1.

Traditional policing model

Traditional policing model refers to a crime management approach in which police

officers respond only to reported criminal activities. This model applies as a response
strategy to crime alerts. This model allows police officers to work closely with detectives.
Evidence gathered from a crime scene is used to prepare a report, which a detective
uses to carryout investigations. Once the report reaches a detective, police officers
return to carrying out their usual patrols (Dowell, 2009). This model limits the interaction
between police officers and the people in their area of operation. The reason for this is
that officers respond to crimes in various areas where they do not know people and vice
versa. Police officers will only appear in a place if a crime has been reported in the area.
This approach to law enforcement does not need witnesses because police officers visit
a crime scene only to gather visual and physical evidence. Another distinct feature
about this model of policing is that there are no crime prevention measures in place
(Dowell, 2009). Lack of crime prevention efforts leaves police officers to operate on a
demand and supply system. They only work when there is a reported criminal activity.
Their workload depends on the number of crimes reported.

2. Problem oriented policing model

Unlike in the traditional model, this model lays a lot of emphasis on efforts geared
towards preventing crime. This model allows police officers to work on identifying and
analyzing crimes in their area of operation (Fritsch, Liederbach, & Taylor, 2008). Their
analysis develops strategies that are used to give effective responses whenever the
identified crimes are reported. According to Herman Goldstein, who developed this
policing model, it is very important for police officers to concentrate on eradicating crime
instead of focusing on managing it. Goldstein developed this model as an improvement
to the traditional model of policing, which focused on managing crime without making
any efforts to establish its source (Fritsch et al, 2008). The focus of this model is
identifying the real problem and dealing with it completely. Goldstein argued that in
order to eradicate crime from the society, there is a need to conduct research, analyze
crimes, and make prevention effort. In addition, he emphasized on the need for police
officers to foster good relationships with community members and private organizations
(Stevenson, 2008). Police officers who use this model, study patterns of crime in order
to understand the way and time they are committed. Studies have shown that police
officers under this model are very proactive in their work.

The problem oriented policing model has a significant impact on the society.
Communities served by police departments that apply this model experience a very
different version of law enforcement. First, this model is very successful in preventing,
resolving, and eliminating crime. Through its emphasis on research and analysis, police
officers are able to identify all the problems within a community and developing effective
resolution strategies (Fritsch et al, 2008). Second, this model helps to improve the
relationship between police officers and the public because of the increased level of
interaction. Third, community members enjoy high quality policing because police
officers working under this model have good relations with each other. This model
emphasizes the need for teamwork and togetherness in ensuring effective management
of crime (Dowell, 2009). Fourth, this policing model helps to reduce the number of
incidents where either the police officers or civilians disrespect the authority. Through
this model, people gain more knowledge about law enforcement. Although there have
been a few notable cases of police officers who have remained too conservative to
effectively implement the concept of this model, it remains one of the most successful
policing models.

3. Community oriented policing model

This style of policing emphasizes on the need for police officers to engage community
members in preventing and eliminating crime. Police officers often interact with people
everywhere they work. The interactions develop out of the fact that community
members rely on police officers to provide security, ensure order, and provide response
services during emergencies. On the other hand, police officers also rely on community
members to report criminal activities (Stevenson, 2008).

Community members play a crucial role in effective policing by providing vital

information applied in analyzing certain crime patterns. These two groups of people
have strengthened their relations over the last couple of years as they continually
increase their expectations and responsibilities to each other when it comes to law
enforcement. They have learnt the benefits of working together for the sake of a
common goal. Under this model, police officers operate in specified geographic zones
where they actively engage the people living there in crime prevention and management
strategies. The police officers develop close relations with community members by
making themselves available and easily accessible in case of anything (Dowell, 2009).

