (nominalizer) box (root -
- verb) + + noun)
962. own -er (nominalizer) occupy (root -en (past
(root - + - verb) + participle/adject
verb) + ivalizer)
963. free (root -dom love (root - -ing (present
- (nominalizer) + verb) + participle/adject
adjective) ivalizer)
+
964. hand -y (adjectivalizer) craft (root -
(root - + noun)
noun) +
965. break -en (past heart (root - -ed
(root - participle/adjecti noun) + (adjectivalizer)
verb) + valizer) +
966. safe (root -ty (nominalizer) test (root - -ed (past
- + verb) + participle/adject
adjective) ivalizer)
+
967. world -ly wise (root -
(root - (adjectivalizer) adjective)
noun) + +
968. anti - air (root - noun) craft (root -
(prefix) + noun)
+
969. machine read (root - verb) -able (suffix -
(root - + adjectivalizer
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 398

noun) + )
970. charter -ed (suffix - account (root -ant (suffix -
(root - adjectivalizer) + verb) + nominalizer)
noun) +

Exercise 024 Compounding

971. A 975. A 979. C

972. True 976. A 980. D
973. D 977. A 981. C
974. C 978. A 982. A

There are no answer keys for questions 983 to 1018.

Exercise 025 Conversion

1019. chaired 1024. peppered 1029. divorced

1020. e-mailed 1025. bedded 1030. fooled
1021. strike/struck 1026. shipped
1022. talked 1027. cupped
1023. salted 1028. dressed

Exercise 026 Reduplication

1031. A 1033. D 1035. D

1032. B 1034. D

Exercise 027 Backformation

1036. True 1039. A 1042. A

1037. False 1040. A
1038. False 1041. A

Exercise 028 Blending

399 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

Choose one of the 1045. A 1050. True

suggested options 1046. C 1051. False
to fill the blank. 1047. D 1052. A
1043. C 1048. A
1044. A 1049. A

Exercise 029 Clipping

1053. True 1057. A 1061. photo op

1054. False 1058. C 1062. sci-fi
1055. A 1059. B 1063. sitcom
1056. D 1060. pro-am

Exercise 030 Borrowing

1064. Hebrew 1067. Latin 1070. Latin

1065. French 1068. Arabic
1066. German 1069. Sanskrit

Exercise 031 Acronym/Alphabetism

1071. D 1074. A 1077. A

1072. D 1075. D 1078. D
1073. A 1076. C

There are no answer keys for questions 1079 to 1104.

1105 Blending
1106 amalgamated compound
1107 clipping, diminutive
1108 Clipping
1109 Blending
1110 Initialism
1111 Acronym
1112 back formation
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 400

1113 clipping, commonization

1114 blending, false morphological analysis
1115 Clipping
1116 back formation
1117 clipping, false morphological analysis (delicat/essen)
1118 Acronym
1119 back formation
1120 Clipping

TEST 6: NOUN, NOMINALISATION AND THE NOMINAL GROUP

Exercise 032 Nouns

1121. intense 1134. verb 1147. True

1122. applicable 1135. noun 1148. True
1123. careless 1136. verb 1149. True
1124. difficult 1137. noun 1150. True
1125. nominalize 1138. verb
1126. investigate 1139. verb 1151. D
1127. move 1140. noun 1152. B
1128. react 1141. A 1153. C
1129. refuse 1142. A 1154. B
1130. fail 1143. A 1155. B
1131. noun 1144. A 1156. D
1132. verb 1145. B
1133. noun 1146. C
1164. countable (C)
1157. countable (C) 1165. countable (C)
1158. uncountable (U) 1166. uncountable (U)
1159. uncountable (U)
1160. countable (C) 1167. countable (C)
1161. uncountable (U) 1168. countable (C)
1162. countable (C) 1169. countable (C)
1163. uncountable (U) 1170. uncountable (U)
401 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1171. countable (C) 1175. countable (C)

1172. uncountable (U) 1176. countable (C)
1173. countable (C)
1174. uncountable (U)
1177. station monkeys 1191. uncle.
1178. fish 1184. children 1192. brother
1179. car 1185. temple 1193. puppy.
1180. zoo 1186. car 1194. taxi
1181. baby 1187. father 1195. boys
1182. mother/ 1188. trophy 1196. clothes
kitchen 1189. camel
1183. nuts/ 1190. birds/meat

1197. Paris is the capital of France.

1198. William Shakespeare is a famous English author.
1199. ‘War and Peace' was written by Leo Tolstoy
1200. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge offer degree courses at
the highest level.
1201. John's two dogs are named Rover and Boxer.
1202. David will travel to France to do a degree course on the French
Revolution.
1203. Suez Canal joins the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
1204. Republic of Liberia is on the west coast of Africa.
1205. Mick Jagger is the lead singer of Rolling Stones.
1206. Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa.

1207. uncle / nephew 1216. author /emperor

1208. gentleman / stallions. 1217. bride/priestess
1209. son/ father. 1218. sister/waitress
1210. actor /prince 1219. bitch/milkmaid
1211. king / widower. 1220. hen/vixen
1212. manager / bachelor. 1221. maidservant/duchess
1213. tiger / hero. 1222. wife/conductress
1214. son-in-law /postmaster. 1223. postwoman/postmistress
1215. count / brother. 1224. lass/nun
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 402

1225. sultana/mare 1230. leadership

1226. mother-in-law/landlady 1231. neighbourhood
1227. childhood 1232. kingdom
1228. membership 1233. motherhood
1229. friendship 1234. manhood

Exercise 033 Rank Shifting

1235. True 1242. True 1248. C

1236. True 1243. True 1249. A
1237. True 1244. False 1250. B
1238. False 1245. D 1251. B
1239. True 1246. B 1252. A
1240. True 1246. C 1253. False
1241. True 1247. A

TEST 7: VERB, TENSE AND ASPECT

Exercise 034 Verbal Group Features

1254. is 1269. does 1284. A

1255. are 1270. does / do. 1285. A
1256. is 1271. do 1286. B
1257. are 1272. do 1287. A
1258. are. 1273. does 1288. B
1259. is 1274. hurts. 1289. A
1260. is 1275. play 1290. B
1261. are 1276. wants 1291. A
1262. are 1277. like 1292. A
1263. Is 1278. smokes. 1293. B
1264. Do 1279. cook 1294. C
1265. does / do. 1280. leaves 1295. B
1266. do 1281. washes 1296. B
1267. Does 1282. rides 1297. A
1268. do. 1283. swim 1298. D
403 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1299. C 1320. B 1341. A

1300. B 1321. B 1342. A
1301. B 1322. C 1343. C
1302. C 1323. A 1344. B
1303. B 1324. B 1345. B
1304. C 1325. B 1346. A
1305. D 1326. A 1347. B
1306. D 1327. B 1348. B
1307. C 1328. B 1349. B
1308. C 1329. B 1350. C
1309. C 1330. B 1351. C
1310. D 1331. B 1352. B
1311. D 1332. C 1353. C
1312. A 1333. B 1354. A
1313. C 1334. B 1355. B
1314. A 1335. A 1356. B
1315. D 1336. A 1357. C
1316. A 1337. B 1358. B
1317. B 1338. B 1359. C
1318. B 1339. A
1319. B 1340. B

Exercise 035 English Tense

1360. A 1371. D 1381. D

1361. B 1372. A 1382. C
1362. B 1373. C 1383. C
1363. A 1374. B 1384. A
1364. D 1385. B
1375. B
1365. B 1386. D
1376. B
1366. A 1387. A
1367. B 1377. A 1388. B
1368. C 1378. C 1389. D
1369. A 1379. D 1390. D
1370. C 1380. A 1391. B
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 404

1392. B 1398. D 1404. C

1393. C 1399. A 1405. A
1394. A 1400. B 1406. A
1395. D 1401. A 1407. A
1396. C 1402. D 1408. A
1397. B 1403. A 1409. C

TEST 8: ADJECTIVE, ADVERB AND PREPOSITION

Exercise 036 Adverbial Group Features

1410. D 1425. funny 1441. D

1411. A 1426. worst 1442. D
1412. A 1427. less 1443. D
1413. B 1428. the farthest 1444. A
1414. A 1429. my 1445. C
1415. C 1430. our 1446. B
1416. D 1431. her 1447. B
1417. A 1432. Their 1448. D
1418. D 1433. Your 1449. A
1419. strong 1434. His 1450. B
1420. prettier 1435. My 1451. A
1421. tall 1436. its 1452. D
1422. shallowest 1437. her 1453. C
1423. most 1438. Its 1454. C
interesting 1439. D 1455. A
1424. the best 1440. A 1456. B

Exercise 037 Applying Adverbs and Particles

1457. I often go to the pictures.

1458. I have never seen an elephant.
1459. She's always a good student.
1460. I usually do my homework.
1461. I sometimes forget my homework.
405 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1462. I can never open these milk cartons.

