COMPARATIVE RELIGION & LOGIC

BASED ON REFERENCES FROM SACRED RELIGIOUS

SCRIPTURES AND SUPPORTING ARGUMENTS

INTERPRETATION AND COMPILATION BY:

HUMZA BIN MASOOD

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PREFACE:
The book “Comparative Religion and Logic” is originally idealized and compiled by “Humza Bin
Masood”, and it is authentically based on original references from genuine and bona fide religious
books, holy books, and other legitimate sculptures of all the religions of the world. This book
provides a wide and clear view of the concepts that might have been neglected while encountering
a wide array of misconceptions expanded by the diverging ideas of men from all around the globe.
It intends to visualize the authentic picture of the laws and scenarios that were given by different
religions along with the actual origination of those Laws and scenarios that were given by different
religions along with the actual origination of those Laws. The book invites the reader to the best
route which leads to the clear and rectified destination of eternal truths and genuine validations.

The only ground for compiling this book is to spread the knowledge of Islam; the messages of
wisdom and the set of instructions it provides in its teaching to a wider array of humankind. As
Allah (S.W.T) says in Al-Quran,

‫س ُۚ ُن ِإ َّن َرب ََّك ُه َو‬

َ ‫ي أ َ ۡح‬ ۡ
َ ‫سنَ ِة َو ٰ َجدِل ُهم بِٱلَّتِي ِه‬
ِۖ َ ‫ظ ِة ۡٱل َح‬
َ ‫سبِي ِل َربِ َك بِ ۡٱل ِح ۡك َم ِة َو ۡٱل َم ۡو ِع‬
َ ‫“ ۡٱدعُ ِإلَ ٰى‬
ُ ‫سبِي ِل ِهۦ َو ُه َو أ َ ۡعلَ ُم بِ ۡٱل‬
” َ‫مهۡ تَدِين‬ َ ‫عن‬ َ ‫ض َّل‬ َ ‫أ َ ۡعلَ ُم بِ َمن‬
“Invite to the way of your Lord with wisdom and good instruction and argue with them in a way
that is best. Indeed, your Lord knows most who has strayed from His way, and He is most
knowledgeable of who is [rightly] guided.
(AL QURAN, CHAPTER 16; VERSE 125)

The verse referred to is from Surah Al-Nahl, Chapter 16, Verse 125 of the Quran. It is an
instruction from Allah (God) to the Prophet Muhammad to invite people to the path of
righteousness and to do so with wisdom, kindness, and good instruction. The verse emphasizes
the importance of using sound reasoning and argumentation when conveying the message of
Islam to others.

Muslims believe that the best way to invite others to the path of righteousness is through good
behavior, kind treatment, and gentle persuasion. The verse encourages Muslims to engage in
dialogue with others in a respectful and constructive manner, using the best arguments and
evidence available to them.

Furthermore, the verse reminds Muslims that ultimately it is Allah who guides people to the right
path and that their role is to convey the message of Islam in the best way possible. By doing so,
they are fulfilling their duty as followers of Islam and are helping others to attain salvation in the
hereafter.

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Overall, this verse serves as a reminder to Muslims of the importance of conveying the message
of Islam with wisdom, kindness, and sound reasoning, and trusting in Allah to guide people to the
right path.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

PREFACE: 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS 4
CHAPTER 1: ATHEISM 6
WATER CYCLE 7
EMBRYOLOGY 9
MOUNTAINS 10
CONTINENTAL DRIFT 11
BIG BANG 11
SKY AS PROTECTIVE LAYER 12
LIGHT FADING IN OCEANS 13
TWO-WATER BODIES NOT MIXING 14
EVERY LIVING THING IS MADE FROM WATER 16
BEES COLLECTING HONEY IN THE BELLY 17
JUDICIAL SYSTEM 18
EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE 21
CHAPTER 2: HINDUISM 22
CONCEPT OF GOD IN HINDUISM 22
CONCEPT OF GOD IN VEDAS 24
EATING MEAT AND COW IN HINDUISM 26
MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN HINDUISM 27
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.W) IN HINDUISM 28
CHAPTER 3: BUDDISM 30
CONCEPT OF GOD IN BUDDHISM 30
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.A.W) IN BUDDHISM 30
MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN BUDDISM 32
CHAPTER 4: JUDAISM 33
CONCEPT OF GOD IN JUDAISM 33
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.A.W) IN JUDAISM 33
MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN JUDAISM 34
CHAPTER 5: CHRISTIANITY 35
CONCEPT OF GOD IN CHRISTIANITY 35
PROHIBITION OF DRINKING ALCOHOL IN CHRISTIANITY 36
PROHIBITION OF EATING PORK IN CHRISTIANITY 36
PROHIBITION OF GAMBLING IN CHRISTIANITY 37
JESUS - A PROPHET OR GOD? 38
WAS JESUS CRUCIFIED? 40
WAS JESUS THE SON OF GOD? 42
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.W) IN CHRISTIANITY 43

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 MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN CHRISTIANITY 44
HOMOSEXUALITY IN BIBLE 45
CHAPTER 6: SIKHISM 48
CONCEPT OF GOD IN SIKHISM 48
PROHIBITION OF DRINKING ALCOHOL IN SIKHISM 49
MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN SIKHISM 50
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.A.W) IN SIKHISM 50
CHAPTER 7: ISLAM 51
CONCEPT OF GOD 51
MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN ISLAM 52
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.A.W) IN ISLAM 53
SUMMARY: 55
REFERENCES 57

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CHAPTER 1: ATHEISM
Atheism is the lack of belief in the existence of any deities or gods. In other words, atheists do not
believe in the existence of any supernatural entities or higher powers. Atheism can be a
philosophical, scientific, or ethical position that rejects the concept of gods and supernatural
entities.

Atheism can also refer to the belief that there is no evidence or justification for the existence of
any gods or supernatural entities, and therefore the concept of such beings is not necessary to
explain the world or human existence.

It is important to note that atheism is not a religion or a belief system, but rather a lack of belief in
a specific concept or entity. Atheists may hold a variety of different beliefs and values.

The existence of a higher power or God is evident in the world around us, whether it be through
the complexity and beauty of nature or through spiritual experiences. It may be argued that
atheism denies the existence of a higher power and, therefore, denies the possibility of an ultimate
purpose or meaning to life.

Additionally, some religious individuals may view atheism as a rejection of moral values and ethics
that are commonly associated with religious belief systems. They may argue that without a belief
in God or a higher power, there is no basis for morality or ethical behavior.

The idea that there is one God who created the universe and all that exists within it is based on
the observation that everything in the world has a cause or an origin.

The analogy about the driver of a car or the creator of a watch can be applied to the belief in one
God. Just as a car needs a driver to operate and a watch needs a creator to be designed and
built, the world and everything within it must have had a creator. This creator is believed to be
God, who is seen as the ultimate source of all that exists.

The belief in one God also implies that there is a sense of unity and purpose to the universe.
Everything is part of a greater whole, and this whole is sustained and guided by the divine will of
God. In this sense, God is seen as the ultimate force behind all that happens in the world, from
the workings of the natural world to the actions of human beings.

The belief in one God also has important ethical implications. If God created all people, then all
people are equal in the eyes of God and are deserving of respect and compassion. This idea of
equality is reflected in many religious teachings and has been a driving force behind movements
for social justice and equality throughout history.

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In summary, the belief in one God is based on the observation that everything in the world has a
cause or an origin and implies a sense of unity and purpose to the universe. This belief has
important ethical implications and has been a driving force behind many movements for social
justice and equality throughout history.

the belief in one God also includes the idea that God has sent messengers and prophets to guide
humanity. These messengers are believed to have been chosen by God and given a message to
convey to the people. They serve as a bridge between God and humanity, conveying the divine
will and providing guidance on how to live a moral and ethical life.

The analogy of the mechanic can be applied here as well. Just as a mechanic learns from
someone who came before them, the messengers and prophets also learned from those who
came before them. They were not creating a new message or religion but rather were building on
the teachings of their predecessors.

In Islam, for example, the belief in one God includes the idea that God has sent messengers and
prophets throughout history to guide humanity. These prophets include Adam, Noah, Abraham,
Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad, among others. Each of these prophets was given a message to
convey to their people, and their teachings are seen as a continuation of the same message that
has been conveyed by all the prophets throughout history.

The belief in messengers and prophets also implies that God is actively involved in the world and
in the lives of people. Through these messengers, God provides guidance and direction to help
people navigate the challenges of life and to live in accordance with divine will.

Overall, the belief in one God includes the idea that messengers and prophets have been sent by
God to guide humanity. These messengers serve as a bridge between God and humanity,
conveying the divine message and providing guidance on how to live a moral and ethical life.

There are very few examples taken from natural phenomena all around the world which reveal
the miraculous origination of all the below-discussed information thousands of years ago which
are still being observed, tested, and are under consideration for discovery and formulation by
science.

WATER CYCLE

ِ ‫ال فِي َها مِ ۢن َب َردٖ فَي‬

‫ُصيبُ ِبِۦه‬ َّ ‫ِف َب ۡي َنهُۥ ث ُ َّم َيجۡ عَلُهُۥ ُرك َٗاما فَت ََرى ۡٱل َو ۡدقَ َي ۡخ ُر ُج مِ ۡن خِ َٰلَ ِلِۦه َويُن َِز ُل مِ نَ ٱل‬
ٖ ‫س َمآءِ مِ ن ِج َب‬ ُ ‫س َحابٗ ا ث ُ َّم يُ َؤل‬ َ َّ ‫أَلَمۡ ت ََر أ َ َّن‬
َ ‫ٱَّلل ي ُۡز ِجي‬
‫صر‬ َ َٰ ‫سنَا َب ۡرقِِۦه َي ۡذهَبُ ِب ۡٱۡل َ ۡب‬
َ ُ‫شا ٓ ُۖ ُء َيكَاد‬ َ ُ‫شا ٓ ُء َو َيصۡ ِرفُ ۥه‬
َ ‫عن َّمن َي‬ َ ‫ِ َمن َي‬

“Do you not see that Allāh drives clouds? Then He brings them together; then He makes them
into a mass, and you see the rain emerge from within it. And He sends down from the sky,

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mountains [of clouds] within which is hail, and He strikes with it whom He wills and averts it from
whom He wills. The flash of its lightning almost takes away the eyesight.”
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 24; VERSE 43)

This verse describes the entire process of the water cycle, which is a natural phenomenon that
occurs on the earth and is responsible for the distribution of water in the form of rain, snow, and
hail.

The verse describes how Allah, the creator of the universe, causes clouds to form by driving them
together. These clouds are formed when water evaporates from the surface of the earth and rises
up into the atmosphere. As the water vapor rises, it cools and condenses into tiny droplets,
forming clouds.

The verse goes on to describe how Allah causes these clouds to become heavy and dense,
forming a mass. This refers to the process of condensation, in which the water droplets in the
cloud merge and become larger, eventually becoming heavy enough to fall as rain.

The verse also mentions the formation of hail, which is formed when the water droplets in the
clouds freeze and become solid. Allah is described as sending down these mountains of clouds,
within which is hail, and using them to strike whom He wills and averts them from whom He wills.
This refers to the process of precipitation, in which water falls from the clouds in the form of rain,
snow, or hail.

Finally, the verse describes the lightning that often accompanies thunderstorms, which can be
blindingly bright. This refers to the discharge of electricity that occurs during thunderstorms, which
can produce flashes of bright light. It emphasizes the power and control of Allah over the natural
world and serves as a reminder of His greatness and majesty.

It should be noted here that the phenomenon of the Water Cycle was studied by Bernard Palissay
in 1580. Bernard Palissy was one of the first scientists to provide a detailed description of the
water cycle in the Western scientific tradition, based on his observations of the behavior of water
in his laboratory.

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On the other hand, the Quran, which was revealed over 1400 years ago, contains several verses
that describe the water cycle in detail. For example, Surah Al-Hijr, Chapter 15, Verse 22 states:
َّ ‫ٱلر َٰ َي َح لَ َٰ َوقِ َح فَأَنزَ ۡلنَا مِ نَ ٱل‬
َ‫س َمآءِ َما ٓ ٗء فَأَسۡ قَ ۡي َٰ َن ُك ُموهُ َو َما ٓ أَنتُمۡ لَ ۥهُ ِب َٰ َخ ِزنِين‬ ِ ‫س ۡلنَا‬
َ ‫َوأ َ ۡر‬
“And We send the winds fertilizing (to fill the clouds with water heavily), then cause the water
(rain) to descend from the sky, and We give it to you to drink, and it is not you who are the
owners of its stores.”
(Al-QURAN CHAPTER 15; VERSE 22)

Similarly, Surah Az-Zumar, Chapter 39, Verse 21 states:

َ ٰ ‫ض ث ُ َّم يُ ۡخ ِر ُج ِبهِۦ زَ ۡرعٗ ا ُّم ۡختَ ِلفًا أ َ ۡل ٰ َونُهُۥ ث ُ َّم َي ِهي ُج فَت ََرىٰ هُ ُمصۡ ف َٗرا ث ُ َّم َيجۡ عَلُهُۥ ُح‬
‫ط ًم ُۚا إِ َّن‬ ِ ‫سلَ َكهُۥ َي ٰ َن ِبي َع فِي ۡٱۡل َ ۡر‬ َّ ‫ٱَّلل أَنزَ َل مِ نَ ٱل‬
َ َ‫س َمآءِ َما ٓ ٗء ف‬ َ َّ ‫أَلَمۡ ت ََر أ َ َّن‬
‫ِفِي ٰ َذلِكَ لَذ ِۡك َر ٰى ِۡل ُ ْولِي ۡٱۡل َ ۡل ٰ َبب‬
Do you not see that Allāh sends down rain from the sky and makes it flow as springs [and rivers]
in the earth; then He produces thereby crops of varying colors; then they dry and you see them
turned yellow; then He makes them [scattered] debris. Indeed, in that is a reminder for those of
understanding.
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 39: VERSE 21)

Therefore, the Quran contains descriptions of the water cycle that predate Bernard Palissy's
work for over a thousand years.

