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A Level AQA Psychology 53 mins 7 questions

Exam Questions

Conformity
Types of Conformity / Explanations for Conformity / Asch & Variables Affecting
Conformity / Conformity to Social Roles: Zimbardo

Easy (2 questions) /3 Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (3 questions) /18

Hard (2 questions) /32

Total Marks /53

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Easy Questions
1 In an experiment, researchers arranged for participants to complete a very personal and
embarrassing questionnaire in a room with other people. Each participant was tested
individually. The other people were confederates of the experimenter.

In condition 1: the confederates completed the questionnaire.

In condition 2: the confederates refused to complete the questionnaire and asked to

leave the experiment.

The researchers tested 15 participants in condition 1, and 15 different participants in

condition 2.

The researchers recorded the number of participants who completed the questionnaire
in each condition.

Identify the type of data in this experiment. Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

2 Which one of the following is most associated with informational social influence? Shade
one box only.

A. It is an emotional, rather than cognitive, process.

B. It is based on a desire to be liked, rather than a desire to be right.
C. It is more likely to lead to a permanent, rather than temporary, change in attitude.
D. It occurs in unambiguous situations, rather than those where there is no obvious
answer.
(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) In an experiment, researchers arranged for participants to complete a very personal and
embarrassing questionnaire in a room with other people. Each participant was tested
individually. The other people were confederates of the experimenter.

In condition 1: the confederates completed the questionnaire.

In condition 2: the confederates refused to complete the questionnaire and asked to

leave the experiment.

The researchers tested 15 participants in condition 1, and 15 different participants in

condition 2.

The researchers recorded the number of participants who completed the questionnaire
in each condition.

Using your knowledge of social influence, explain the likely outcome of this experiment.

(3 marks)

(b) For this study, the researchers had to use different participants in each condition and
this could have affected the results.

Outline one way in which the researchers could have addressed this issue.

(4 marks)

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(c) In order to analyse the difference in the number of participants who completed the
questionnaire in each condition, the researchers used a chi-squared test.

Apart from reference to the level of measurement, give two reasons why the researchers
used the chi-squared test.

(2 marks)

(d) The calculated value of chi-squared in the experiment described on page 2 is 3.97

Table 1: Critical values for the chi-squared test

Level of significance

df 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01

1 2.71 3.84 5.41 6.64

The calculated value of chi-squared should be equal to or greater than the critical value
to be statistically significant.

With reference to the critical values in Table 1, explain whether or not the calculated
value of chi-squared is significant at the 5% level.

(2 marks)

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2 Researchers have identified different features of science, including:

replicability

theory construction

hypothesis testing

Explain how Asch’s conformity research illustrates one of these features of science.

(3 marks)

3 Describe how Zimbardo investigated conformity to social roles.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Discuss what psychological research has told us about why people conform.

(16 marks)

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Steph and Jeff are student teachers who recently joined other members of staff on a
one-day strike. When asked why they decided to do so, Steph replied, ‘I never thought
I would strike but I listened to the other teachers’ arguments and now I have become
quite passionate about it’.

Jeff’s explanation was different: ‘To be honest, everyone else seemed to be striking
and I didn’t want to be the only one who wasn’t’.
2

Discuss explanations for conformity. Refer to Steph and Jeff as part of your discussion.

Exam Questions

Obedience
Explanations for Obedience / Milgram's Obedience Study / Milgram's Situational
Variables Affecting Obedience / Dispositional Explanation for Obedience:
Authoritarian Personality

Easy (1 question) /2 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (1 question) /3

Hard (5 questions) /56

Total Marks /61

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Easy Questions
1 Outline what is meant by ‘agentic state’ as an explanation for obedience.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Outline one explanation for obedience.

(3 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Discuss the authoritarian personality as an explanation for obedience.

(8 marks)

2 Discuss ethical issues in social influence research.

(8 marks)

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3 It is the end of the school day and Freddie is pushing other students in the bus queue.

“Stop it, will you?” protests one of Freddie’s classmates.

“You can’t tell me what to do!” laughs Freddie.

At that moment, Freddie turns to see the deputy head, wearing a high-visibility jacket,
staring angrily at him. Without thinking, Freddie stops pushing the other boys and waits
quietly in line.

Discuss the legitimacy of authority and agentic state explanations of obedience. Refer to
Freddie’s behaviour in your answer.

4 Discuss legitimacy of authority as an explanation for obedience.

(8 marks)

5 Describe how situational variables have been found to affect obedience. Discuss what
these situational variables tell us about why we obey.

Exam Questions

Explanations of
Resistance to Social
Influence
Social Support & Locus of Control

Easy (2 questions) /3 Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (3 questions) /12

Hard (2 questions) /24

Total Marks /39

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Easy Questions
1 A researcher wanted to investigate whether there was a relationship between locus of
control and resistance to social influence. Before the investigation began, he devised a
questionnaire to measure locus of control.

Why would the researcher’s questionnaire produce primary data? Suggest one limitation
of primary data.

(2 marks)

2 Name one explanation of resistance to social influence.

(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 Outline two explanations of resistance to social influence.

(4 marks)

2 A researcher wanted to investigate whether there was a relationship between locus of

control and resistance to social influence. Before the investigation began, he devised a
questionnaire to measure locus of control.

To assess the questionnaire’s validity, the researcher gave it to 30 participants and

recorded the results. He then gave the same 30 participants an established
questionnaire measuring locus of control. The researcher found a weak positive
correlation between the two sets of results, suggesting that his questionnaire had low
validity.

Explain how the validity of the researcher’s questionnaire could be improved.

(4 marks)

3 A teacher was absent and left work for students to complete during the lesson. Some
students in the class did not do the work their teacher had left for them.

Use one possible explanation of resistance to social influence to explain why this
happened.

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Hard Questions
1 Outline and evaluate locus of control as an explanation for resistance to social influence.

(8 marks)

2 Two psychology students were discussing the topic of social influence.

"I find it fascinating how some people are able to resist social influence," said Jack. "It
must be the result of having a confident personality."

"I disagree," replied Sarah. "I think resisting social influence depends much more on the
presence of others."

Discuss two explanations of resistance to social influence. As part of your discussion,

refer to the views expressed by Jack and Sarah in the conversation above.

Exam Questions

Minority Influence &

Social Change
Minority Influence / Role of Social Influence Processes in Social Change

Easy (2 questions) /5 Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (2 questions) /8

Hard (3 questions) /18

Total Marks /31

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Easy Questions
1 In 1987, a survey of 1000 young people found that 540 said they smoked cigarettes,
whilst 460 said they did not. In 2017, a similar survey of another 1000 young people
found that 125 said they smoked cigarettes, whilst 875 said they did not.

Calculate the ratio of smokers to non-smokers in 2017. Give your answer in simplest
form.

Show your workings.

(2 marks)

2 Which factors affecting minority influence are illustrated by the following examples?

Members of a religious group give up their Saturday mornings to distribute leaflets

about the importance of worship.

An environmental group acknowledges that recycling can be time-consuming while

emphasising its importance for the future of the planet.

All of the members of the ‘Flat Earth Society’ agree that the Earth is flat and not
round.

(3 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 In 1987, a survey of 1000 young people found that 540 said they smoked cigarettes,
whilst 460 said they did not. In 2017, a similar survey of another 1000 young people
found that 125 said they smoked cigarettes, whilst 875 said they did not.

Which statistical test should be used to calculate whether there is a significant difference
in reported smoking behaviour between the two surveys? Give three reasons for your
answer.

(4 marks)

2 In a sixth form debating society, Samina is the only student in a group of six who does
not believe that drugs should be legalised.

Using your knowledge of minority influence processes, explain two ways in which
Samina could convince the other students in the debating society to agree with her.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Jenny is a psychology teacher who works with six other teachers in the department.
Jenny believes strongly that homework should not be graded as it distracts students
from reading verbal feedback on their work. She would like her colleagues to stop
grading work. The other members of the department do not agree but have told Jenny
they are willing to have a meeting about it.

Using your knowledge of minority influence, explain how Jenny might be able to
persuade the rest of the department to accept her view.

(6 marks)

2 In 1987, a survey of 1000 young people found that 540 said they smoked cigarettes,
whilst 460 said they did not. In 2017, a similar survey of another 1000 young people
found that 125 said they smoked cigarettes, whilst 875 said they did not.

The survey shows that fewer young people are smoking today than in 1987.

Using your knowledge of social influence processes in social change, explain possible
reasons for this change in behaviour.

3 Fewer and fewer people use single-use plastic items, such as water bottles and plastic
straws.

Using your knowledge of social influence processes in social change, explain why fewer
and fewer people are using single-use plastic items.

(6 marks)

Exam Questions

Multi-store Model of
Memory & Types of
Long-Term Memory
Multi-store Model of Memory (MSM) / Types of Long-term Memory

Easy (2 questions) /5 Scan here for your answers

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Medium (2 questions) /8

Hard (1 question) /8

Total Marks /21

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Easy Questions
1 Which type of long-term memory would be most associated with the following?

Write the correct type of long-term memory in the spaces provided.

1. Stored, with reference to contextual information, eg time and place

2. Difficult to describe in words

3. Knowing the meaning of a word

(3 marks)

2 Briefly outline one way in which researchers have investigated the capacity of short-term
memory.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Two types of long-term memory are procedural memory and episodic memory.

Explain two differences between procedural memory and episodic memory.

(4 marks)

2 In an investigation into memory, participants were presented with two different lists of
words.

List A List B

Flip Huge

Flit Large

Flop Great

Flap Giant

Flab Vast

Flan Mighty

Flat Epic

After seeing the lists, participants were tested on their ability to recall the words.

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When tested immediately, participants found it more difficult to recall the words from
List A in the correct order.

When tested after 30 minutes, participants found it more difficult to recall the words
from List B in the correct order.