The most important element for the success of this model is trust between police
officers and community members. The mutual trust is built by believing that they are
looking out for each other. Police officers should win the trust of the community
members by showing them that those who volunteer vital information regarding crime in
their community shall not be victimized (Fritsch et al, 2008). On the other hand,
community members should win the trust of police officers by showing them that they
are willing to cooperate with them as long as they do their best to manage crime in an
effective manner. Studies have shown that community oriented policing model is the
commonly used style of policing across all departments in the United States. Police
training institutions are very crucial, because they have begun introducing specified
courses on community policing. These courses teach police officers how to build good
relationships with the members in areas they work as a way of learning and eliminating
all forms of crime (Fritsch et al, 2008).

Community oriented model of policing banks on the desire by people to look out for
each other. Community policing has numerous impacts on the society. First, community
policing helps in developing innovative strategies for managing and eliminating crime.
By engaging the community members, police officers make their life easier because
people will help them unearth all types of criminals hiding in their midst. In addition,
community policing helps in capacity building, as people learn a lot about policymaking
and law enforcement (Fritsch et al, 2008).

Communities that have embraced this model have a higher safety index. Community
policing is very effective in reducing the level of crime in communities. Police officers
have also voiced their job satisfaction when they use this model because people have a
better understanding of their job. When community members understand their role in
managing crime, the work of police officers will be easier and more fulfilling because
they will not be overburdened with the sole responsibility of law enforcement
(Stevenson, 2008). The good thing about this model is that if anything bad happens,
community members will work together with police officers to eliminate the problem and
prevent it from happening again.

4. Intelligence led policing model

Intelligence led policing model is a style of policing where police officers rely on
assessing and managing risks by identifying crime patterns. Police officers who use this
model in law enforcement are called intelligence officers (Dowell, 2009). This policing
model is slightly different from the others because the course of operations is
dependent on police officers and not the crime. With all the other policing models, the
nature of crime committed often provides the guide for police officers who conduct
investigations. Intelligence led policing does not focus a lot on the crime, but instead
focuses more on surveillance and having informants who feed the police officers with
information that shows the development of crime patterns under assessment (Fritsch et
al, 2008). The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the United States commonly uses
this model of policing. The CIA is an independent agency of the United States
government responsible for collecting and coordinating intelligence and
counterintelligence activities. The Director of Central Intelligence who is supervised by
the president and National Security Council head the agency.

The main reason for the development of this policing model was the failure by the other
models to deal effectively with the high rate of crime in the United States. The challenge
of using the traditional policing model and the problem-oriented model was that with
time, the high rate of crime overwhelmed police officers due to limited resources. This
created a huge gap that required new and more effective strategies that would ensure
effective management of crime (Fritsch et al, 2008). The new strategy was to reorient
the focus of police officers from dealing with criminals to resolving the main root cause
of the crime. Police officers were required to conduct surveillance and identify elements
within the society that were responsible for the repeated incidents of crime.

Intelligence led policing model requires the United States to form partnerships with
global partners in order to increase their capacity to deal with high risk crimes such as
terrorism (Fritsch et al, 2008). Over the years, the CIA has been very active in providing
intelligence services towards fighting the danger posed by terrorism. However, the
famous 9/11 attacks in the United States showed that there is still a lot of development
work needed for this model. According to experts, the 9/11 terrorist attack was
preventable if the intelligence officers had been more alert and better equipped to
identify the threat. Currently, intelligence led policing model is used as a means for
sharing information between various agencies that deal with law enforcement,
community members, the government, and the private sector among other partners.
This model also encourages participation of community members in helping police
officers with intelligence services, as they can work as informants (Dowell, 2009). The
effect of this policing model is that it has increased the safety index of Americans
because police officers are more efficient. Another reason is that police officers have
appreciated the role of community members and private agencies in effective
management of crime.

Transnational Crime

Counterfeiting
Drug Trafficking
Illegal Logging
Human Trafficking
Sex Slavery
Smuggling
Illegal Mining
IUU Fishing
Illegal Wildlife Trade
Crude Oil Theft
Small Arms & Light Weapons Trafficking
Organ Trafficking
Terrorism
Drug Trafficking