EMBRYOLOGY
Embryology, the study of the development of embryos from fertilization to birth, emerged as a
scientific discipline in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the development of the microscope and
the discovery of the ovum (egg cell) by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1677 and the development
of modern embryology continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, whereas Quran
contains descriptions of embryonic development that were revealed over a thousand years ago,
long before the modern scientific study of embryology. In particular, the Quran describes the
stages of human embryonic development in remarkable detail, using language that is consistent
with a modern scientific understanding of the subject.

For example, Surah Al-Mu'minun, Chapter 23, Verses 12-14 state:

‫س ُن ۡٱل ٰ َخ ِلقِين‬
َ ۡ‫ٱَّلل أَح‬
ُ َّ َ‫ارك‬ َ ٰ ‫س ۡونَا ۡٱل ِع‬
َ ‫ظ َم لَحۡ ٗما ث ُ َّم أَنش َۡأ ٰ َنهُ خ َۡلقًا َءاخ ُۚ ََر فَتَ َب‬ َ ٰ ‫ضغَةَ ِع‬
َ ‫ظ ٗما فَ َك‬ ۡ ‫ضغ َٗة فَ َخلَ ۡقنَا ۡٱل ُم‬ َ َ‫َث ُ َّم َخلَ ۡقنَا ٱل ُّن ۡطفَة‬
ۡ ‫علَقَ ٗة فَ َخلَ ۡقنَا ۡٱل َعلَقَةَ ُم‬

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“Then We made the sperm-drop into a clinging clot, and We made the clot into a lump [of flesh],
and We made [from] the lump, bones, and We covered the bones with flesh; then We
developed him into another creation. So blessed is Allāh, the best of creators.
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 23; VERSE 14)

The Arabic word "alaqah" means a "leech-like suspended thing," which accurately describes the
appearance of the embryo at around 24-26 days after fertilization, when it takes on a shape that
resembles a leech or a blood clot. Similarly, the Arabic word "mudghah" means a "chewed-like
substance," which accurately describes the appearance of the embryo at around 28-38 days after
fertilization, when it takes on a shape that resembles a lump of chewed flesh.

‫ٱلز ۡو َج ۡي ِن ٱلذَّك ََر َو ۡٱۡلُنثَ ٰى مِن ُّن ۡطفَ ٍة ِإذَا تُمۡ نَى‬
َّ َ‫َٰوأ َ َّنهُۥ َخلَق‬
And that He creates two mates - the male and female. (46) From a sperm-drop when it is
emitted.
“AL-QURAN CHAPTER 53: VERSE 45-46)

It is important to note that the Quran's descriptions of embryonic development demonstrate a

remarkable understanding of the subject that was far ahead of its time.

MOUNTAINS:
‫ض مِ ٰ َهدٗ ا َو ۡٱل ِج َبا َل أ َ ۡوتَادٗ ا‬
َ ‫أ َ َلمۡ نَجۡ عَ ِل ۡٱۡل َ ۡر‬
(6) Have We not made the earth a resting place? (7) And the mountains as stakes?
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 78; VERSE 6-7)

This verse serves as a reference to the stabilizing role that mountains play in the earth's crust.
The collision of tectonic plates forms mountains, and their roots extend deep into the earth's crust,
anchoring them in place. This helps to stabilize the earth's surface and prevent it from shifting or
moving excessively.

The term "stakes" in this verse refers to the deep roots of mountains, which help to anchor them
in place and provide stability. The Quran describes mountains as being "firmly set" in the earth
(Quran 21:31), which is seen as further evidence of their role in stabilizing the earth's crust.

Whereas it should be kept in mind that it was discovered by science in the mid of the eighteenth
century that mountains possess roots for firmness as well.

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CONTINENTAL DRIFT:
Continental drift is the theory that the Earth's continents were once joined together as a single
supercontinent, which then gradually moved apart over millions of years to their current positions.
This theory was first proposed by Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, and geophysicist, in
1912.

This phenomenon, continental drift, was discovered by science long after the predictions of Islam.
As in Al-Quran, Allah (S.W.T) has already mentioned the phenomenon of continental drift and
revealed the main grounds and cause behind this phenomenon as the movement of mountains
resulting in the movement of continental plates which brings this change.

However, Wegener's theory was not widely accepted at the time, largely because he could not
explain how the continents moved. It was not until the 1960s when scientists discovered the
mechanism of plate tectonics, that continental drift became widely accepted as a scientific fact.
Today, plate tectonics is the accepted explanation for how the Earth's continents move and
change over time, and this way modern science proved the explanations of the Quranic verses
disclosed a couple of centuries ago.

‫ير ِب َما ت َۡفعَلُون‬

ُ ُۢ ‫ِي أ َ ۡتقَنَ ُك َّل ش َۡي ُۚ ٍء إِ َّنهُۥ َخ ِب‬
ٓ ‫ٱَّللِ ٱلَّذ‬
َّ ‫ص ۡن َع‬ ِ ُۚ ‫س َحا‬
ُ ‫ب‬ َ ۡ‫َ َوت ََرى ٱ ۡل ِج َبا َل تَح‬
َ ‫سبُ َها َجامِ َد ٗة َوه‬
َّ ‫ِي تَ ُم ُّر َم َّر ٱل‬

(88) And you see the mountains, thinking them motionless, while they will pass as the passing
of clouds. [It is] the work of Allāh, who perfected all things. Indeed, He is Aware of that which
you do.
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 27: VERSE 88)

While mountains may seem permanent and immovable to human observers, they are in fact
subject to the same natural forces and cycles as everything else in the world. Over time,
mountains may erode, shift, or even disappear entirely.

The metaphor of mountains passing "as the passing of clouds" highlights the fleeting nature of all
things in the world. Clouds are constantly changing and moving, and their passing is a reminder
of the transience of all things. The verse emphasizes that this impermanence is part of the "work
of Allah," who has created a world that is constantly changing and evolving.

BIG BANG:
The Big Bang theory was first proposed in the early 20th century by Belgian priest and astronomer
Georges Lemaître, who suggested that the universe began as a single point of infinite density
and high temperature, which then rapidly expanded in a massive explosion. However, the theory

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did not gain widespread acceptance until the 1960s, when astronomers discovered cosmic
microwave background radiation, which provided strong evidence in support of the Big Bang
model. Since then, further observations and measurements have confirmed and refined the Big
Bang theory, which is now widely accepted as the most plausible explanation for the origin and
evolution of the universe.

Whereas the concept or the idea of the universe starting as a single point of infinite density and
temperature, and then rapidly expanding in a massive explosion, which is a central tenet of the
Big Bang theory was revealed thousand years back in Quran. Some of the verses that support
the evidence are witnessed below which refer to the idea that the heavens and the earth were
initially one entity, and then Allah separated them to create the universe we know today.

‫ض كَا َنتَا َر ۡت ٗقا فَفَت َۡق ٰ َن ُه َم ِۖا َو َجعَ ۡلنَا مِ نَ ۡٱل َما ٓءِ ُك َّل ش َۡيءٍ َح ُۚي ٍ أَفَ ََل ي ُۡؤمِ نُون‬
َ ‫ت َو ۡٱۡل َ ۡر‬ َّ ‫َأ َ َولَمۡ َي َر ٱلَّذِينَ َكف َُر ٓواْ أ َ َّن ٱل‬
ِ ‫س ٰ َم ٰ َو‬

Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity,
and then We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not
believe?
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 21: VERSE 30)

‫س َما ٓ َء َبن َۡي ٰ َن َها ِبأ َ ۡييْدٖ َو ِإ َّنا لَ ُمو ِسعُون‬

َّ ‫َ َوٱل‬
And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander.
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 51: VERSE 47)

SKY AS PROTECTIVE LAYER:

The existence of the ozone layer was first proposed by scientists in the 1910s and 1920s, based
on observations of the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. However, it wasn't
until the 1970s that scientists discovered the mechanism by which ozone is formed in the
stratosphere and the importance of the ozone layer in protecting life on Earth from harmful UV
radiation. The ozone layer was discovered in Sky in 1913 by Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson.
Whereas the Holy Quran has revealed its existence thousand years back which is evident from
several verses.

َ ۡ‫وظ ِۖا َو ُهم‬

‫ع ۡن َءا ٰ َي ِت َها ُمعۡ ِرضُون‬ ٗ ُ‫س ۡق ٗفا َّمحۡ ف‬ َّ ‫َ َو َجعَ ۡلنَا ٱل‬
َ ‫س َما ٓ َء‬
And We made the sky a protected ceiling, but they, from its signs, are turning away.
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 21, VERSE 32)

This verse describes one of the many blessings and signs of Allah's power and wisdom in the
creation of the universe. The "sky" in this verse refers to the atmosphere which contains different
layers including the ozone layer that surrounds the Earth, which serves as a protective shield for

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the planet. The atmosphere along with the ozone layer filters out the harmful radiation from the
sun and protects the Earth from the impact of meteoroids.

The word "ceiling" in this verse refers to the fact that the atmosphere is like a canopy or a roof
that covers the Earth, providing a protective layer above us. The word "protected" highlights the
fact that this ceiling is a gift from Allah that shields us from harm, and it reminds us of our duty to
be grateful for this blessing.

Overall, this verse emphasizes the importance of recognizing the signs of Allah's power and
wisdom in the world around us, and the duty to appreciate and take care of the environment that
Allah has created for us.

LIGHT FADING IN OCEANS:

‫ض ِإذَآ أ َ ۡخ َر َج َي َدهُۥ لَمۡ َيك َۡد َي َرىٰ َه ۗا َو َمن لَّمۡ َيجۡ َع ِل‬ ُ ۡ‫ظلُ ٰ َم ُۢتُ َبع‬
ٍ ۡ‫ض َها فَ ۡوقَ َبع‬ ُۚٞ ‫س َح‬
ُ ‫اب‬ ٖ ‫ظلُ ٰ َمتٖ فِي َبحۡ ٖر لُّ ِج‬
َ ‫ ِمن فَ ۡوقِهِۦ‬ٞ‫ ِمن فَ ۡوقِهِۦ َم ۡوج‬ٞ‫ي َي ۡغشَىٰ هُ َم ۡوج‬ ُ ‫أ َ ۡو َك‬
‫ورا فَ َما لَهُۥ مِ ن ُّنور‬ٗ ُ‫ٍٱَّلل لَهُۥ ن‬
ُ َّ

“Or [they are] like darknesses within an unfathomable sea which is covered by waves, upon
which are waves, over which are clouds - darknesses, some of them upon others. When one
puts out his hand [therein], he can hardly see it. And he to whom Allāh has not granted light - for
him there is no light.
(AL-QURAN CHAPTER 24; VERSE 40)

This verse is from the Quran, Surah An-Nur (24:40), and it describes the state of those who reject
the guidance of Allah and follow their own desires. The verse uses the analogy of darkness within
an unfathomable sea covered by waves, upon which are waves, over which are clouds, to
illustrate the state of confusion and disorientation of those who are lost in darkness and ignorance.

The phrase "like darkness within an unfathomable sea" highlights the depth of ignorance and
confusion that the disbelievers are in. The word "unfathomable" emphasizes the
incomprehensibility of their situation, indicating that they are unable to understand the truth and
are lost in darkness. The phrase "which is covered by waves, upon which are waves, over which
are clouds" emphasizes the layers of darkness that surround the disbelievers. The waves and
clouds represent the confusion and doubts that they have, which further deepen their ignorance
and disorientation.

The verse also mentions that those who are lost in darkness cannot see, even when they put their
hand in front of their face. This indicates that their lack of guidance has left them in a state of
spiritual blindness, where they are unable to recognize the truth, even when it is presented to
them. Finally, the verse reminds us that Allah is the source of light and guidance. Those who
reject His guidance are left in darkness, with no hope of finding their way. But those who seek
Allah's guidance will be granted light and will be able to clearly see the path that leads to the truth.

13 | Page
This explanation reveals how elegantly this verse has been visualized with the reference to the
sea and covers another significant scientific phenomenon that the depth of the sea is deadly dark
since the light fades in the ocean which was discovered by science thousands of years later in
the twentieth century. The deeper parts of the sea are darker than the shallower parts because
light cannot penetrate the water to the same extent. The depth of the sea affects the amount and
intensity of light that reaches it, with the deeper parts receiving less light than the shallower parts.

In fact, beyond a certain depth, there is no light at all, and this depth is called the "aphotic zone"
or "midnight zone." In this zone, the absence of light makes it difficult for photosynthetic organisms
to survive, and so the food chain is largely based on detritus or organic matter that sinks down
from the surface.

However, it is worth noting that the darkness of the sea varies depending on several factors, such
as the location, time of day, and the presence of light-producing organisms like bioluminescent
plankton. In some cases, such as in shallow tropical waters, the sea can be very clear and bright,
allowing sunlight to penetrate deep into the water column.

TWO-WATER BODIES NOT MIXING:

Thermoclines, chemoclines, and pycnoclines are different types of boundaries or layers that can
exist in bodies of water such as oceans and lakes, and they are important for the study of aquatic
ecosystems. The concept of thermoclines, chemoclines, and pycnoclines was founded in the late
19th century.

A thermocline is a layer in a body of water where there is a rapid change in temperature with
depth. This layer separates the warmer surface water from the colder, deeper water. A
chemocline is a layer in a body of water where there is a rapid change in chemical composition
with depth. This layer separates water with different chemical properties, such as oxygen
concentration, pH, or salinity. A pycnocline is a layer in a body of water where there is a rapid
change in density with depth. This layer separates water with different densities, such as fresher
and saltier water.