1463. It usually rains when I'm on holiday.
1464. I very often go away at weekends.
1465. Have you ever been to New York?
1466. She has always been friendly to me.

Exercise 038 Applying Adverbs and Prepositions

1467. of/with/on 1494. before/near

1468. of/to 1495. near
1469. along/to/by/at 1496. against/of
1470. into 1497. of/over
1471. at/of/in 1498. before
1472. for/with/towards 1499. between
1473. on 1500. against/under
1474. to/his 1501. by/in
1475. to/for/ Near/in 1502. at/back/in/for
1476. off/on 1503. at/for/on/of
1477. out/to/for 1504. on/on.
1478. near/on/without 1505. to/at
1479. with/into/on 1506. at/for
1480. of/from/on/to 1507. for/by
1481. from/towards/in 1508. to/in/by
1482. over 1509. in/from/to
1483. against/of 1510. off/in/on
1484. under 1511. to/of/of/ in
1485. near 1512. of/in
1486. between 1513. at/from/from
1487. among/of 1514. with/with/for
1488. before/of 1515. of/at/of
1489. before 1516. for/by/for/for.
1490. against 1517. at/in/of/on
1491. over 1518. on/at
1492. over/of 1519. at/in/at/with
1493. among 1520. for/in/for
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 406

1521. proud 1529. Honest

1522. heavy 1530. blind
1523. clumsy 1531. dark
1524. skinny 1532. angry
1525. brave 1533. eight
1526. narrow 1534. muddy
1527. wild 1535. little
1528. much.

1536. C 1548. B 1560. A

1537. A 1549. A 1561. A
1538. C 1550. C 1562. A
1539. A 1551. B 1563. A
1540. A 1552. B 1564. B
1541. C 1553. A 1565. A
1542. B 1554. C 1566. A
1543. A 1555. A 1567. A
1544. C 1556. B 1568. B
1545. C 1557. C 1569. A
1546. A 1558. D 1570. B
1547. C 1559. B

Exercise 039 More on Adjectives and Adverbs

1571. B 1581. a lot 1592. in/at.

1572. C 1582. Several of 1593. at /on.
1573. A 1583. A lot of 1594. in
1574. C 1584. much 1595. for/at
1575. C 1585. many 1596. for/in
1576. B 1586. A majority of 1597. for
1577. A 1587. Many 1598. for/in
1578. B 1588. A lot of 1599. near/
1579. C 1589. A lot of opposite
1580. A 1590. Several 1600. on
1591. to/on 1601. down/on
407 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1602. in/in 1615. with/down 1627. by/in

1603. into/on 1616. at/in front of 1628. to/around
1604. to/by 1617. between 1629. with/in
1605. to/in 1618. for 1630. in
1606. to/on 1619. Not 1631. D
1607. into/with necessary 1632. B
1608. of/over 1620. to 1633. C
1609. on/at/off 1621. with/for 1634. A
1610. for/for 1622. to 1635. B
1611. about 1623. in/about 1636. D
1612. to/at 1624. on/under/ 1637. A
1613. with/ with 1638. A
through 1625. of /by 1639. A
1614. in 1626. around

TEST 9: THE ENGLISH CLAUSE

Exercise 040 The Nature of the English Clause

1640. Agree 1644. Agree 1648. A
1641. Agree 1645. Agree 1649. D
1642. Agree 1646. Agree 1650. D
1643. Disagree 1647. D 1651. A

1652. It modifies the verb leaves

1653. It modifies the adverb more
1654. It serves as the object of the main-clause verb know.
1655. It describes the pronoun one.
1656. It describes the noun reason, and within the relative clause the
adverb why modifies the verb came.

1657. B 1662. B 1667. C

1658. A 1663. A 1668. B
1659. C 1664. C 1669. C
1660. A 1665. D 1670. A
1661. B 1666. A 1671. B
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 408

1672. C 1678. C 1684. B

1673. A 1679. B 1685. C
1674. B 1680. A 1686. B
1675. B 1681. B
1676. A 1682. C
1677. B 1683. A

Exercise 041 Types of Clause (Nominal, Relative, Adverbial and

Verbless Clauses)
1687. A 1695. B 1703. B
1688. B 1696. D 1704. D
1689. C 1697. D 1705. B
1690. C 1698. A 1706. B
1691. A 1699. A 1707. C
1692. B 1700. D 1708. B
1693. C 1701. C 1709. C
1694. A 1702. A

1710. adverbial clause

1711. adjectival clause
1712. Noun clause as object of the preposition
1713. noun clause as subject
1714. noun clause as object
1715. adjectival clause
1716. Noun clause as predicate nominate
1717. Adverbial clause
1718. Adverbial clause
1719. Noun clause as subject,

1720. D 1726. B 1732. E

1721. C 1727. A 1733. C
1722. B 1728. B 1734. D
1723. A 1729. C 1735. B
1724. C 1730. B
1725. C 1731. D
409 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1736. A 1744. C 1752. C

1737. C 1745. A 1753. B
1738. B 1746. C 1754. C
1739. C 1747. B 1755. A
1740. A 1748. A 1756. C
1741. B 1749. C 1757. B
1742. A 1750. B 1758. A
1743. A 1751. C 1759. C

1760. Restrictive 1765. Non-restrictive

1761. Non-restrictive 1766. Non-restrictive
1762. Non-restrictive 1767. Restrictive
1763. Restrictive 1768. Restrictive
1764. Non-restrictive 1769. Restrictive

Exercise 042 Dependent and Independent Clauses

1770. C 1787. C 1804. B

1771. B 1788. D 1805. D
1772. A 1789. B 1806. A
1773. B 1790. A 1807. C
1774. C 1791. C 1808. B
1775. A 1792. C 1809. A
1776. B 1793. B 1810. C
1777. C 1794. B 1811. B
1778. C 1795. C 1812. D
1779. D 1796. A 1813. A
1780. B 1797. B 1814. True
1781. C 1798. B 1815. False
1782. D 1799. A 1816. True
1783. A 1800. B 1817. True
1784. B 1801. A 1818. False
1785. B 1802. C 1819. True
1786. B 1803. C 1820. False
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 410

1821. True 1822. True 1823. False

1824. A cutting word is [MC] worse than a bowstring. A cut may heal
[MC], but the cut of the tongue does [MC] not.
1825. Ashes fly [MC] back into the face of him who throws [REL] them.
1826. He who is being carried [REL] does not realize [MC] how far the
town is [NOM].
1827. Quarrels end [MC] but words once spoken never die [MC].
1828. Send [ADV] a boy where he wants [NOM] to go and you see [MC]
his best pace.
1829. Smooth seas do not make [MC] skillful sailors.
1830. The lion does not turn [MC] around when a small dog barks
[ADV].
1831. Two birds disputed [MC] about a kernel, when a third swooped
[ADV] down and carried [ADV] it off.
1832. When a needle falls [ADV] into a deep well, many people will look
[MC] into the well, but few will be [MC] ready to go [INF] down
after it.
1833. He who learns [REL] teaches [MC].
1834. After three days without reading [PRT], talk becomes [MC]
flavourless.
1835. Even a hare will bite [MC] when it is [ADV] cornered.
1836. A good fortune may forbode [MC] a bad luck, which may in turn
disguise [REL] a good fortune.
1837. If you are [ADV] patient in a moment of anger, you will escape
[MC] a hundred days of sorrow.
1838. If you do not study [ADV] hard when young, you'll end up [MC]
up bewailing [PRT] your failures as you grow up [ADV].
1839. Learning is [MC] a treasure that will follow [REL] its owner
everywhere.
1840. Listen [MC] to all, plucking [PRT] a feather from every passing
goose, but follow [MC] no one absolutely.
1841. Make [MC] happy those who are [REL] near, and those who are
[REL] far will come [MC].
411 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1842. Only when all contribute [ADV] their firewood can they build
[MC] up a strong fire.
1843. To attract [INF] good fortune, spend [MC] a new coin on an old
friend, share [MC] an old pleasure with a new friend, and lift
[MC] up the heart of a true friend by writing [GER] his name on
the wings of a dragon.
1844. It is [MC] better to ask [INF] twice than to lose [INF] your way
once.
1845. He who builds [REL] according to every man's advice will have
[MC] a crooked house.
1846. Even a small star shines [MC] in the darkness.
1847. A slip of the foot may soon be [MC] recovered, but that of the
tongue perhaps never.
1848. Kind words don't wear out [MC] the tongue.
1849. Bad is [MC] never good until worse happens [ADV].
1850. Let [MC] deeds match [INF] words.
1851. Speaking silence is [MC] better than senseless speech.
1852. It is [MC] easy to sit [INF] at the helm in fine weather.
1853. A good plan today is [MC] better than a perfect plan tomorrow.
1854. A good conscience is [MC] a soft pillow.
1855. A single penny fairly got [PRT] is [MC] worth a thousand that are
[REL] not.
1856. All are [MC] not asleep who have [REL] their eyes shut.
1857. Be [MC] silent, or say [MC] something better than silence.
1858. Could everything be [ADV] done twice, everything would be [MC]
done better.
1859. If you would have [ADV] the lamp burn, you must pour [MC] oil
into it.
1860. Instead of complaining [PRT] that the rosebush is [NOM] full of
thorns, be [MC] happy that the thorn bush has [NOM] roses.
1861. It is [MC] better to turn [INF] back than go [INF] astray.
1862. It is [MC] not till the cow has lost [ADV] her tail, that she discovers
[NOM] its value.
1863. Small undertakings give [MC] great comfort.
1864. Admission by the defendant is [MC] worth a hundred witnesses.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 412

