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Bontu Gadisa

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Bontu Gadisa

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ebeshinemuleta
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© © All Rights Reserved
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JIMMA UNIVERSITY FACULITY OF COMPUTING AND

INFORMATICS DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION


SCIENCE INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

NAME…………..BONTU GADISA
ID NO……………RR0487/15
SECTION………..02
COURSE NAME: INSC 2111

Submitted to: Dr. Amanuel


Submission date: 09/12/2024
1, Provide definition of information science from
different perspectives based on scholars definition?
* Information science is an interdisciplinary arena that investigates the collection,
arrangement, storage, recovery, and dissemination of information. Different people have
defined information science from diverse points of view, depending on their own
disciplines:

1, Library and Documentation Perspective

Borko (1968);
"Information science includes aspects of computer science, library science, and several
others to describe the processes of gathering, organizing, storing, retrieving, and using.
This obviously makes information science the applied area relevant for library and
documentation services."

2. Technological Perspective

Larsen (2004):

"Information science is a field concerned with how information is created,


communicated, and understood in an increasingly electronic world." This essentially
holds technology-and most importantly digital tools and methods-as the means by which
one would engage in information science.

3. Cognitive Perspective

Belkin (1990):

"Information science is also concerned with the types of interactions between humans
and information systems where humans would be using those information systems in
seeking, finding, and using information."

4. Systems Perspective

Saracevic (1996):
Information science deals with the design, implementation, and evaluation of
information systems that manage and distribute knowledge resources effectively.
This perspective focuses on the systemic and organizational aspects of managing
information.

5. Multidisciplinary Perspective

Vickery and Vickery (1987):

“Information science is a multidisciplinary field that borrows from disciplines such as


computer science, sociology, linguistics, and psychology to study information processes
and systems.”

This underlines the field’s reliance on knowledge from various disciplines to understand
and solve information problems.

6. Social and Cultural Perspective

Capurro and Hjørland (2003):

“Information science explores the societal and cultural dimensions of information,


analyzing how information shapes, and is shaped by, human activity and culture.”
This emphasizes the role of information in society and its impact on culture.

7. Economic Perspective

Machlup (1962):

“Information science contributes to the study of the production, distribution, and


consumption of information as an economic resource.”

This connects information science to the concept of the information economy.


These definitions reflect the field’s complexity and its integration of various
perspectives, making it relevant to both theoretical understanding and practical
applications.

2, Explain the theories of information science?


Principles of Information Science:-
A. Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication
Description: Developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, it speaks about how
an information model can be sent from a sender to a receiver through a communication
channel.

Key Concepts:

Information Source: Forms the message.

Transmitter: Converts the message into signals.

Channel: Medium through which signals travel.

Receiver: Reconstructs the message from signals.

Noise: Any interference that affects the signal.

Relevance to Information Science- Foundation for data transmission and


communication systems

B. Information Behavior Theories

These theories refer to how individuals collect, use and share information.

Some of the most popular examples:

Dervin's Sense-Making Theory- How people make sense of the information relative to
their context and situations.

Wilson's Model of Information Behavior- Studies factors that relate to information-


seeking behavior concerning needs, barriers, and cognitive processes.

Kuhlthau's ISP- Describes the stages of uncertainty and feelings in the information
search process.

C. Cognitive Load Theory


Description: by John Sweller, is about how the brain processes and handles
information.
Key Concepts:

Intrinsic Load: the actual complexity of the material.


Extraneous Load: That irrelevant information which can distract the learner.

Germane Load: Cognitive effort that is being used to create a deep understanding.

Relevance: For information systems, and educational tools.

D. Social informatics:

Description: This field defines 'social informatics' as the study of the social aspects of
the technology: the ways in which people use information technology and its effects on
society itself.

Key Concepts:

Sociotechnical Systems: Interaction between technology and society.

Cultural Factors: Influence how information systems are designed and adopted.

Relevance: Examines the ethical, cultural, and social dimentions of information


systems.

E. Theories of Classification
and Organization
Ranganathan’s Five Laws of Library Science: Fundamental principles for organizing and
disseminating information:
1. Books are for use.