The concepts of thermoclines, chemoclines, and pycnocline have been recognized and studied
for many decades by oceanographers and limnologists (scientists who study freshwater systems).
The earliest scientific studies on oceanic thermoclines date back to the late 19th century, In the
early 20th century, oceanographers continued to refine their understanding of thermoclines, using
new technologies. The concept of a chemocline was first introduced in the 1920s by the American
limnologist G. Evelyn Hutchinson. The term "pycnocline" was also first introduced by Harald
Sverdrup in the 1940s. Since then, the study of thermoclines, chemoclines, and pycnocline has
continued to advance with new technologies and research methods, contributing to our
understanding of ocean and lake ecosystems.

14 | Page
The Holy Quran mentions the concept of barriers or partitions in bodies of water, such as seas
and oceans, which are interpreted as a reference to thermoclines, chemoclines, and pycnoclines.
However, it is important to note that the Quran uses poetic and metaphorical language to convey
its messages, but its descriptions of natural phenomena are mostly intended to be scientific in
nature.

ٗ ‫ َو َجعَ َل َب ۡي َن ُه َما َب ۡرزَ ٗخا َوحِ جۡ ٗرا َّمحۡ ُج‬ٞ‫ات َو ٰ َه َذا مِ ۡل ٌح أ ُ َجاج‬
۞ ‫ورا‬ َ ‫َوه َُو ٱلَّذِي َم َر َج ۡٱل َبحۡ َر ۡي ِن ٰ َه َذا‬
ٞ ‫ب فُ َر‬ٞ ‫ع ۡذ‬
And it is He who has released [simultaneously] the two seas [i.e., bodies of water], one fresh
and sweet and one salty and bitter, and He placed between them a barrier and prohibiting
partition.
(Chapter 25, Verse 53)

Allah (God) (S.W.T) is describing His power and creative abilities. The verse speaks about the
two types of seas or bodies of water that exist on Earth. One is fresh and sweet, like rivers and
lakes, while the other is salty and bitter, like oceans.

Allah mentions that He has created these two types of water and has set a barrier between them
that prevents them from mixing together completely. This barrier could refer to the physical
boundaries that separate the two types of water, such as land or underwater mountains.
Additionally, there may be other factors at play, such as differences in temperature, salinity, and
density that keep the two types of water apart.

This separation between the two types of water is essential for maintaining the delicate balance
of marine ecosystems. The freshwater and saltwater habitats support different types of flora and
fauna that have adapted to thrive in their respective environments. If the two types of water were
to mix completely, it would have catastrophic consequences for marine life and the overall
ecological balance. The verse also highlights Allah's (S.W.T) power and wisdom in creating such
a complex and interconnected system on Earth.

ِ ُۚ َّ ‫ َّم َع‬ٞ‫اج ًز ۗا أَءِ ٰلَه‬

‫ٱَّلل َب ۡل أ َ ۡكثَ ُرهُمۡ ََل َيعۡ لَ ُمون‬ ِ ‫ِي َو َجعَ َل َب ۡينَ ۡٱل َبحۡ َر ۡي ِن َح‬ ٰ َ ‫َأ َ َّمن َجعَ َل ۡٱۡل َ ۡر‬
َ ‫ض قَ َر ٗارا َو َجعَ َل خِ لَلَ َها ٓ أ َ ۡن ٰ َه ٗرا َو َجعَ َل لَ َها َر ٰ َوس‬
Is He [not best] who made the earth a stable ground and placed within it rivers and made for it
firmly set mountains and placed between the two seas a barrier? Is there a deity with Allāh?
[No], but most of them do not know.
(Chapter 27, Verse 61)

ِ ‫ِ َم َر َج ۡٱل َبحۡ َر ۡي ِن َي ۡلتَ ِق َي‬

‫خ ََّل َي ۡب ِغ َيان‬ٞ َ‫ان َب ۡي َن ُه َما َب ۡرز‬
(19) He released the two seas, meeting [one another]; (20) Between them is a barrier so neither
of them transgresses.
(CHAPTER 55; VERSES 19 -20)

15 | Page
The verse you are referring to is from Surah Ar-Rahman, Chapter 55, Verses 19-20 of the Quran.
It describes the two seas meeting each other but remaining separate, with a barrier between them
that they cannot cross.

The verse may also be interpreted as a reference to the physical phenomenon of two bodies of
water meeting but not mixing, such as the point where the freshwater of a river meets the saltwater
of the sea. This separation occurs due to differences in salinity, temperature, and density, and it
is an example of the delicate balance and harmony in nature.

Overall, the verse serves as a reminder of the boundaries and limitations that exist in the world,
both physical and metaphysical, and the importance of respecting and preserving them. It also
emphasizes the balance and harmony in nature and encourages reflection on the power and
wisdom of God in creating such a complex and interconnected world.

EVERY LIVING THING IS MADE FROM WATER:

The concept that water is a fundamental component of living organisms has been recognized by
scientists since the late eighteenth century.

One of the earliest scientific studies on the composition of living organisms was conducted by the
French chemist Antoine Lavoisier in the late 18th century. Lavoisier showed that the human body
is composed mostly of four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. Of these four,
hydrogen and oxygen are the key components of water, and Lavoisier recognized the importance
of water in living organisms.

The Quran does mention the concept of water as a fundamental component of life; however, it
was revealed thousands of years ago.

‫ض كَا َنتَا َر ۡت ٗقا فَفَت َۡق ٰ َن ُه َم ِۖا َو َجعَ ۡلنَا مِ نَ ۡٱل َمآءِ ُك َّل ش َۡيءٍ َح ُۚي ٍ أَفَ ََل ي ُۡؤمِ ُنون‬
َ ‫ت َو ۡٱۡل َ ۡر‬ َّ ‫َأ َ َو َلمۡ َي َر ٱلَّذِينَ َكف َُر ٓو ْا أ َ َّن ٱل‬
ِ ‫س ٰ َم ٰ َو‬
Have those who disbelieved not considered that the heavens and the earth were a joined entity,
and then We separated them and made from water every living thing? Then will they not
believe?
(Al- QURAN Chapter 21, Verse 30)

This verse emphasizes the importance of water in the creation of all living things. It recognizes
water as a fundamental element in the formation of life and emphasizes the miracle of creation.
This verse has also been interpreted as a reference to the process of reproduction, which requires
the presence of water to take place.

16 | Page
Furthermore, the verse invites people to reflect on the signs of God's existence and power in the
world around them. It challenges those who deny the existence of a higher power to consider the
wonder and complexity of creation and recognize the role of God in it.

In addition, the Quran mentions several other verses that highlight the importance of water in
sustaining life and the blessings that it provides. For example, Surah Al-Furqan, Chapter 25,
Verse 48 states: "And it is He who sends the winds as good tidings before His mercy, and We
send down from the sky pure water." This verse recognizes the role of water in providing
sustenance to living beings and acknowledges its importance in the larger cycle of nature.

This verse is interpreted as a reference to the importance of water in the creation and sustenance
of life. It clearly discloses the fact that every living thing is created with water and that, water is
essential for the growth and development of living organisms, and it plays a key role in many
biological processes, including metabolism and cellular respiration. Overall, the Quran recognizes
the importance of water in sustaining life and emphasizes the power and wisdom of God in
creating such a complex and interconnected world.

BEES COLLECTING HONEY IN THE BELLY:

The concept that honeybees collect nectar in their bodies to produce honey has been recognized
since the late seventeenth century when the English naturalist and clergyman John Ray
conducted one of the earliest scientific studies on honey bees and our scientific understanding of
this process has developed over time through observation and experimentation. It can be stated
that this concept was confirmed in the late eighteenth century.

However, the Holy Quran revealed this concept thousands of years back when it was revealed to
the last messenger prophet Muhammad (S.A.W.W).

ُۚ ٗ ُ‫سبُ َل َر ِبكِ ذُل‬

‫َل َي ۡخ ُر ُج مِ ُۢن‬ ِ ‫شونَ ث ُ َّم ُكلِي مِ ن ُك ِل ٱلثَّ َم ٰ َر‬
ُ ‫ت فَٱسۡ لُكِي‬ ُ ‫ش َج ِر َومِ َّما َيعۡ ِر‬ َّ ‫َوأ َ ۡو َح ٰى َربُّكَ إِلَى ٱلنَّحۡ ِل أ َ ِن ٱتَّخِ ذِي مِنَ ۡٱل ِج َبا ِل بُيُو ٗتا َومِ نَ ٱل‬
ٰ
‫اس ِإ َّن فِي ذَلِكَ َۡلٓ َي ٗة ِلقَ ۡو ٖم َيتَفَ َّك ُرون‬ُۚ ِ ‫ء ِلل َّن‬ٞ ٓ ‫ِف أ َ ۡل ٰ َونُهُۥ فِي ِه ِشفَا‬
ٌ ‫اب ُّم ۡختَل‬ ُ ُ‫َب‬
ٞ ‫طو ِن َها ش ََر‬
(68) And your Lord inspired the bee, "Take for yourself among the mountains, houses [i.e.,
hives], and among the trees and [in] that which they construct. (69) Then eat from all the fruits
and follow the ways of your Lord laid down [for you]." There emerges from their bellies a drink,
varying in colors, in which there is healing for people. Indeed, in that is a sign for people who
give thought.
(Chapter 16, Verse 68, 69)

This verse from the Quran (Surah An-Nahl, verses 68-69) describes how Allah has inspired bees
to build their homes and collect nectar from various sources in nature, including flowers, trees,
and other plants. The nectar is then transformed into honey through a process of regurgitation
and evaporation, which takes place in the bees' bodies and inside the hives.

17 | Page
The Quran also highlights the diverse and beneficial properties of honey, which can vary in color
and flavor depending on the types of flowers and plants from which the nectar is collected. Honey
has been used for centuries as a natural remedy for a variety of health conditions, and it contains
antioxidants, antibacterial properties, and other compounds that may have therapeutic effects.

The Quran uses the example of the bee and its production of honey as a sign of Allah's wisdom
and power in creating the natural world. It also encourages people to reflect on the beauty and
complexity of nature and to seek out the healing properties that Allah has provided in the natural
world.

JUDICIAL SYSTEM:

A judicial system is a legal framework in which courts, judges, and other legal officials administer
justice and interpret the law. The judicial system plays a critical role in upholding the rule of law,
protecting individuals’ rights and freedoms, and resolving disputes between parties. The judicial
system is an essential component of any society that seeks to uphold the rule of law and protect
individual rights and freedoms and upholds the principles of fairness, impartiality, and due
process.

The judicial system given by Allah (S.W.T) in the Holy Quran represents a remarkable example
of laws and regulations for protecting individuals' rights and social values.

ِ ‫سمِ ي ُۢعَا َب‬

‫ص ٗيرا‬ َ َّ ‫ظ ُكم ِب ِه ۗۦٓ إِ َّن‬
َ َ‫ٱَّلل َكان‬ َ َّ ‫اس أَن تَحۡ ُك ُمواْ ِب ۡٱلعَ ۡد ُۚ ِل إِ َّن‬
ُ ‫ٱَّلل ِن ِع َّما َي ِع‬ ِ ‫ٱَّلل َي ۡأ ُم ُر ُكمۡ أَن ت ُ َؤدُّواْ ۡٱۡل َ ٰ َم ٰ َن‬
ِ ‫ت إِلَ ٰ ٓى أ َ ۡه ِل َها َوإِذَا َحكَمۡ تُم َب ۡينَ ٱل َّن‬ َ َّ ‫إِ َّن‬
(58) Indeed, Allāh commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when you judge
between people to judge with justice. Excellent is that which Allāh instructs you. Indeed, Allāh is
ever Hearing and Seeing.
(CHAPTER 4; VERSE 58)
This verse from the Quran (Surah An-Nisa, verse 58) emphasizes the importance of justice and
honesty in fulfilling one's obligations and responsibilities towards others. The verse commands
Muslims to fulfill their trust and obligations to others, meaning that they should keep their
promises, honor their commitments, and act with integrity in all their dealings with others.

Furthermore, the verse instructs Muslims to judge between people with justice. This means that
when Muslims are put in a position of authority to make decisions that affect others, they should
do so with fairness, impartiality, and consideration for the rights and needs of all parties involved.

18 | Page
They should not show favoritism or bias towards any group but rather make decisions based on
the evidence and facts presented to them.

The verse emphasizes that the guidance and instruction given by Allah are excellent and perfect,
and Muslims should strive to follow it in all aspects of their lives. Allah is described as ever-hearing
and seeing, which highlights the belief in Islam that Allah is aware of all our actions and will hold
us accountable for them on the Day of Judgment.

Overall, this verse emphasizes the importance of honesty, integrity, and justice in all aspects of
life. It encourages Muslims to fulfill their obligations to others and to make fair and just decisions
when in a position of authority. It also emphasizes the belief in Islam that Allah is aware of all our
actions and that we will be held accountable for them.

‫ََوأَقِي ُمواْ ۡٱل َو ۡزنَ ِب ۡٱل ِقسۡ طِ َو ََل ت ُ ۡخس ُِرواْ ۡٱلمِ يزَ ان‬
(9) And establish weight in justice and do not make deficient the balance.
(CHAPTER 55; VERSE 9)
This verse from the Quran (Surah Ar-Rahman, verse 9) emphasizes the importance of
establishing justice in all aspects of life. The verse instructs believers to establish weight in justice,
which means to ensure that justice is always upheld, and that people are treated fairly and
equitably. It also prohibits believers from making deficient the balance, which means that they
should not cheat or deceive others in their dealings or transactions.

The concept of balance and justice is central to Islam, and the Quran emphasizes its importance
in numerous verses. In Islam, justice is a fundamental principle that must be upheld in all aspects
of life, including personal relationships, business transactions, and legal proceedings.

The verse highlights the importance of maintaining justice and fairness in all dealings and
transactions. It instructs Muslims to establish a system of weights and measures that is just and
fair and to ensure that all parties are treated equitably. This concept is relevant not only in
business transactions but also in social and political contexts.