1865. Do not confine [MC] your children to your own learning, for they
were [ADV] born in another time.
1866. Happy is [MC] the generation where the great listen [REL] to the
small, for it follows [MC] that in such a generation the small will
listen [NOM] to the great.
1867. Opinions founded [PRT] on prejudice are always sustained [MC]
with the greatest violence.
1868. Promise [MC] little and do [MC] much.
1869. Rivalry of scholars advances [MC] wisdom.
1870. The kind man feeds [MC] his cat before sitting [PRT] down to
dinner.
1871. Whoever teaches [REL] his son teaches [MC] not only his son but
also his son's son, and so on to the end of generations.
1872. Who seeks [REL] more than he needs [ADV] hinders [MC] himself
from enjoying [GER] what he has [REL].
1873. Slander slays [MC] three persons: the speaker, the spoken to, and
the spoken

TEST 10: BASIC ENGLISH SENTENCE PATTERN

Exercise 043 Elements of the Sentence Structure
1874. False 1878. True 1882. True
1875. True 1879. False 1883. False
1876. False 1880. False
1877. True 1881. True

1884. The man who is sitting over there

1885. Nothing else
1886. That nothing else is good enough
1887. To eat six different kinds of vegetables a day
1888. Eating
1889. His constant hammering
1890. That he had travelled the world
1891. “I love you”
1892. To read
1893. Whom to hire
413 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

1894. smiled 1914. radio

1895. splashed 1915. him
1896. exploded 1916. her advice
1897. popped 1917. to eat
1898. is 1918. being there
1899. crunch 1919. that he was blond
1900. pants. 1920. why she had left
1901. appeared 1921. what she wanted me to do
1902. Have 1922. He
1903. is 1923. A gift
1904. a management 1924. yesterday morning
1905. ill. 1925. however
1906. chairman 1926. in a vase
1907. red 1927. with my homework
1908. blue 1928. Surprisingly
1909. President 1929. Eventually
1910. excited 1930. out
1911. grumpy 1931. in
1912. grumpy 1932. the hell
1913. that she is beautiful 1933. bloody well

1934. C 1938. B 1942. C

1935. C 1939. D 1943. B
1936. A 1940. C
1937. A 1941. C

Exercise 044 Subject and Predicate

1944. A 1950. B 1956. A

1945. B 1951. A 1957. B
1946. A 1952. B 1958. D
1947. B 1953. B 1959. C
1948. A 1954. A 1960. C
1949. B 1955. C 1961. B
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 414

1962. B 1973. SPC 1984. A

1963. D 1974. SPOC 1985. D
1964. SPOA 1975. SPC 1986. C
1965. SPA 1976. SPO 1987. C
1966. SPC 1977. SPO 1988. A
1967. SPA 1978. SPCA 1989. C
1968. SPCA 1979. SPC 1990. A
1969. SPC 1980. SPCA 1991. B
1970. SPOA 1981. SPO 1992. A
1971. SPC 1982. SPOO 1993. A
1972. SPC 1983. SPCA

There are no answer keys for exercise 1994 to 2003.

TEST 11: THE ENGLISH NON-SIMPLE SENTENCE

Exercise 045 Sentence Types

2004. C 2021. A 2038. D

2005. A 2022. A 2039. B
2006. D 2023. A 2040. C
2007. C 2024. B 2041. A
2008. B 2025. A 2042. D
2009. A 2026. B 2043. C
2010. A 2027. C 2044. B
2011. B 2028. B 2045. C
2012. C 2029. C 2046. A
2013. D 2030. A 2047. D
2014. C 2031. A 2048. B
2015. D 2032. C 2049. D
2016. A 2033. A 2050. B
2017. C 2034. D 2051. C
2018. B 2035. B 2052. C
2019. C 2036. B 2053. C
2020. B 2037. D 2054. B
415 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2055. C 2070. A 2085. C

2056. B 2071. C 2086. D
2057. C 2072. B 2087. B
2058. B 2073. B 2088. A
2059. B 2074. C 2089. B
2060. C 2075. D 2090. A
2061. C 2076. A 2091. D
2062. C 2077. B 2092. C
2063. A 2078. B 2093. D
2064. B 2079. B 2094. A
2065. B 2080. A 2095. D
2066. A 2081. C 2096. A
2067. C 2082. A 2097. B
2068. C 2083. A 2098. D
2069. B 2084. C

2099. compound 2109. Complex

2100. co-ordinating 2110. Compound
conjunctions 2111. Complex
2112. Compound
2101. complex sentence
2113. Complex-Compound
2102. dependent markers
2114. Complex-Compound
2103. compound-complex
2115. Compound
2104. simple
2116. Compound
2117. Compound
2105. Complex
2118. Compound
2106. Complex
2119. Compound
2107. Complex
2120. Complex-Compound
2108. Compound

2121. It rained for three days, so the streets in my neighbourhood

flooded.
2122. I got to ball practice late for I forgot to set my alarm.
2123. Kyle completed his homework and he put it in his binder.
2124. Luke mowed the lawn and he earned ten dollars.
2125. I stayed up late last night so I am tired today.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 416

2126. Neil doesn't like seafood, nor does he like cabbage.

2127. My pencil was broken so I borrowed one from Jake.
2128. I like apples, but I like pears more.
2129. Eight people got into the elevator, but it was crowded, so three
people got off.
2130. Georgia gathered the pictures so she could arrange them in a
special album for her family.

TEST 12: THE ENGLISH MINOR SENTENCE

Exercise 046 Minor Sentence

2131. D 2154. C 2177. A

2132. C 2155. B 2178. B
2133. C 2156. C 2179. A
2134. A 2157. D 2180. B
2135. C 2158. C 2181. B
2136. A 2159. C 2182. C
2137. B 2160. Complete 2183. A
2138. D 2161. Fragment 2184. A
2139. A 2162. Complete 2185. B
2140. B 2163. Fragment 2186. C
2141. A 2164. Complete 2187. B
2142. B 2165. Fragment 2188. B
2143. C 2166. Complete 2189. B
2144 True 2167. Fragment 2190. B
2145. True 2168. Complete 2191. C
2146. False 2169. Complete 2192. C
2147. True 2170. B 2193. B
2148. False 2171. C 2194. C
2149. D 2172. B 2195. A
2150. A 2173. B 2196. C
2151. B 2174. B 2197. B
2152. C 2175. C 2198. A
2153. C 2176. C
417 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2199. B 2206. C 2213. E

2200. A 2207. B 2214. C
2201. C 2208. C 2215. B
2202. C 2209. B 2216. A
2203. B 2210. B 2217. A
2204. A 2211. C 2218. A
2205. B 2212. D 2219. E

TEST 13: COORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION

Exercise 047 Syndetic and Asyndetic Coordination

2220. False 2228. True 2236. B

2221. False 2229. A 2237. B
2222. True 2230. C 2238. A
2223. True 2231. B 2239. B
2224. True 2232. B 2240. B
2225. True 2233. B 2241. B
2226. False 2234. B 2242. A
2227. True 2235. A 2243. A

2244. He looked at them sadly and reproachfully. (syndetic)

2245. Hit my wife, get out of here. (asyndetic)
2246. The boys went to Ilorin; the girls went to Ibadan (asyndectic)
2247. He served the food but did not eat with them (syndetic)
2248. You can go home now or do the dishes (syndetic)
2249. The fishes are either asleep or the whale is wandering about
(syndetic)
2250. The children love their father but he doesn’t love them(syndetic)
2251. The woman can sing; her husband can dance (asyndectic)
2252. Slowly, stealthily, the boys followed the old woman (asyndectic)

Exercise 048 Coordination and Subordination

2253. C 2255. B 2257. C

2254. B 2256. D 2258. C
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 418

2259. B 2264. D 2269. D

2260. C 2265. A 2270. A
2261. A 2266. D 2271. C
2262. A 2267. C 2272. C
2263. B 2268. D

2273. Plans for renovating downtown into an upscale shopping center

were finalized; therefore (or consequently) discussions began on
budgeting city funds for the project.
2274. The nearest supermarket started to carry produce and spices that
specifically matched the diets of many people in the community;
nevertheless (or however), shoppers continued to be lured to the
big-box store out on the highway.
2275. The main office has cut our printing and copying budget; therefore
(or consequently), we will need to rely more heavily on e-mail,
Skype, and instant messaging.
2276. The professor suspected that the student was plagiarizing on the
final paper; in fact (or indeed), the student may have been
plagiarizing since the beginning of the semester.
2277. Please respond to this e-mail at your earliest convenience, so that I
can get started here; furthermore (or in addition or moreover),
include your notes as an attachment.

