Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Bacoor City Campus
SHIV, Molino VI, City of Bacoor
🕾 (046) 476-5029
cvsubacoor@cvsu.edu.ph

“The Love That Lurks: How Microcheating Undermines Trust in Filipino

Relationships”

A Quantitative Research Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Arts and

Sciences, Bachelor of Science in Psychology

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Field Methods in Psychology
BPSY 75

Submitted to:
Ms. Jona-Lyn Dula

By:
Maraon. Amy L.
Mirafuentes, Jayvan
Nartea, Kenneth
Pacate, Salvador A.
 “The Love That Lurks: How Microcheating Undermines Trust in Filipino
Relationships”

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

"Kung wala kang itinatago, bakit hindi mo masabi?" — Anne (Angelica

Panganiban), The Unmarried Wife (2016).

Micro-cheating refers to subtle behaviors that may lead to infidelity, blurring

the lines between emotional or physical fidelity and betrayal. These behaviors
include actions like contacting ex-partners, engaging in flirtatious conversations,
sexting, or confiding personal relationship issues with others. Essentially, micro-
cheating involves a mindset of secrecy and subtle deception, where the focus is
more on intentions and hidden behaviors than on explicit acts (Lkschade, 2019).

The rise of technology, particularly social media and dating apps such as
Facebook, Instagram, Bumble, and Tinder, has significantly shifted the dynamics of
romantic relationships. These platforms have redefined how people meet and
maintain relationships, while also making it easier to engage in behaviours that blur
the line between innocent interactions and emotional infidelity. As technology
continues to evolve, the emergence of micro-cheating has become a growing
concern in modern relationships.

This narrative qualitative study seeks to investigate the impact of micro-

cheating on the trust of Filipino couples in the context of the modern digital age,
where social media plays an increasingly prominent role in shaping romantic
relationships. By exploring the subtle behaviours associated with micro-cheating,
such as secretive interactions and emotional attachments formed outside the
relationship, this study aims to understand how these actions influence the
foundational elements of trust, loyalty, and commitment within Filipino relationships.
Furthermore, it will examine the cultural nuances that affect how micro-cheating is
perceived and how technology has redefined the boundaries of fidelity in Filipino
relationships today.
 Even in traditional, offline relationships, the pervasive use of technology
introduces new challenges, reshaping the boundaries of romantic commitment.
Digital platforms have become breeding grounds for behaviours that can lead to trust
issues. Secretive messaging, forming emotional connections with others, or
interacting with suggestive content online can stir feelings of jealousy and distrust.
Simple actions, such as staying in touch with an ex or frequently "liking" someone
else’s photos, can complicate relationships and undermine trust.

The pandemic has had a significant impact on relationship dynamics,

particularly when it comes to infidelity. Prior research supports the notion that
couples may be at a higher risk of infidelity during the pandemic, though the ways in
which affairs manifest may differ from pre-pandemic times. While social distancing
measures have reduced opportunities for physical contact with affair partners—such
as avoiding the gym or going to work—there has been a notable increase in the use
of virtual communication platforms like FaceTime, Zoom, and Skype. These digital
tools have allowed individuals to stay connected and engage in emotional or even
romantic relationships, thereby altering the ways in which infidelity is experienced
and perpetrated (Warren, 2020). This shift in how affairs occur highlights the
evolving nature of relationship challenges in the digital era, where technology
continues to play a central role in facilitating both connection and betrayal.

The pandemic provided a convenient backdrop for many Filipinos to engage

in online dating, despite restrictions on physical movement. As social distancing and
quarantine measures limited in-person interactions, people turned to digital platforms
to connect with others, seeking companionship or even emotional fulfillment (Gita-
Carlos, 2021). This shift to virtual spaces made it easier for individuals to pursue
relationships outside their primary partnerships, contributing to a surge in infidelity.
The era marked by the pandemic saw a rise in both emotional and physical cheating,
as technology facilitated new ways to engage in secretive and often deceptive
behaviours. With online platforms offering anonymity and the ability to form
connections without the constraints of face-to-face encounters, cheating became
more rampant during this period, blurring the lines between innocent interactions and
acts of betrayal.
 In the Filipino context of dating , delicadeza plays a significant role in shaping
romantic relationships. It involves behaving with sensitivity to what is deemed
appropriate, particularly in interactions with others. When a partner engages in
behavior that signals emotional attachment to someone outside the relationship, it
can be seen as a violation of this cultural norm, leading to perceived betrayal.
Filipino couples, who place strong emphasis on delicadeza, are often particularly
sensitive to actions that may suggest a lack of respect for the boundaries of their
relationship (Pe-Pua & Protacio-Marcelino, 2000).