In essence, this verse emphasizes that justice and fairness are essential principles in Islam, and
Muslims are encouraged to uphold them in all aspects of their lives. The Quran teaches that Allah
is just and fair, and Muslims are expected to follow His example in their dealings with others. Even

19 | Page
Allah (S.W.T) has commanded his beloved prophet, the last messenger, prophet Muhammad
(S.A.A.W) to either judge with justice only or not to judge at all.
‫ع ۡن ُهمۡ فَلَن َيض ُُّروكَ ش َۡيـ ِۖٗا َوإِ ۡن َحكَمۡ تَ فَٱحۡ ُكم َب ۡي َن ُهم‬ ۡ ‫ع ۡن ُه ۡ ِۖم َوإِن تُعۡ ِر‬
َ ‫ض‬ َ ‫ض‬ ۡ ‫ت فَإِن َجا ٓ ُءوكَ فَٱحۡ ُكم َب ۡي َن ُهمۡ أ َ ۡو أ َ ۡع ِر‬ ُّ ‫ب أ َ ٰ َّكلُونَ لِل‬
ِ ُۚ ۡ‫سح‬ ِ ‫س ٰ َّمعُونَ ل ِۡل َك ِذ‬
َ
‫ٱَّلل يُحِ بُّ ۡٱل ُم ۡقسِطِ ين‬ ُۚ
َ َّ ‫َ ِب ۡٱل ِقسۡ طِ ِإ َّن‬
[They are] avid listeners to falsehood, devourers of [what is] unlawful. So if they come to you, [O
Muḥammad], judge between them or turn away from them. And if you turn away from them -
never will they harm you at all. And if you judge, judge between them with justice. Indeed, Allāh
loves those who act justly.
(CHAPTER 5; VERSE 42)

Allah (S.W.T) in Holy Quran, clarifies the fact that He has sent His messenger to us with evidence
and proofs and commands to maintain justice between people.

‫ٱَّلل َمن‬ ِ ‫ َو َم ٰ َن ِف ُع لِل َّن‬ٞ‫شدِيد‬

ُ َّ ‫اس َو ِل َيعۡ لَ َم‬ ٞ ‫اس ِب ۡٱل ِقسۡ طِِۖ َوأَنزَ ۡلنَا ۡٱل َحدِي َد فِي ِه َب ۡأ‬
َ ‫س‬ ُ ‫وم ٱل َّن‬ َ ُ‫ب َو ۡٱلمِ يزَ انَ ِل َيق‬
َ َ‫ت َوأَنزَ ۡلنَا َمعَ ُه ُم ۡٱل ِك ٰت‬
ِ ‫سلَنَا ِب ۡٱل َب ِي ٰ َن‬
ُ ‫س ۡلنَا ُر‬
َ ‫لَقَ ۡد أ َ ۡر‬
‫ع ِزيز‬ َ ‫ي‬ٌّ ‫ٱَّلل قَ ِو‬
َ َّ ‫ب إِ َّن‬ ِ ُۚ ‫سلَهُۥ ِب ۡٱلغ َۡي‬
ُ ‫ص ُرهُۥ َو ُر‬ُ ‫َين‬
We have already sent Our messengers with clear evidence and sent down with them the
Scripture and the balance that the people may maintain [their affairs] in justice. And We sent
down iron, wherein is great military might and benefits for the people, and so that Allāh may
make evident those who support Him and His messengers unseen. Indeed, Allāh is Powerful
and Exalted in Might.
(CHAPTER 57; VERSE 25)

‫ِيما‬ ً ‫ع ِز‬
ٗ ‫يزا َحك‬ َ ۗ ‫ض َج ۡت ُجلُو ُدهُم َبد َّۡل ٰ َن ُهمۡ ُجلُودًا غ َۡي َرهَا ِل َي ُذوقُو ْا ۡٱل َع َذ‬
َ َّ ‫اب ِإ َّن‬
َ َ‫ٱَّلل كَان‬ ِ ‫ف نُصۡ لِي ِهمۡ ن َٗارا ُك َّل َما َن‬ َ ‫ِإ َّن ٱ َّلذِينَ َكف َُرو ْا ِبـَٔا ٰ َي ِتنَا‬
َ ‫س ۡو‬
Indeed, those who disbelieve in Our verses - We will drive them into a fire. Every time their
skins are roasted through, We will replace them with other skins so they may taste the
punishment. Indeed, Allāh is ever Exalted in Might and Wise.
(CHAPTER 4; VERSE 56)

It describes the punishment that those who disbelieve in Allah's verses will face in the afterlife.
The verse mentions that they will be cast into a fire and their skins will be roasted through, but
they will not die. Instead, Allah will replace their burnt skin with new skin so that they may continue
to experience the punishment. This punishment serves as a warning for those who reject the
message of Allah and emphasizes the importance of believing in Him and following His guidance.

20 | Page
The verse also highlights Allah's power and wisdom, reminding believers of His ultimate authority
over all things.

EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE:
Scientifically, the concept of the expansion of the universe was first proposed by the Belgian
astronomer Georges Lemaître in the early 20th century, and it was later confirmed by
observations made by Edwin Hubble. The expansion of the universe refers to the fact that the
distances between galaxies are increasing over time, which suggests that the universe is
expanding. Albert Einstein formulated an equation in 1917 that was based on the discovery of the
expansion of the universe.

This phenomenon that the universe expands was also revealed by Holy Quran.

‫ض فَ َر ۡش ٰ َن َها فَنِعۡ َم ۡٱل ٰ َم ِهدُون‬

َ ‫س َما ٓ َء َبن َۡي ٰ َن َها ِبأ َ ۡييْدٖ َوإِ َّنا َل ُمو ِسعُونَ َو ۡٱۡل َ ۡر‬
َّ ‫ََوٱل‬
(47) And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander. (48) And
the earth We have spread out, and excellent is the preparer.
(CHAPTER 51; VERSES 47-48)

The above verses mention Allah's power and ability to create and sustain the universe. Verse 47
describes how Allah created the heavens and the earth, while verse 48 mentions the expansion
of the universe.

The verse "And the heaven We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander" can
be interpreted as a reference to the expansion of the universe, which is one of the remarkable
features of the cosmos. The word "expander" used in the verse can be translated from Arabic as
"musi'oona", which implies continuous expansion. This verse also highlights the power and might
of Allah as the creator of the universe and the one who sustains and controls it.

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CHAPTER 2: HINDUISM
Hinduism is one of the major religions around the globe that originated in the Indian subcontinent
and is one of the world's oldest religions. It is a diverse set of beliefs, practices, and traditions that
have evolved over time, with a rich and complex history. The Vedas, a collection of ancient texts,
form the foundational scriptures of Hinduism, but there are many other texts and writings that are
considered authoritative as well. Hinduism has profoundly impacted Indian society, culture, and
philosophy, and continues to be an important spiritual tradition in India and around the world. Its
adherents believe in a diverse pantheon of deities, including Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, and
believe in the concept of karma and reincarnation. So, while taking references from Hinduism,
those books and sculptures were highly considered.

Hinduism recognizes the existence of one supreme, all-pervading spirit, called Brahman.
However, Brahman is beyond human comprehension and cannot be described in human terms.
In Hinduism, there are many different deities and different sects and traditions within Hinduism
may place emphasis on deities. Some Hindus may worship one deity, while others may worship
many. The most worshipped deities in Hinduism include Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, who are
often seen as three aspects of the same supreme being. It is important to note that Hinduism is a
diverse and multifaceted religion, and beliefs and practices can vary widely among individuals
and communities.

After keeping in view all these postulates, let’s put an eye on the most followed books of Hinduism
and get to know what they speak about the concept of one God.

CONCEPT OF GOD IN HINDUISM:

“sad eva, saumya, idam agra AsId ekam evAdvitIyam, taddhaika AhuH, asad evedam agra AsId
ekam evAdvitIyam, tasmAd asataH sat jAyata”

“In the beginning, my dear, this was Being only, — one, without a second. Some say that, in the
beginning, this was Non-Being, only one, without a second. From that Non-Being sprang Being.”

(Chandogya Upanishad 6:2:1)

The Chandogya Upanishad is one of the oldest and most important Upanishads, which are a
collection of sacred Hindu texts that form the basis of Hindu philosophy. It is part of the Sama
Veda, one of the four Vedas, and is believed to have been composed in the 8th to 6th centuries
BCE. The Chandogya Upanishad has been widely studied and commented upon by Hindu
scholars and has had a significant influence on Hindu philosophy and spirituality. It remains an
important text in the Hindu tradition today.

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Similarly, another Upanishad says,

“na tasya kaścit patir asti loke na ceśitā naiva ca tasya liṅgaṃ /
sa kāraṇaṃ karaṇādhipādhipo na cāsya kaścij janitā na cādhipaḥ”

“He has no master in the world, no ruler, nor is there even a sign of Him by which He can be
inferred. He is the cause, the Lord of the organs; and He is without progenitor or controller.”

(Svetasvatara Upanishad 6:9)

Although the fact that there are various deities in Hinduism followed in the current era, their book,
The Svetasvatara Upanishad, which is also a sacred Hindu text that belongs to the corpus of the
Upanishads, also believes the ultimate and supreme being of the universe. As the verse itself
says, God is the cause and controller of all things, including the organs of the body, He is without
progenitor or controller, meaning that He is self-existent and not created by anyone or anything
else and is believed to exist beyond, and within the material world simultaneously.

At another place in the same book, the verses say,

“nainam ūrdhvaṃ na tiryañcaṃ na madhye parijagrabhat /

na tasya pratimā asti yasya nāma mahad yaśaḥ”

“No one can catch hold of Him either from above, or across, or in the middle. There is no
likeness of Him. His name is Great Glory (Mahad Yasah).”

(Svetasvatara Upanishad 4:19)

“na saṃdṛśe tiṣṭhati rūpam asya na cakṣuṣā paśyati kaścanainaṃ /

hṛdā hṛdisthaṃ manasā ya enam evaṃ vidur amṛtās te bhavanti”

“His form is not an object of vision; no one beholds Him with the eyes. They who, through pure
intellect and the Knowledge of Unity based upon reflection, realize Him as abiding in the heart
become immortal.”

(Svetasvatara Upanishad 4:20)

The above verses convey that God is not something that can be seen with the eyes, but rather
something that can be known through pure intellect and the knowledge of unity. This concept of
God is not limited to a physical form or manifestation but rather exists as a spiritual force that can
be understood through reflection and contemplation.

The verses also suggest that those who can realize God in this way, through their intellect and
reflection, will become immortal. This idea of immortality may refer to spiritual or eternal life, rather

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than physical life, and implies that the knowledge of God can lead to a sense of transcendence
and lasting peace.

Overall, these verses suggest that the true nature of God cannot be fully comprehended through
physical senses, but rather through a deeper level of understanding and reflection. This concept
is often found in various spiritual and philosophical traditions, which emphasize the importance of
inner reflection and contemplation to achieve a deeper understanding of the divine.

Overall, these verses suggest a belief in a singular, all-powerful, and self-existent God who is the
ultimate source and controller of all things.

CONCEPT OF GOD IN VEDAS:

The Vedas are a collection of ancient scriptures that form the oldest and most sacred texts of
Hinduism. The word "Veda" means knowledge or wisdom in Sanskrit, and the Vedas are the
foundation of Hinduism, as well as the oldest written texts in the world.

There are four Vedas, one of which is Yajur Veda which, in one place, utters that,

“There is no Image of Him whose Glory verily is great. He sustains within Himself all luminous
objects like the Sun etc. May He not harm me, this is my prayer. As He is unborn, He deserves
our worship.”

(Yajur Veda, CHAPTER 32; VERSE 3)

God is formless and imageless, and His glory is beyond human comprehension. The belief in a
formless God is often found in various spiritual and philosophical traditions, where God is seen
as an ultimate reality that transcends any physical manifestation or representation.

Proceeding further, the verses manifest that God is the sustainer of all luminous objects, including
the sun, which is often considered a symbol of divine light and power. This idea suggests that
God is the source of all energy and life in the universe, and everything is dependent on Him for
its existence.

God will not cause harm or suffering to the one who prays. This prayer is a common sentiment in
many spiritual traditions, where believers seek the protection and guidance of the divine in their
lives. Finally, the verses state that God is unborn and therefore deserves worship. This idea
emphasizes the transcendence and eternal nature of God, and the belief that God is not bound
by the limitations of physical existence.

Overall, these verses suggest a belief in a formless, eternal, and all-powerful God, who sustains
all things in the universe and is worthy of worship and devotion.

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 “नैनमूर्ध्वं न तिर्यञ्चं न मध्ये न परिजग्रभि् । न िस्य प्रतिमा अस्ति र्स्य नाम महद् र्शः ॥ १९॥”

“No one can grasp Him above, or across, or in the middle.”

“Yajur Veda, CHAPTER 40; VERSE 9)

The above verses also strongly support the concept that God is beyond human comprehension
or understanding. The idea is that God is beyond any physical or spatial limitations and cannot
be grasped or contained by human perception or knowledge. The idea of an ineffable or
ungraspable God emphasizes the mystery and awe-inspiring nature of the divine, and the
limitations of human language and understanding in describing it. It conveys a strong belief in a
divine reality that is beyond human comprehension and cannot be fully grasped or contained by
any physical or intellectual means.

“He is imageless and Pure. They are entering darkness those who worship the natural things
(like water, fire, air) and those who worship the created things are entering more into darkness
(like table, chair, idols, pictures, etc).”

(Yajur Veda, CHAPTER 40, VERSE 8)

The verse strongly emphasizes that those who worship natural or created things are entering
darkness and criticizes idol worship or the worship of physical objects, which is a distraction from
the true God and nature of the divine. The above-mentioned verse strictly rejects the idea of
multiple deities and worship of God-made objects even including sun, water, air, animals, and
others.