Using your knowledge of coding in memory, explain these findings.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Outline and evaluate research into duration in memory.

(8 marks)

Exam Questions

Working Memory
Model
Working Memory Model (WMM)

Scan here for your answers

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Easy (2 questions) /4

Medium (4 questions) /16

Total Marks /20

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Easy Questions
1 A researcher investigated the working memory model using a laboratory experiment.
Forty students from a local college volunteered to take part.

In Condition A, 20 students performed the following two tasks at the same time:

mentally counting backwards from 100

tracking coloured shapes on a computer screen.

In Condition B, 20 different students performed the following two tasks at the same
time:

mentally counting backwards from 100

reading a poem out loud.

The researcher predicted that the performance of students in Condition A would be

better than the performance of students in Condition B.

Name the two components of working memory that would be involved in the
performance of the tasks in Condition A.

Mentally counting backwards from 100:........................................

Tracking coloured shapes on a computer screen:..........................

(2 marks)

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2 Amir was talking to his friend Sunita on the phone and drawing doodles at the same
time. When he tried to write down some ideas he had about what to buy Sunita for her
birthday he found that he lost track of what Sunita was saying and had to ask her to
repeat the information.

With reference to Amir’s conversation with Sunita explain why Amir found it difficult to
write down information that was different to the conversation content and why this did
not occur when he was drawing doodles.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Discuss one strength of the working memory model.

(4 marks)

2 A researcher investigated the working memory model using a laboratory experiment.

Forty students from a local college volunteered to take part.

In Condition A, 20 students performed the following two tasks at the same time:

mentally counting backwards from 100

tracking coloured shapes on a computer screen

In Condition B, 20 different students performed the following two tasks at the same
time:

mentally counting backwards from 100

reading a poem out loud.

The researcher predicted that the performance of students in Condition A would be

better than the performance of students in Condition B.

Briefly explain two ways in which the working memory experiment described above
could be improved.

3 Apart from the central executive, name and briefly outline two other components of the
working memory model.

(4 marks)

4 Evaluate the central executive as part of the working memory model.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

Explanations for
Forgetting
Proactive & Retroactive Interference / Retrieval Failure due to Absence of Cues

Scan here for your answers

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Easy (1 question) /3

Medium (2 questions) /12

Total Marks /15

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Easy Questions
1 An explanation for forgetting is interference.

Using an example, explain what is meant by retroactive interference.

(3 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) A researcher investigated retrieval failure using an independent groups design.

In Condition A, 10 participants learnt 30 words and recalled them in the same room.

In Condition B, another 10 participants learnt the same 30 words in one room and
recalled them in a different room.

The results for Condition B are shown below.

Table 1

Participant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of words recalled 9 11 8 28 14 13 9 15 10 12

The researcher decided to use the mean to analyse the results.

State one advantage of an independent groups design.

(1 mark)

(b) Suggest a more appropriate measure of central tendency for this data set and explain
why it would be more appropriate.

(3 marks)

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2 (a) Aaron was upset as he left the Spanish exam. In the unfamiliar room and full of nerves,
his mind had gone completely blank. He was regretting studying both French and
Spanish because he was sure he had mixed up lots of the words.

Outline one explanation of forgetting. How might this explanation account for Aaron’s
poor performance in the Spanish exam?

(4 marks)

(b) Briefly evaluate the explanation of forgetting you have outlined in your answer to
Question 5 (a).

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

Eyewitness
Testimony
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony: Misleading Information /
Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony: Anxiety / Improving the
Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony: Cognitive Interview

Easy (2 questions) /3 Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (1 question) /4

Hard (3 questions) /18

Total Marks /25

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Easy Questions
1 Which two of A, B, C, D and E are associated with the cognitive interview technique?

A. Alter the perspective

B. Change the speaker
C. Match the direction
D. Remove the context
E. Reverse the order
(2 marks)

2 Professor Tensanervous is interested in looking at the possible association between

caffeine and eyewitness anxiety. She asks her participants to report how many cups of
coffee they drink in a week, after which a confederate enters the test space and
threatens the professor with a (fake) knife. Professor Tensanervous then asks the
participants to write down how anxious they felt by this (fake) threat on a scale of 1-10
(10 being ‘extremely anxious’). Once the professor has her results she presents them in
the following graph:

Graph 1: Correlation between number of cups of coffee in a week and level of anxiety.

Which one of the following correlation coefficients best describes the data represented
in Graph 1?

A. +0.85
B. -0.85

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Medium Questions
1 A student showed participants a film of a car accident. After watching the film, each
participant was asked to write down what they had seen. The student was surprised to
see that the descriptions of the accident were quite different.

The student’s psychology teacher suggested that the participants’ recall might be
improved by using cognitive interview techniques.

Suggest two cognitive interview techniques that could be used to improve participants’
recall of the film.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Danielle was walking down the high street when she witnessed a crime. A young man
attacked an elderly woman. After a struggle, the man ran away with the woman’s
handbag. Danielle and another couple of witnesses stayed with the woman until the
police arrived.

Explain how the police could use the cognitive interview to help Danielle’s recall of the
event.

(6 marks)

2 Evaluate the cognitive interview as a way of improving the accuracy of eyewitness

testimony.

(6 marks)

Exam Questions

Caregiver-infant
Interactions
Caregiver-infant Interactions in Humans

Easy (1 question) /2 Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (1 question) /4

Hard (1 question) /16

Total Marks /22

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Easy Questions
1 What is meant by ‘reciprocity’ in the context of caregiver-infant interaction?

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Briefly evaluate research into caregiver-infant interaction.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Discuss research into caregiver-infant interactions in humans.

(16 marks)

Exam Questions

Animal Studies in
Attachment
Animal Studies in Attachment: Lorenz & Harlow

Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com

Hard (2 questions) /22

Total Marks /22

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Hard Questions
1 Outline how Lorenz and Harlow studied attachment using animals.

(6 marks)

2 Outline Lorenz’s and Harlow’s animal studies of attachment. Discuss what these studies
might tell us about human attachment.

Exam Questions

Explanations of
Attachment
Learning Theory of Attachment / Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory

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Easy (2 questions) /3

Hard (1 question) /16

Total Marks /19

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Easy Questions
1 (a) Annie feeds her newborn baby regularly and they have formed a strong bond.

According to the learning theory of attachment, before any attachment had been
formed, the milk Annie gives her baby is best described as:

A. A conditioned stimulus
B. A neutral stimulus
C. An unconditioned response
D. An unconditioned stimulus
(1 mark)

(b) According to the learning theory of attachment, now she has formed an attachment with
her baby, Annie is best described as:

A. A conditioned stimulus
B. A neutral stimulus
C. An unconditioned response
D. An unconditioned stimulus
(1 mark)

2 Which two of the following attachment concepts were not introduced by Bowlby?

A. Affectionless psychopathy
B. Critical period
C. Interactional synchrony
D. Internal working model
E. Multiple attachment stage
(1 mark)

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Hard Questions
1 Two mothers at the toddler and parent group are chatting.

“I always felt sorry for my husband when Millie was a baby. He used to say his bond with
Millie was not as strong as mine because I was breastfeeding.”

“I’m not sure”, replies the other mother. “I think there’s something about a mother’s love
that makes it more special anyway – and so important for future development.”

Discuss the learning theory of attachment and Bowlby’s monotropic theory of

attachment. Refer to the conversation above in your answer.

Exam Questions

Types of Attachment
& Cultural Variations
Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’ & Types of Attachment / Cultural Variations in
Attachment: Van Ijzendoorn

Easy (4 questions) /7 Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (3 questions) /12

Hard (1 question) /8

Total Marks /27

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Easy Questions
1 Which two of the following are associated with an insecure-resistant attachment type?

Choose two from the options A, B, C, D and E.

A. Extreme stranger anxiety

B. Indifference when the mother leaves the room
C. Low willingness to explore the new environment
D. Moderate levels of separation anxiety
E. Obvious joy when reunited with the mother
(2 marks)

2 Nine-year-old Annie asks her mother, “What was I like as a toddler?”

“Oh, you could be a bit difficult,” Annie’s mother replies. “You used to scream when I left
you at nursery. When I returned to pick you up, you would run towards me and then
push me away.”

Identify the attachment type that Annie’s mother is describing.

(1 mark)

3 Outline one difference in attachment behaviours shown by infants who have an

insecure-avoidant attachment and infants who have an insecure-resistant attachment.

(2 marks)

4 Outline one example of cultural variation in attachment.

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Medium Questions
1 Insecure-resistant is one type of attachment. Distinguish between two other types of
attachment.

(4 marks)

2 Studies of attachment often involve naturalistic observations.

Suggest one way in which studies of attachment could be improved by using controlled
observations.

(3 marks)

3 These different attachment types were first identified in Ainsworth’s ‘Strange Situation’.

Evaluate the procedure known as the ‘Strange Situation’.

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Hard Questions
1 Discuss findings of research into cultural variations in attachment

(8 marks)

Exam Questions

Bowlby's Theory of
Maternal Deprivation
& Romanian Orphan
Studies
Bowlby's Theory of Maternal Deprivation / Romanian Orphan Studies: Effects of
Institutionalisation

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Easy (1 question) /2

Medium (1 question) /5

Total Marks /7

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Easy Questions
1 State two effects of institutionalisation.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Anca is an orphan who has recently been adopted by a British couple. Before being
adopted, Anca lived in an institution with lots of other children in very poor conditions.
Her new parents are understandably concerned about how Anca’s early experiences may
affect her in the future.

Use your knowledge of the effects of institutionalisation to advise Anca’s new parents
about what to expect.