Relationships are deeply rooted in traditional values such as loyalty, trust, and
"delicadeza" (a sense of propriety, integrity, and moral responsibility). The rise of
social media has introduced new complexities, as partners can easily engage with
others online in ways that may feel threatening to the primary relationship. What was
once seen as harmless social interaction can now be perceived as undermining trust
and loyalty. Micro-cheating—whether through secretive conversations, "liking"
suggestive posts, or maintaining emotional connections outside the relationship—
can erode the foundation of trust.

As social norms shift with technological progress, it becomes crucial to

understand how these subtle acts of perceived betrayal influence Filipino
relationships. Infidelity, in particular, has a profound impact on the psychological
well-being of both partners in the relationship, and experiencing such betrayal can
significantly affect their future interactions in both romantic and platonic relationships
(Peluso, 2007).

Micro-cheating can be seen as a symptom of broader societal challenges in

modern relationships. It refers to actions that may be perceived as infidelity, such as
emotionally engaging with someone outside the relationship, sending flirtatious
messages, or maintaining secretive conversations (Dibble et al., 2015). These
seemingly minor actions can slowly erode trust over time, creating fractures in the
relationship. Trust, a cornerstone of any romantic connection, becomes fragile as
digital platforms blur the lines between friendship, emotional attachment, and
romantic commitment (Blow & Hartnett, 2005).
 A study by Bermejo, Corpuz, and Racraquin (n.d) further emphasizes that
micro-cheating involves crossing boundaries—whether emotional or physical—while
using technology as a medium to engage in these behaviors. Micro-cheating may
manifest as hidden or implicit desires that challenge the mutually agreed-upon
boundaries in relationships. These actions, though minor, can signal deeper issues
in the relationship that may eventually lead to full-blown infidelity.

The growing body of research on micro-cheating, emotional cheating, and

trust highlights the significant role technology plays in modern relationships. It
suggests that micro-cheating is not just a symptom of the digital age but also a
reflection of broader challenges faced by contemporary couples. This qualitative
research aims to explore how Filipino couples perceive and experience micro-
cheating and its impact on trust. By examining how technology, social media, and
cultural expectations influence the dynamics of Filipino romantic relationships, this
study will contribute to understanding how seemingly minor actions can have
significant emotional consequences.

Through this study, we aim to shed light on how Filipino couples navigate the
complexities of modern relationships and how micro-cheating challenges traditional
concepts of trust, loyalty, and commitment in an increasingly interconnected world.

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on examining how microcheating influences perceptions of

trust and its broader effects on relationships. It aims to explore the factors that drive
microcheating and its role in provoking jealousy, its impact on trust in Filipino
relationships while considering the Filipino cultural value of, and the emotional and
psychological consequences of microcheating on relationship dynamics.

This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What behaviors are perceived as micro-cheating by individuals who have

experienced being cheated on?

2. How does microcheating impact trust in Filipino relationships?

3. How do they perceive relationship commitment play in mitigating micro-cheating
tendencies?

Research Objectives

The primary objective is to understand how microcheating undermines trust in

Filipino relationships. Specifically, it aims to:

● Identify common microcheating behaviors.

● Examine the effects of microcheating on trust.

● Analyze the ways Filipino couples navigate microcheating challenges.

Significance of the Study

The study titled "The Love That Lurks: How Microcheating Undermines Trust
in Filipino Relationships" holds significant value for various groups:

Respondents: This study provides respondents with a deeper understanding of

microcheating in relationships and its effects on trust.

Researchers: For researchers, this study offers valuable insights into the dynamics
of microcheating, contributing to a broader understanding of relationship behaviors.

Couples: Couples may benefit from the findings by gaining awareness of the
potential impact of microcheating on trust and relationship dynamics.

Mental health practitioners or counselors: Mental health practitioners or

counselor may find this research valuable for gaining insights and developing
effective action plans for their counseling practices.