“मा त ि॑ द
॒ न्यद्वि शंि॑सि
॒ सखाि॑र् ॒ मा रिि॑षण्र्ि । इन्द्र
॒ द्वमत्सि ि
ि॑ ा॒ वृषि॑ण
॒ ं स ाि॑ स
॒ िे महि॑र
॒ क्था ि॑ शंसि

महान् आत्मा ईश्वि क छ ड़ के ज मूढ़ जड़ सूर्य्याद्वदकों की, मानवकल्पिि द्ववष्णप्रभृतिर्ों की औि

अवि=प्रेि मृि द्वपिृगण र्क्ष गन्धवय आद्वदकों की उपासना कििे हैं, वे आत्महन् ह महान् अन्धकाि में द्वगििे

हैं, अिः सब छ ड़ केवल ब्रह्म उपासनीर् है, र्ह स्तशक्षा इससे दे िे हैं”

“Great souls except God who are foolish roots worshiping Suryadikas, human imagined
Vishnuprabhritis and Avastu = phantom dead ancestors, Yaksha Gandharva worshipers, they
fall into great darkness, so all are left only Brahm is worshiped, this education is given by this
Huh”

(RIG VEDA, VOLUME 8, CHAPTER 1, VERSE 1)

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There are various false beliefs and practices in worshiping entities other than God, such as
Suryadikas, Vishnuprabhritis, Avastu, Yaksha, and Gandharva. These may refer to various deities
or supernatural beings worshiped in ancient Indian cultures.

The verse suggests that those who worship these entities are "foolish roots" and will fall into great
darkness. This may be interpreted as a warning against idol worship or the worship of false gods
or supernatural beings, which is seen as a distraction from the true nature of the divine.

The verse emphasizes the importance of worshiping only one God, which is seen as the true path
to enlightenment and salvation. True education or spiritual guidance comes from God alone, and
we should seek divine wisdom and guidance in our lives.

These verses strongly support a rejection of idol worship or the worship of false gods or
supernatural beings and emphasize the importance of worshiping only one God.

EATING MEAT AND COW IN HINDUISM:

Some Hindus do consume meat, while others follow a vegetarian or even vegan diet. In Hinduism,
the cow is considered a sacred animal, and many Hindus believe that it should not be killed or
consumed. Moreover, some other groups of Hindus consider cows as their idol. Some Hindu
traditions, such as the Shakta and Tantric sects, may include the ritual consumption of meat.
Additionally, some Hindus who consume meat choose to avoid beef specifically.

In Hinduism, the cow is considered a sacred animal and is often associated with the mother
goddess. The cow is revered as a symbol of wealth, strength, and purity, and many Hindus believe
that it should be protected and respected whereas certain religious sculptures of Hinduism utter
that,

“It is not sinful to eat the meat of eatable animals, for Brahma has created both the eaters & the
eatables.”
(Manusmitri 5:30)

“The cow should be slaughtered on the arrival of a guest, on the occasion of 'Shraddha' of
ancestors and on the occasion of a marriage.”
(Apastanba Grishsutram 1:3:10)

“On the occasion of a girl's marriage oxen and cows are slaughtered.”
(Rigveda 10:85:13)

“Indra used to eat the meat of cow, calf, horse, and buffalo.”

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 (Rigveda 6:17:1)

“If a brahmin refuses to Eat meat offered to him on tye occasion of shraddha, he goes to hell.”
(Vashishta Dharmasutra 11:34)

“You will be surprised to know that according to ancient Hindu rite and rituals, a man cannot be
a good Hindu who does not eat beef.”
(Swami Vivekananda 3:5:36)

MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN HINDUISM:

The concept of multiple marriages, also known as polygamy, has been present in Hinduism since
ancient times when kings and rulers had multiple wives.

Even some of the Hindu gods are also believed as having multiple wives or consorts, such as
Lord Krishna, who is often depicted with his eight wives, or Goddess Durga, who is said to have
married Lord Shiva. Apart from his five principal wives, Krishna is described to have married
several thousand women, he rescued from the demon Narakasura. Shri Krishna had 16,108 wives
(yes, that's sixteen thousand, one hundred, and eight) (Mahbahrat).

Lord Shiva's multiple wives are seen as manifestations of different aspects of the goddess Shakti.
Father of Shri Ram (King Dasharatha) was also believed to have three wives (Ramayan)

However, it is important to note that polygamy is not universally accepted or practiced in Hinduism
today. Moreover, the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955, which is the governing law for marriage in India,
since the biggest population of Hindus is present in India which is also the reason India is known
as Hindustan, prohibits polygamy among Hindus. Under this law, a Hindu man can only have one
wife at a time, and any subsequent marriages are considered null and void.

The only exception that has been mentioned in the holy books of Hinduism is Brahmana who was
permitted to have a maximum of four wives, as evidenced below,

“Now a Brahmana may take four wives in the direct order of the (four) castes;”
(Vishnusutra Chapter 24, Verse 1)

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PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.W) IN HINDUISM:

While discussing the concept of the prediction of the arrival of the Holy Prophet Hazrat
Muhammad (S.A.W), there are some interpretations and beliefs within Hinduism that suggest that
Prophet Muhammad may have been a divine messenger or a holy person.

One of the main sources of evidence for this belief is found in the ancient Hindu scriptures, such
as the Bhavishya Purana and the Atharva Veda. These texts contain prophecies and predictions
about the coming of a great prophet who would bring a new message of truth to the world. Some
Hindus interpret these prophecies as referring to Prophet Muhammad and therefore consider him
to be a holy figure.

“It will be born in the House of Vishnu Yas, a noble soul Brahman who is the chief of the village
of sambhala and he will be called the Kalki. He will be the supreme Lord of the world. He will be
given supernatural knowledge and character and will be given eight special characteristics, and
eight special qualities. He will be given a steed,a horse by the angels and he will ride a horse
carrying a sword in his hand and he will defeat the enemies and will be helped by the angels.”
(Bhagavata Purana; Khund 12, Upadhyay 2, Shloka 18-20)

“He will be born in the Kalyuga. This will be born in the Kalyug in which the kings will behave
like robbers and he will be born in the house of Vishnu Yas and he will be called Kalki.”
(Bhagvata Purana, Khand 1, Adhyay 3, Shloka 25)

“He will be born in the house of Vishnu Yas and he will be helped by four companions in
spreading his religion.”
(Kalki Purana, Chapter 2, Verse 4)

“He will be helped by the angels in the battlefield.”

(Kalki Purana, Chapter 2, Verse 7)

“He would be born in the house of Vishnu, yes, in the womb of Sumati.”
(Kalki Purana, Chapter 2, Verse 11)

He will be born in the first half of Madhav month.”

(Kalki Purana, Chapter 2, Verse 15)

The above-mentioned verses indicate that the name of the father of Kalki would be Vishnu Yas
which means Worshiper of God. Similarly, the name of the mother of Kalki would be Samantha

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which means peace and the name of the mother of Muhammad (S.A.A.W) was Amina which is
also translated into English as “Peace”.
The reference “Peace-Loving” itself highlights this fact since it is the translation of the name of
Prophet Muhammad (S.A.A.W).

Additionally, some Hindu scholars have pointed to similarities between the teachings of Prophet
Muhammad and those of Hinduism, such as the emphasis on monotheism and social justice.
They argue that these similarities suggest a shared spiritual tradition or divine inspiration.

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CHAPTER 3: BUDDISM
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy that originated in ancient India and is based on the
teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha. The Buddha's teachings, which he
shared after attaining enlightenment, focus on the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold
Path.

The Four Noble Truths teach that suffering is inherent in life, that suffering arises from attachment
and craving, that suffering can be overcome, and that the Noble Eightfold Path is the way to
overcome suffering.

The Noble Eightfold Path consists of the right understanding, right intention, right speech, right
action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration. By following this
path, one can attain Nirvana, which is a state of ultimate liberation and freedom from suffering.

Buddhism has various schools and traditions, with differences in beliefs and practices. However,
many Buddhists share common beliefs such as karma, rebirth, and the importance of meditation
and mindfulness in daily life.

CONCEPT OF GOD IN BUDDHISM;

Buddhism is a non-theistic religion, which means that it does not believe in the existence of a
single omnipotent God or gods. The Buddha did not teach the existence of a creator deity, and
instead, he focused on the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path as a way to alleviate
suffering and attain enlightenment.

In Buddhism, there are beings that are revered and worshiped, such as bodhisattvas and devas,
but these beings are not considered omnipotent or all-knowing like a God in other religions. The
focus of Buddhism is on individual spiritual development and the attainment of Nirvana, rather
than on worship or devotion to a deity.

Some forms of Buddhism, particularly Mahayana Buddhism, have a concept of Buddha-nature,

which can be interpreted as a kind of divine essence or potential within all beings. However, this
concept is not equivalent to the concept of a God in other religions.

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.A.W) IN BUDDHISM:

The arrival of prophet Muhammad (S.A.A.W) into the universe to continue the series of the
preaching of the holy and sacred teachings, has been predicted in Buddhism too. In one place, a
verse says,

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 “There will arise in the world a Buddha named Maitreya (the beloved one) a holy one, a
supreme one, an enlightened one, endowed with wisdom in conduct, auspicious, knowing the
universe.”
(Chakkavatti Sinhnad Suttanta D. III, 76)

In the above verses, Buddha named Maitreya is referred to as the last messenger, Hazrat
Muhammad because the word Maitreya means “The Beloved One” which is basically the name
of Prophet Muhammad since the word Muhammad itself means “The beloved one!” The belief in
the future appearance of Maitreya Buddha is a common belief in Mahayana Buddhism. According
to this belief, Maitreya Buddha is the next Buddha who will appear in the world after the current
teachings of the Buddha have been forgotten or lost.

Maitreya is often depicted as a bodhisattva, which is a being who has attained enlightenment but
chooses to remain in the cycle of rebirth to help others attain enlightenment. He is a symbol of
lovingkindness, compassion, and the aspiration for enlightenment.

In Buddhist scriptures, it is said that Maitreya will appear when the world has become corrupt,
and the teachings of the Buddha have been forgotten. He will then teach the Dharma, or the
Buddha's teachings, to the world and lead beings toward enlightenment. The arrival of Maitreya
is seen as a source of hope and inspiration for many Buddhists. However, it is important to note
that this belief is not central to all Buddhist traditions and is not considered a necessary
component of Buddhist practice or belief.

Similarly, there are multiple verses collected from different sacred sculptures and holy books that
witness the upcoming arrival of the last messenger of God and provide evidence of the continuity
of the preaching and teachings.

“It is said that I am not the only Buddha upon whom the leadership and order is dependent.
After me, another Buddha Maitreya of such and such virtues will come. I am now the leader of
hundreds; he will be the leader of thousands."
(Sacred Books of the East volume 35 pg. 225)

“Ananda said to the Blessed One, ‘Who shall teach us when thou art has gone?’
And the Blessed one replied, ‘I am not the first Buddha who came upon the earth nor shall I be
the last. In due time another Buddha will arise in the world, a holy one, a supremely enlightened
one, endowed with wisdom in conduct, auspicious, knowing the universe, an incomparable
leader of men, a master of angels and mortals. He will reveal to you the same eternal truths,
which I have taught you. He will preach his religion, glorious in its origin, glorious at the climax,
and glorious at the goal. He will proclaim a religious life, wholly perfect and pure such as I now
proclaim. His disciples will number many thousands while mine number many hundreds.’
Ananda said, ‘How shall we know him?’
The Blessed one replied, ‘He will be known as Maitreya‘.”
(the Gospel of Buddha by Carus 217 and 218)

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 “1 have beheld, Lord, how
the Blessed One was in health, and I have beheld
how the Blessed One had to suffer. And though
at the sight of the sickness of the Blessed One my
the body became weak as a creeper and the horizon
became dim to me, and my faculties were no longer
clear 1, yet notwithstanding I took some little comfort
from the thought that the Blessed One would not
pass away from existence until at least he had left
instructions as touching the order.”
(SACRED BOOKS OF THE EAST VOLUME 11, PAGE NO 36)

MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN BUDDISM:

Buddhism does not have a specific teaching on multiple marriages or polygamy. In Buddhist
teachings, marriage is seen as a personal choice and a social institution that can provide support
and stability for individuals and families.

In many Buddhist cultures, monogamy is the norm and is considered the ideal form of marriage.
However, in some cultures and historical contexts, polygamy has been practiced. The best
example of Polygamy in Buddism is Budha himself who had three wives. In such cases, the
Buddhist teachings encourage individuals to act with compassion and kindness towards all
partners and to avoid causing harm or suffering to others.

Overall, the emphasis in Buddhism is on ethical behavior, kindness, and compassion in all
relationships, including marriage, rather than on specific rules or prescriptions regarding the
number of partners.

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CHAPTER 4: JUDAISM
is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. Judaism is based on the belief in one God and
the Torah, which is the sacred text of the Jewish people. It is a religion that has evolved over
thousands of years, and it encompasses a rich tradition of customs, practices, and beliefs.

Judaism has had a profound impact on the development of Western civilization, particularly in the
areas of ethics, law, and culture. Some of the key beliefs of Judaism include the belief in one God,
the importance of studying and following the commandments of the Torah, and the idea of “Tikkun
Olam”, or repairing the world.

Judaism has a rich and diverse history, with many different sects and traditions. Some of the
major branches of Judaism include Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist, each
with its own unique beliefs and practices.

CONCEPT OF GOD IN JUDAISM:

Judaism is based on the belief in one God, who is the creator and sustainer of the universe. This
belief is known as monotheism, and it is one of the central tenets of Judaism. The Jewish concept
of God is often described as all-powerful, all-knowing, and all-loving, and is referred to by many
different names, including Adonai, Elohim, and Hashem.

The idea of monotheism was a revolutionary concept in ancient times, as many cultures practiced
polytheism or the worship of multiple gods. Judaism's emphasis on the belief in one God has had
a profound influence on the development of Western civilization, particularly in the areas of ethics,
morality, and spirituality. The belief in one God is also a unifying factor among Jewish people,
regardless of their specific beliefs or practices.