(5 marks)

Exam Questions

Influence of Early
Attachment on Later
Relationships
Influence of Early Attachment on Childhood & Adulthood Relationships

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Medium (1 question) /4

Hard (1 question) /7

Total Marks /11

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Medium Questions
1 Lenny is being interviewed for a TV dating show. He describes his approach to
relationships:

“My friends would say I’m scared of commitment and need to settle down. I suppose
they’re right, I’m in my late thirties now. I fall in love constantly but my relationships
never last more than a few weeks. My mum left when I was very young, I don’t know if
that has something to do with it…”

Explain how, according to attachment research, Lenny’s early experience might have
influenced his later relationships.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Researchers investigated whether the experience of bullying is influenced by attachment
type. They interviewed teenagers about their early attachment experiences. Following
the interviews, the teenagers were categorised into two groups based on their
attachment type:

Group 1 – secure attachment in childhood

Group 2 – insecure attachment (insecure-avoidant or insecure-resistant) in

childhood.

During the interview, the teenagers were also asked about their experience of bullying.
They were categorised as either:

having had experience of bullying, or

having had no experience of bullying.

Which statistical test would be most suitable to analyse the data in this investigation?
With reference to this investigation, explain three reasons for your choice of test.

(7 marks)

Exam Questions

Definitions of
Abnormality
Deviation from Social Norms / Failure to Function Adequately / Deviation from
Ideal Mental Health / Statistical Infrequency

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Medium (1 question) /4

Hard (2 questions) /12

Total Marks /16

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Medium Questions
1 Briefly evaluate the deviation from the ideal mental health definition of abnormality.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Agoraphobia is an extreme fear of open or public spaces. It affects less than 1% of adults
in the UK. In many cases, people with agoraphobia are unable to leave their homes and
may not even be able to look outside, perceiving threats everywhere. The condition is
very stressful for the individual, and for their family, and may prevent sufferers from
living a normal life and achieving their potential.

Referring to the description above, outline three definitions of abnormality.

(6 marks)

2 Describe the statistical infrequency and failure to function adequately definitions of

abnormality.

(6 marks)

Exam Questions

The Cognitive
Approach
Assumptions & Theoretical Models / Schemas & Cognitive Neuroscience

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Easy (1 question) /1

Medium (1 question) /4

Total Marks /5

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Easy Questions
1 Which of the following statements about the cognitive approach is FALSE?

Shade one box only.

A. Inferences about internal mental processes are made on the basis of behaviour.
B. Internal mental processes are studied scientifically
C. Mental processes are studied directly by making inferences.
D. Theoretical and computer models are used to help explain mental processes.
(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 We use schema when we process information from the world around us.

Explain one reason why using schema might be useful when processing information
from the world around us, and explain one reason why using schema might not be
useful when processing information from the world around us.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

The Biological
Approach
Assumptions & the Influence of Genes / Biological Structures, Neurochemistry &
Evolution

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Easy (1 question) /1

Medium (2 questions) /8

Total Marks /9

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Easy Questions
1 According to the biological approach, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Shade one circle only.

A. Environment may influence the expression of the genotype.

B. Genotype is just the expression of the environment.
C. Outside influences cannot affect the expression of the genotype
D. Phenotype is only the expression of the genotype
(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 A recent study showed that Alzheimer’s disease may be partly inherited.

John’s father suffered from Alzheimer’s disease. John is keen to get genetically tested to
see if he will develop Alzheimer’s disease.

Explain why John’s genotype will not reveal whether he will suffer from Alzheimer’s
disease.

(4 marks)

2 Jemima and Lily are identical twins. Lily complains to Jemima, “I don’t understand it. If we
have the same genes, how come you have clearer skin than me and are much better at
netball?”

Jemima laughs and replies, “Lily, we may be identical twins, but we are not identical
people.”

Using your knowledge of genotype and phenotype, explain Lily’s and Jemima’s
comments.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

The Psychodynamic
Approach
The Role of the Unconscious & Structure of Personality / Defence Mechanisms &
Psychosexual Stages

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Medium (3 questions) /11

Hard (1 question) /6

Total Marks /22

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Easy Questions
1 Briefly describe one role of the unconscious according to the psychodynamic approach.

(2 marks)

2 Which of the following shows the correct order of the psychosexual stages of
development as proposed by the psychodynamic approach?

Shade one circle only.

A. Oral, Anal, Genital, Latency, Phallic.

B. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Genital, Latency.
C. Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
D. Oral, Genital, Anal, Phallic, Latency.
(1 mark)

3 Describe the role of defence mechanisms according to the psychodynamic approach.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Describe the structure of the personality according to the psychodynamic approach.

(4 marks)

2 Jed was given a detention meaning that he would miss the football match after school.
Jed felt extremely angry. Later that day, Jed was called in to the Head of Year’s office for
kicking his locker at break time.

Identify and explain the defence mechanism Jed was displaying.

(3 marks)

3 Briefly explain one strength and one limitation of the psychodynamic approach.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Describe psychosexual stages as outlined in the psychodynamic approach.

(6 marks)

Exam Questions

Biological Rhythms
Circadian, Infradian & Ultradian Rhythms / The Effect of Endogenous Pacemakers
& Exogenous Zeitgebers

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Medium (2 questions) /5

Hard (1 question) /8

Total Marks /15

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Easy Questions
1 Explain the difference between infradian rhythms and ultradian rhythms.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Julia decided to record how many hours her baby slept for in the day and in the night for
box one week.

Table 1 The number of hours slept in the day and the number of hours slept in the night
over one week

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Number 8.5 9.0 7.0 9.5 10.5 6.5 8.5

of hours
slept in
the day

Number 9.0 8.0 8.5 7.0 7.5 10.5 8.0

of hours
slept in
the
night

Calculate the mean number of hours slept in the night. Show your workings.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

(3 marks)

2 Explain one reason why the mean is the most appropriate measure of central tendency
for this set of data.

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Hard Questions
1 Julia complains that her baby is sleeping all day and keeping her awake all night.

Using your knowledge of research into exogenous zeitgebers, discuss what Julia could do
to encourage her baby to sleep more at night.

(8 marks)

Exam Questions

Gender & Culture in

Psychology
Gender Bias / Culture Bias

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Easy (4 questions) /14

Total Marks /14

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Easy Questions
1 (a) A psychologist asked men aged 25 to 35 years to keep a diary record of how many miles
they walked in a week. The psychologist also asked each man to climb a flight of stairs,
then took each man’s heart rate.

For each man, the number of miles walked in the week was correlated with heart rate
after climbing stairs. The findings showed a significant negative correlation. A national
newspaper reported the findings under the headline ‘Everyone should walk for a healthy
heart’.

Explain how the newspaper headline might be an example of beta bias.

(2 marks)

(b) Briefly suggest one way in which psychologists might address the problem of beta bias in
their research.

(1 mark)

(c) Explain one problem with the method used to determine the number of miles walked in
the week. Suggest an alternative measure that would overcome this problem.

(3 marks)

2 Cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, holism and universality are four concepts relevant to
issues and debates in psychology.

Table 1

A Appreciating that behaviour varies between cultures

B Believing that some behaviours are the same for all cultures

C Considering all aspects of experience, including culture

D Emphasising the importance of the behaviour of one’s own culture

E Understanding that whole cultures have the same experience

Look at Table 1 above.

Which definition (A-E) best describes cultural relativism?

Which definition (A-E) best describes ethnocentrism?

Which definition (A-E) best describes holism?

Which definition (A-E) best describes universality?

(4 marks)

3 Outline what is meant by cultural relativism.

4 Suggest two ways in which researchers might reduce cultural bias in their research.

(2 marks)

Exam Questions

Ethical Implications of
Research
Ethical Implications of Research

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Easy (1 question) /2

Hard (1 question) /8

Total Marks /10

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Easy Questions
1 Explain what psychologists mean by socially sensitive research.

(2 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Outline what social sensitivity means in the context of psychology. Explain how
researchers in psychology could deal with issues related to social sensitivity.

(8 marks)

Exam Questions

Aims, Hypotheses &

Variables
Aims & Hypotheses / Manipulation and Control of Variables

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Easy (2 questions) /5

Medium (5 questions) /20

Total Marks /25

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Easy Questions
1 A psychologist wanted to test whether listening to music improves running performance.
The psychologist conducted a study using 10 volunteers from a local gym. The
psychologist used a repeated measures design. Half of the participants were assigned to
condition A (without music) and half to condition B (with music).

The psychologist recorded their running times in seconds. The participants returned to
the psychology department the following week and repeated the test in the other
condition.

Identify the operationalised dependent variable in this study.

(2 marks)

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2 (a) It was recently reported in a newspaper that time spent playing team sports increases
happiness levels. A researcher was keen to find out whether this was due to participating
in a team activity or due to participating in physical activity, as he could not find any
published research on this.

The researcher used a matched-pairs design. He went into the student café and selected
the first 20 students he met. Each student was assigned to one of two groups.
Participants in Group A were requested to carry out 3 hours of team sports per week.

Participants in Group B were requested to carry out 3 hours of exercise independently in

a gym each week. All participants were told not to take part in any other type of exercise
for the 4-week duration of the study.

All participants completed a happiness questionnaire at the start and end of the study.
The researcher then calculated the improvement in happiness score for each participant.

Which of the following is correct?

A. Groups A and B are conditions of the dependent variable and happiness is the
independent variable

B. Groups A and B are conditions of the independent variable and happiness is the
dependent variable.

C. Groups A and B are the controls and happiness is the experimental condition.
D. Groups A and B are the experimental conditions and happiness is the control.
(1 mark)

(b) It was recently reported in a newspaper that time spent playing team sports increases
happiness levels. A researcher was keen to find out whether this was due to participating
in a team activity or due to participating in physical activity, as he could not find any
published research on this.

Would a directional or non-directional hypothesis be more suitable for the researcher to

use? Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 A psychologist wanted to test whether listening to music improves running performance.