Other Researchers: The study also serves as a resource for other researchers,
expanding the body of knowledge on microcheating and its psychological and
emotional effects on relationships.
Scope, Delimitation, and Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study includes a focus on romantic relationships within

monogamous, committed partnerships involving adults aged 18 to 50 in varying
relationship contexts such as marriage, cohabitation, or long-term dating. It
emphasizes microcheating behaviors such as online flirting and forming emotional
connections outside the relationship and examines their emotional, psychological,
and relational impacts. However, the study does not include investigations into
macro-infidelity (physical affairs), non-romantic relationships (e.g., friendships or
family), or microcheating within non-monogamous relationships. The study is limited
to Filipino couples in heterosexual relationships and may not fully capture
experiences in LGBTQ+ relationships or other cultural contexts.

Theoretical Framework

Social Exchange Theory

This study is grounded in Social Exchange Theory (SET), as developed by

Thibaut and Kelley (1959), which explains social behavior as an exchange process
driven by individuals seeking rewards while minimizing costs. According to SET,
relationships are formed and maintained based on a cost-benefit analysis, where
individuals evaluate whether the rewards of a relationship outweigh the associated
costs. The theory posits that individuals are motivated to maximize profits in their
social interactions, defined as the net gain of rewards minus costs.

SET outlines the dynamics of interpersonal relationships through several core

principles. First, relationships involve both tangible (e.g., money, time) and intangible
(e.g., love, emotional support) exchanges. Rewards are perceived benefits, while
costs are sacrifices made. Second, individuals aim to maximize rewards while
minimizing costs to achieve a positive net outcome. Third, relationships thrive on
interdependence, where both parties exchange valuable resources to meet their
needs (Burns, 1973). Fourth, the theory explains how relationships evolve, with
individuals reassessing costs and benefits as circumstances change over time.
Lastly, beyond individual relationships, SET addresses interactions within groups,
emphasizing mutual support and collaboration (Blau, 2017).

Thibaut and Kelley (1959) proposed four stages in relational development:

sampling, bargaining, commitment, and institutionalization. In the sampling stage,
individuals evaluate the potential costs and rewards of a new relationship. The
bargaining stage involves negotiating terms of exchange to establish a mutually
beneficial arrangement. The commitment stage stabilizes the relationship through
consistent and predictable exchanges, while the institutionalization stage establishes
norms defining the expected costs and benefits within the relationship.

Conceptual Framework

The Social Exchange Theory (SET), developed by Thibaut and Kelley

(1959), posits that human relationships are formed and maintained through a cost-
benefit analysis. Individuals evaluate their relationships based on perceived rewards
(e.g., love, trust, emotional support) and costs (e.g., conflict, effort, potential for
betrayal). In the context of the framework, the theory explains how decisions such as
micro-cheating are influenced by these calculations.

1. Relationship Commitment: SET suggests that commitment is driven by the

perceived balance of rewards and costs in a relationship (Rusbult, 1980).
Strong commitment occurs when the perceived rewards outweigh potential
costs, motivating partners to remain loyal. However, when commitment
weakens, individuals might engage in behaviors like micro-cheating to seek
external rewards, such as validation or attention.
2. Commit Micro-Cheating: Micro-cheating represents a behavior where
individuals may seek benefits (e.g., emotional or social validation) outside
their primary relationship while rationalizing that the behavior does not
 constitute full betrayal. SET highlights that such actions result from a
perceived imbalance in rewards versus costs (Thibaut & Kelley, 1959).
3. Trust: Trust is central to SET and is often viewed as a significant "reward" in
relationships. Micro-cheating may lead to diminished trust (low trust) due to
perceived violations of relational norms. Conversely, in high-trust
relationships, the behavior might be contextualized as less harmful,
depending on the partners’ mutual understanding of boundaries (Rusbult et
al., 1998).

This framework will serve as the foundation and guiding principle for our
research throughout the study.
 Chapter 2:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Microcheating: An Overview

Micro-cheating is defined as “a relatively small act of emotional infidelity with

someone outside of a person's committed relationship,” typically occurring through
apps, texting, or online interactions (Tashiro, 2014). While subtle, these behaviors
blur relational boundaries and challenge traditional concepts of fidelity. Ty Tashiro, a
psychologist and author of The Science of Happily Ever After: What Really Matters in
the Quest for Enduring Love, emphasizes that the focus should not be on the “micro”
aspect of the term but on the “cheating” itself. He argues that micro-cheating
undermines trust and causes emotional harm, disrupting both the betrayed partner's
well-being and the integrity of the relationship.

Tashiro's insights highlight the emotional consequences of micro-cheating.