2278. I had to hand the project over to Max, because you didn’t respond
to any of my e-mails. (Also, “Since you didn’t respond to any of
my e-mails, I had to hand the project over to Max.”)
2279. If (or Unless) another candidate with more qualifications applies in
the next forty-eight hours, you should get the position without
any difficulties.
2280. Although (or Even though) Viktor had prepared and practiced for
the presentation thoroughly, the projector died and the
presentation was not successful.
2281. If you keep calling our customers from last year, you will
make your sales quota.
419 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2282. Whenever the instructor copies his lesson directly from the
textbook, the students lose interest and doze off.

2283. I want to get more soda because it’s hard to eat popcorn without it.
2284. He enjoys walking through the country as a result, He often goes
backpacking on his vacations.
2285. I was so tired all day today because I stayed up all night studying
for my Maths exam
2286. Although Westlife is a great band, they only put out one album
2287. Except Paul is dating someone, Paul and Kate always go to movies
together.
2288. He often watched TV while she preferred to read instead.
2289. I didn’t know which job I wanted so I decided to wait to choose.
2290. The president failed to explain the cause of the crises and he did
not offer any solutions.

2291. E 2309. unless 2321. A

2292. A 2310. Unless 2322. B
2293. A 2323. D
2294. B 2324. C
2295. C 2325. D
2296. E 2326. C
2297. A Exercise 049 2327. B
2298. D Subordination and 2328. A
2299. D Coordination 2329. A
2300. D 2330. B
2311. D
2301. as long as 2312. D 2331. C
2302. unless 2313. B 2332. C
2303. provided 2314. B 2333. C
2304. as long as 2315. A 2334. A
2305. unless 2316. C 2335. B
2306. unless 2317. B 2336. A
2307. provided 2318. A 2337. C
2308. Unless 2319. A 2338. C
2320. C 2339. A
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 420

2340. C 2375. B 2409. C

2341. A 2376. A 2410. A
2342. A 2377. A 2411. B
2343. B 2378. C 2412. A
2344. A 2379. B 2413. B
2345. A 2380. A 2414. C
2346. A 2381. A 2415. A
2347. A 2382. A 2416. B
2348. A 2383. C 2417. B
2349. A 2384. A 2418. C
2350. C 2385. B 2419. C
2351. B 2386. B 2420. A
2352. B 2387. C 2421. as if
2353. A 2388. A 2422. since
2354. B 2389. C 2423. 'as
2355. C 2390. C 2424. so that
2356. A 2391. A 2425. because
2357. A 2392. A 2426. that
2358. B 2393. B 2427. whereas
2359. C 2394. B 2428. since
2360. B 2395. B 2429. Even if
2361. B 2396. B 2430. because
2362. B 2397. B 2431. because
2363. C 2398. A 2432. and
2364. B 2399. B 2433. before.
2365. C 2400. B 2434. so
2366. B 2401. B 2435. although
2367. C 2402. A 2436. if
2368. B 2403. C 2437. As well
2369. C 2404. C 2438. even
2370. B 2405. B 2439. like
2371. C 2406. C 2440. only.
2372. A 2407. B 2441. but.
2373. C 2408. A 2442. so
2374. B 2443. so
421 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2444. but 2447. because

2445. so 2448. and
2446. however

TEST 14 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Exercise 050 Reporting in English

2449. C 2454. D 2459. D

2450. C 2455. C 2460. C
2451. D 2456. B 2461. B
2452. C 2457. A 2462. A
2453. B 2458. A 2463. C

2464. He said that he had eaten his lunch.

2465. She said that she was doing a degree at the university.
2466. The teacher told the class to pay attention.
2467. My mother told/asked me to buy some bananas.
2468. My father told me not to waste my money.
2469. She asked me where the hospital was.
2470. My friend asked me not to be late the next day.
2471. He asked me when the train would arrive.
2472. His teacher told him to try to do it by himself.
2473. She asked me what my favourite online games were.
2474. "Put it here." - He told me to put it there
2475. "What do you do?" - She wondered what I did
2476. "Do you want it?" - Joe asked me if I wanted it / whether I wanted
it.
2477. "Don't forget!"- He reminded me not to forget
2478. "Where did you live?" - He wanted to know where I lived.
2479. "Park your car behind the house, please." - He asked me to park my
car behind the house
2480. "Do not hesitate." - He told me not to hesitate

2481. She asked him what he wanted.

 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 422

2482. He asked me if I was coming/going with them.

2483. He enquired when I/he/she intended to make the payment.
2484. The prince asked the girl if she came from China.
2485. The poor man exclaimed whether none of them would help him.
2486. The little girl asked which way she should go.
2487. Alladin asked the magician what he had done to deserve so severe
a punishment.
2488. I asked her whether she did not know the way home.
2489. The teacher asked the student if he/she wrote a good hand.
2490. The judge finally asked whether he/she had anything to say on
behalf of the accused.
2491. Ulysses asked the little bird whether it had anything to tell him.
2492. They asked who he was and what he wanted.
2493. The king was impressed with the magician and asked what he
could do for him.
2494. She asked him what was it that made him stronger and braver than
other men.
2495. He asked me if I could solve that problem.
2496. She asked me what I thought of the college.
2497. Keith promised that he would call later that night.
2498. The boy denied breaking the window
2499. She suggested that I come that evening.
2500. He said that she looked really tired.
2501. The teacher told me to do my homework that night.
2502. He wanted to know what my name was.
2503. Daddy Ude asked his son about his school and what he learnt in
the school that day. He asked whether his teachers were nice to
him and if he was a good boy too. He then asked if he was given
any assignment. He however said that if he brought home any
assignment, he should take it to his mum since he had nothing to
do with assignments. He claimed to be only interested in his son
becoming a big highly placed lawyer in future.
2504. Pauline said she wanted her mum to know that she hoped to marry
Nath, a guy she was sure her mum knew. She revealed that she
had delayed her announcement because she did not want her
423 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

mum and dad to discourage her. She admitted that she knew her
parents considered Nath a tout, but she questioned them on what
was wrong in a tout marrying the daughter of an ambassador.
2505. ‘One of the first things you can do,’ advises the U.S National
Dissemination Centre for Children with Disabilities, ‘is to collect
information --- information about your child’s disability, about the
services that are available and about the specific things you can do
to help your child develop to the fullest extent possible.

TEST 15: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSFORMATION

Exercise 051 Active and Passive Sentences

2506. C 2520. True 2533. B

2507. B 2521. True 2534. B
2508. A 2522. True 2535. C
2509. A 2523. True 2536. A
2510. C 2524. True 2537. C
2511. B 2525. True 2538. D
2512. C 2526. True 2539. B
2513. B 2527. C 2540. D
2514. True 2527. D 2541. D
2515. True 2528. D 2542. B
2516. False 2529. C 2543. D
2517. B 2530. A 2544. A
2518. C 2531. D 2545. C
2519. True 2532. A

2546. active voice 2552. passive voice

2547. passive voice 2553. passive voice
2548. passive voice 2554. passive voice
2549. active voice 2555. passive voice
2550. passive voice 2556. passive voice
2551. passive voice 2557. active voice
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 424

2558. active voice 2562. active voice

2559. passive voice 2563. passive voice
2560. Active voice 2564. active voice
2561. passive voice 2565. passive voice