The psychologist conducted a study using 10 volunteers from a local gym. The
psychologist used a repeated measures design. Half of the participants were assigned to
condition A (without music) and half to condition B (with music).

The participants returned to the psychology department the following week and
repeated the test in the other condition.

Identify one extraneous variable that could have affected the results of this study.
Suggest why it would have been important to control this extraneous variable and how it
could have been controlled in this study.

(3 marks)

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2 The psychologist decided to conduct an experiment to investigate the effect of watching
horror films before going to bed. A volunteer sample of 50 university students consented
to take part in the experiment. The 50 students were randomly split into two groups.

Group 1 watched a horror film before going to bed each night for the first week then a
romantic comedy before going to bed each night for the second week.

Group 2 watched the romantic comedy in the first week and the horror film in the
second week.

When the students woke up each morning, each student received a text message that
asked if they had had a nightmare during the night. They could respond ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

The psychologist proposed a directional hypothesis.

Write a directional hypothesis for this experiment.

(3 marks)

3 It was recently reported in a newspaper that time spent playing team sports increases
happiness levels. A researcher was keen to find out whether this was due to participating
in a team activity or due to participating in physical activity, as he could not find any
published research on this.

The researcher used a matched-pairs design. He went into the student café and selected
the first 20 students he met. Each student was assigned to one of two groups.

Participants in Group A were requested to carry out 3 hours of team sports per week.
Participants in Group B were requested to carry out 3 hours of exercise independently in
a gym each week. All participants were told not to take part in any other type of exercise
for the 4-week duration of the study.

All participants completed a happiness questionnaire at the start and end of the study.
The researcher then calculated the improvement in happiness score for each participant

Write a suitable hypothesis for this experiment.

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4 (a) A psychologist reads a review of a meta-analysis confirming the relationship between
recreational screen time and academic performance.

The psychologist decided to design an experiment to test the effects of recreational

screen time on children’s academic performance.

The psychologist randomly selected four schools from all the primary schools in her
county to take part in the experiment involving Year 5 pupils. Three of the four schools
agreed to take part. In total, there were 58 pupils whose parents consented for them to
participate. The 58 pupils were then randomly allocated to Group A or Group B.

For the two-week period of the experiment, pupils in Group A had no recreational screen
time. Pupils in Group B were allowed unrestricted recreational screen time. At the end of
the experiment all pupils completed a 45-minute class test, to achieve a test score.

Briefly explain why a directional hypothesis would be most suitable for this experiment.

(1 mark)

(b) Write an appropriate hypothesis for this experiment.

(3 marks)

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5 (a) A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third
year students to participate in a sleep experiment.

Each student had a sleep tracker watch to wear at home for the two-week study. Each
morning they were asked to open the sleep tracker app to view their sleep quality data
on their mobile phones. The students were unaware that the sleep data they could see
on their phones had been manipulated by the researcher. Over the two weeks of the
study, each student saw that he or she had had poor sleep quality for seven random
nights of the experiment and good sleep quality for the remaining nights.

Every morning, after viewing the sleep data, each student completed a questionnaire
about the previous night’s sleep. One of the questions asked the students to rate how
well rested they felt, on a scale from 1–10, after the previous night’s sleep. Apart from
this, students were asked to continue their normal everyday activities.

Write a directional hypothesis the researcher might use for this study.

(3 marks)

(b) The researcher believed that the actual number of hours slept by the students could
have affected the results of the study.

Suggest one other extraneous variable that could have affected the results of this study.
Explain why it would have been important to control this extraneous variable and how it
could have been controlled in this study.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

Content Analysis &

Case Studies
Content Analysis / Case Studies

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Total Marks /8

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1 (a) A psychologist was interested in finding out whether dream themes differed between
males and females, particularly in terms of social interaction. She decided to conduct a
pilot study. Twenty undergraduate students (8 male and 12 female) volunteered for the
study.

For a six-week period the students were interviewed at 9 am each morning when they
arrived at university. Interviewers, who did not know the purpose of the study, carried
out and recorded the dream interviews.

Another researcher, who did not know the purpose of the study, carried out a content
analysis of the interview data.

Explain how this content analysis could have been conducted.

(4 marks)

(b) The psychologist wanted to assess the reliability of the content analysis.

Explain how the reliability of the content analysis could be assessed.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

Correlations & Meta-

analysis
Correlations / Meta-analysis

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Easy (5 questions) /12

Total Marks /12

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Easy Questions
1 (a) A study into the relationship between recreational screen time and academic
achievement was conducted. Students were asked to self-report the number of hours
spent watching TV, playing on their mobile phones or video games (daily recreational
screen time) and their end-of-year test performances (academic performance).

The results of the study are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 The relationship between daily recreational screen time and academic
performance

Which of the following correlation coefficients best describes the data represented in
Figure 2?

A. –0.80
B. –0.25
C. +0.25
D. +0.80
(1 mark)

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(b) A study into the relationship between recreational screen time and academic
achievement was conducted. Students were asked to self-report the number of hours
spent watching TV, playing on their mobile phones or video games (daily recreational
screen time) and their end-of-year test performances (academic performance).

Identify the type of graph shown in Figure 2 and explain why this is an appropriate graph
to use for the data collected.

(3 marks)

(c) Explain why it would not be appropriate for the researchers to conclude that increased
recreational screen time reduces academic performance.

(2 marks)

2 A psychologist reads a review of a meta-analysis confirming the relationship between

recreational screen time and academic performance.

What is meant by the term meta-analysis?

(2 marks)

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3 A researcher investigated whether there was a correlation between the number of hours
slept and how well rested the students felt.

The researcher randomly selected 18 participants from first-year students at the

university.

On the day of the study, each student participant was asked, ‘How many hours did you
sleep last night?’ They then had to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 how well rested they felt.

The researcher hypothesised that there would be a positive correlation between the two
co-variables.

Outline one reason why it was appropriate to conduct a correlation rather than an
experiment in this case.

(2 marks)

4 A researcher studying depression wanted to see whether or not there was a relationship
between level of self-esteem and negative schema score. She constructed two
questionnaires and asked ten people who had been diagnosed with depression to
complete them.

One questionnaire measured the participant’s level of self-esteem. A low score (out of
50) indicated low self-esteem.

The other questionnaire measured whether the participant showed evidence of negative
schema. A low score (out of 50) indicated evidence of negative schema. The two sets of
results for each participant are shown in the table below.

Table 1 Self-esteem score and negative schema score for each patient

Estimate the correlation coefficient most likely to result from analysis of the data in
Table 1.

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The correlation coefficient would be approximately:

A. +0.95
B. +0.70
C. +0.30
D. +0.15
(1 mark)

5 The calculated value of r for a Pearson’s test was +0.42.

Which one of the following scattergrams best represents a correlation coefficient of

+0.42?

(1 mark)

Exam Questions

Data Handling:
Descriptive Statistics
& Computation
Measures of Central Tendency / Measures of Dispersion / Mathematical Content

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Easy (2 questions) /3

Medium (7 questions) /27

Total Marks /30

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Easy Questions
1 A psychologist was reading an article about typical dream themes in adults.

Figure 2 shows the main dream themes identified in the article

Using Figure 2, estimate the percentage of dreams that were reported to be about being
chased.

A. 4%
B. 12%
C. 27%
D. 42%
(1 mark)

2 A psychologist was interested in finding out whether dream themes differed between
males and females, particularly in terms of social interaction.

When comparing the data for males and females, the psychologist found that there was
a difference in the proportion of friendly and aggressive social interactions. This is shown
in Table 1.

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Table 1 Percentage of friendly and aggressive social interactions in dreams reported by
males and females

A total of 375 dreams reported by males included social interaction. Use the data in
Table 1 to calculate how many of these dreams reported by males were classified as
aggressive. Show your workings.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) A psychologist wanted to test whether listening to music improves running performance.

All participants were asked to run 400 metres as fast as they could on a treadmill in the
psychology department. All participants were given standardised instructions. All
participants wore headphones in both conditions. The psychologist recorded their
running times in seconds. The participants returned to the psychology department the
following week and repeated the test in the other condition.

The results of the study are given in Table 1 below

Table 1 Mean number of seconds taken to complete the 400m run and the standard
deviation for both conditions

What do the mean and standard deviation values in Table 1 suggest about the
participants’ performances with and without music? Justify your answer.

(4 marks)

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(b) Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean time it took participants to run 400
metres when listening to music. Show your workings. Give your answer to three
significant figures.

(4 marks)

2 A psychologist decided to conduct an experiment to investigate the effect of watching

horror films before going to bed.

A volunteer sample of 50 university students consented to take part in the experiment.

Group 2 watched the romantic comedy in the first week and the horror film in the
second week. When the students woke up each morning, each student received a text
message that asked if they had had a nightmare during the night. They could respond
‘yes’ or ‘no’.

The psychologist collated the responses of all the participants over the two-week period
and calculated the mean and standard deviation for each condition.

Table 1 Mean number of nightmares reported and the standard deviation for each
condition

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Mean number of nightmares in 7 Standard
days deviation

Horror films 2.18 1.48

Romantic 0.30 0.61

comedies

What do the mean and standard deviation values in Table 1 suggest about the effect of
the type of film watched on the occurrence of nightmares? Justify your answer.

(4 marks)

3 A psychologist decided to design an experiment to test the effects of recreational screen

time on children’s academic performance.

The results obtained from the experiment are summarised in Table 1.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the test performance scores for Group A and
Group B

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Group A (no screen Group B (unrestricted screen
time) time)

Mean 73.6 66.3

Median 74.0 58.0

Mode 74.0 44.0

Standard 13.2 25.1

deviation

What do the mean and standard deviation values in Table 1 suggest about the effect of
recreational screen time on test performance? Justify your answer.