Although less overt than physical infidelity, micro-cheating can erode emotional trust
—a cornerstone of committed relationships—leading to instability. By framing micro-
cheating as a betrayal of trust, Tashiro challenges partners to examine behaviors
that may seem minor but have significant implications for emotional intimacy and
relational boundaries. This study adopts Tashiro's framework to explore individual
perceptions of micro-cheating and its impact on modern relationship dynamics.

Weiss (n.d.), CEO of Seeking Integrity, highlights that the distinction between
micro-cheating and infidelity depends on secrecy and its impact when uncovered. He
explains that behaviors like flirting may be acceptable for some couples, considered
micro-cheating by others, or viewed as full-blown infidelity. Weiss emphasizes that
the harm stems less from the specific behavior and more from the breach of trust
caused by secrecy, stressing the subjective nature of relational boundaries and the
importance of clear communication to maintain trust.
 Cheating, commonly referred to as infidelity, is a long-standing issue in
romantic relationships. Defined as “a violation of a couple’s assumed or stated
contract regarding emotional and/or sexual exclusivity,” infidelity encompasses
secret romantic or sexual activities with someone other than a significant partner.
Such breaches often lead to emotional turmoil, loss of trust, and relational instability.

Beltrán-Morillas, Valor-Segura, and Expósito (2019) identify infidelity as one of

the most unforgivable betrayals in relationships due to its potential to destabilize
relational foundations. They note that high expectations of fidelity and loyalty amplify
the severity of this betrayal. Ong, Poon, Sibya, and Macapagal (2014) categorize
infidelity into three types: sexual, emotional, and combined. Sexual infidelity
involves physical intimacy outside the primary relationship, such as kissing or sexual
intercourse. Emotional infidelity entails forming deep emotional connections outside
the relationship, often through flirting, excessive time spent together, or romantic
attachments. Combined infidelity, incorporating both sexual and emotional aspects,
is considered the most threatening to relationships.

The Role of Technology in Microcheating

The rapid growth and advancement of communication technologies have

revolutionized how individuals connect and maintain interpersonal relationships
beyond direct verbal communication. Hassenzahl et al. (2002) noted that
technologies increasingly mediate relationships, fostering a sense of connectedness.
Mobile phones, the Internet, and social networking sites have become central tools
in establishing and maintaining relationships (Bergdall et al., 2012).

These technological advances have transformed the way couples relate to

one another. Research shows that couples often value the accessibility of their
partner during emergencies, stressful situations, or when seeking emotional support
(Parker et al., 2012). However, while these technologies facilitate communication,
they also introduce new challenges to trust and relationship boundaries. The digital
age has redefined communication and interaction, making microcheating more
prevalent. Platforms like social media, messaging apps, and online dating sites
create opportunities for covert emotional connections. Social media, in particular,
has reshaped how people meet and form intimate relationships, but it has also
introduced new avenues for surveillance and potential abuse (Muise, 2009).
Technology, thus, not only mediates interactions but also complicates the
enforcement of trust and fidelity in relationships.

The rise of technology and social media has significantly facilitated the
occurrence of infidelity, making it easier than ever for individuals to engage in
dishonest or betraying behaviors within relationships. With the widespread use of
smartphones, social networking sites, and instant messaging, it has become
increasingly simple to form emotional or even physical connections outside of a
committed partnership without detection. These digital platforms blur the lines of
privacy, providing opportunities for secretive interactions, such as private messages,
flirtation, or sharing intimate content. As a result, the digital age has introduced new
challenges to maintaining trust and fidelity in relationships, as partners can now
engage in behaviors that might have been more difficult to conceal in a pre-digital
era. The ease of access and anonymity offered by technology can lead to the
normalization of such transgressions, creating new forms of infidelity that were not
as prevalent before the digital age.

Trust in Filipino Relationships

Trust is widely regarded as the cornerstone of romantic relationships, and any

behavior that compromises this foundation can have profound consequences. Subtle
actions suggesting romantic interest in someone outside the relationship, often
referred to as micro-cheating, can significantly impact trust and emotional security
(Lee, 2023). These behaviors, while seemingly minor, may be perceived as
boundary violations, leading to emotional strain, including feelings of inadequacy,
anxiety, and resentment. When such actions are met with defensiveness or denial,
they can exacerbate doubts about the relationship’s authenticity and integrity.