TEST 16: AGREEMENT IN ENGLISH

Exercise 052 Subject-verb Concord questions

2566. C 2592. D 2618. D

2567. D 2593. B 2619. A
2568. B 2594. A 2620. C
2569. A 2595. B 2621. C
2570. D 2596. B 2622. C
2571. nearer to it 2597. A 2623. A
2572. meaning 2598. B 2624. B
2573. True 2599. B 2625. A
2574. False 2600. A 2626. D
2575. True 2601. B 2627. C
2576. A 2602. A 2628. D
2577. C 2603. A 2629. B
2578. C 2604. B 2630. C
2579. D 2605. B 2631. C
2580. D 2606. A 2632. D
2581. B 2607. C 2633. B
2582. A 2608. B 2634. C
2583. D 2609. B 2635. C
2584. B 2610. A 2636. A
2585. C 2611. D 2637. C
2586. A 2612. C 2638. D
2587. C 2613. B 2639. B
2588. A 2614. B 2640. C
2589. C 2615. C 2641. D
2590. C 2616. B 2642. D
2591. A 2617. C 2643. B
425 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2644. C 2649. D 2654. B

2645. C 2650. D 2655. C
2646. D 2651. D 2656. C
2647. D 2652. D
2648. C 2653. D

2657. There have to be concord between subject and verb. (has)

2658. Three quarters of a ton of coal is sufficient
2659. Adjuncts are different; some of these denotes manner. (denote)
2660. There is a new series of films on Danish television at the moment
2661. One have to use inversion in these sentences. (has)
2662. The minutes of the last meeting were read. (was)
2663. There is a lot of opportunities for young people these days
2664. The committee are discussing his proposal (is)
2665. An investigation have shown that obesity may be caused by a
sedentary life style (has)
2666. Some sees adoption as problematic for China, especially since ...
(see)
2667. The language use here and elsewhere in his novels are very poetic.
(is)
2668. There's still a great deal of prejudice against direct marketing
2669. Adoption of Chinese children have increased a lot during the past
10 years. (has)
2670. One last thing that have an influence on the market are the new
loans.(has)
2671. Luxury goods are in demand these days
2672. The police suspects two Lithuanian tourists
2673. These loans was introduced in the 1990s. (were)
2674. The Irish have just said no to the EU treaty
2675. Housing prices has increased drastically. (have)
2676. Sales has risen to £1.5 a year
2677. There is two bottles of wine left (are)
2678. Why they chose these initiatives are difficult to say. (is)
2679. Your advise was useful to me (advice)
2680. Employment figures has increased. (have)
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 426

2681. There is no means of finding out what happened

2682. Everybody want to come to his party (wants)

2683. B 2705. walks 2727. is

2684. B 2706. is 2728. sings
2685. B 2707. knows 2729. is
2686. B 2708. is 2730. has
2687. B 2709. is 2731. have
2688. A 2710. is 2732. is
2689. B 2711. are 2733. are
2690. B 2712. are 2734. are
2691. B 2713. are 2735. have
2692. B 2714. runs 2736. is
2693. B 2715. decides 2737. is
2694. B 2716. has 2738. are
2695. A 2717. have 2739. is
2696. B 2718. is 2740. is
2697. are 2719. are 2741. is
2698. is 2720. is 2742. is
2699. run 2721. is 2743. are
2700. runs 2722. is 2744. determines
2701. is 2723. is 2745. is
2702. are 2724. go 2746. were
2703. is 2725. is
2704. is 2726. are

TEST 17: MECHANICS 1: SPELLING

Exercise 053 Spelling

2747. B 2751. A 2755. B

2748. C 2752. B 2756. B
2749. A 2753. A
2750. B 2754. B
427 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2757. hazards/diseases/deficiency /vaccines/dysentery.

2758. embroidery/ consciousness /pinnacle/allegiance
2759. February/millennium/arraigned/lieutenant/corporal/
sergeant/colonel
2760. Catastrophe/asterisk/comma/apostrophe
2761. Excessive/jewellery/masquerade
2762. eccentric/idiosyncrasies/juggernauts
2763. aberration/ accumulated
2764. calendar/ illegitimate/augment
2765. Peugeot/ embarrassed/ covenant
2766. harass/questioner
2767. Illusion/diarrhoea/veterinary/dissection/scissors.
2768. anointing/ proof/charismatic/exercise /covetousness/ grievous
2769. Mississippi/Mediterranean/hippopotamus/hamburger /guarantee
2770.Throttle/acceleration/chassis/upholstery/carburettor/valves/tires/ign
ition/rear axles/fender bumper
2771. Protein/carbohydrate/iron/ calcium.
2772. grammar / eliminate / vocabulary/ enable.
2773. resuscitate/disciplinary / misdemeanour.
2774. diseases /vaccines/ dysentery.
2775. Mischievous / occasions/accommodation
2776. acquaintances / her queuing /foreword
2777. Lighting/ postponing / cancelled.

2778. Absence (correct) 2789. stopping (correct)

2779. Accommodate 2790. apparent
2780. achieve 2791. conscious (correct)
2781. conscience (correct) 2792. bracelet
2782. ricochet 2793. allotted
2783. business (correct) 2794. schlock (correct)
2784. transferred 2795. schizoid (correct)
2785. quizzed 2796. schizophrenic
2786. rambunctious 2797. torpid
2787. salacious 2798. zeugma
2788. placebo 2799. zodiac (correct)
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 428

2800. whirligi 2826. receive

2801. wanderlust 2827. separate
2802. chancellery (correct) 2828. privilege
2803. castellated 2829. prejudice
2804. catatonic 2830. grammar
2805. derisory 2831. accommodate
2806. deference, difference 2832. barbarous
2807. haemophilia 2833. athlete
2808. Municipal 2834. precede
2809. Cemetery 2835. harass
2810. Indispensible 2836. argument
2811. occurrence 2837. repetition
2812. villain 2838. definitely
2813. exhilarate 2839. exagerate
2814. irresistible 2840. achievement
2815. consensus 2841. vacuum
2816. commitment 2842. embarrass
2817. pronunciation 2843. allotted
2818. illiterate 2844. apparent
2819. liaison 2845. siege
2820. development 2846. yield
2821. occasion 2847. delicious
2822. desirable 2848. witness
2823. nickel 2849. continuous
2824. a lot 2850. separate
2825. referring 2851. gradable

2852. D 2860. B 2868. C

2853. B 2861. D 2869. A
2854. B 2862. A 2870. D
2855. C 2863. D 2871. A
2856. A 2864. C 2872. B
2857. A 2865. B 2873. D
2858. A 2866. D 2874. B
2859. D 2867. A 2875. A
429 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2876. A 2878. B 2880. D

2877. A 2879. C 2881. A

2882. B 2887. E 2892. A

2883. C 2888. D 2893. D
2884. D 2889. A 2894. A
2885. D 2890. C 2895. D
2886. B 2891. D

TEST 18: PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALISATION

Exercise 054 Punctuation and Capitalisation

2896. Have you got your copy of Dr Johnson’s new book, Writing for
Impact?
2897. Please don’t get us into trouble.
2898. If this pen isn’t yours, then whose is it?
2899. There’s no room for their dog.
2900. It’s a depressing day. It’s cold and the sky’s overcast.
2901. You’re Ijaw, aren’t you?
2902. James’ mother doesn’t approve of his new girlfriend.
2903. Biodun attended a girl’s school in the early 80’s.
2904. Ours is a close relationship.
2905. It’s not nice to jilt a girl.

2906. “Wow!” said Mr Kuta, “This child is really brilliant!”

2907. “What do you want from me?” demanded the lady.
2908. He said many Nigerians love certificates but hate education.
2909. “Oh no, Mr President!” said Mrs. Audu
2910. Rev. Musa asked James why he was fishing on a Sunday. “I’m not
fishing,” protested the boy. “I’m just teaching my worm to swim.”

2911. Dr. Goldberger travelled through the Southern part of

pennsylvania to get to the conference on victorian poetry .
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 430

2912. Many of the students in the introduction to Microcomputers

course at the university of hartford last fall preferred using
macintosh Computers rather than the pc's provided in the Lab.
2913. My favourite uncle, my Father's brother, wrote a famous book on
the role of buddha in Herman Hesse's novel siddhartha.
2914. "Wait," He said, "Until the Huskies have won a few games."
2915. The secretary of the Society of Concerned Students wrote to the
Ambassador of south Africa.
2916. On the fourth of July, we celebrate the war of Independence; on
labor Day, we celebrate the contributions of Organized Labour to
American life.
2917. My mother asked Mayor Pete a question about scandinavian
immigration.
2918. I'll never forget reading the Last Of The Mohicans when I was in
Mrs. Turveydrop's high school English class.
2919. tunde somehow managed to get an A in his Physics course, but he
failed History 104.
2920. I think that lake Superior is the largest and the most Northern of
the great lakes.
2921. Clerihew is a classical studies major, but his favourite course is in
french history .
2922. News of the grant was announced by President Chauncey Bedouin,
who used to be president of Breadwidth university.
2923. Tara played baseball until he came down with Measles.
2924. Last spring, sometime in late March, I believe, Kenny heard that he
had been awarded a Fulbright fellowship.
2925. Tola earned a master's degree in business before she went on for a
Ph.D. in Economics.