(4 marks)

4 There was an overall increase in sales of Tiger following the advertisement campaign.
Interestingly, the increase in sales was greater for male customers than for female
customers. See Table 1 below.

Table 1 Sales figures before and after the Tiger advert

Before the advert 3882 2522

After the advert 3395 4688

Calculate the percentage increase in sales of Tiger to male customers. Give your answer
to two significant figures.

Show your workings.

(3 marks)

5 Julia complains that her baby is sleeping all day and keeping her awake all night.

Julia decided to record how many hours her baby slept for in the day and in the night for
box one week.

Table 1 The number of hours slept in the day and the number of hours slept in the night
over one week

Calculate the mean number of hours slept in the night. Show your workings.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

6 A researcher investigated retrieval failure using an independent groups design.

In Condition A, 10 participants learnt 30 words and recalled them in the same room.

In Condition B, another 10 participants learnt the same 30 words in one room and
recalled them in a different room.

The results for Condition B are shown below.

Table 1

The researcher decided to use the mean to analyse the results

Suggest a more appropriate measure of central tendency for this data set and explain
why it would be more appropriate.

(3 marks)

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7 In 1987, a survey of 1000 young people found that 540 said they smoked cigarettes,
whilst 460 said they did not. In 2017, a similar survey of another 1000 young people
found that 125 said they smoked cigarettes, whilst 875 said they did not.

Calculate the ratio of smokers to non-smokers in 2017. Give your answer in its simplest
form.

Show your workings.

(2 marks)

Exam Questions

Data Handling:
Inferential Statistics
Statistical Testing / The Sign Test / Factors Affecting the Choice of Statistical Test

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Medium (6 questions) /32

Hard (4 questions) /26

Total Marks /69

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Easy Questions
1 A biological psychologist wanted to see if there was a positive correlation between heart
rate (measured in beats per minute) and levels of a stress hormone (measured in
micrograms) in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). She wrote a
directional hypothesis and collected data from 20 people with OCD.

The psychologist chose to use the Pearson’s r test to analyse the data because she was
testing for a correlation.

Explain one other reason why the psychologist used a Pearson’s r test in this study.

(2 marks)

2 A psychologist decided to conduct an experiment to investigate the effect of watching

horror films before going to bed.

A volunteer sample of 50 university students consented to take part in the experiment.

The 50 students were randomly split into two groups. Group 1 watched a horror film
before going to bed each night for the first week then a romantic comedy before going to
bed each night for the second week. Group 2 watched the romantic comedy in the first
week and the horror film in the second week.

When the students woke up each morning, each student received a text message that
asked if they had had a nightmare during the night. They could respond ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

The psychologist found that the difference in the number of nightmares reported in the
two conditions was significant at p<0.05.

Explain what is meant by ‘significant at p<0.05’ in the context of this experiment.

(2 marks)

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3 (a) It was recently reported in a newspaper that time spent playing team sports increases
happiness levels. A researcher was keen to find out whether this was due to participating
in a team activity or due to participating in physical activity, as he could not find any
published research on this.

Participants in Group B were requested to carry out 3 hours of exercise independently in

a gym each week. All participants were told not to take part in any other type of exercise
for the 4-week duration of the study.

All participants completed a happiness questionnaire at the start and end of the study.
The researcher then calculated the improvement in happiness score for each participant.

The results of the study are given in Table 1, below.

Table 1 Improvement in happiness scores

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Team sports Group A Independent sport Group B

Pair 1 0 2

Pair 2 14 8

Pair 3 4 4

Pair 4 -1 1

Pair 5 3 3

Pair 6 12 5

Pair 7 8 7

Pair 8 15 8

Pair 9 7 8

Pair 10 3 2

The researcher decided to use the Sign Test to see whether there was a significant
difference in the improvement in the scores between the two groups at the 5% level of
significance.

Calculate the value of S in this study. Show your workings.

(2 marks)

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(b) Table 1 Table of critical values of the sign test (S)

Level of significance for a two-tailed test

N 0.10 0.05 0.01

7 0 0

8 1 0 0

9 1 1 0

10 1 1 0

11 2 1 0

12 2 2 1

Significance is shown if the calculated value of S is equal to or less than the critical value

Explain whether or not there was a significant difference in the improvement in the
scores between the two groups. Use your answer to Question 3a and Table 2.

(2 marks)

4 What is meant by a Type II error? Explain why psychologists normally use the 5% level of
significance in their research.

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Medium Questions
1 A psychology teacher read a researcher’s study on sport and happiness. She considered
whether setting group tasks could improve her students’ level of happiness. She decided
to conduct an independent groups experiment with 30 students taking A-level
Psychology using the same happiness questionnaire.

Suggest an appropriate statistical test the psychology teacher could use to analyse the
data. Justify your choice of test.

(4 marks)

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2 (a) A researcher investigated whether there was a correlation between the number of hours
slept and how well rested the students felt.

The researcher randomly selected 18 participants from first-year students at the

university.

On the day of the study, each student participant was asked, ‘How many hours did you
sleep last night?’ They then had to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 how well rested they felt.

The researcher hypothesised that there would be a positive correlation between the two
co-variables.

The researcher used Spearman’s rho statistical test to analyse the data from this study.

Explain why Spearman’s rho was a suitable test for this study. Refer to the description of
the study in your answer.

(4 marks)

(b) The researcher chose to use the 5% level of significance and the calculated correlation
box coefficient for the Spearman’s rho test was 0.395

Table 1 Critical values of rho

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Level of significance for a one-tailed test 0.05 0.025

Level of significance for a two-tailed test 0.10 0.05

N = 16 0.429 0.503

17 0.414 0.485

18 0.401 0.472

19 0.391 0.460

20 0.380 0.447

The calculated value of rho must be greater than or equal to the critical value to be
significant.

Identify the appropriate critical value from Table 1. Explain your choice.

(4 marks)

(c) Explain whether the researcher’s hypothesis should be accepted. Refer to the critical
value identified in Question 2b in your answer.

(2 marks)

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(d) Explain why the researcher decided to use the 5% level of significance rather than the 1%
level in this study.

(2 marks)

(e) When the researcher compared the calculated and critical values of rho, he began to
wonder if he might have made a Type II error.

Explain what is meant by a Type II error in the context of this study.

(2 marks)

3 A researcher studying depression wanted to see whether or not there was a relationship
between level of self-esteem and negative schema score. She constructed two
questionnaires and asked ten people who had been diagnosed with depression to
complete them.

One questionnaire measured the participant’s level of self-esteem. A low score (out of
50) indicated low self-esteem.

The researcher analysed the data in Table 1 using a Spearman’s rho statistical test.

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Table 1 Self-esteem score and negative schema score for each patient

With reference to level of measurement, explain why Spearman’s rho is an appropriate

statistical test for this data.

(2 marks)

4 A biological psychologist wanted to see if there was a positive correlation between heart
rate (measured in beats per minute) and levels of a stress hormone (measured in
micrograms) in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). She wrote a
directional hypothesis and collected data from 20 people with OCD.

The psychologist chose to use the Pearson’s r test to analyse the data because she was
testing for a correlation. The calculated value of r for the Pearson’s test was +0.42.

The researcher used the following table of critical values.

Calculated value of r must be equal to or more than the critical value for
significance to be shown Degrees of freedom (df) = N – 2

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Is the psychologist’s calculated value significant? With reference to Table 1, explain your
answer.

(4 marks)

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5 (a) In an experiment, researchers arranged for participants to complete a very personal and
embarrassing questionnaire in a room with other people. Each participant was tested
individually. The other people were confederates of the experimenter.

In condition 1: the confederates completed the questionnaire.

In condition 2: the confederates refused to complete the questionnaire and asked to

leave the experiment.

The researchers tested 15 participants in condition 1, and 15 different participants in

condition 2.

The researchers recorded the number of participants who completed the questionnaire
in each condition.

In order to analyse the difference in the number of participants who completed the
questionnaire in each condition, the researchers used a chi-squared test.

Apart from reference to the level of measurement, give two reasons why the
researchers used the chi-squared test.

(2 marks)

(b) The calculated value of chi-squared in the experiment described as 3.97

Table 1: Critical values for the chi-squared test

Level of significance

df 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01

1 2.71 3.84 5.41 6.64

The calculated value of chi-squared should be equal to or greater than the critical
value to be statistically significant.

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With reference to the critical values in Table 1, explain whether or not the calculated
value of chi-squared is significant at the 5% level.

(2 marks)

6 In 1987, a survey of 1000 young people found that 540 said they smoked cigarettes,
whilst 460 said they did not. In 2017, a similar survey of another 1000 young people
found that 125 said they smoked cigarettes, whilst 875 said they did not.

Which statistical test should be used to calculate whether there is a significant difference
in reported smoking behaviour between the two surveys? Give three reasons for your
answer.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 A psychologist wanted to test whether listening to music improves running performance.

The researcher used a directional hypothesis and analysed the data using a related t-
test. The calculated value of t where degrees of freedom (df) = 9 was 1.4377. He decided
to use the 5% level of significance.

Table 1 Table of critical values of t

Calculated value of t must be equal to or greater than the critical value in this table for
significance to be shown.

Give three reasons why the researcher used a related t-test in this study and, using
Table 1, explain whether or not the results are significant.

2 A psychologist decided to design an experiment to test the effects of recreational screen

time on children’s academic performance.

For the two-week period of the experiment, pupils in Group A had no recreational
screen time. Pupils in Group B were allowed unrestricted recreational screen time. At
the end of the experiment all pupils completed a 45-minute class test, to achieve a test
score.

The psychologist wanted to test the statistical significance of the data.

Identify the most appropriate choice of statistical test for analysing the data collected
and explain three reasons for your choice in the context of this study.