Filipino relationships are deeply rooted in values like tiwala (trust) and
malasakit (care). Trust violations, even minor ones, can disrupt the harmony of a
relationship. Studies suggest that cultural norms, including expectations of loyalty,
intensify the emotional impact of microcheating. Relationship loyalty and trust are
highly valued in Filipino society, where monogamous conduct is deeply ingrained in
cultural norms. Adultery is viewed as a betrayal of this trust, often leading to the
breakdown of relationships. Central to maintaining trust and credibility in Filipino
relationships is the concept of delicadeza, which is strongly associated with honor
and integrity. According to Jef Menguin (2023), delicadeza involves upholding moral
integrity, even in challenging situations or when no one is watching. This principle
highlights the importance of doing what is right, despite external pressures,
reinforcing that cheating goes against Filipino cultural values.

The portrayal of infidelity in Filipino media further reinforces the negative

perception of such behavior. Teleseryes, which are popular Filipino television
dramas, often depict stories of extramarital affairs, mirroring real-life social realities
such as the kabit or querida system. These shows, while fictional, serve as a
reflection of Filipino society and its values, influencing public perceptions of
relationships. According to ComCo Southeast Asia (2018), teleseryes contribute to a
sense of familiarity and "home" for viewers, reinforcing traditional cultural values.
Media representations of infidelity, including those seen in teleseryes, align with the
broader societal view that cheating is morally wrong, as it undermines the principles
of loyalty and trust.

In addition to media portrayals, Filipino society’s emphasis on monogamy

further shapes the cultural view of infidelity. Pizarro and Gaspay-Fernandez (2015)
highlight that the Filipino cultural expectation of monogamous relationships
influences both societal behavior and individual perceptions of fidelity. This
reinforces the idea that infidelity is not only socially unacceptable but also
emotionally harmful, given the importance placed on loyalty in Filipino relationships.
Understanding these cultural perspectives can offer valuable insights into the
emotional, psychological, and social well-being of young adults, especially in the
context of relationship dynamics, and provide a foundation for developing
appropriate support systems and interventions.

Relationship Commitment

Commitment serves as the cornerstone of a secure and fulfilling relationship,

providing a foundation of safety and trust that allows couples to openly express their
thoughts, feelings, and desires. It fosters teamwork, a shared vision for the future,
and a willingness to make sacrifices for one another. By prioritizing commitment,
couples can navigate daily challenges and life’s stressors, strengthening their bond
and ensuring long-term success (Webb, n.d.).

Dr. Bill Strom compares commitment to training for a race—it doesn’t

guarantee success, but it offers valuable benefits. Research suggests that deeply
committed individuals are more likely to make sacrifices for their relationship, report
higher satisfaction, feel less constrained, and enjoy longer-lasting marriages. Despite
not guaranteeing faithfulness, commitment remains an essential component of a
thriving partnership (Strom, n.d.).

While commitment emphasizes loyalty and conscious effort, cherishing your

partner complements it by nurturing emotional connection. Cherishing involves
recognizing your partner as irreplaceable, expressing appreciation, and fostering
gratitude. This builds trust and reinforces the bond between partners (George, 2019).
Together, commitment and cherishing create a strong foundation for a healthy,
enduring relationship.

The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development underscores

the importance of commitment in preventing infidelity. Their study found that
individuals with high levels of commitment were 78% less likely to cheat. However,
perceptions of infidelity significantly influenced behavior; individuals who believed
their partner had cheated were 772% more likely to engage in revenge infidelity.
These findings highlight the critical role of mutual trust and commitment in deterring
such destructive behaviors.

Ultimately, commitment is a conscious choice that requires effort and

dedication. It is not guaranteed by love or fulfilling desires but is actively
demonstrated through loyalty, resisting temptations, and fostering gratitude.
Strengthening commitment requires open communication and mutual respect,
ensuring a partnership built on trust and shared goals (Hedrih, 2019).
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the methodological approach that will be used in the
study to thoroughly understand the concept of microcheating and its impact on
couples. This includes the research method used to give detail and better
comprehension about the study. Additionally, it includes a description of the
participants, the sampling technique utilized to ensure the selection of suitable
participants, the data collection process, and the methods of data analysis used to
examine the study's components. Finally, it addresses the ethical considerations,
which play a crucial role in the research.

Research Design

This study utilizes a qualitative research design to deeply explore the

experiences and perspectives of Filipino couples regarding microcheating. According
to Creswell (2014), this approach is ideal for examining and interpreting the
meanings individuals or groups assign to social or personal issues. Qualitative
research is particularly suited for gathering narrative, process-based data that
closely reflects the complexities of human experiences. It allows researchers to gain
valuable insights from personal stories and shared experiences. As noted by Alasi
(2017), qualitative methods provide the opportunity for detailed analysis, enabling
researchers to interpret and derive a deeper understanding of their study’s subject
matter.

