Example: Coulomb scatteri @ Due to long range nature of the Coulomb scattering potential, the boundary condition on the scattering wavefunction does not apply. @ We can, however, address the problem by working with the screened (Yukawa) potential, U(r) = UpS, and taking a — 20. For this potential, one may show that (exercise) me sin(Ar) pia Uo foam =U [ dre" =a Therefore, for a — 00, we obtain which is just the Rutherford formula.to Fermi’s Golden rule @ Previously, in the leading approximation, we found that the transition rate between states and i and f induced by harmonic perturbation Ve'*? is given by Fermi’s Golden rule, @ In a three-dimensional scattering problem, we should consider the initial state as a plane wave state of wavevector k and the final state as the continuum of states with wavevectors k’ with w = 0. @ In this case, the total transition (or scattering) rate into a fixed solid angle, dQ, in direction (0,@) given by 2 2: Thee = SO Fk Vik) 70 (Ex — Ex) = FEUURIV|k)Pe(E) i i wean where g(Ex) = Dy, 5(Ex — Ex) = Sf is density of states at energy — Pe F = Be,From Born approximation Golden rule by andk dD 1 8(E) = a GE ~ Qx/Lp k]m @ With and incident flux jp = hk/m, the differential cross section, @ At first order, Born approximation and Golden rule coincide.Scattering by @ So far, we have assumed that incident particles and target are distinguishable. When scattering involves identical particles, we have to consider quantum statistics: ath of fst partic @ Consider scattering of two identical particles. In centre of mass frame, if an outgoing particle is detected at angle 6 to incoming, it could have been (a) deflected through 9, or (b) through x — @. @ Classically, we could tell whether (a) or (b) by monitoring particles during collision — however, in quantum scattering, we cannot track.Scattering @ Therefore, in centre of mass frame, we must write scattering wavefunction in appropriately symmetrized/antisymmetrized form — for bosons, elke (1) =e +o + (F(0) + (7 — 8) —— @ The differential cross section is then given by as opposed to |f(8)|? + |f(a —0)|* as it would be for distinguishable particles.Scattering by an atomic lattice @ Asa final application of Born approximation, consider scattering from crystal lattice: At low energy, scattering amplitude of particles is again independent of angle (s-wave). © In this case, the solution of the Schrédinger equation by a single atom i located at a point R; has the asymptotic form, eklr-Ril \r— Ril a(r) = eR) 4 fF @ Since k|r — Rj| ~ kr — k’- R;, with k’ = ké, we have @ From this result, we infer effective scattering amplitude, f(0) =fexp[-iA-R], MO=k’—-kScattering by atomic lattice @ If we consider scattering from a crystal lattice, we must sum over all atoms leading to the total differential scattering cross-section, 2 = |e = Si exp[-iA - Ri] Ri @ For periodic cubic crystal of dimension L4, sum translates to Bragg condition, & =p 5()(k — k — 2nn/L) where integers n known as Miller indices of Bragg planes.Scattering theory: summary @ The quantum scattering of particles from a localized target is fully characterised by differential cross section, = elk ae : i where y)(r) = e/*" + (0, b)£— denotes scattering wavefunction. @ The scattering amplitude, f(@), which depends on the energy E = Ex, can be separated into a set of partial wave amplitudes, f(0) = Sees 1)fe(k)Po(cos 4) f=0 where f;(k) = 24 sin dy defined by scattering phase shifts 5¢(k)Scattering theory: summary @ The partial amplitudes/phase shifts fully characterise scattering, @ The individual scattering phase shifts can then be obtained from the solutions to the radial scattering equation, @ Although this methodology is “straightforward”, when the energy of incident particles is high (or the potential weak), many partial waves contribute. @ In this case, it is convenient to switch to a different formalism, the Born approximation.Fale atte a SLA @ Formally, the solution of the scattering wavefunction can be presented as the integral (Lippmann-Schwinger) equation, @ This expression allows the scattering amplitude to be developed as a power series in the interaction, U(r). @ In the leading approximation, this leads to the Born approximation for the scattering amplitude, feorm(Q) = E / Bre U(r) where A =k —k! and A = 2ksin(0/2).