2. Every reader their book.

3. Every book its reader.

4. Save the time of the reader.

5. The library is a growing organism.

Facet Analysis: A systematic method for classifying complex information using facets or
categories.

F. Cybernetics and Systems Theory

Description: Explores the control and communication processes within systems.


Key Concepts:

Feedback Loops: Mechanisms that help systems self-regulate.

Entropy: Measure of disorder or uncertainty.

Relevance: Applies to information systems and knowledge management.

G. Information Economics

Description: Studies the value, cost, and economics of information.

Key Concepts:

Information as a Commodity: Understanding how information is produced, shared, and


traded.

Asymmetric Information: Situations where one party has more or better information than
another.

H. Semiotics

Description: The study of signs and symbols and their interpretation.

Relevance: Focuses on how information is encoded, decoded, and understood within


different contexts.

L.Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom (DIKW) Hierarchy

Description: A framework for understanding the transformation of raw data into actionable
wisdom.

Levels:

1. Data: Raw facts and figures.

2. Information: Processed data with meaning.

3. Knowledge: Information applied or understood.

4. Wisdom: Insight gained from knowledge.

J. Critical Information Theory


Description: Examines the power dynamics and biases inherent in the production and
dissemination of information.

Relevance: Focuses on issues like digital divide, intellectual property, and access to
information.

➠These theories collectively help scholars and practitioners in information science design
systems, improve user experiences, and understand the broader implications of information
in society.

3, Discuss the problems addressed by information


science in the modern world?
Information science is a collection of challenges regarding modern societies, and primarily, it
has been concerned with finding ways of handling, processing, and disseminating
information in increasingly data-driven societies. Below are some examples of the key issues
that are addressed within this field:

1. Information Overload

This serves as a further complication of the already avalanche growth of digital content,
which creates overwhelming information. Information science addresses this development
by providing tools and techniques like search engines and data categorization in filtering,
organizing, and retrieving information.

2. Data Management and Organization

As millions of data are produced every day, information science effectively solves the
problem of structuring, storing, and securing such data. Development in database, metadata
systems, and data warehouse construction is included in the design.

3. Accessibility and Usability

Different audiences, including people with disabilities, should have that information at hand.
Information science must design user-friendly systems and interfaces that would maximize
inclusivity and usability.

4. Data Privacy and Security


As more personal data are collected and stored, privacy and security concerns multiply. It's
part of the information science process to regulate these issues using encrypted data, secure
data-sharing protocols, and ethical governance practices.

5. Digital Divide

Information and communication technologies are not available to everyone. Bridging the
digital divide in information access is an area that researchers in information science explore
by promoting digital literacy and improving access for disadvantaged segments of the
population.

6. Information Quality and Credibility

Digital age has the tsunami of misinformation and disinformation. Information science works
on algorithms and systems for fact checking, source evaluation, and accuracy definition
within the information stream.

7. Digital Content Preservation

Digital information faces possible obsolescence with changing technologies. Digital


preservation strategies for long-term access for valuable information are in the scope of
information science.

8. Interdisciplinary Data Analysis

The most modern issues require integrated interdisciplinary thinking. Information science is
effective in integrating and analyzing data from different fields-from healthcare, education to
environmental science-in order to inform decision making.

9. Automation and AI Integration

With the advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning, information science plays a
pivotal role in the development of intelligent systems for the processing of information, such
as natural language processing, the recommendation systems, and predictive analytics.

10. Ethical Use of Information

From how information gets collected to how it is used and shared, the ethical issues are
critical. Information science is the development of frameworks through which ethical
practices in the management of information can be assured.
➠ Information science, therefore, plays an enabling role in helping societies
to deal with clarifying issues in the mazes that progress into the most
modern information landscape.

4, As information science is multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary,


information science careers and fields are very broad. Explain from various
source?

Information science is inherently multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, as it pertains to a


broad range of careers and fields because it coordinates the information lifecycle, from
collection to storage and retrieving, to utilization. It borrows knowledge and methodologies
from various disciplines, making it a converging point for technology, communication, and
human behavior.

