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Bioinformatrics 1st

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
26 views3 pages

Bioinformatrics 1st

practical

Uploaded by

Mitul Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AIM: Introduction to bioinformatics.

DEFINATION OF BIOINFORMATRICS:
Bioinformatics is conceptualising biology in terms of molecules and applying informatics
techniques to understand and organise the information associated with these molecules, on
a large scale. Hence , bioinformatics is a management information system for molecular
system for molecular biology.

Bioinformatics at the basic level deals with biological information : data collection and data
storage; data searching and retrieval ; analysis and predicting patterns.

Fredj tekaia at the institute Pasteur suggested this definition of bioinformatics:

“The mathematical, statistical and computing methods that aim to solve biological problems
using DNA and amino sequences and related information .”

OBJECTIVITIES OF BIOINFORMATICS:
 At its simplest and basic level, bioinformatics organises data in a way that allows
researchers to access existing information and to submit new entries , as they are
produced the protein data bank for 3D macromolecular structures.
 To develop tools and resources that aid in the analysis of data.
 To use these tools to analyse the data and interpret the results in a biologically
meaningful manner.

APPLICATION OF BIOINFORMATICS :
 Information related to biomolecules can be mapped.
 Sequences can be compared , usually by aligning corresponding segments and
looking for matching and mismatching letters in their sequences.
 If a homologue exits then a newly discovered protein may be modelled-that is the
3D structure of the gene product can be predicted without doing laboratory
experiments.
 Bioinformatics is used in primer design.
 It is used to attempt to predict the function of actual gene products’
 Information about the similarity and by implication the relatedness of proteins is
used to trace the family trees of different molecules through evolutionary time.
 Molecular modelling biology is a growing field which can be considered part of
bioinformatics.
 Structural biologists use bioinformatics to handle the vast and complex data from X-
ray crystallography, NMR and electron microscopy investigations and create the 3-D
models of molecules.
 There are other fields-for example, medical imaging/ image analysis, that might be
considered part of bioinformatics.

DATA INTEGRATION:
The most useful research in bioinformatics often results from integrating multiple sources of
data.
For instance, the 3D coordinates of a protein are more useful if combined with data about
the protein’s function, occurrence in different genomes, and interactions with other
molecules.
In this way, individual piece of information are put in context with respect to other data.
Sequence retrieval system (SRS) is a system for integrating heterogeneous databases. It
allows any flat-file database to be indexed to each other; this allows the user to retrieve, link
and access entries from nucleic acid, protein motif, protein structure and bibliographic
database.
Based on premade indexes of the items found in a set of documents, the indexing procedure
requires a grammar that describes what different words in the data files mean how they are
to be indexed, and how they cross-reference to other items in other databases.

DATA ANALYSIS:
i. Raw DNA sequences: investigations involve separating coding and non-
coding regions, and identification of introns , exons , and promoter regions
for annotating genomic DNA.
ii. Protein sequences: analyses include developing algorithms for sequence
comparisons, methods for producing multiple sequences alignments, and
searching for functional domains from conserved sequence motifs in such
alignments.
iii. Structural data: prediction of secondary and tertiary protein structures,
producing methods for 3D structural alignments, examining protein
geometries using distance and angular measurements, calculation of surface
and volume shapes and analysis of protein interactions with other submits,
DNA, RNA and smaller molecules.
iv. Large-scale genomics data: characterisation of protein content and
metabolic pathways between different genomes, identification of interacting
proteins, assignment and prediction of gene products and large scale
analyses of gene expression levels.

BIOINFORMATICS DATABASES AND TOOLS:


DATABASES:

1) Generalized databases (DNA, protein and carbohydrates, 3D- structures)


2) Specialized databases (EST, STS , SNP, RNA, genomes, protein families, pathways,
microarray data etc.)

DATABASE SEARCH:

1) Text – based database search (SRS , Entrez etc)


2) Sequence- based database search (sequence similarity search) (BLAST, FASTA etc.)
3) Motif – based database search (Scanprosite , eMOTIF )
4) Structure-based database search(structure similarity search) (VAST , DALI etc.)

ANALYSIS TOOLS:

1) DNA sequence analysis tools


2) RNA analysis tools
3) Protein sequences and structure analysis tools( primary, secondary, tertiary
structure)

TOOLS FOR FUNCTION ANALYSIS:

1) Phylogeny
2) Microarray analysis tools
3) Bioinformatics centers and servers

MOLECULAR APPROACH :

Bioinformatics is synonymous with molecular informatics. Without molecular biology , there


would not have been bioinformatics.
Molecular biology is the understanding of biological processes at the molecular level.
The system approaches to understand the structure and function of the molecules like
nucleic acids and proteins.

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