The Narrative Approach is a qualitative research method that uses

participants' personal stories as the primary data for the study. This approach is
applied across various fields to gain a comprehensive understanding of the
narrator’s experiences, culture, identity, and way of life. It involves collecting
narratives from individuals or small groups, with the participants playing a central
role in this method (Butina ,2015). According to Anderson C. & Kirkpatrick S. (2016),
researchers using the narrative approach do not follow a rigid structure; instead, they
allow the interviewee to guide and set the pace of the interview, fostering a more
natural and authentic flow of information.

The Semi-Structured Interview (SSI) combines both closed- and open-ended

questions, allowing the respondent and interviewer to engage in a one-on-one
discussion that typically lasts no longer than an hour to prevent fatigue for both
parties (Adams, 2016). A key advantage of this method is that, while the interviewer
follows a set of prepared questions or a questionnaire, they can also encourage
further conversation, enabling respondents to elaborate and provide additional
details that enhance or clarify their initial responses. Participants are encouraged to
share their personal experiences and express their perspectives in their own words.

Participants and Sampling of the Study

The study employed purposive sampling, a non-probability sampling

technique where participants are deliberately chosen based on specific
characteristics relevant to the study (Nikolopoulou, 2022). This method ensures that
the sample includes individuals who meet the criteria necessary for the research.
According to Article 234 of the Family Code of the Philippines, individuals above the
age of 18 are legally considered mature enough to make independent decisions.
This means they are no longer easily deceived or influenced, as they are seen as
capable of exercising their own judgment. By this age, the law assumes that
individuals have developed the ability to distinguish between right and wrong and
take responsibility for their actions without external interference. The study targets
individuals who are engaged in romantic relationships and demonstrate self-control
in emotionally charged situations, as well as psychosocial maturity in their decision-
making. This includes married individuals, those cohabiting, or those in long-term
dating relationships. The study focuses on participants involved in monogamous or
committed relationships, examining their experiences with microcheating behaviors
such as online flirting or forming emotional connections outside their primary
partnership.

Data Gathering Procedures

 The researchers method of data gathering is through one on one interviews
which can help to capture the verbal and non-verbal cues which is beneficial to
accurately get the respondents answer by observing his/her expression and gestures
in a face to face scenario. It can also help the respondents to be focused because
the interviewer is present and can control the interview. According to Schober, the
face to face interview is the “gold standard” of all interviewing methods among other
communication and alternative methods which we have in this era.

The data collection process was designed to be clear, respectful, and

organized to gather useful insights from participants while ensuring their comfort and
privacy.

1. Conceptualization:

The researchers developed a clear idea of what they wanted to study,

focusing on microcheating behaviors in romantic relationships. They identified
the research objectives and key questions to explore.

2. Researcher-Adviser Approval:

The research plan was reviewed and approved by the researcher's adviser to
ensure it was feasible, ethical, and aligned with academic standards.

3. Research Defense:

The research proposal was formally presented and defended in front of a

panel. Feedback was provided to refine the study and confirm its readiness
for implementation.

4. Approval for Conducting the Research:

Official approval was secured from relevant authorities (e.g., campus

administrator, department head) to begin conducting the study, ensuring it
met ethical guidelines.

5. Conducting the Research:

 Data collection was carried out systematically, starting with participant
recruitment and ending with the interviews.

6. Selecting Participants:

The researchers used purposive sampling to target adults aged 18–50 in

romantic relationships who had experienced microcheating behaviors (e.g.,
online flirting or forming close emotional connections outside their primary
relationship). This ensured that the participants were relevant to the research
focus.

7. Consent Form:

Participants signed informed consent forms, which detailed the study's

purpose, procedures, potential risks, and confidentiality measures. Consent
was also obtained to record the interviews while assuring privacy through
anonymized reporting.

8. Explaining the Study:

Before beginning the interviews, researchers explained the study's purpose,

clarified why participants were selected, and addressed any concerns or
questions to make participants feel comfortable.

9. Conducting Interviews:

Interviews included both structured questions and open-ended prompts,

encouraging participants to share their experiences and thoughts freely.
Recordings were made (with consent) to accurately capture details for
analysis.

