GEL1503-2nd Semester 2024, assignment 1 memo

Question 1
Water is one of the major influences on the changing of landscapes by ___________.
a.
supporting erosion
b.
transport and deposition of sediment
c.
Cutting down through the surface in which it flows
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
Question 2
The correct formula to calculate the discharge of rivers is:
a.
volume of water passing a specific point in a certain time
b.
water turbulence
c.
speed per second
d.
mass x river length
e.
Question 3
Water can encourage mass flow by:
a.
undercutting a steep slope
b.
reducing friction between grains
c.
weathering bedrock to clay minerals
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
Question 4
Loose, uncemented geologic material is said to be ______.
a.
liquified
b.
crystallized
c.
unconsolidated
d.
consolidated
e.
none of the above
Question 5
Which of the following can trigger a landslide?
a.
an earthquake
b.
a heavy rainstorm
c.
removal of material from the base of a slope
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
Question 6
Which of the following reservoirs contains the most water?
a.
atmosphere
b.
biosphere
c.
groundwater
d.
lakes and rivers
e.
none of the above
Question 7
Hard water contains large amounts of __________ .
a.
lead
b.
calcium
c.
sodium
d.
silicon
e.
none of the above
Question 8
A river flows into a quiet lake and begins to form a ____________
a.
delta
b.
alluvial fan
c.
natural levee
d.
point bar
e.
none of the above
Question 9
Which one of the following generally decreases downstream along the length of a stream?
a.
channel width
b.
gradient
c.
channel depth
d.
velocity
e.
none of the above
Question 10
At a bend in a river, _________ occurs on the outside of the bend, and ________ occurs on the
inside of the bend.
a.
erosion ...... deposition
b.
deposition ...... erosion
c.
erosion .......erosion
d.
deposition ...... deposition
e.
none of the above
Question 11
The area where Africa is slowly pushed and pulled apart by uprising material in the earth's
mantle, is called:
a.
Tectonic plates
b.
East African Plate
c.
The Great Rift Valley
d.
Mid-ocean floor
e.
none of the above
Question 12
Globally about___% of glaciers are covered by ice.
a.
50%
b.
18%
c.
25%
d.
30%
e.
none of the above
Question 13
Why is the Southern African continent in general not considered an earthquake-prone area?
a.
Southern Africa does not lie close to fault lines.
b.
Southern Africa generally have stable tectonic plates.
c.
It is close to Antarctica.
d.
Because there are not any volcanoes in Southern Africa
e.
none of the above
Question 14
The chemical weathering process, in which water is structurally added to the rock material,
is called:
a.
karsting
b.
hydration
c.
calcification
d.
dissolution
e.
none of the above
Question 15
Tsunamis are:
a.
avalanches
b.
seismic sea waves
c.
shock waves
d.
land slides
e.
none of the above
Question 16
Compaction and cementation create ___________ rock from particles of rock, soil and/or
sand.
a.
igneous
b.
metamorphic
c.
sedimentary
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
Question 17
What type of material is most likely to be transported as suspended load?
a.
clay particles
b.
gravel
c.
sand
d.
silt
e.
none of the above
Question 18
The Great Basin and Mojave deserts of western North America exist primarily _________.
a.
because they lie near the equator
b.
because they lie thousands of kilometres from the ocean
c.
because they lie in the rain shadow of coastal mountains
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
Question 19
Which of the following measures an earthquake's intensity based on the observed effects
on people and structures?
a.
centigrade scale
b.
Modified Mercalli Scale
c.
The Moment Magnitude Scale
d.
Richter scale
e.
none of the above
Question 20
Hydraulic action, solution, and abrasion are all examples of:
a.
stream transportation
b.
stream deposition
c.
stream discharge
d.
none of the above
e.
all of the above
Question 21
How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
a.
4
b.
5
c.
6
d.
3
e.
1
Question 22
Terraces are remnants of former ___________
a.
rivers
b.
alluvial fans
c.
flood plains
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
Question 23
What is the dominant force that causes mass movement?
a.
wind
b.
gravity
c.
tidal forces
d.
seismic energy release
e.
none of the above
Question 24
Which of the following is the most important factor in causing mass movements?
a.
water content
b.
temperature
c.
pressure
d.
bulk composition
e.
none of the above
Question 25
Where do most earthquakes occur?
a.
ocean divergent boundaries
b.
land convergent boundaries
c.
land slides
d.
along plate boundaries
e.
none of the above
Question 26
Which of the following would you least expect to find in a desert?
a.
playa lakes
b.
rounded, soil-covered hills
c.
steep river valleys and gorges
d.
dunes fields
e.
none of the above
Question 27
The process by which the ground surface is lowered by wind erosion is called _______
a.
deflation
b.
inflation
c.
ablation
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
Question 28
How does desert pavement form?