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.A.W) IN JUDAISM:

Though there was no concept of prophets in Judaism after the time of the Hebrew Bible, in one
of their books, there is given a sign regarding the prediction of the arrival of the last messenger,
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.A.W).

“I will raise up for them a prophet like you from among their kindred, and will put my words into
the mouth of the prophet; the prophet shall tell them all that I command.”

(BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY, CHAPTER; 18, VERSE 18)

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The statement "I will raise up for them a prophet like you from among their kindred, and will put
my words into the mouth of the prophet; the prophet shall tell them all that I command" is a
reference to a prophecy found in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

This prophecy is found in the book of Deuteronomy, where Moses is addressing the Israelites
before they enter the Promised Land. Moses tells the Israelites that God will raise up a prophet
like himself from among their own people who will speak the words of God to them.

Many Jewish and Christian scholars interpret this prophecy as referring to a future prophet who
will come after Moses and will serve as a messenger of God to the Israelites. In the Jewish
tradition, this prophecy is often seen as referring to a series of prophets who followed Moses,
such as Isaiah and Jeremiah.

However, some scholars, interpret this prophecy as referring to the Prophet Muhammad who was
believed to be the final prophet sent by God to deliver his message to humanity. Prophet
Muhammad served as fulfilling the prophecy of a prophet like Moses, who would receive divine
revelation and pass it on to the people.

Overall, the prophecy in Deuteronomy is seen as a promise from God to continue to guide and
communicate with his people through the prophets he sends to them.

MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN JUDAISM:

In Jewish tradition, the concept of multiple marriages, or polygamy, was accepted and practiced
in biblical times. However, over time, the practice became increasingly rare and was eventually
banned altogether by rabbinic law.

It is worth noting that polygamy is mentioned in several places in the Hebrew Bible, and many
prominent figures in Jewish histories, such as King David had multiple wives and King Solomon
had almost seven hundred wives. It is recorded that Moses had two wives. One of them was a
woman named Zipporah, the daughter of a Midianite priest named Jethro. Zipporah is mentioned
several times in the biblical account of Moses' life, including in the book of Exodus.

Today, most Jewish communities do not practice polygamy and view it as contrary to the values
of monogamy and fidelity that are central to the Jewish family structure. In fact, Jewish law
requires a man to obtain a divorce from his first wife before marrying another woman.

Overall, while the concept of multiple marriages is a part of Jewish history and tradition, it is not
widely practiced or accepted in modern Jewish communities.

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CHAPTER 5: CHRISTIANITY
Apart from other monotheistic religions all over the world, Christianity is one of the most prominent
religions based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Its followers believe that “Jesus is the
Son of God and the Messiah”, who was sent to save humanity from sin and death.

Christianity is based on the Bible, which is divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament.
The Old Testament contains the sacred writings of the Jewish tradition and the history of the
Jewish people, while the New Testament contains the teachings and life of Jesus Christ, as well
as the history of the early Christian Church.

There are many different denominations of Christianity, including Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy,
and Protestantism, each with its own unique beliefs and practices. However, they all share the
belief in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ as the central message of the faith.

CONCEPT OF GOD IN CHRISTIANITY:

The central beliefs of Christianity include the existence of one God who is loving, just, and all-
powerful; the divinity of Jesus Christ; the existence of the Holy Trinity, consisting of God the
Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit; and the belief in salvation through
faith in Jesus Christ.

“Hear, O Israel!* The LORD is our God, the LORD alone!”

(BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY, CHAPTER 6, VERSE 4)

“You shall not have other gods beside me. You shall not make for yourself an idol or a likeness
of anything in the heavens above or on the earth below or in the waters beneath the earth; you
shall not bow down before them or serve them. For I, the LORD, your God, am a jealous* God,
bringing punishment for their parents’ wickedness on the children of those who hate me, down
to the third and fourth generation,
(BOOK OF DEUTRONOMY, CHAPTER 5, VERSE 7-9)

“You shall not have other gods beside me. You shall not make for yourself an idol or a likeness
of anything* in the heavens above or on the earth below or in the waters beneath the earth;
you shall not bow down before them or serve them.d For I, the LORD, your God, am a jealous
God, inflicting punishment for their ancestors’ wickedness on the children of those who hate me,
down to the third and fourth generation.”
(BOOK OF EXODUS, CHAPTER 20, VERSES 3-5)

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PROHIBITION OF DRINKING ALCOHOL IN CHRISTIANITY:

As perceived in the actual and authentic teachings of the sacred books of Christianity, it is found
that drinking alcohol has been prohibited and getting drunk is accounted as a sin because it can
lead to harmful behavior, such as violence, sexual immorality, and addiction. but unfortunately,
this rule has no longer been practiced all around the globe, and drinking alcohol is no longer
considered a sin.

There are several passages in the Bible that warn against the dangers of excessive drinking, such
as Proverbs 20:1, which says.

"Wine is a mocker and beer a brawler; whoever is led astray by them is not wise."

In the book of Ephesians 5:18, it says.

"Do not get drunk on wine, which leads to debauchery. Instead, be filled with the Spirit."

In one another book, the Book of Leviticus, the rule is enlightened as,

“The LORD said to Aaron: When you are to go to the tent of meeting, you and your sons are
forbidden, by a perpetual statute throughout your generations, to drink any wine or strong drink,
lest you die.”
(BOOK OF LEVITICUS, CHAPTER 10, VERSES 8-9)

PROHIBITION OF EATING PORK IN CHRISTIANITY:

Not taken under consideration anymore, the latest era might have forgotten the teachings of the
sacred books, in which eating pork is strictly prohibited, as one of the verses utters,

“And the swine, though he divides the hoof, and be cloven-footed, yet he cheweth not the cud;
he is unclean to you. Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcass shall ye not touch; they are
unclean to you.”
(Book Of Leviticus, Chapter 11, Verses 7-8)

“All day long I have held out my hands to an obstinate people, who walk in ways not good,
pursuing their own imaginations— a people who continually provoke me to my very face,
offering sacrifices in gardens and burning incense on altars of brick; who sit among the graves
and spend their nights keeping secret vigil; who eat the flesh of pigs, and whose pots hold broth
of impure meat; who say, ‘Keep away; don’t come near me, for I am too sacred for you!’ Such
people are smoke in my nostrils, a fire that keeps burning all day.
(BOOK OF ISAIAH, CHAPTER 65, VERSES 2-5)

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 “And the pig, which indeed has divided hooves, with cloven foot, but does not chew the cud, is
unclean for you. Their flesh you shall not eat, and their dead bodies you shall not touch.”
(Book Of Deuteronomy, Chapter 14, Verse 8)

“Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish
them but to fulfill them. For truly I tell you until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest
letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is
accomplished. Therefore anyone who sets aside one of the least of these commands and
teaches others accordingly will be called least in the kingdom of heaven, but whoever practices
and teaches these commands will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. For I tell you that
unless your righteousness surpasses that of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law, you will
certainly not enter the kingdom of heaven.
(Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 5, Verse 7-20)

PROHIBITION OF GAMBLING IN CHRISTIANITY:

Gambling is prohibited because it involves taking a risk with money or property, often with the
hope of gaining more money or material possessions, and this can lead to greed, addiction, and
a disregard for the needs of others.

In the Bible, there are several passages that speak about the dangers of loving money and
material possessions, such as 1 Timothy 6:10, which says "For the love of money is a root of all
kinds of evil." It promotes the love of money and the desire to gain wealth through chance, rather
than through hard work and ethical behavior. it can lead to addiction and cause harm to individuals
and families. Gambling addiction can lead to financial ruin, emotional stress, and social isolation,
which can affect not only the individual gambler but also their loved ones.

“For what does it profit a man to gain the whole world and forfeit his soul?”
(MARK BOOK, CHAPTER 8, VERSE 36)

"Take care, and be on your guard against all covetousness, for one's life does not consist in the
abundance of his possessions."
(LUKE BOOK, CHAPTER 12, VERSE 15)

“Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his
manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor anything that is thy neighbor's.”
(BOOK EXODUS, CHAPTER 20, VERSE 17)

In summary, gambling is prohibited because it promotes the love of money and material
possessions, which goes against the teachings of Jesus to love God and others above all else.

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JESUS - A PROPHET OR GOD?

There is none of the verses here in the Bible where Jesus himself might have mentioned him as
a God. Even there is no verse in Bible where Jesus might have claimed about Divinity. As we see
in one of the sacred writings of the books of Christianity, as given below, God has mentioned
himself as only one!

“And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our
God is one Lord.”
(Gospel of Mark Ch 12, V29)

In the above-quoted verse, Jesus is responding to a question about which commandment is the
most important. In this passage, Jesus quotes the Shema, which is a central prayer in Judaism
that affirms the oneness of God:
"Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one"
(Deuteronomy 6:4)
By quoting this prayer, Jesus affirms the belief in monotheism, or the belief in one God, which is
a core tenet of Judaism.

Throughout the New Testament, Jesus consistently refers to God as the one and only true God.
For example, in John 17:3, Jesus says,
"And this is eternal life, that they may know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you
have sent."

In this passage, Jesus makes it clear that there is only one true God, and he identifies himself as
a separate being who was sent by God.

At another point, Jesus asked, why are you calling me God? There is only one Good and he's in
Heaven.

“Why do you call Me good? No one is good but One, that is God. But if you want to enter into
life, keep the commandments.”
(GOSPEL OF MATHEW, CHAPTER 19, VERSES 16-17)

“Jesus of Nazareth was a man accredited by God to you by miracles, wonders, and signs, which
God did among you through him, as you yourselves know.”
(ACT 2;22)

In the above-quoted verse, Peter is speaking to a crowd of Jews in Jerusalem on the day of
Pentecost. In this passage, Peter is explaining to the crowd who Jesus was and how he was
accredited by God through the miracles, wonders, and signs that he performed.

Throughout the Gospels, there are numerous accounts of Jesus performing miracles, such as
healing the sick, feeding the hungry, and even raising the dead. These miracles were seen as

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signs of Jesus' divine power and authority, which were gifted to him by God to help “validate his
message and mission”. The mission and message of God he was responsible for since he was
the one whom God opted as His messenger, was to convey God’s commands to the people.
Basically, one central message was the call to repentance and the need to turn away from sin
and toward God. The prophet called out the people of their time for their disobedience and moral
corruption, urging them to return to the ways of God and live just and righteous lives.

In Acts 2:22, Peter is emphasizing the fact that Jesus' miracles were not just random acts of
kindness or coincidence, but they were a deliberate manifestation of God's power. This is
significant because it shows that Jesus was not just an ordinary human being but was someone
who had a unique and special relationship with God as His messenger.

The idea that Jesus was accredited by God through his miracles, wonders, and signs is evidence
of Jesus' divine nature and his mission to save humanity from sin and death.

“Then some of the scribes and Pharisees said to him, “Teacher, we wish to see a sign from
you.”
(GOSPEL OF MATHEW, CHAPTER 12. VERSE 38)

This quote is from Matthew 12:38, where some of the scribes and Pharisees come to Jesus and
ask him to perform a sign or miracle to prove that he is who he claims to be, that is the messenger
of God.

Throughout the Gospels, the Pharisees and other religious leaders are depicted as being
skeptical of Jesus' claims and teachings. They often challenge him and try to test him to expose
any inconsistencies or errors in his message.

In this instance, the scribes and Pharisees are asking Jesus to perform a sign or miracle as proof
of his authority and legitimacy as a teacher. They are essentially saying, "If you really are who
you say you are, then prove it to us."

Jesus' response to the scribes and Pharisees emphasizes the importance of faith and trust in
God's plan, rather than relying on signs or miracles as a means of validation. It also foreshadows
his own death and resurrection, which will serve as the ultimate sign of his authority and power.

In summary, while there is debate among Christians regarding the nature of Jesus and his
relationship with God, the Bible affirms the belief in one God and Jesus consistently refers to God
as the one true God throughout the New Testament and that Jesus was a created being and not
equal to God instead his messenger sent to Earth to teach the people about the right path.

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WAS JESUS CRUCIFIED?

There is a concept in Christianity that recalls the event of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ which
was based on their mentality that Jonah was alive for three days and three nights in the belly of
fish then how was Jesus dead in the graveyard?

The story of Jonah and the story of Jesus' death and resurrection are two separate accounts from
the Bible.

In the story of Jonah, it is said that he was swallowed by a great fish and was inside its belly for
three days and three nights. This was a miraculous event that God orchestrated to teach Jonah
a lesson about obedience.

So, while both stories involve a period in which a person was "dead" or "inside a belly," they are
fundamentally different in nature and should not be compared as if they are the same event.

According to the Christian tradition, Jesus of Nazareth was crucified under the rule of the Roman
Empire. The crucifixion of Jesus is one of the most significant events in Christian history and is
considered the central event in the Christian faith.

The crucifixion of Jesus is described in the four Gospels of the New Testament: Matthew, Mark,
Luke, and John. According to these accounts, Jesus was arrested by the Roman authorities on
charges of sedition and blasphemy. He was tried before the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate, and
was sentenced to death by crucifixion.

Crucifixion was a common form of execution in the Roman Empire, and it involved nailing the
person to a wooden cross and leaving them to die slowly from asphyxiation. Jesus was said to
have been crucified along with two other criminals, and his death was marked by darkness,
earthquakes, and other miraculous signs.

The crucifixion of Jesus is a central event in Christian theology, as it is seen as the ultimate
sacrifice made by Jesus for the forgiveness of sins. Christians believe that through his death and
resurrection, Jesus conquered sin and death, and opened the way to eternal life for all who believe
in him.

The concept that the death of Jesus Christ cleared the sins of his believers is a central tenet of
the Christian faith. Christians believe that Jesus, as the Son of God, was the perfect sacrifice for
the sins of humanity and that his death on the cross was a substitutionary atonement for the sins
of all people who believe in him.