(7 marks)

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3 Researchers investigated whether the experience of bullying is influenced by attachment
type. They interviewed teenagers about their early attachment experiences. Following
the interviews, the teenagers were categorised into two groups based on their
attachment type:

Group 1 – secure attachment in childhood

Group 2 – insecure attachment (insecure-avoidant or insecure-resistant) in

childhood.

During the interview, the teenagers were also asked about their experience of bullying.
They were categorised as either:

having had experience of bullying, or

having had no experience of bullying.

Which statistical test would be most suitable to analyse the data in this investigation?
With reference to this investigation, explain three reasons for your choice of test.

(7 marks)

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4 A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school
children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-home parents. The sample
consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of the children
had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents.

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

Each child participant was brought into the room and settled by their parent. The parent
then left to sit outside. Each child participant’s behaviour was observed covertly for five
minutes while they played in the room.

The observation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script

was used when the children and their parents arrived

The data from the observation was summarised by converting the number of agreed
observations into a total social behaviour score for each child.

The researcher then conducted a statistical test to identify whether there was a
significant difference between the social behaviour scores for the children of stay-at-
home parents and those of working parents.

Identify an appropriate statistical test that the researcher could use to analyse the social
behaviour scores in this study. Explain three reasons for your choice in the context of
this study.

(7 marks)

Exam Questions

Data Handling: Types,

Interpretation &
Display of Data
Types of Data / Presentation & Display of Quantitative Data / Distributions

Scan here for your answers

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Easy (10 questions) /22

Medium (3 questions) /12

Total Marks /34

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Easy Questions
1 A psychologist wanted to test whether listening to music improves running performance.

The results of the study are given in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Mean number of seconds taken to complete the 400m run and the standard
deviation for both conditions

Condition A (without music) Condition B (with music)

Mean 400m time (s) 123 117

Standard deviation 9.97 14.5

Explain why a histogram would not be an appropriate way of displaying the means
shown in Table 1.

(2 marks)

2 A study into the relationship between recreational screen time and academic
achievement was conducted. Students were asked to self-report the number of hours

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spent watching TV, playing on their mobile phones or video games (daily recreational
screen time) and their end-of-year test performances (academic performance).

The results of the study are shown in Figure 2.

Identify the type of graph shown in Figure 2 and explain why this is an appropriate graph
to use for the data collected.

(3 marks)

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3 A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third
year students to participate in a sleep experiment. Each student had a sleep tracker
watch to wear at home for the two-week study. Each morning they were asked to open
the sleep tracker app to view their sleep quality data on their mobile phones. The
students were unaware that the sleep data they could see on their phones had been
manipulated by the researcher. Over the two weeks of the study, each student saw that
he or she had had poor sleep quality for seven random nights of the experiment and
good sleep quality for the remaining nights.

The researcher collected quantitative data about how well rested the students felt.

Explain one strength of collecting quantitative data in this study.

(2 marks)

4 A researcher wants to investigate the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the recovery of

stroke patients with brain damage. Carers of stroke patients will be sent questionnaires
to produce quantitative data.

Explain one disadvantage of obtaining quantitative data in this study.

(2 marks)

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5 A researcher wants to investigate the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the recovery of
stroke patients with brain damage. Carers of stroke patients will be sent questionnaires
to produce quantitative data.

Write one question that could be used in the researcher’s questionnaire to produce
quantitative data and one question that could be used in the researcher’s questionnaire
to produce qualitative data

Quantitative question: .............................................................

Qualitative question: ................................................................

(2 marks)

6 In an experiment, researchers arranged for participants to complete a very personal and

embarrassing questionnaire in a room with other people. Each participant was tested
individually. The other people were confederates of the experimenter.

In condition 1: the confederates completed the questionnaire.

In condition 2: the confederates refused to complete the questionnaire and asked to

leave the experiment.

The researchers tested 15 participants in condition 1, and 15 different participants in

condition 2.

The researchers recorded the number of participants who completed the questionnaire
in each condition.

Identify the type of data in this experiment. Explain your answer.

(2 marks)

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7 A researcher wanted to investigate whether there was a relationship between locus of
control and resistance to social influence. Before the investigation began, he devised a
questionnaire to measure locus of control.

Why would the researcher’s questionnaire produce primary data? Suggest one limitation
of primary data.

(2 marks)

8 A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school

children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-home parents. The sample
consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of the children
had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents.

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

The observation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script

was used when the children and their parents arrived.

Explain one reason why collecting quantitative data could reduce the validity of this
study.

(2 marks)

9 A psychologist wanted to test whether listening to music improves running performance.

The psychologist conducted a study using 10 volunteers from a local gym. The
psychologist used a repeated measures design.

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Half of the participants were assigned to condition A (without music) and half to
condition B (with music). All participants were asked to run 400 metres as fast as they
could on a treadmill in the psychology department.

All participants were given standardised instructions. All participants wore headphones
in both conditions. The psychologist recorded their running times in seconds. The
participants returned to the psychology department the following week and repeated
the test in the other condition.

Table 1 Mean number of seconds taken to complete the 400m run and the standard
deviation for both conditions

Condition A (without music) Condition B (with music)

Mean 400m time (s) 123 117

Standard deviation 9.97 14.5

Name a more appropriate graph to display the means shown in Table 1.

Suggest appropriate X (horizontal) and Y (vertical) axis labels for your graph choice.

Name of graph:..........................................................................

X axis label:..................................................................................

Y axis label:.................................................................................

(3 marks)

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10 A psychologist was interested in finding out whether dream themes differed between
males and females, particularly in terms of social interaction. She decided to conduct a
pilot study.

Twenty undergraduate students (8 male and 12 female) volunteered for the study. For a
six-week period the students were interviewed at 9 am each morning when they arrived
at university. Interviewers, who did not know the purpose of the study, carried out and
recorded the dream interviews.

The interviews produced qualitative data.

What is meant by qualitative data? Give one strength of collecting qualitative data in this
study.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 A psychologist was interested in finding out whether dream themes differed between
box males and females, particularly in terms of social interaction. She decided to conduct
a pilot study.

Table 2 Percentage of friendly and aggressive social interactions in dreams reported by

males and females

Males Females

Friendly 40% 56%

Aggressive 60% 44%

Draw a suitable graphical display to represent the data in Table 2 box . Label your graph
appropriately.

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Title ...............................................................................................

(4 marks)

2 A psychologist decided to design an experiment to test the effects of recreational screen

time on children’s academic performance.

The psychologist randomly selected four schools from all the primary schools in her
county to take part in the experiment involving Year 5 pupils. Three of the four schools

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agreed to take part. In total, there were 58 pupils whose parents consented for them to
participate. The 58 pupils were then randomly allocated to Group A or Group B.

The results obtained from the experiment are summarised in Table 1.

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for the test performance scores for Group A and
Group B

Group A (no screen time) Group B (unrestricted screen time)

Mean 73.6 66.3

Median 74.0 58.0

Mode 74.0 44.0

Standard deviation 13.2 25.1

Using the data in Table 1, explain how the distribution of scores in Group A differs from
the distribution of scores in Group B.

(4 marks)

3 A researcher studying depression wanted to see whether or not there was a relationship
between level of self-esteem and negative schema score. She constructed two

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questionnaires and asked ten people who had been diagnosed with depression to
complete them.

One questionnaire measured the participant’s level of self-esteem. A low score (out of
50) indicated low self-esteem. The other questionnaire measured whether the
participant showed evidence of negative schema. A low score (out of 50) indicated
evidence of negative schema.

The two sets of results for each participant are shown in the table below.

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Self-esteem score and negative schema score for each patient

Draw a suitable graphical display to represent the data in Table 1. Label your graph
appropriately.

Exam Questions

Ethical Issues & Ways

of Dealing with Them
Ethical Issues & Ways of Dealing with Them

Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Easy (1 question) /2

Hard (2 questions) /14

Total Marks /16

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Easy Questions
1 A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third
year students to participate in a sleep experiment.

One ethical issue in this study is deception, as the students were unaware that the sleep
data they could see on their phones had been manipulated by the researcher.

Explain one way in which the researcher might deal with the deception in this study

(2 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 A psychologist decided to conduct an experiment to investigate the effect of watching
horror films before going to bed.

A volunteer sample of 50 university students consented to take part in the experiment.

When the students woke up each morning, each student received a text message that
asked if they had had a nightmare during the night. They could respond ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

Write a brief consent form that would have been suitable for use in this experiment.

The consent form should:

include some detail of what participants might expect to happen

refer to ethical issues

be in an appropriate format/style

(6 marks)

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2 Discuss ethical issues in social influence research

(8 marks)

Exam Questions

Experiments: Types &

Design
Types of Experiment / Experimental Design

Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Easy (4 questions) /8

Medium (1 question) /6

Total Marks /14

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Easy Questions
1 A psychologist wanted to test whether listening to music improves running performance.

Identify the type of experiment used in this study.

A. Laboratory
B. Natural
C. Quasi
D. Research
(1 mark)

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2 (a) The psychologist decided to conduct an experiment to investigate the effect of watching
box horror films before going to bed.

A volunteer sample of 50 university students consented to take part in the experiment.

When the students woke up each morning, each student received a text message that
asked if they had had a nightmare during the night. They could respond ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

The psychologist used a repeated measures design in this experiment.

Explain why it was important to use a repeated measures design in this case.

(2 marks)

(b) The psychologist used counterbalancing in this experiment.

Explain why it was appropriate to use counterbalancing in this experiment.

(2 marks)

3 Explain one strength of using a matched-pairs design rather than a repeated-measures

design.

(2 marks)

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4 A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third
year students to participate in a sleep experiment.

Which of the following best describes the experimental method used in this study?

A. Field experiment
B. Laboratory experiment
C. Natural experiment
D. Quasi-experiment
(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) The psychologist decided to design an experiment to test the effects of recreational
screen time on children’s academic performance.