a.
by intense chemical weathering
b.
by intense mechanical weathering
c.
by stream erosion
d.
by wind erosion
e.
none of the above
Question 29
The steeper, downwind side of a sand dune is called a _________
a.
ventifact
b.
slip face
c.
streamline
d.
sand drift
e.
none of the above
Question 30
Which of the following agents of erosion deposits the most poorly sorted sediment?
a.
wind
b.
ice
c.
streams
d.
ocean currents
e.
none of the above
Question 31
In urban areas, floods often become more frequent because
a.
large roof, concrete areas and tar roads accelerate runoff.
b.
storm sewers conduct runoff more efficiently to streams
c.
extensive pavement limits infiltration to soils
d.
none of the above
e.
extensive pavement increases runoff to streams.
Question 32
All of the below are several examples of earthquake hazards, except___
a.
tsunamis
b.
tornados
c.
fire
d.
ground motion
e.
none of the above
Question 33
Which of the following statements best describes desertification?
a.
Due to changes in global wind patterns, some geographical areas can evolve into deserts
b.
Due to natural processes, the land surrounding a desert slowly evolves into the desert.
c.
Due to changes in the earth's axis of rotation, some geographical areas can evolve into
deserts
d.
Improperly using the land surrounding deserts can contribute to the desert expanding
geographically.
e.
none of the above
Question 34
What type of mineral is calcite?
a.
single chain silicate
b.
double chain silicate
c.
carbonate
d.
ring silicate
e.
none of the above
Question 35
Which of the following minerals is a common clay mineral used for making pottery?
a.
olivine
b.
feldspar
c.
pyroxide
d.
kaolinite
e.
none of the above
Question 36
Which of the following is considered a mineral?
a.
vegetation
b.
seawater
c.
cast iron
d.
rock salt
e.
none of the above
Question 37
The structure of the earth beneath its surface, and the processes that have shaped that
structure is described as.
a.
hydrology
b.
biology
c.
geology
d.
physiology
e.
none of the above
Question 38
Which one of the following generally decreases downstream along the length of a stream?
a.
channel depth
b.
velocity
c.
gradient
d.
channel width
e.
none of the above
Question 39
What must happen for metamorphic rock to be transformed into igneous rock?
a.
The metamorphic rock needs to be broken down by weathering
b.
The metamorphic rock must melt, and the magma has to cool.
c.
The metamorphic rock needs to experience great heat and pressure
d.
A metamorphic rock cannot be transformed into an igneous rock
e.
none of the above
Question 40
Water that is good enough to drink is called ________
a.
artesian water
b.
surface water
c.
potable water
d.
ground water
e.
none of the above
Question 41
Where did severe volcanic eruptions occur in the world starting in early March 2024?
a.
Indonesia
b.
Chili
c.
Horn of Africa
d.
Iceland
e.
Question 42
Where were the most recent floods in the world?
a.
UAE, Dubai and Oman in the Middle East
b.
Indonesia
c.
Florida and California States, USA
d.
France and Argentina
e.
all of the above
Question 43
What is the name of the large impact meteoric crater in India measuring 1.8 km across?
a.
Vredefort crater
b.
Tswaing crater
c.
Luna crater
d.
Morokweng
e.
none of the above
Question 44
Soil is composed of ____________
a.
fragments of bedrock
b.
organic matter produced by micro-organisms.
c.
clay minerals formed by the chemical alteration of bedrock.
d.
All of the above
e.
none of the above
Question 45
Where in the world do we find the highest recorded sea waves for surfing?
a.
Cortes Bank, California.
b.
Nazare (Portugal)
c.
Waimea, Hawaii.
d.
Donegal Bay, Ireland
e.
none of the above
Question 46
Which waterfall is the highest in the world?
a.
Tugela Falls (SA).
b.
Victoria Falls (Zimbabwe)
c.
Angel Falls (Venezuela)
d.
Blue Nile Falls (Ethiopia).
e.
none of the above
Question 47
Which is the largest desert on earth?
a.
Sahara Desert
b.
Kalahari Desert
c.
Antarctic polar desert
d.
Great Basin Desert
e.
none of the above
Question 48
Which is the strongest ever recorded earthquake in the world?
a.
Great Alaska Earthquake (1964)
b.
Kamchatka Earthquake, Russia (1952)
c.
The Great Chilean Earthquake (1960)
d.
Tohoku Earthquake (2011)
e.
none of the above
Question 49
Name the largest river in the world by volume of water
a.
Nile river
b.
Kongo river
c.
Amazon river
d.
Orange river
e.
Yangste river
Question 50
Name the longest river in the world by kilometres
a.
Yellow river (China)
b.
Nile river (Africa)
c.
Mississippi river (USA)
d.
Amazon river (South America)
e.
50 x 2 = 100