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It is a common logic that every one of us is responsible for his/her behavioral measures
himself/herself. the principle of individual responsibility holds that each person is accountable for
their own actions, whether good or bad. This principle is fundamental to ethical, religious, and
legal systems and reflects the idea that individuals have agency and can make choices and taking
responsibility for their own behavior. Then how could Jesus’ death wash the sins of the followers?
Luke 11, Verse 29 mentions as follows:
“As the crowds increased, Jesus said, “This is a wicked generation. It asks for a sign, but none
will be given it except the sign of Jonah”
(Luke 11, Verse 29)

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WAS JESUS THE SON OF GOD?
25 Prophets are mentioned as sons in Bible like Adam, Ephrahim, etc.

"All who are led by the spirit of God are the sons of God"
(Like Romans 8:14)

The statement "All who are led by the spirit of God are the sons of God" comes from the Christian
Bible, specifically from the book of Romans 8:14. It is a statement that emphasizes the role of the
Holy Spirit in the life of a Christian believer and the special relationship that believers have with
God.

In the context of the Christian faith, the Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity, alongside God
the Father and Jesus Christ the Son. The Holy Spirit is believed to be the source of divine
inspiration, guidance, and empowerment for believers. In this sense, to be "led by the Spirit of
God" means to be guided by the Holy Spirit in one's thoughts, actions, and decisions.

The phrase "sons of God" is used in the Bible to describe those who have a special relationship
with God. In the context of Romans 8:14, the term is used to refer to both men and women who
have been adopted into God's family through faith in Jesus Christ. This adoption is not based on
one's biological descent or personal merit but on God's grace and the work of Christ on the cross.

Therefore, the statement means that those who are guided by the Holy Spirit in their lives are part
of God's family and have a special relationship with Him. This relationship is characterized by
love, obedience, and a desire to live according to God's will. It is a relationship that brings comfort,
peace, and assurance of eternal life in heaven.

However, a verse from the Gospel of John Chapter 3, Verse 16 mentions him as the only begotten
Son whereas the revised standard version (RSV) of the Bible even changed it to Son.

“For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him
shall not perish but have eternal life.”

The statement "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever
believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life" is one of the most well-known and frequently
quoted verses in the Christian Bible. It comes from the book of John, chapter 3, verse 16, and is
often referred to as the "Gospel in a nutshell" because it summarizes the central message of
Christianity.

The statement emphasizes God's love for humanity and the extent to which God was willing to
go to provide a way for people to have eternal life. In this context, "the world" refers to all of
humanity, without exception. The statement suggests that God's love is not limited to a specific
group or race of people but is offered to everyone equally.

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The phrase "his one and only Son" refers to Jesus Christ, who is considered by Christians to be
the Son of God and the savior of humanity. The statement suggests that God sent Jesus to the
world as a gift, out of His great love for humanity, to offer a way for people to be saved from sin.

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.W.W) IN CHRISTIANITY:

In several passages in the Christian Bible such as in the Gospel of John, Jesus is quoted as
saying that after him, another "Comforter" will come who will teach all things and bring to
remembrance all that Jesus has said. This Comforter is a reference to Muhammad, who was
believed to proceed with this prophecy by bringing the final message from God to humanity.

“I will raise them up a prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words
in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.”
(BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY, CHAPTER 18, VERSE 18)

“And he said, The Lord came from Sinai, and rose up from Seir unto them; he shined forth from
mount Paran, and he came with ten thousands of saints: from his right hand went a fiery law for
them.”
(BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY, CHAPTER 33: VERSE 2)

“Here is my servant, whom I uphold, my chosen one in whom I delight; I will put my Spirit on
him, and he will bring justice to the nations. He will not shout or cry out, or raise his voice in thE
streets. A bruised reed he will not break, and a smoldering wick he will not snuff out. In
faithfulness he will bring forth justice; he will not falter or be discouraged till he establishes
justice on earth. In his teaching, the islands will put their hope.”
(BOOK OF ISAIAH, CHAPTER 42: VERSES1-4)

“His mouth is most sweet: yea, he is altogether lovely. This is my beloved, and this is my friend,
O daughters of Jerusalem.”
(Song of Songs, CHAPTER 5: VERSE16)

The statement "His mouth is most sweet yea; he is altogether lovely. This is my beloved, and this
is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem" is a verse from the Song of Solomon, also known as the
Song of Songs, which is a book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament of the Christian Bible.

In the above-quoted verse, the word beloved itself refers to the Last messenger Hazrat
Muhammad (S.A.A.W) since the translation of the word Muhammad is “The Beloved one!”
The Song of Solomon is a collection of love poems between a man and a woman, which is
traditionally interpreted as an allegory for the love between God and Israel or between Christ and
the church.

In this verse, the speaker, Jesus Christ is praising their beloved, the last messenger of Allah,
Prophet Muhammad (S.A.A.W), describing them as sweet and lovely. The use of the word
"beloved" itself suggests a deep emotional connection and affection between Jesus and Hazrat

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Muhammad (S.A.A.W). Jesus Christ also refers to their beloved, Prophet Muhammad (S.A.A.W)
as a friend, which implies a close and intimate relationship beyond just worldly connection, that
is spiritual connection.

“John bore witness about him, and cried out, “This was he of whom I said, ‘He who comes after
I rank before me because he was before me.”
(BOOK OF JOHN, CHAPTER 1: VERSE 15)

“But in fact, it is best for you that I go away because if I don’t, the Advocate won’t come. If I do
go away, then I will send him to you. And when he comes, he will convict the world of its sin,
and of God’s righteousness, and of the coming judgment.”
(BOOK OF JOHN, CHAPTER 16, VERSES 7-8)

“I have much more to tell you, but you cannot bear it now. But when he comes, the Spirit of
truth, he will guide you to all truth. He will not speak on his own, but he will speak what he
hears, and will declare to you the things that are coming.”
(BOOK OF JOHN, CHAPTER 16, VERSES 12-13)

MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN CHRISTIANITY:

The concept of multiple marriages in Christianity is a complex and often controversial topic.
Generally, the practice of multiple marriages, also known as polygamy, is not accepted, or
condoned by most Christian denominations.

Many Christian denominations, including Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox Christianity,

consider marriage to be a sacred covenant between one man and one woman. They view this
union as a reflection of the relationship between Christ and his church and believe that it is a
lifelong commitment that should not be entered into lightly or dissolved easily.

While there are some examples of polygamy in the Old Testament, such as in the stories of
Abraham and Jacob, these are seen as historical rather than prescriptive. In the New Testament,
the apostle Paul instructs church leaders to be "the husband of one wife" (1 Timothy 3:2), which
has been interpreted as a prohibition on polygamy.

The concept of multiple marriages in Christianity varies depending on the denomination and the
interpretation of scripture. Generally, most Christian denominations hold the belief that marriage
is a lifelong commitment between one man and one woman. This is based on the teachings of
Jesus Christ, who affirmed the importance of marriage and upheld the sanctity of the marital bond.

However, some Christian denominations, such as the Roman Catholic Church, do not permit
divorce and remarriage unless the previous marriage was declared null and void. Other
denominations, such as the Anglican Communion, permit divorce and remarriage under certain
circumstances, such as adultery or abandonment.

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There are some Christian denominations, such as some branches of Mormonism, that practice
or have practiced polygamy. However, It is important to note that while Christianity does not
promote or condone multiple marriages, there are instances of polygamy in the Bible, particularly
in the Old Testament such as Salmon had seven hundred wives and Jesus himself had three
wives.

HOMOSEXUALITY IN BIBLE:

“Both of them have committed an abomination; they shall be put to death.”

(THE BOOK OF LEVITICUS, CHAPTER 20: VERSE 13)

The above-quoted phrase that opens the topic appears in the Old Testament of the Bible,
specifically in Leviticus 20:13, and it refers to the punishment for a man who engages in sexual
activity with another man.

In the context of the time when Leviticus was written, homosexuality was viewed as a violation of
the religious and cultural norms of the Israelite people. The passage is part of a larger set of laws
and regulations known as the Holiness Code, which was intended to guide the behavior of the
Israelites and ensure their spiritual purity.

It is important to note, however, that this passage is part of the Old Testament, so most modern
Christians believe that the laws and practices described in it were specific to the time and culture
in which it was written. They consider that with the coming of Jesus Christ and the establishment
of the New Testament, the laws and practices of the Old Testament were superseded and
replaced by the teachings of Jesus.

Most modern Christians do not interpret this passage as a call to execute people for homosexual
behavior, as the death penalty is no longer seen as an appropriate punishment for any sin.
Instead, many Christians view this passage as a historical artifact that provides insight into the
beliefs and practices of the Israelites at the time when it was written.

“Because of this, God gave them over to shameful lusts. Even their women exchanged natural
sexual relations for unnatural ones.”
(ROMANS, CHAPTER 1: VERSES 26-27)

This phrase appears in the New Testament of the Bible, specifically in Romans 1:26-27. This
passage is part of a larger discussion by the apostle Paul about the nature of sin and its
consequences.

Paul is describing how human beings, in their rejection of God, have turned away from the natural
order that God established for human sexuality. Specifically, he is referring to people who engage
in same-sex sexual activity, which he describes as "unnatural." Paul is not making a general
statement about homosexuality or people who identify as LGBT, but rather he is referring to the
specific behavior that he believes goes against the natural order established by God.

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It is important to note, however, that this passage is one of several in the New Testament that
have been used to justify discrimination against LGBT people. Many Christians today interpret
these passages differently and recognize that the Bible's teachings on sexuality and human
relationships are complex and multifaceted. They also acknowledge that LGBT people, like all
people, are created in the image of God and deserving of love, respect, and equal treatment under
the law and this concept has led them away from holy teachings.

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CHAPTER 6: SIKHISM
Sikhism is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent
in the 15th century. It was founded by Guru Nanak, who taught the principles of equality,
tolerance, and social justice.

Sikhism is based on the belief in one God, who is described as all-powerful, eternal, and formless.
The Sikh scripture, known as the Guru Granth Sahib, is considered the final and eternal Guru of
the Sikhs. Sikhs follow the teachings of the ten Gurus who succeeded Guru Nanak, and the
tradition of the Khalsa, a community of initiated Sikhs who have committed themselves to the Sikh
way of life.

Today, Sikhism is a global religion with an estimated 25 million followers worldwide. Most Sikhs
live in India, but there are also significant Sikh communities in other parts of the world, including
the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

CONCEPT OF GOD IN SIKHISM:

In Sikhism, the concept of one God is central to its belief system. Sikhs believe in the existence
of one God, who is the creator and sustainer of the universe. This belief in one God is known as
monotheism.

Sikhism emphasizes that God is all-powerful, eternal, and formless. The Sikh scripture, Guru
Granth Sahib, describes God as being beyond human comprehension, and that God is beyond
any physical or material form.

Sikhs believe that God is present in all things and that everything in the universe is interconnected.
This belief is known as the concept of Ik Onkar, which means "One Creator" or "One God."

The Sikh Gurus taught that to realize the presence of God, one must lead a life of meditation and
selfless service. The goal of Sikhism is to attain union with God through meditation and by living
a truthful, honest, and moral life.

Sikhs also believe that all religions lead to the same ultimate reality and that there are many paths
to reach God. Therefore, Sikhs respect all religions and do not believe in conversion or forcing
their beliefs on others.

There are multiple verses in the Sikh scripture that supports the evidence of one God concept.
Some of them are listed below,

“ੴ ਸਤਿਗੁ ਰ ਪ੍ਰਸਾਤਿ ॥

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 ikOankaar satigur prasaadh ||”

“One Universal Creator God. By The Grace Of The True Guru:”

(SIRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB JI, ANG 1136)

“inrgun hrIAw srgun DrIAw Aink koTrIAw iBMn iBMn iBMn iBn krIAw ]
nirgun haree-aa sargun Dharee-aa anik khothree-aa bhinn bhinn bhinn bhin karee-aa.”

“The Lord is absolute and unmanifest; He has assumed the most sublime manifestation. He has
fashioned countless body chambers of many, varied, different, myriad forms.”
(SRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB, SUHI MEHLA 3, VERSE 4)

“ivic mn kotvrIAw ]
vich man kotvaree-aa.”

“Within them, the mind is the policeman;”

((SRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB, SUHI MEHLA 3, VERSE 4)

PROHIBITION OF DRINKING ALCOHOL IN SIKHISM:

According to the sacred teachings of the Sikh religion, alcohol drinking has been prohibited that
can be witnessed from the central religious text of Sikhism.

“ਤਿਿੁ ਪ੍ੀਿੈ ਮਤਿ ਿੂਤਰ ਹੋਇ ਬਰਲੁ ਪ੍ਵੈ ਤਵਤਿ ਆਇ ॥

स्तजि पीिै मति दूरि ह इ बिल पवै द्ववत आइ ॥
Jiṯ pīṯai maṯ ḏūr ho▫e baral pavai vicẖ ā▫e.”

“Drinking the wine, his intelligence departs, and madness enters his mind;”
(SIRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB JI, SHALOK MEHLA 3)

The above verse is a warning against the consumption of alcohol or any other intoxicating
substance. The verse says that when someone drinks wine or any other intoxicating substance,
their intelligence departs, meaning that their ability to think and reason becomes impaired.
Instead, madness enters their mind, which could lead to irrational behavior and decision-making.

Sikhs believe that intoxication can lead to a person losing their sense of self-control and can
cause harm to themselves and others. Therefore, they are strongly discouraged from consuming
any form of intoxicating substances, including drugs and alcohol.

The verse also highlights the importance of maintaining a clear and rational mind, which is
essential for living a truthful, honest, and moral life. Sikhs are encouraged to meditate and engage

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in self-reflection to achieve inner peace and enlightenment. Drinking alcohol or any other
intoxicating substance is believed to hinder this process and go against the principles of Sikhism.

MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN SIKHISM:

In Sikhism, the concept of multiple marriages is not encouraged. The Sikh code of conduct, known
as the Rehat Maryada, prohibits Sikhs from practicing polygamy, which is the practice of having
more than one spouse at the same time.

The Rehat Maryada states that a Sikh should only enter a marriage with one partner at a time
and that any kind of extra-marital relationship is considered a violation of Sikh principles. Sikhism
places a strong emphasis on the importance of a committed and faithful relationship between two
individuals who have chosen to marry.

However, historically, there have been instances of some Sikhs practicing polygamy, especially
during times of war and when there was a shortage of men due to conflict or natural disasters.

It is true that Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru, had multiple wives. Guru Gobind Singh
had a total of four wives, but only three were alive at the same time. Their names were Mata Jito,
Mata Sundari, and Mata Sahib Kaur. It is believed that Guru Gobind Singh married these women
to form alliances with different communities and to protect the interests of the Sikh community
during a time of great political turmoil and warfare.

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.A.W) IN SIKHISM:

In Sikhism, the religion founded in the Punjab region of India by Guru Nanak in the 15th century,
Prophet Muhammad is generally respected as a spiritual teacher and an important figure in the
history of monotheistic religions.

Sikhism teaches that all religions have the potential to lead to spiritual enlightenment and that the
ultimate reality is the same for all. Sikhism acknowledges the importance of the Prophet
Muhammad's teachings and his role in spreading the message of Islam. However, Sikhism
accepts him as a prophet but does not consider him the last prophet or messenger of God in the
same way that Islam does.

Whereas it is most significant to note here that Guru Nanak never claimed himself as the
messenger or prophet of the divine God. Therefore, logically speaking, prophet Muhammad
(S.A.A.W) is the last prophet and messenger of one and only God.

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CHAPTER 7: ISLAM
Islam is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century CE. It
was founded by the Prophet Muhammad, who is considered the last and final prophet in Islam.

ُ ‫"َل إِ ٰلهَ إِ ََّل ٱهلل ُم َح َّم ٌد َر‬

"‫سو ُل ٱهلل‬ َ
“There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad (S.A.A.W) is the messenger of Allah”.

The base of Islam is centralized in the above-quoted verse which contains two fundamental
concepts, there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad (S.A.A.W) is His last messenger.

The central belief in Islam is the belief in one God, known in Arabic as Allah. Muslims believe that
Allah is the creator and sustainer of the universe and that He is all-knowing, all-powerful, and
merciful. Muslims also believe in the existence of angels, prophets, and the Day of Judgment,
when all souls will be judged and sent to either Paradise or Hell.

Islam is based on the teachings of the Quran, which is considered the holy book of Islam. The
Quran is believed to be the word of God, as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the
Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years. Muslims also follow the teachings and practices of the
Prophet Muhammad, as recorded in the Hadith, which are collections of sayings and actions of
the Prophet.

The Five Pillars of Islam are the foundational practices that every Muslim is expected to follow.
These includes:

1) Shahada: the declaration of faith in one God and the Prophet Muhammad.
2) Salah: the five daily prayers performed facing the Kaaba in Mecca.
3) Zakat: the giving of alms or charity to the poor and needy.
4) Sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan.
5) Hajj: a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca at least once in a Muslim's lifetime if
financially and physically able.

Islam is a religion that emphasizes social justice, compassion, and respect for all people,
regardless of their race, ethnicity, or social status. Muslims are encouraged to follow a moral and
ethical code of conduct that includes honesty, generosity, kindness, and humility.

CONCEPT OF GOD

It is important to clarify that the Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
in the 7th century CE, between the years 610 and 632 CE.

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According to the Quran, Allah is the creator and sustainer of the universe and is present
everywhere. The concept of the presence of God in Islam is known as Tawheed, which
emphasizes the oneness of God. Muslims believe that Allah is omnipotent, omnipresent, and
omniscient and that He is the only one worthy of worship.

The Quran states that Allah is closer to every human being than their own jugular vein and that
He is aware of everything that people do. Muslims believe that Allah is always with them, watching
over them, and guiding them toward what is good.

It is important to keep in mind that the Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace be
upon him) in the 7th century CE, between the years 610 and 632 CE, and the teachings of the
Quran cover all the segments of life and information regarding all the natural phenomenon of the
universe. Some of the major phenomena are discussed below.

MULTIPLE MARRIAGES IN ISLAM:

In Islam, a man is allowed to have up to four wives, provided he can treat all of them with justice
and fairness. This permission is stated in the Quran in Surah An-Nisa (4:3):

َ‫وا فَ ٰ َوحِ َدة ً أ َ ْو َما َملَكَتْ أ َ ْي َم ٰـنُ ُك ْم ُۚ ٰذَلِك‬

۟ ُ‫سآءِ َم ْثن َٰى َوثُلَ ٰـثَ َو ُر َب ٰـ َع ِۖ فَإِ ْن خِ ْفت ُ ْم أ َ ََّل تَ ْع ِدل‬ ِ َ‫اب لَ ُكم ِمن‬
َ ‫ٱلن‬ َ ‫ط‬ ۟ ‫وا فِى ْٱل َيتَ ٰـ َم ٰى فَٱن ِك ُح‬
َ ‫وا َما‬ ۟ ‫ط‬ُ ‫“و ِإ ْن خِ ْفت ُ ْم أ َ ََّل ت ُ ْق ِس‬
َ
۟ ُ َّ َ
٣ ‫أ ْدن ٰ َٓى أَل تَعُولوا‬ َ

"If you fear you might fail to give orphan women their ˹due˺ rights ˹if you were to marry them˺,
then marry other women of your choice—two, three, or four. But if you are afraid you will fail to
maintain justice, then ˹content yourselves with˺ one1 or that ˹bondwomen˺ in your possession.2
This way you are less likely to commit injustice.”
(QURAN CHAPTER 4, VERSE 3)
It's important to note that this permission to have multiple wives is not a commandment, but a
concession given to men under certain circumstances. It is also subject to strict conditions, and it
is not an unrestricted license for men to have as many wives as they want.

One of the conditions is that the man must be able to treat all his wives equally and fairly, in terms
of financial support, love, and attention. This is a challenging requirement, and if a man cannot
meet it, he is advised to marry only one wife.

Furthermore, the permission to have multiple wives does not give men the right to mistreat or
oppress their wives. Islam upholds the rights of women and prohibits any form of cruelty or abuse.

It is also important to understand that the permission to have multiple wives is not a universal
practice in Islam. In many Muslim societies, monogamy is the norm, and the practice of having
multiple wives is relatively uncommon.

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In summary, Islam allows men to have up to four wives under certain conditions, but this
permission should be seen as a concession, not a commandment, and it is subject to strict
requirements of fairness and equality.

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (S.A.A.W) IN ISLAM:

Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is considered the last and final prophet in Islam.
Muslims believe that he was chosen by Allah (God) to be the messenger of Islam and to convey
His message to humanity. Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in the year 570 CE, and he
began receiving revelations from Allah through the Angel Gabriel at the age of 40. The revelations
continued over a period of 23 years and were compiled into the holy book of Islam, the Quran.

Prophet Muhammad (PEACE BE UPON HIM) is considered the most important figure in Islam,
and his teachings and actions are the perfect example for all Muslims to follow. He is respected
and revered by Muslims around the world for his wisdom, compassion, and leadership. Prophet
Muhammad's teachings emphasize the importance of peace, justice, equality, and the worship of
Allah.

Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) life and teachings have had a profound impact on the
world, both during his lifetime and after. He established the religion of Islam, which is now the
second-largest religion in the world, and his teachings have influenced countless individuals and
societies throughout history. Muslims believe that Prophet Muhammad is a mercy to all of
humanity and that his message is meant for all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, or nationality.

In all the other religions, including Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism, there are
prophecies and beliefs about the arrival of a future prophet or messiah. These prophecies often
describe the coming of a figure who will bring about a new era of peace, justice, and salvation for
humanity.

However, Islam is the only religion in which it is believed that Prophet Muhammad (S.A.A.W) is
the final prophet and messenger of God. The Quran explicitly states that Muhammad (S.A.A.W)
is the "seal of the prophets" (Quran 33:40) and that he was sent as a mercy to all of humanity
(Quran 21:107).

The belief in the finality of Prophet Muhammad's (S.A.A.W) prophethood is based on the idea that
his message is complete and perfect, and that there is no need for any further prophets or
messengers to come after him. Muslims believe that the Quran is the final and complete revelation
from God and that Prophet Muhammad's (S.A.A.W) teachings and example provide guidance for
all aspects of life.

Furthermore, the Quran teaches that Prophet Muhammad's (S.A.A.W) message is universal and
meant for all of humanity, not just for a specific community or time. As such, Muslims believe that
there is no need for another prophet to come and deliver a new message or revelation.

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In summary, the belief in the finality of Prophet Muhammad's prophethood in Islam is based on
the idea that his message is complete and perfect, and that there is no need for any further
prophets or messengers to come after him. This belief is rooted in the Quranic teachings that
Muhammad is the "seal of the prophets" and that his message is universal and meant for all of
humanity.

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SUMMARY:
‫ي إِلَ ۡي ِه ۡ ِۖم فَسۡ ـَٔلُ ٓواْ أ َ ۡه َل ٱلذ ِۡك ِر إِن ُكنتُمۡ ََل تَعۡ لَ ُمون‬ ۡ َ ‫َ َو َما ٓ أ َ ۡر‬
ٓ ِ‫سلنَا مِ ن َق ۡبلِكَ إِ ََّل ِر َج ٗاَل ُّنوح‬
(43) And We sent not before you except men to whom We revealed [Our message]. So ask the
people of the message [i.e., former scriptures] if you do not know.
(CHAPTER 16; VERSE 43)

In this verse, Allah is reminding Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) that he is not the first
messenger sent by Allah. Allah had sent messengers to various communities throughout history
to convey His message and guide people towards the right path. These messengers were all men
to whom Allah had revealed His message.

The verse also encourages Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to seek knowledge and
guidance from the people of the earlier scriptures (Jews and Christians) if he is unsure about any
matter. This demonstrates the importance of seeking knowledge and guidance from credible
sources, including the previous scriptures, which were also revealed by Allah.

The message of Islam is a continuation of the same message that was revealed to earlier
prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus (peace be upon them all). The Quran confirms
the essential teachings of these previous scriptures and provides further guidance for humanity.

This verse emphasizes the continuity of Allah's message throughout history and the importance
of seeking knowledge and guidance from credible sources. It also highlights the role of previous
prophets and messengers in conveying Allah's message and guiding people toward the truth.

“ ‫س ٖاد ِفي‬ َ ُۢ ‫ي ِإ ۡس ٰ َٓر ِءي َل أَنَّهُۥ َمن قَت َ َل ن َۡف‬

َ َ‫سا ِبغ َۡي ِر ن َۡف ٍس أ َ ۡو ف‬ َ ‫ِم ۡن أ َ ۡج ِل ٰذَ ِل َك َكت َۡبنَا‬
ٓ ِ‫علَ ٰى بَن‬
‫يع ُۚا َولَقَ ۡد َجا ٓ َء ۡت ُه ۡم‬
ٗ ‫اس َج ِم‬َ َّ‫يعا َو َم ۡن أ َ ۡحيَاهَا فَ َكأَنَّ َما ٓ أ َ ۡحيَا ٱلن‬ ٗ ‫اس َج ِم‬َ َّ‫ض فَ َكأَنَّ َما قَت َ َل ٱلن‬ ِ ‫ۡٱۡل َ ۡر‬
‫ض لَ ُم ۡس ِرفُون‬ ِ ‫ت ث ُ َّم ِإ َّن َكثِ ٗيرا ِم ۡن ُهم بَعۡ َد ٰذَ ِل َك فِي ۡٱۡل َ ۡر‬ ِ َ‫سلُنَا بِ ۡٱلبَيِ ٰن‬
ُ ‫َ” ُر‬
“Because of that, We decreed upon the Children of Israel that whoever kills a soul unless for a
soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever
saves one- it is as if he had saved mankind entirely. And Our messengers had certainly come to
them with clear proofs. Then indeed many of them, [even] after that, throughout the land, were
transgressors.”
(AL-QURAN, CHAPTER 5, VERSE 32)

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The verse quoted above is from Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:32) of the Quran. In this verse, Allah is
reminding the Children of Israel (the Jews) of a commandment that was given to them by Allah.
The commandment is to value the sanctity of human life and not to take it unjustly.

The verse states that whoever kills a person without a just cause, it is as if he has killed all of
humanity. This highlights the enormity and gravity of taking a human life unjustly, as it is a crime
that goes against the fundamental value of human life.

Conversely, whoever saves a human life, it is as if he has saved all of humanity. This emphasizes
the importance of preserving and protecting human life and the immense reward that comes with
doing so.

The verse also mentions that the messengers of Allah had come to the Children of Israel with
clear proof and guidance, but many of them still transgressed and committed injustices. This
serves as a reminder that despite being given guidance and clear proof, humans have free will
and can choose to disobey and commit wrongs.

Overall, this verse emphasizes the importance of valuing human life and the severity of unjustly
taking a human life. It also highlights the reward of saving human life and the consequences of
disregarding the guidance and teachings of Allah's messengers.

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REFERENCES:
Al-Quran
Bhagavata Purana
Bible
Book of Deuteronomy
Book of Ephesians
Book of Exodus
Book of Isaiah
Book of Leviticus
Book of Romans
Chakkavatti Sinhnad Suttanta D
Gospel of John
Gospel of Mathew
Kalki Purana
Luke Book
Mark Book
sacred Books of the East Volume
Siri Guru Granth Sahib Ji
Song of Songs
Swami Vivekanada
The Gospel of Buddha by Carus
Upanishads
Vashishta Dharmasutra
Vedas
Vishnusutra

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