Interdisciplinary Nature

Theories and techniques from many disciplines can be combined in information science:

1. Computer Science: concerning data algorithms; knowledge bases; and human-


computer interaction

2. Library Science: with regard to information organization, storage, and retrieval

3. Cognitive Science: includes human information system interactions and the


mechanisms of decision-making.

4. Communication Studies: becomes dually concerned with information flow between


people and groups.

5. Social Science and Humanities: Includes ethical, legal, and societal implications of
using information.

Career Pathways

As an interdisciplinary subject, its practitioners are found across the varied fields that include
the following specializations:

Data Science and Analytics: Applied problem-solving using big data;

Library and Archival Science: Managing information resources in the public, academic, and
special libraries;
Information Systems Design: Developing databases, digital libraries, and knowledge
management systems;

User Experience (UX) Design: Improving usability through user-centered methods;

Digital Humanities: Giving digital tools to humanities research;

Cyber security: Protecting information assets against unauthorized access and breaches

Growth of the Field

➠ Information science has shifted from being a field closely linked with
librarianship to broader societal and technological challenges. Information
science has become a space for transdisciplinary collaboration for innovative
solutions in areas such as artificial intelligence, digital preservation, and
open access to scholarly resources.

Such a multidisciplinary framework allows information science professionals to adopt


emerging needs, thus making the field dynamic and diverse in its career opportunities.

5. Explain the foundation or historical development


of information science?
Gradual Foundation and Historical Development of Information Science

1. Early Foundations:

Documentary Heritage (18th-19th Century):


➠ From libraries and documents was born information science. This is,
perhaps, viewed as organizing, describing, and providing access to
information. The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) system was
developed by Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine, the pioneers in bibliographic
classification, in the early 20th century.

Shannon's Information Theory (1940s):


➠ Learn from Claude Shannon- The work (1948) of "A Mathematical Theory
of Communication" as an engine for quantifying information. Theory that
dealt greatly with encoding, transmission, and decoding of data had wide-
reaching implications for many fields in science.
2. 1950s Expansion:

Postwar Developments:

However, the needs and priorities have changed since the end of World War II. It is an
emergence in the memory of Vannevar Bush's article, "As We May Think," which proposed a
theoretical mechanical contrivance, Memex, primarily to manage and retrieve large
quantities of information.

Computing Born:

The establishment of computers in the 1950s and 1960s revolutionized the storage, retrieval,
and processing of data. Information science has widened its scope to include computer
science and techniques of data management.

3. Institutionalization (1960s-1970s):

And hence it started making waves. The term was made use of more widely in context.

American Applications Institute of Documented Information Science (now American Society


for Information Science and Technology) was one of the important organizations dedicated
to propagating information science.

Emergence of such exclusive departments in the college focusing on information science


mostly included information retrieval, system design, and human-computer interaction.

4. Development of Digital and Networked Information (1980s–1990s):

Personal computers and the internet eventually completely transformed the discipline.

Some key innovations were the developments of search engines, relational databases, and,
most important, the World Wide Web.

5. Modern Era (2000s–Present):


Themes: Big Data; Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Data Analytics.
Machine learning, data mining, and I now serve as the backbone integrating both
information science and meaningful insight extraction.

Human-Centered Approaches:

Information behavior, literacy, and ethics have become some of the focal areas.
Globalization of Information:

It broadens the frontiers of research on privacy, cybersecurity, and digital inclusion-


information abundant; today it is ubiquitous due to technological advances such as
cloud computing and mobile applications.
In summary, the field has been transformed from administration and management of
physical records to using advanced technology in organizing, analyzing, and
disseminating digital data. Information science remains interdisciplinary, integrating
concepts of computer science, library science, communication, and cognitive
psychology.

Reference
🡪Goggle
🡪 Bates, M.J.(2010). “information Science.”
🡪 Bawden, D & Robinson. L,(2012) Introduction to information science facet
publishing.
🡪 Saracevic, T.(1995) “The evolution of information science: interdisciplinary
and multidisciplinary perspectives.
🡪 Buckland, M. k (1991). “Information as a thing.” Journal of the American
Society for Information Science, 42(5), 351-360.

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