10. Thanking Participants:

Participants were given small gifts as a gesture of appreciation for their time
and contributions to the research.
Data Analysis

This study employs Thematic Analysis, a widely used and straightforward

method for analyzing qualitative data. Thematic Analysis involves identifying patterns
or themes within the data gathered during interviews, which help researchers
understand participants' experiences, opinions, and perspectives. This approach is
particularly effective for examining personal and sensitive topics like microcheating,
as it captures the subtle nuances of emotions, behaviors, and relationships. As noted
by Javadi and Zarea (2016), thematic analysis is both systematic and flexible,
allowing researchers to organize and interpret data in a way that is clear yet deeply
insightful.

The process involves identifying recurring patterns in the data, organizing

these into categories, and refining them to create coherent themes. It enables a
comprehensive exploration of participants' views, including their opinions,
experiences, perceptions, and cultural contexts. By focusing on recurring patterns,
the researchers can provide a detailed and balanced understanding of how
microcheating influences trust, communication, and emotional bonds in relationships.

This method is particularly valuable for sensitive topics, as it ensures that

participants' voices are accurately represented while connecting individual narratives
to broader societal insights. Thematic Analysis makes the data more structured and
accessible while preserving the richness of the participants' experiences, making it
ideal for exploring the complex dynamics of microcheating in relationships.

Reliability and Validity

To test the reliability and validity of the study the researchers used the
Triangulation method. The purpose of using the Triangulation method is to increase
the validity and reliability of the study, it is a way to look at the same question in
research but in different ways or approach Heale, R., & Forbes, D. (2013). Member
checking was employed to ensure the accuracy and credibility of findings by
confirming them with the participants, while subject matter experts provided insights
to validate interpretations and align them with established knowledge. These
combined methods give a more fuller and reliable understanding of the topic rather
than using only one method.
Ethical Considerations

Participants will receive a thorough explanation of the study, including its

purpose, the tasks they will be asked to complete, and any potential risks involved.
Written consent will be obtained from all participants prior to the commencement of
the study. To safeguard their privacy, all personal details will remain confidential, and
pseudonyms will be used in the final report. The collected data will be securely
stored and accessible only to the researcher. Although discussing topics such as
microcheating might cause some discomfort, participants will be assured that they
can withdraw from the study at any time without facing any consequences. The
researcher will uphold ethical standards throughout the process, ensuring
participants are treated with care and respect, particularly given the sensitive nature
of the topic.
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Lkschade. (2019, May 6). Micro-cheating and its insidious risk to marriage.
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psychology): A legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Asian Journal of Social Psychology,
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in a romantic relationship: Perception and experiences of University of Baguio
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relationship-perception-and-experiences-of-university-of-baguio-students/

Warren, C. (2020). Infidelity during the pandemic: The role of virtual

communication. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(9), 463–464.
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Bermejo, D., Corpuz, R., & Racraquin, M. (n.d.). Is it microcheating? How

social media confounds assumptions in romantic relationships. Retrieved from
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World Health Organization. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on

infidelity and relationship dynamics. Retrieved from
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Wiley & Sons. https://archive.org/details/socialpsychology00thib

Simply Psychology. (n.d.). What is Social Exchange Theory? Retrieved from

https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-social-exchange-theory.html

Blau, P. M. (2017). Exchange and power in social life. Routledge.

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019f72c18c9770d908552440dcb4185e527c51ba

Burns, T. (1973). A structural theory of social exchange. Acta Sociologica,

16(3), 188–208.
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Rusbult, C. E. (1980). Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations:

A test of the investment model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(2),
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Review of Related Literature

Tashiro, T. (2014). What is considered cheating in a relationship? Hack Spirit.
Retrieved from https://hackspirit.com/what-is-considered-cheating-in-relationship/

Weiss, R. (n.d.). The impact of micro-cheating on trust. Evolve Therapy MN.

Retrieved from https://evolvetherapymn.com

Beltrán-Morillas, A., Valor-Segura, I., & Expósito, F. (2019). Unforgiveness

motivations in romantic relationships experiencing infidelity: Negative affect and
anxious attachment to the partner as predictors. Journal of Social and Personal
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_Romantic_Relationships_Experiencing_Infidelity_Negative_Affect_and_Anxious_At
tachment_to_the_Partner_as_Predictors
 Ong, Poon, Sibya, & Macapagal. (2014). Attitudes, attachment styles, and
gender implications on perceptions of infidelity. ResearchGate. Retrieved from
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and_Gender_Implications_on_Perceptions_of_Infidelity

Hassenzahl, M., et al. (2002). Mediation of relationships by technology.