2926. My sister is called Susan she was born in May.

2927. Friday is my favourite day of the week.
2928. When is Fred going to play baseball?
2929. We went to New York to do some shopping.
2930. I live in John Street in Norwich England.
431 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2931. Isn’t it surprising that foreign students don't have more trouble
with our language.
2932. How can they cope with all our inconsistencies?
2933. Much of our spelling is inconsistent; much of our pronunciation is
too.
2934. Note the pronunciation of the following words: rough, cough,
through, dough and bough.
2935. They all end in ‘ough’ however the pronunciation of each is
different.
2936. And look at these words: bird curd heard herd stirred word
2937. They all end with the same sound nevertheless; the sound is
spelled differently in each word.
2938. In 1906 Theodore Roosevelt wrote the government printing office
requesting them to use simplified spelling in all government
publications congress however passed a resolution forbidding any
departure from standard spelling.
2939. George Bernard Shaw left a large share of his estate to promote
simplified spelling the British court broke his will on the grounds
of impracticality.
2940. The Chicago tribune tried for years to spell many words simply it
finally was forced to give up the battle.
2941. My aunt is planning to visit us but uncle Clark can't come.
2942. How many nations are members of the United Nations.
2943. He complained that the Democratic Party wasn't really democratic.
2944. We loved to go down to the river when we were children although
we didn't even know its name was the Niger River.
2945. On the day after Labor Day children go back to school.
2946. I turned west, when I should have turned east.
2947. I’m taking history 101, English 100, French 200, and psychology
309.
2948. I like history and English but I find French and psychology
difficult.
2949. During my high school days, I spent a lot of time on athletics and
later won a letter in baseball from Abuja University.
2950. I subscribe to Newsweek and sports illustrated.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 432

2951. I have never before had a professor who makes things as clear as
does professor Makinde.
2952. The grace Anglican Church is one of the most beautiful church
buildings in the city.
2953. I’m taking math English psychology and art history.
2954. She went to college in the south and then went to a graduate school
in the east.
2955. I bought some bonds of central east Public Service Company
because I think it's a good company.
2956. The Woolworth building is one of the tallest buildings in the city.
2957. A college president has a tough job today, according to President
Jonathan.
2958. All of the senators listened to the explanation by Senator Mubarak.
2959. I think dad is coming to the play and perhaps my cousin and my
sister will come too.
2960. He celebrated on the fourth of July but had to get back to work on
the fifth.

2961. My aunt is planning to visit us, but uncle Seye can't come.
2962. How many nations are members of the Africa Union?
2963. He complained that the Democratic Party wasn't really democratic.
2964. We loved to go down to the river when we were children although
we didn't even know it was the Osun River.
2965. On the day after Labour Day, workers go back to work.
2966. I turned West, when I should have turned East.
2967. I'm taking HIS 101, EGL 101, FRE 201, and PSY 309.
2968. I like History and English, but I find French and Psychology
difficult.
2969. During my high school days, I spent a lot of time on athletics and
later won a letter in baseball from Lead University.
2970. I have never before had a professor, who makes things as clear as
does Professor Ijiwoye.
2971. The National Art Theatre in Lagos State is one of the most beautiful
buildings in Nigeria.
2972. I'm taking Mathematics, English, Psychology, and History.
433 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

2973. She went to college in the South, and then went to a graduate
school in the East.
2974. The former Cocoa House is the tallest building in Ibadan.
2975. He celebrated on the fourth of July, but had to get back to work on
the fifth.

2976. B 2989. D 3002. A

2977. A 2990. B 3003. C
2978. D 2991. A 3004. D
2979. D 2992. A 3005. B
2980. C 2993. C 3006. B, C, D
2981. C 2994. A 3007. B
2982. D 2995. D 3008. B
2983. A 2996. B 3009. D
2984. C 2997. B 3010. C
2985. A 2998. A 3011. B
2986. A 2999. C 3012. C, C
2987. A 3000. A 3013. B
2988. C 3001. D

3014. The three largest earthquakes occurred in San Francisco, Tokyo,

and Lima.
3015. According to Dr. D. Simpson [1986], a biologist at the Harvard
Medical School, "Only 30,000 rads are needed for interphase death
to occur in yeast cells."
3016. The synergistic reactor contains a chamber in which the exhaust
from the burning coal mixes with limestone, as discussed in
Appendix A.
3017. The synergistic reactor contains a chamber in which the exhaust
from the burning coal mixes with limestone--see Appendix A.
3018. The synergistic reactor contains a chamber in which the exhaust
from the burning coal mixes with limestone (see Appendix A).
3019. The absorption A is calculated by A = 1 - kR, where k is the
correction factor and R is the measured reflectance.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 434

3020. Dynamite was lavishly used, and many of San Francisco's proudest
structures were crumbled by man himself into ruins, but there was
no withstanding the onrush of the flames.
3021. Lila, who lives in a trailer with a parakeet and some scrappy dogs
and cats, has been the town fire warden for almost 30 years.
3022. The woman is wearing golden stretch pants, green eyelids, and a
hiveshaped head of hair that looks both in color and texture
exactly like 25-cents worth of cotton candy.
3023. Hurling, which has been the national sport of Ireland since
legendary times, is to American eyes like a soccer game played at
ice-hockey speed.
3024. While on maneuvers in South Carolina, Billy Pilgrim played hymns
he knew from childhood.
3025. Guiding the ball through the upper chutes, down a runover lane,
off the slingshot bumpers to the flippers, I cradled it there,
bouncing it back and forth until I had a perfect shot through the
lighted spinner.
3026. The train, its metal wheels squealing as they spin along the silver
tracks, rolls more slowly now

TEST 19: PARAGRAPHS AND GRAMMATICAL THEORIES

PARAGRAPHS
Exercise 055 Paragraph and paragraphing

Some of the linkers in the paragraph are

(3027) but, (3028) in spite of, (3029) such as, (3030) when,
(3031) because
The functions they perform in the paragraph are:
3027. But is a linker that speaks of the contrast of beauty and strength
between animals and the human body.
3028. In spite of is also a linker that contrasts the strength of the human
body with its weaknesses.
3029. Such as is a linker that illustrates the weaknesses of human body
by naming them.
435 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3030. When is a time linker that tells us what happens at the time the
body is healthy or sick.
3031. Because is a linker that states the reason for keeping the body fit
and healthy.

3032. C 3034. D 3036. B

3033. E 3035. D 3037. A

Exercise 056 Coherence and Unity

3038. There are three major airports near Washington, D.C., but the
traveller to Washington should be careful about which one he or
she chooses. One reason is that Baltimore-Washington
International Airport, which is located near the city of Baltimore,
is a good international airport. However it is not the best choice
for a traveller who wants to visit Washington. For example it is
relatively far from the city of Washington itself. Another reason is
that a passenger bus trip between Baltimore and Washington is
somewhat expensive. Dulles International Airport is a slightly
better choice, since it is located closer to the city. However if a
traveller arrives in the early evening, he or she will encounter
rush-hour traffic, which is not a good way to begin a trip to the
city. The best choice may be Washington-Reagan National
Airport. There are two reasons for this. First this airport is the
closest to the city. Second it is located on the Metro train system,
which is a convenient method of transportation, allowing a
traveller to travel almost anywhere he or she likes in the city of
Washington.

3039. Even though we come from different cultures, my wife and I are
alike in several ways. For one thing, we are both thirty-two years
old. In fact, our birthdays are in the same month, hers on July 10
and mine on July 20. Another similarity is that we both grew up in
large cities. Helene was born and raised in Paris and I come from
Yokohama. Third, our hobbies are alike too. My wife devotes a lot
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 436

of her free time to playing jazz piano. Similarly I like to spend time
after work strumming my guitar. A more important similarity
concerns our values. For example, Helene has strong opinions
about educating our children and raising them to know right from
wrong. I feel likewise. Our children should receive a good
education and also have strong moral training.

3040. Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S.,
they are different in many ways. For example, the physical size of
each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000
square miles, while Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size,
having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another differnece is
in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four
million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one
million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural
environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry
state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much
rainfall every year. On the other hand Rhode Island is located in
a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per
year. In addition, whereas Arizona is a landlocked state and thus
has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does
have a significant coastline

Exercise 057 Cause and Effects in Paragraphs

3041. There are several possible reasons why my father is in excellent

health, even though he is over eighty years of age. For one thing,
he is in excellent condition since he has stopped smoking
cigarettes. He quit smoking cigarettes because whenever he
climbed stairs he would invariably stop several times and cough
loudly. His good health is also due to his cutting down on the
wrong kinds of foods. For example, whereas before he would eat
fatty red meat and deep-fried dishes several times a week,
nowadays he seldom does so. He has more energy indeed. He is
also in good physical shape as a consequence of his devotion to
437 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

exercise. He swims three times a week at the local gym, and on

sunny days he prefers to walk home rather than take the bus. As a
result my father is in better shape than some of his children are!