For the two-week period of the experiment, pupils in Group A had no recreational
screen time. Pupils in Group B were allowed unrestricted recreational screen time. At
the end of the experiment all pupils completed a 45-minute class test, to achieve a test
score.

One criticism of the study is that the pupils were not matched on their typical
recreational screen time.

Explain how the psychologist could have matched pupils on their typical recreational
screen time across the experimental conditions.

(4 marks)

(b) Identify one other variable for which the psychologist could have matched the pupils.
Explain how this might have affected the test performance if it was not controlled.

(2 marks)

Exam Questions

Features of Science,
Reporting
Investigations & the
Scientific Report
Features of Science / Reporting Psychological Investigations: Sections of a Scientific
Report

Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com

Easy (3 questions) /5

Total Marks /5

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Easy Questions
1 Give one reason why it is important for scientific reports to include a referencing
section?

(1 mark)

2 A study into the relationship between recreational screen time and academic
achievement was conducted. Students were asked to self-report the number of hours
spent watching TV, playing on their mobile phones or video games (daily recreational
screen time) and their end-of-year test performances (academic performance).

The results of the study are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 The relationship between daily recreational screen time and academic
performance

In which section(s) of a scientific report would you expect to find reference to the
results/findings of the investigation?

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A. The abstract and the results sections only
B. The abstract, the discussion and the results sections only
C. The results and the discussion sections only
D. The results section only
(1 mark)

3 Describe features of the abstract section in a scientific report.

(3 marks)

Exam Questions

Learning Approaches:
Social Learning
Theory
Assumptions & Key Concepts of SLT / Bandura's Research

Easy (1 question) /3 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (2 questions) /7

Hard (2 questions) /12

Total Marks /22

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Easy Questions
1 (a) A television advert for a new cleaning spray, called ‘Tiger’, shows an England rugby player
vigorously scrubbing a stain on the carpet. The rugby player gets exhausted and gives
up. A small boy says, ‘Only Tiger power will get that out’ and hands the rugby player a
bottle of Tiger.

The rugby player draws tiger stripes on his own face, roars and the little boy laughs. The
rugby player easily wipes the stain from the carpet using Tiger. The boy claps and the
advert ends with the text, ‘Anyone can battle stains with a Tiger on their side.’The
company paid the rugby player a lot of money to be in the advert.

Use your knowledge of social learning theory to explain why the company wanted to use
a famous rugby player in the advert.

(2 marks)

(b) Using your knowledge of social learning theory, suggest how the advert could be
modified to increase the sales of Tiger to female customers.

(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 There was an overall increase in sales of Tiger following the advertisement campaign.
Interestingly, the increase in sales was greater for male customers than for female
customers. See Table 1 below.

Table 1: Sales figures before and after the Tiger advert

Females Males

Before the advert 3882 2522

After the advert 3395 4688

Calculate the percentage increase in sales of Tiger to male customers. Give your answer
to two significant figures. Show your workings.

(3 marks)

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2 At a local school, teachers took part in Active Lifestyle Week to encourage students to
become more active. The week involved daily staff netball matches during break times
and a step count challenge.

Two of the teachers were talking at the end of the week. Miss Honey said, “That was such
a great week! I felt proud to win the staff step count challenge and receive the medal in
assembly and demonstrate the joy of sport. My students loved watching us compete, I
really think it will inspire them to be more active themselves!” Mrs Wilson replied, “It’s
alright for you, you’re young and the students like you. My students were so
embarrassed to see me tripping over in netball. I think I may have put them off sport
forever!” Whether or not students learn to be more active could depend on mediational
processes.

Explain how mediational processes might be involved in the students becoming more
active.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 A television advert for a new cleaning spray, called ‘Tiger’, shows an England rugby player
vigorously scrubbing a stain on the carpet. The rugby player gets exhausted and gives
up. A small boy says, ‘Only Tiger power will get that out’ and hands the rugby player a
bottle of Tiger.

Explain how the Tiger advert might influence viewers’ mediational processes

(6 marks)

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2 At a local school, teachers took part in Active Lifestyle Week to encourage students to
become more active. The week involved daily staff netball matches during breaktimes
and a step count challenge.

Mrs Wilson replied, “It’s alright for you, you’re young and the students like you. My
students were so embarrassed to see me tripping over in netball. I think I may have put
them off sport forever!”

Apart from mediational processes, use your knowledge of social learning theory to
explain Miss Honey’s and Mrs Wilson’s comments.

(6 marks)

Exam Questions

Learning Approaches:
the Behaviourist
Approach
Classical Conditioning & Pavlov's Research / Operant Conditioning & Skinner's
Research

Easy (2 questions) /3 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (1 question) /4

Hard (1 question) /6

Total Marks /13

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Easy Questions
1 According to operant conditioning, which of the following statements is TRUE? Shade
one circle only

A. Negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement decrease the likelihood that a

behaviour will be repeated.

B. Negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement increase the likelihood that a

behaviour will be repeated.

C. Negative reinforcement and punishment decrease the likelihood that a behaviour

will be repeated.

D. Negative reinforcement and punishment increase the likelihood that a behaviour

will be repeated.
(1 mark)

2 Some critics have said that Pavlov’s studies may lack ecological validity. What is meant by
the term ecological validity?

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Outline the way in which Pavlov studied classical conditioning

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Lily and Jemima have a pet rat, which usually hides in a corner when they try to take it
out of its cage. They have tried different ways to stop the rat hiding, but so far without
success.

Use your knowledge of two types of reinforcement to suggest how Lily and Jemima could
train their rat to come to the cage door when they open it.

(6 marks)

Exam Questions

Localisation of
Function &
Hemispheric
Lateralisation
Localisation of Function in the Brain / Hemispheric Lateralisation

Easy (1 question) /2 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (2 questions) /8

Hard (1 question) /8

Total Marks /18

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Easy Questions
1 Studies have identified Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area as responsible for language.

Outline the difference in function between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Lotta’s grandmother suffered a stroke to the left hemisphere, damaging Broca’s area and
the motor cortex.

Using your knowledge of the functions of Broca’s area and the motor cortex, describe
the problems that Lotta’s grandmother is likely to experience.

(4 marks)

2 Lotta’s grandmother suffered a stroke to the left hemisphere, damaging Broca’s area and
the motor cortex. Lotta worries that because of her grandmother’s age she will not be
able to make any recovery.

Using your knowledge of plasticity and functional recovery of the brain after trauma,
explain why Lotta might be wrong.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Outline and evaluate split-brain research.

(8 marks)

Exam Questions

Neurons & Synaptic

Transmission
The Structure & Function of Neurons / The Process of Synaptic Transmission

Easy (4 questions) /9 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (3 questions) /11

Hard (1 question) /6

Total Marks /26

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Easy Questions
1 Name the types of neurons labelled A, B and C on Figure 1 below. Write your answers in
the boxes provided.

Figure 1

(3 marks)

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2 (a) Figure 1 shows three different types of neuron. Use the letters from Figure 1 to answer
the following questions.

Figure 1 Types of neuron

Which neuron is only found in the brain/visual system/spinal cord?

(1 mark)

(b) Which neuron carries nerve impulses from the brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands?

(1 mark)

(c) Which neuron carries nerve impulses between neurons?

(1 mark)

3 A survey of hospital patients has found that a new drug, Zapurpain, is as effective as
other pain medication.

Explain one limitation of asking hospital patients to self-report the effectiveness of

Zapurpain.

4 Which of the following neurons carries electrical impulses towards the brain?

A. Interneuron
B. Motor neuron
C. Relay neuron
D. Sensory neuron
(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 Explain the process of synaptic transmission.

(4 marks)

2 Information can only travel in one direction at a synapse.

Explain why neurons can only transmit information in one direction at a synapse.

(3 marks)

3 Zapurpain acts like an inhibitory neurotransmitter at the synapse.

Explain how Zapurpain might affect the process of synaptic transmission through
inhibition.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Describe the structure and function of a neuron.

(6 marks)

Exam Questions

Observational
Techniques & Design
Types of Observation / Observational Design

Scan here for your answers

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Easy (1 question) /1

Medium (5 questions) /23

Total Marks /24

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Easy Questions
1 Identify one limitation of controlled observations.

(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school
children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-home parents. The sample
consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of the children
had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents.

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

The observation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script

was used when the children and their parents arrived.

Explain why the researcher used a controlled observation and a standardised script in
this study.

(4 marks)

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2 A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school
children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-home parents. The sample
consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of the children
had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents.

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

The researcher used two trained observers to record the social behaviours of each child
box during the observation.

Give two behavioural categories that the observers could have used in the observation
to assess the pre-school children’s social behaviour. Explain why your chosen categories
are appropriate.

(4 marks)

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3 (a) A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school
children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-home parents. The sample
consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of the children
had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents.

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

Describe how the observers could use time sampling to record the social behaviour of
each child during the five-minute period.

(4 marks)

(b) Explain one strength and one limitation of using time sampling for this observation.

(4 marks)

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4 A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school
children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-home parents. The sample
consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of the children
had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents.

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

Explain how the reliability of the controlled observation could be assessed through inter-
observer reliability.

(4 marks)

5 Studies of attachment often involve naturalistic observations.

Suggest one way in which studies of attachment could be improved by using controlled
observations.

(3 marks)

Exam Questions

Plasticity, Functional
Recovery & Ways of
Studying the Brain
Plasticity & Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma / Ways of Studying the
Brain

Easy (4 questions) /6 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (1 question) /4

Hard (1 question) /8

Total Marks /18

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Easy Questions
1 A researcher wants to investigate the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the recovery of
stroke patients with brain damage. Carers of stroke patients will be sent questionnaires
to produce quantitative data.