Human-Computer Interaction Journal. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321955746_Technology-
Mediated_Relationship_Maintenance_in_Romantic_Long-
Distance_Relationships_An_Autoethnographical_Research_through_Design

Bergdall, A. R., et al. (2012). Mobile phone use and its relationship to
interpersonal connectivity. Journal of Communication Studies. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350588626_Mobile_Usage_and_its_Impact
_on_Interpersonal_Relationships_and_Work_Efficiency

Parker, M., et al. (2012). Mediating relationships: The role of technology. The
Qualitative Report. Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1260&context=tqr

Muise, A. (2009). Social media and intimate relationships: A double-edged

sword. Journal of Interpersonal Relations. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563213000241

Lee, B. (2024). Why micro-cheating can have some major consequences.

Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/a-
funny-bone-to-pick/202310/microcheating-small-acts-with-potentially-big-
consequences

Menguin, J. (2023). Delicadeza: Moral integrity in Filipino culture. Retrieved

from https://jefmenguin.com

Comco Southeast Asia. (2018). Filipino fanaticism on TV shows with infidelity

as its theme. Scribd. Retrieved from
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infidelity-as-its-theme

Pizarro, D., & Gaspay-Fernandez, A. (2015). Cultural norms in Filipino

relationships. Asian Journal of Psychology and Sociology. Retrieved from
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244014565823
Webb, J. (n.d.). Why commitment matters. Healthy Marriage Info. Retrieved
from https://www.healthymarriageinfo.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Why-
Commitment-Matters..pdf
 Strom, B. (2017). Commitment and faithfulness in relationships. The Life.
Retrieved from https://thelife.com/commitment-and-faithfulness-in-relationships

George, M. B. (2019). What does trust and commitment look like in a

relationship? The Gottman Institute. Retrieved from
https://www.gottman.com/blog/what-does-trust-and-commitment-look-like-in-a-
relationship/

Hedrih, V. (2024). Passion and intimacy with one’s partner are not deterrents
against infidelity, study suggests. PsyPost. Retrieved from
https://www.psypost.org/passion-and-intimacy-with-ones-partner-are-not-deterrents-
against-infidelity-study-suggests/
EduBirdie. (n.d.). The nature of micro-cheating among college students in the
University of Baguio. Retrieved from https://edubirdie.com/examples/the-nature-of-
micro-cheating-among-college-students-in-the-university-of-baguio/

Philippine Social Science Council. (1994). Infidelity: The querida system in

the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Psychology. Retrieved from
https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Journal%20of
%20Psychology/1994/06_Infidelity_%20The%20Querida%20System%20in%20the
%20Philippines.pdf

Methodology

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Qualitative research methods: A critical analysis.

Retrieved from ResearchGate:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351787645_Qualitative_Research_Method
s_A_Critical_Analysis

Stahl, N. A., & King, J. R. (2020). A review and critique of research on the
College Adult Reading Course. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 50(2), 77-
96. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1320570.pdf

Butina, M. (2015). The importance of laboratory medicine in health care.

Clinical Laboratory Science, 28(3), 190-195. Retrieved from
https://clsjournal.ascls.org/content/ascls/28/3/190.full.pdf

Anderson, C., & Kirkpatrick, S. (2016). Narrative interviewing. International

Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 38(3), 631–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-015-
0222-0

Alase, A. (2017). The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A guide

to a good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education and
Literacy Studies, 5(2), 9–19. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1149107
 Adams, W. C. (2015). Conducting semi-structured interviews. In K.
Newcomer, H. Hatry, & J. Wholey (Eds.), Handbook of practical program evaluation
(4th ed., pp. 492–505). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119171386.ch19
Albuera Law Office. (n.d.). Age requirements as found in the provisions of the
civil laws of the Philippines in entering into various contracts. Retrieved from
https://www.alburolaw.com/age-requirements-as-found-in-the-provisions-of-the-civil-
laws-of-the-philippines-in-entering-into-various-contracts/

Javadi, M., & Zarea, K. (2016). Understanding thematic analysis and its
pitfalls. Journal of Client Care, 1(1), 34–40. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7e0d/d7ca59631b0cc61a1ce28effd6eb0c78a665.pd
f

Heale, R., & Forbes, D. (2013). Understanding triangulation in research.

Evidence-Based Nursing, 16(4), 98. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2013-101494