3042. The invention of the rocket has sometimes had negative effects on
human society. For example, these devices have been used in
warfare. Consequently, people have sometimes been killed en
masse. Rocket technology has improved with time, so rocket
engines have come to possess greater range. Conceivably, deadly
"warheads" can therefore be sent to reach targets far away from
the launch site. Recently, as a consequence of the development of
nuclear power, a rocket with a nuclear warhead can be the cause
of the deaths of millions of people in a few moments. Tens of
millions more can possibly die as a result of the spread of
radioactive fallout from a single explosion.

3043. On the other hand, the invention of the rocket has also had
amazing benefits for human life. For instance, weather satellites
carried into space by rockets can warn people about bad weather.
Many lives threatened by storm can, as a consequence be saved.
As another example, rockets can carry robot probes into space.
People can explore not only the Earth but also other planets in the
solar system as a result of such capability. Moreover, because of
this, people can learn more about their collective place in the
Universe. Finally, rockets can carry communications satellites into
orbit. Millions of people from all over the world are therefore able
to talk to one another, engage in business, join in scientific
research, and do countless other useful activities together. In short,
due to the rocket and communications satellites, the world has
almost become one country.

3044. 4. As many as 60,000 small farmers in the region of Andhra

Pradesh, southern India, have taken to farming cotton instead of
food crops. Some 20 of them have recently committed suicide by
eating lethal doses of pesticide.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 438

1. Most of the farmers are extremely poor. Attracted by cheap

loans from pesticides traders and the prospect of a quick buck,
they borrowed heavily to raise cotton on small plots of land.

5. Whitefly, boll weevils and caterpillars multiplied and destroyed

their crops, despite the constant application of pesticides. The
average yield of cotton fields in Andhra Pradesh fell by more than
half in just one year. Now the farmers are in no position to repay
the loans or feed their families.

3. The suicide of Samala Mallaiah in Nagara village grabbed

media headlines. He owned one acre of land, leased two more and
grew cotton on all three. After making a loss in the first year, he
leased yet more land in an attempt to recover. Confronted with
falling prices, mounting debts and pest attacks, he committed
harakiri. ‘Cotton has given us shattered dreams,’ said one old
farmer in Nagara village.

6. Nearly half the pesticides used in India go into protecting

cotton, the most important commercial crop in the country.
However, pests have shown increased immunity to a range of
pesticides. Last year there were heavy crop losses due to leaf-curl,
which is caused by the dreaded whitefly. This nondescript, milky-
white fly sucks sap from the cotton leaves, making them curl and
dry up. The fly struck first in Pakistan and north-western India.
Then it turned south.

2. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the crop losses and

destruction in Andhra Pradesh arose from the repeated
application of excessive amounts of chemicals - a practice actively
encouraged by pesticides traders.

Exercise 058 Topic Sentence

439 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3045. Paragraph 1: The maintenance of order in prestate societies is

rooted in a commonality of material interests.
Paragraph 2: the United States has captured neither the affection
nor esteem of the rest of the world
Paragraph 3: Anthropology is the study of humankind

Exercise 059 Reference

3046. Paragraph A: ... that matriliny, the tracing of descent through

women, and matriarchy, the dominance of women in society, as
well as the cult of female goddesses, preceded the patriarchy and
the patriliny we find in Biblical and Classical societies.
Paragraph B: Should the qualified defence of diminished responsibility
be retained?
Paragraph C: Time for Christians began with the Creation and would
end with Christ's Second Coming.
Paragraph D: ... Uruguay is not neutral unless it starts providing the
country suffering from the shortage in that commodity?
Paragraph E: biomass fires produced some 2.5 billion tons of carbon
annually,
Paragraph F: subjects given no pre-training do less well in the test phase
than those given initial discrimination training and

3047.
1. (d) Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452 in Vinci, a small village in
Tuscany. He was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer and
property owner. His artistic bent obviously appeared at an early
age for when he was 15 he was apprenticed to the painter
Verocchio. In 1472 he was accepted in the painters’ guild in
Florence, where he remained until 1481.
2. (f) By then Leonardo's expertise with paint brush and palette, pen and
pencil was already well advanced. And among his early drawings
were many sketches of mechanical apparatus and weapons,
evidence of his interest in, and knowledge of things mechanical.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 440

3. (b) Between 1482 and 1499 he was employed in the service of the Duke
of Milan, to whom he was painter, sculptor, musician and
technical adviser on military and engineering matters. His artistic
achievements in Milan reached their peak with the mural ‘The
Last Supper’ completed in 1497.
4. (g) But his creative energies now were turning more and more to
scientific and literary pursuits. In the 1490s he began monumental
treatises on painting, architecture, human anatomy and
mechanics. He set down his observations on these themes in
voluminous notes and sketches, which he would later assemble in
his notebooks. There remain of his notebooks a prodigious 7000
pages, all in characteristic ‘mirror-writing’.
5. (a) Leonardo returned to Florence in 1499, where he painted that most
famous painting 'The Mona Lisa' (1503).
He then went back to Milan and entered the service of the French King
Louis XII. Later he was to work in Rome with Raphael and
Michelangelo on designs for the new church of St Peter. In 1516 he
settled in France, at Cloux, near Amboise, where he died three
years later.
6. (c) In whatever subject he studied, Leonardo laid absolute faith in the
evidence of his eyes. He was no mere theorist advancing fanciful
ideas. He was a practical man, who designed things that would
work, because he could see how they would work.
7. (e) And it is in his 'things', his machines, that we are interested in this
book. There is no evidence that Leonardo actually built the
machines and mechanical devices he sketched and described. And
in many cases their practical importance remained unrealised and
unrealisable for centuries. There was neither the demand for them
nor the technology.

3048. Paragraph 1
c. The type of paper you choose for a poster or a sign depends on how it
will be reproduced and how it is going to be used.
a. For a lightweight poster or sign, you can use either offset book stock or
cover stock.
441 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

d. If you need to create a more durable poster or sign, or create

packaging, bristol stock is your best choice.
b. You'll probably have to take your publication to a commercial printer,
however, since bristol won't feed through most desktop printers
or copy machines.

3049. Paragraph 2
e. In general Internet email is considerably more reliable than the postal
service.
a. It's rare, but not unheard of, for mail to go astray.
d. However during 1997, AOL and Microsoft Network - to name just the
big players - had severe mail outages resulting in the delay, and in
some cases loss, of email.
b. And many corporate mail servers have had growing pains, too,
experiencing holdups and the odd deletion.
c. On the whole though, you can assume email will arrive.

3050. Paragraph 3
c. Different parts of the day, for example, are highly significant in certain
contexts.
a. Time may indicate the importance of the occasion as well as on what
level an interaction between persons is to take place.
e. In the United States if you telephone someone very early in the
morning, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the
call usually signals a matter of utmost importance and extreme
urgency.
b. The same applies for calls after 11:00 P.M.
f. A call received during sleeping hours is apt to be taken as a matter of
life and death, hence the rude joke value of these calls among the
young.
d. Our realisation that time talks is even reflected in such common
expressions as, "What time does the clock say?"

3051. Paragraph 4.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 442

d. Since differences in the anatomy and physiology of human males and

females are so obvious it is easy to be misled into believing that
sex-linked roles and statuses are primarily biological rather than
cultural phenomena.
b. Men are taller, heavier, and stronger than women; hence it is "natural"
that hunting and warfare should be male specialities.
c. Men have higher levels of testosterone; hence they are "naturally"
more aggressive, sexually and otherwise, and are "naturally"
dominant over women.
f. Moreover since women menstruate, become pregnant, and lactate, they
"naturally" are the ones to stay at home to care for and feed infants
and children.
a. But modern anthropology stands opposed to the view that anatomy is
destiny.
i. Males are not born with an innate tendency to be hunters or warriors
or to be sexually and politically dominant over women.
g. Nor are women born with an innate tendency to care for infants and
children and to be sexually and politically subordinate.
h. Rather it has been the case that under a broad but finite set of cultural
and natural conditions certain sex-linked specialities have been
selected for in a large number of cultures.
e. As the underlying demographic, technological, economic, and
ecological conditions to which these sex-linked roles are adapted
change, new cultural definitions of sex-linked roles will emerge.