Explain one disadvantage of obtaining quantitative data in this study

(2 marks)

2 A researcher wants to investigate the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the recovery of

stroke patients with brain damage. Carers of stroke patients will be sent questionnaires
to produce quantitative data.

Quantitative question: ..................................................................

Qualitative question:......................................................................

(2 marks)

3 Which method of studying the brain would most accurately identify specific brain areas
activated during a cognitive task?

A. Electroencephalogram (EEGs)
B. Event-related potentials (ERPs)
C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
D. Post-mortem examinations

4 Which one of the following is not a way of studying the brain?

A. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
B. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
C. Event-related potentials (ERPs)
D. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 Explain one difference and one similarity between Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (fMRI) and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) as ways of studying the brain.

Difference....................................................................................

Similarity.......................................................................................

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Outline and evaluate one or more ways of studying the brain

(8 marks)

Exam Questions

Reliability & Validity

Reliability / Validity

Scan here for your answers

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Easy (2 questions) /3

Medium (4 questions) /14

Total Marks /17

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Easy Questions
1 Which of the following does reliability refer to?

A. The accuracy of the data

B. The consistency of the data
C. The levels of the data
D. The validity of the data
(1 mark)

2 The validity of a researcher's data was questioned when he presented his results. The
researcher explained that he chose to use a happiness questionnaire because it had high
concurrent validity.

Explain what it means for a test to have high concurrent validity.

(2 marks)

The sample consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of
the children had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents. The
observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

The observation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script

was used when the children and their parents arrived.

Explain how the reliability of the controlled observation could be assessed through inter-
observer reliability.

(4 marks)

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2 A researcher wanted to investigate whether there was a relationship between locus of
control and resistance to social influence. Before the investigation began, he devised a
questionnaire to measure locus of control.

To assess the questionnaire’s validity, the researcher gave it to 30 participants and

Explain how the validity of the researcher’s questionnaire could be improved.

(4 marks)

3 A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

The observation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script

was used when the children and their parents arrived.

Explain one reason why collecting quantitative data could reduce the validity of this
study.

4 A psychologist was interested in finding out whether dream themes differed between
males and females, particularly in terms of social interaction. She decided to conduct a
pilot study. Twenty undergraduate students (8 male and 12 female) volunteered for the
study. For a six-week period the students were interviewed at 9 am each morning when
they arrived at university. Interviewers, who did not know the purpose of the study,
carried out and recorded the dream interviews.

Another researcher, who did not know the purpose of the study, carried out a content
analysis of the interview data.

The psychologist wanted to assess the reliability of the content analysis.

Explain how the reliability of the content analysis could be assessed.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

Research Issues,
Controls & Pilot
Studies
Research Issues & Controls / Pilot Studies & the Aims of Piloting

Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com

Medium (3 questions) /10

Total Marks /10

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Medium Questions
1 (a) The psychologist was interested in finding out whether dream themes differed between
males and females, particularly in terms of social interaction. She decided to conduct a
pilot study.

What is meant by a pilot study? Explain one possible reason why the psychologist
decided to conduct a pilot study for this investigation.

(3 marks)

(b) What are investigator effects? Suggest one way in which they could have been minimised
during the dream interviews.

(1 mark)

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2 In an experiment, researchers arranged for participants to complete a very personal and
embarrassing questionnaire in a room with other people. Each participant was tested
individually. The other people were confederates of the experimenter.

In condition 1: the confederates completed the questionnaire.

In condition 2: the confederates refused to complete the questionnaire and asked to

leave the experiment.

The researchers tested 15 participants in condition 1, and 15 different participants in

condition 2.

The researchers recorded the number of participants who completed the questionnaire
in each condition.

For this study, the researchers had to use different participants in each condition and
this could have affected the results.

Outline one way in which the researchers could have addressed this issue.

(2 marks)

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3 A controlled observation was designed to compare the social behaviours of pre-school
children of working parents and pre-school children of stay-at-home parents. The sample
consisted of 100 children aged three, who were observed separately. Half of the children
had working parents and the other half had stay-at-home parents.

The observation took place in a room which looked like a nursery, with a variety of toys
available. In the room, there were four children and one supervising adult. Their
behaviour was not recorded.

The observation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script

was used when the children and their parents arrived.

Explain why the researcher used a controlled observation and a standardised script in
this study.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

Sampling Techniques
Sampling Techniques

Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Easy (4 questions) /8

Medium (2 questions) /7

Total Marks /15

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Easy Questions
1 A psychologist decided to conduct an experiment to investigate the effect of watching
horror films before going to bed.

A volunteer sample of 50 university students consented to take part in the experiment.

Explain how the psychologist could have randomly split the sample of 50 students into
the two groups.

(3 marks)

2 A psychologist decided to design an experiment to test the effects of recreational screen

time on children’s academic performance.

Complete Table 1 by ticking the statement that best describes the population and the
sample in the psychologist’s experiment.

Table 1

Population Sample

All the pupils in the selected four schools.

All the Year 5 pupils across the world.

All the Year 5 pupils in the county.

All the Year 5 pupils in the selected three schools

All the 58 Year 5 pupils with parental consent in the selected

three schools.

(2 marks)

3 In a follow-up study, the researcher investigated whether there was a correlation

between the number of hours slept and how well rested the students felt.

The researcher randomly selected 18 participants from first-year students at the

university.

On the day of the study, each student participant was asked, ‘How many hours did you
sleep last night?’ They then had to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 how well rested they felt. The
researcher hypothesised that there would be a positive correlation between the two co-
variables.

Describe how the researcher could have used random sampling to obtain the students
for this study.

4 A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third

year students to participate in a sleep experiment.

Which of the following best describes the sampling method used in this study?

A. Opportunity sampling
B. Stratified sampling
C. Systematic sampling
D. Volunteer sampling
(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 It was recently reported in a newspaper that time spent playing team sports increases
happiness levels. A researcher was keen to find out whether this was due to participating
in a team activity or due to participating in physical activity, as he could not find any
published research on this.

The researcher used a matched-pairs design. He went into the student café and selected
the first 20 students he met. Each student was assigned to one of two groups.

The researcher then calculated the improvement in happiness score for each participant.

Identify the type of sampling method used in this experiment. Explain one limitation of
using this sampling method in this study.

(3 marks)

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2 A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third
year students to participate in a sleep experiment.

Explain one strength and one limitation of using this sampling method in this study.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

Self-report
Techniques
Self-report: Questionnaires / Self-report: Interviews

Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com

Easy (3 questions) /7

Total Marks /7

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Easy Questions
1 People’s perception of how they spend their time at the gym is often not very accurate.
Some spend more time chatting than on the treadmill. A psychologist decides to observe
the actual behaviour of an opportunity sample of gym users at a local gym.

Explain why it is more appropriate for the psychologist to use an observation than a
questionnaire in this case.

(3 marks)

2 A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third

year students to participate in a sleep experiment.

Apart from the question about how well rested the students felt, the researcher’s
questionnaire contained nine other questions. The responses to these questions were
not analysed.

Explain one reason why the researcher decided to include these additional questions on
the questionnaire.

3 A researcher placed an advert in a university psychology department asking for third

year students to participate in a sleep experiment. Each student had a sleep tracker
watch to wear at home for the two-week study. Each morning they were asked to open
the sleep tracker app to view their sleep quality data on their mobile phones.

The students were unaware that the sleep data they could see on their phones had been
manipulated by the researcher. Over the two weeks of the study, each student saw that
he or she had had poor sleep quality for seven random nights of the experiment and
good sleep quality for the remaining nights.

Explain one limitation of assessing sleep quality using a rating scale of 1–10.

(2 marks)

Exam Questions

Stages of Attachment
& Role of the Father
Stages of Attachment Identified by Schaffer / Multiple Attachments & Role of the
Father

Scan here for your answers

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Easy (1 question) /3

Medium (2 questions) /8

Total Marks /11

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Easy Questions
1 Name three of the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer.

(3 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 Outline findings from research into the role of the father in attachment.

(4 marks)

2 Explain the economic implications of research into the role of the father in attachment.

(4 marks)

Exam Questions

The Nervous System,

Endocrine System &
Fight or Flight
The Divisions of the Nervous System / The Function of the Endocrine System / The
Fight or Flight Response

Easy (1 question) /1 Scan here to return to the course

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (2 questions) /8

Hard (1 question) /6

Total Marks /15

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Easy Questions
1 Give one difference between the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous
system.

(1 mark)

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Medium Questions
1 The fight or flight response enabled our ancestors to survive but can be less helpful in
response to more modern stressors.

Explain how the body responds during fight or flight and why this could be unhelpful in a
driving test situation.

(4 marks)

2 Using an example of a gland and hormone, outline the function of the endocrine system.

Do not use the adrenal gland/adrenaline as your example.

(4 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 Describe the divisions of the nervous system.

(6 marks)

Exam Questions

Peer Review & the

Economy
The Role of Peer Review in the Scientific Process / Implications of Psychological
Research & the Economy

Easy (1 question) /1 Scan here for your answers

or visit savemyexams.com
Medium (2 questions) /7

Hard (1 question) /6

Total Marks /14

© 2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 1
Easy Questions
1 Which of the following is not a role of peer review in the scientific process?

A. To determine whether to award research funding

B. To ensure only significant results are published
C. To make sure research has high validity and reliability
D. To retain the integrity of psychological research
(1 mark)

The observation was conducted in a controlled environment and a standardised script

was used when the children and their parents arrived.

The findings of this study might have implications for the economy.

Explain one or more possible implications of this study for the economy.

(3 marks)

2 Explain the economic implications of research into the role of the father in attachment.

(4 marks)

© 2024 Save My Exams, Ltd. Get more and ace your exams at savemyexams.com 3
Hard Questions
1 Describe the process and purposes of peer review.

(6 marks)

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