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9.1 Enthalpy Changes

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19 views1 page

9.1 Enthalpy Changes

Uploaded by

aanyayamda
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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9.

1 Enthalpy changes
Wednesday 8 January 2025 09:02

What is Enthalapy ?

• Enthalpy H is a measure of the heat energy in a chemical system - refers to the atoms,
molecules and ions making up chemicals
• Enthalapy is sometimes thought of as energy stored within bonds - doesn’t have a
measurement but Enthalapy changes can be measured
• Change in H = H(products) - H(reactant)
• Can be pos or negative - depends if it’s exo or endothermic

What is the Law of conservation of energy?

• Energy can not be created or destroyed


• Heat energy is transferred between the system and the surroundings
• System is the chemicals - reactants and products
• Surroundings - apparatus e.g. thermometer, laboratory- everything not in the chemical system

What are exothermic reactions?

• Energy transferred from the system -> energy transferred to the surroundings
• Change in H is negative
• Chemical system releases heat energy to the surroundings
• Temp of the surroundings increases as they gain energy

What are endothermic reactions?

Endothermic - heat into the system


Energy transferred to system <- energy transferred from the surroundings
• Chemical system takes in heat energy from the surroundings
• Energy gain by the chemical system - balanced by same energy loss by surroundings
• Change in H is positive
• Temp of the surroundings decreases as they loose energy

What is activation energy ?

• Atoms and ions are held together by chemical bonds


• Bonds in the reactants need to be broken by an input of energy
• New bonds in the products can then form to complete the reaction
• The energy required to break the bonds acts as a barrier - known as the activation energy
• Minimum energy for a reaction to take place

• Reactions with small activation energy take place rapidly and energy needed for bonds to break is
readily available from the surroundings
• Large activation energies such large energy may not be able to take place or might be very slow

What are standard enthalpy conditions ?


• The sign for standard physical value such as enthalpy is shown in data as a special standard sign
•
• A standard enthalpy change is
•
• Refers to the enthalpy change under standard conditions

What is standard pressure ?


• 100kPa very close to the pressure of one atmosphere 101kPa

What is the standard temperature?


298K
(25 degrees celcius )

What is the standard conc ?


1 mol dm –3
For solution only

What is the standard state ?


• 100kPa and 298K

Enthalpy change of reaction

What is the symbol for the standard enthalpy change of reaction

What is the stanrd enthalpy change of reaction ?


• Change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities shown in a chemical equation under
standard conditions – all reactants and products are in their standard states
• Always refers to a stated equation
• Value depends on the balancing numbers

e.g

If the equation is balanced with whole numbers the amounts are doubled and hence the enthalpy
change is also doubled

Both of the values of the standard enthalpy change of reaction but only for each quantity stated

Enthalpy change of formation


What is the symbol for enthalpy change of formation ?

What is the definition 0of the enthalpy change of formation?


The change that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under
standard conditions - all reactants and products in thei9r stan dard states
e.g.

Why cant this equation be writtenw hich whole balancing numbers?


• Would not match the definition of enthalpahy change if fiormation as it wouldn’t be for one mole
of MgO

Enthalpy change of combustion

What is the symbol of the standard enthalpy change of combustion?

Define the standard enthaplkhy change of cousion.


• The enthalpy chynage thyat takes place when one mole of a substance reacts cvompletely with
oxygen under standard conditions wil all reactantsa and products in their standard states.
• When a susbtance reacts completely with oxygen the products are oxides of the elements in the
substance

Why cant it be balanced with whole numbers ?


Would no longer match the definition of one mole.

Enthalpy change of neutralisation


what is the Standard enthalphyof neutraton symbol?

Definition
• The enrgy change that accompanies the reaction an acfid by a base to form one mole of H2O
under standard conditions – with all reactants and products in their standard states
e.g.

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