3052. A 3062. B 3072. C

3053. B 3063. C 3073. B
3054. A 3064. A 3074. C
3055. B 3065. B 3075. D
3056. B 3066. D 3076. B
3057. B 3067. A 3077. D
3058. A 3068. B 3078. D
3059. A 3069. A 3079. D
3060. B 3070. C 3080. C
3061. C 3071. A 3081. D
443 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

3082. D 3088. B 3093. True

3083. B 3094. False
3084. A 3089. False 3095. True
3085. B 3090. True 3096. True
3086. B 3091. True 3097. True
3087. D 3092. True

GRAMMATICAL THEORIES

Exercise 060 Introduction to Traditional Grammar

3098. False 3102. False 3106. True

3099. True 3103. False 3107. B
3100. True 3104. C 3108. C
3101. True 3105. False 3109. B

Exercise 061 Introduction to Systemic Functional

Grammar

3110. True 3117. True 3124. D

3111. True 3118. True 3125. A
3112. True 3119. True 3126. D
3113. True 3120. False 3127. B
3114. True 3121. False 3128. D
3115. False 3122. True 3129. D
3116. True 3123. True 3130. A

Exercise 062 Introduction to Transformational Generative

Grammar

3131. True 3135. False 3139. D

3132. True 3136. True 3140. D
3133. True 3137. B
3134. True 3138. C
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 444

TEST 20: CYBER ENGLISH

Exercise 063 The Notion of Cyber English

3141. True 3145. True 3149. False

3142. False 3146. True 3150. False
3143. True 3147. True
3144. True 3148. True
Exercise 064 Cyber English Vocabulary

S/N Cyber Lexis Cyber Meaning Literal Meaning

3151. MEMORY An electronic The
memory device. cognitive processes
whereby past
experience is
remembered
3152. APPLICATION A program that A verbal or written
gives a computer request for assistance
instructions that or employment or
provide the user admission to a
with tools to school.
accomplish a task.
3153. PROGRAM A sequence of A series of steps to
instructions that a be carried out or
computer can goals to be
interpret and accomplished.
execute.
3154. CURSOR An indicator It used to be a person
consisting of a who swore to be
movable spot of avidly avoided, or
light (an icon) on a ignored in polite
visual display; company.
moving it allows
the user to point to
445 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

commands or
screen positions.
3155. KEYBOARD A device consisting A device consisting
of a set of keys on a of a set of keys on a
computer. piano or organ.
3156. WEB A An intricate trap,
computer network made by a spider,
consisting of a that entangles or
collection of ensnares its victim.
internet sites that
offer text and
graphics and sound
and animation
resources through
the
hypertext transfer p
rotocol.
3157. VIRUS A An ultramicroscopic
software program infectious agent that
capable of replicates itself only
reproducing itself within cells of living
and usually capable hosts.
of causing great
harm to files or
other programs on
the same computer.
3158. MOUSE A hand-operated A small rodent
electronic device typically resembling
that controls the diminutive rats
coordinates of a having pointed
cursor on your snouts and small ears
computer screen as on elongated bodies
you move it around with slender usually
on a pad. hairless tails.
3159. FORUMS A public meeting A public meeting or
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 446

or assembly for assembly for open

open discussion on discussion.
the Internet.
3160. NET A A trap made of
computer network netting to catch fish
consisting of a or birds or insects.
worldwide
network of
computer networks
that use the TCP/IP
network protocols
to facilitate data
transmission and
exchange.
3161. SCREEN The display that is A
electronically protective covering
created on the that keeps things out
surface of the large or hinders sight.
end of a cathode-
ray tube.
3162. MONITOR A screen used to Someone who
display the output supervises.
of a computer to
the user.
3163. MOTHER The main A board for ironing
BOARD circuit board for a and washing.
computer.
3164. CD A digitally encoded A debt instrument
recording on an issued by a bank,
optical disk that is which usually pays
smaller than a interest.
phonograph record
; played back by a
laser
3165. HARD DRIVE A A long trip on a
447 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

computer hardware bumpy road.

that holds and
spins a magnetic or
optical disk and
reads and writes
information on it.
3166. SOCIAL Communication Communication with
NETWORKING with and within a and within a social
group online. group.
3167. INFORMATIO A message created A message received
N on the computer. and understood.
3168. CHIPS An A thin crisp slice of
electronic equipme potato fried in deep
nt consisting of a fat.
small crystal of a
silicon
semiconductor
fabricated to
carry out a number
of electronic
functions in an
integrated circuit.
3169 BLACKBERRY A handheld A large sweet black
wireless device or very dark purple
supporting email, edible aggregate fruit
web browsing, text of any of various
messaging, etc. bushes of the
genus Rubus.
3170. COMPUTER A machine for An electronic
performing machine.
calculations,
imputing,
retrieving and
storing data.
3171. HYPERTEXT Machine-readable Having a lot to hide.
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 448

text that is not

sequential but is
organized so that
related items of
information are
connected.
3172 E- To communicate To communicate
through electronic with someone later.
mail
3173. DOWNLOAD To transfer a file or To reveal something.
program from a
central computer to
a smaller computer
or to a computer at
a remote location.
3174. OFFLINE Not connected to a To talk privately.
computer network.
3175. SPAM Unwanted e-mail A canned meat made
(usually of a largely from pork.
commercial nature
sent out in bulk)
3176. CONNECTED Having Joined or linked
accessibility to the together.
Internet.
3177. MULTITASKIN Performing The ability to do two
G more than one task or more things at a
at the same time time.
with a computer.
3178. CRASH When a PC stop To undergo damage
operating, leading or destruction on
to loss of files on impact.
the PC
3179. 404 Unavailability of Not around.
the Internet.
3180. COPY-AND- To copy some data To plagiarise.
449 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

PASTE in a
software program,
and insert it
somewhere else (in
the same program
or another
program)

Exercise 065 Acronyms

S/N Cyber Meanings

Acronyms
3181. MUD Multi-user dungeon
3182. IRC Internet Relay Chat
3183. HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
3184. HTML Hypertext Markup Language
3185. URL Uniform Resource Locator
3186. ISP Internet Service Provider
3187. BCC Blind Carbon Copy
3188. BBS Bulletin Board System
3189. FAQ Frequently Asked Questions
3190. DNS Domain Name System
3191. IP Internet Protocol
3192. WCDMA Wireless Code Division Multiple
Access
3193. GPRS General Packet Radio Service
3194. WAP Wireless Application Protocol
3195. WiFi Wireless Fidelity
3196. LAN Local Area Network
3197. WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
3198. PAN Personal Area Network
3199. IM Instant Messaging
3200. HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
 ENGLISH 101+: A Manual for English Students 450

APPENDIX

OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
EGL 101/102: English Language I & II
Basic Course Outline
1. Language and a Language
2. Characteristics of language
3. Functions of language
4. Branches of linguistics
5. The grammatical rankscale
6. Base/root and stem
7. Free and bound morpheme
8. Inflectional and derivational morpheme
9. Word formation processes in English
10. Nominal group
11. Verbal group
12. Adjectival group
13. Adverbial group
14. Prepositional group
15. The nature of the English clause
Subordinate and main clause
Types of clause (nominal, relative, verbless, etc)
16. The basic sentence patterns
17. Elements of the sentence structure
18. Simple and Non-Simple Sentences: An Introduction
19. Non-Basic Simple Sentences (Passive, Negative, Questions,
Commands, Exclamations)
20. Non-simple Sentences and how they are constructed
(a) Compound Sentences
451 Ayoola, K. A.; O. A. Oyebode; O. O. Jegede; & H. U. Ugah

(b) Complex Sentences

(c) Compound-Complex Sentences
21. Minor Sentences and Sentence Fragments
22. Sentence Connecting Devices
(a) Cohesion and Coherence
(b) Grammatical Devices (Reference, Substitution,
Ellipsis, Identification, Structural Parallelism, and
Conjunction)
(c) Lexical Devices (Reiteration, Synonymy, Antonymy,
Hyponymy, Meronymy, Collocation)
23. Subject-Predicator Concord
Rules of Subject-Predicator Concord
24. The Use of Punctuation Marks and Capital Letters
(a) End Punctuations (full stop, question mark,
exclamation)
(b) Internal Punctuation (comma, hyphen, dash, Semi
colon, colon, apostrophe, inverted commas, ellipsis
dots, brackets)
(c) Capital Letters

Recommended Texts
Aremo, B. (2004). An Introduction to English Sentences I and II.
Ibadan: Scribo Publications Ltd.
Ayoola, K. A. (2006). University English for All Students,
Lagos: Olivetree Publishing.
Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. ((1973). A University Grammar of
English, London: Longman.