IP Addressing and Subnetting

LAB 4
 Classes of IPv4 Address

Address 1st Octet range 1st Octet bits Network(N) Default mask Number of possible networks
Class in decimal (Blue dots do not And (Decimal) and hosts per network
change) Host(H) portion
A 0-127 00000000- N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 128 Nets (2^7)
01111111 16,777,214 hosts (2^24-2)
B 128-191 10000000- N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 16,384 Nets (2^14)
10111111 65,534 hosts (2^16-2)
C 192-223 11000000- N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 2,09,150 Nets (2^21)
11011111 254 hosts (2^8-2)
D 224-239 11100000- NA (Multicast) - -
11101111
E 240-255 11110000- NA - -
11111111 (Experimental)
Classes of IPv4 Address
Activity

IP Address Class ?
192.168.1.10
10.10.200.6
172.15.165.1
230.10.65.30
Activity

IP Address Class
192.168.1.10 C
10.10.200.6 A
172.15.165.1 B
230.10.65.30 D(Multicast)
Subnet Mask

• To define the network and host

portions of an address, a device
use a separate 32-bit pattern
called a subnet mask.

• The subnet mask does not

actually contain the network and
host portion of an IPv4 address, it
just says where to look for these
portions in a given IP address.
Classes of IPv4 Address

Class Subnet Mask Subnet Mask (in Binary) Slash

(in Decimal) Notation
A 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8
B 255.255.0.0 11111111. 11111111.00000000.00000000 /16

C 255.255.255. 11111111. 11111111. 11111111.00000000 /24

0
 Classful Addressing

Question 1:

A host in a class C network has been assigned an IP address 192.168.17.9.

Find the number of addresses in the block, the first address, and the last
address.
 Classful Addressing

Solution 1:

Class C network
N.N.N.H (255.255.255.0 or /24)
192.168.17.9
This network: 192.168.17.0-192.168.17.255
Number of addresses: 2^8 = 256
First address: 192.168.17.0 (Network Address)
Last address: 192.168.17.255 (Broadcast Address)
 Classful Addressing

Question 2:

An address in a block is given as 185.28.17.9. Find the number of

addresses in the block, the first address, and the last address.
 Classful Addressing

Solution 2:

Class B network
N.N.H.H (255.255.255.0 0r /16)
185.28.17.9
This network: 185.28.0.0-185.28.255.255
Number of addresses: 2^16 = 65536
First address: 185.28.0.0 (Network Address)
Last address: 185.28.255.255 (Broadcast Address)
 Classless Addressing

• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

• Created a new set of standards that allowed service providers to

allocate IPv4 addresses on any address bit boundary (prefix length)
instead of only by a class A,B, or C address.

• Classless addressing is possible with the help of subnetting.

Classless Addressing
Classless Addressing
 Classless Addressing

Find out the Valid and Invalid Subnet Mask.

Subnet Mask Subnet Mask (Binary) Valid/

(Decimal) Invalid
255.255.255.240
255.230.255.0
255.255.0.0
240.0.0.0
223.0.0.0
255.0.255.0
 Classless Addressing

Valid and Invalid Subnet Mask.

Subnet Mask Subnet Mask (Binary) Valid/

(Decimal) Invalid
255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 Valid
255.230.255.0 11111111.11100110.11111111.00000000 Invalid
255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 Valid
240.0.0.0 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 Valid
223.0.0.0 11011111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Invalid
255.0.255.0 11111111.00000000.11111111.00000000 Invalid
Subnetting
 Subnetting (5 Steps)

Subnetting can be done based on host/network requirements:

For host requirements, there are 5 steps:

1. Identify the class of the IP address and note the Default Subnet Mask.
2. Convert the Default Subnet Mask into Binary
3. Note the number of hosts required per subnet and find the Subnet Generator (SG)
and octet position.
4. Generate the new subnet mask.
5. Use the SG and generate the network ranges (subnets) in the appropriate octet
position.
 Subnetting (Activity 1)

Q. Subnet the IP address 216.21.5.0 into 30 hosts in each subnet.

 Subnetting Solution (Activity 1)
1. Class: C ; Default Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

2. 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

3. No. of hosts/subnet: 30 (11110) - 5 bits

SG: 32
Octet Position: 4

11111111.11111111.1111111.11100000

4. New Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 or /27

5. Network Ranges (Subnets)

216.21.5.0 – 216.21.5.31
216.21.5.32 – 216.21.5.63
216.21.5.64 – 216.21.5.95
216.21.5.96– 216.21.5.127
216.21.5.128 – 216.21.5.159 and so on…..
 Subnetting (Activity 2)

Q. Subnet the IP address 196.10.20.0 into 52 hosts in each subnet.

 Subnetting Solution (Activity 2)
1. Class: C ; Default Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0

2. 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

3. No. of hosts/subnet: 52 (110100) - 6 bits

SG: 64
Octet Position: 4

11111111.11111111.1111111.11000000

4. New Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 or /26

5. Network Ranges (Subnets)

196.10.20.0 – 196.10.20.63
196.10.20.64 - 196.10.20.127
196.10.20.128 - 196.10.20.191
196.10.20.192 - 196.10.20.255
 Subnetting (Activity 3)

Q. Subnet the IP address 150.15.0.0 into 500 hosts in each subnet.

 Subnetting Solution (Activity 3)
1. Class: B ; Default Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0

2. 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000

3. No. of hosts/subnet: 500 (111110100) - 9 bits

SG: 2
Octet Position: 3

11111111.11111111.1111110.00000000

4. New Subnet mask: 255.255.254.0 or /23

5. Network Ranges (Subnets)

150.15.0.0 – 150.15.1.255
150.15.2.0 – 150.15.3.255
150.15.4.0 – 150.15.5.255
150.15.6.0 – 150.15.7.255
And so on…
 Subnetting (Activity 4)

Q. What is the maximum number of IP addresses that can be assigned

to hosts on a local subnet that uses the 255.255.255.224 subnet mask?

Solution:

2^5 = 32

32 – 2 = 30
 Subnetting (Activity 4)

Q. Subnet the Class C IP Address 205.11.2.0 so that you have 30

subnets. What is the subnet mask for the maximum number of hosts?
How many hosts can each subnet have?

Solution:

2^5 = 32 = 32-2 = 30

255.255.255.11111xxx = 255.255.255.248

2^3 = 8-2 = 6 hosts

 Subnetting Practice Example: Class C Address
(Simulation in Cisco Packet Tracer)
Q. Subnet the Network address 192.168.10.0/25 and show simulation
between the subnets in Cisco Packet Tracer.
 Subnetting Practice Example: Class C Address
(Simulation in Cisco Packet Tracer)
Solution:
Class C

X.X.X.10000000
How many Subnets? 2^1 = 2
How many hosts? 2^7= 128-2 = 126
Valid Subnets? 256-128 = 128
Subnet ranges?

192.168.10.0 – 192.168.10.127
192.168.10.128 – 192.168.10.255
 Home Task

Q1. What is the Network ID, Broadcast Address, First Usable IP

Address, Last Usable IP Address on the subnetwork that the node
192.168.1.15/26 belongs to?

Q2. Subnet the Network address 10.0.0.0/26 and show simulation

between the first 3 subnets in Cisco Packet Tracer. [use multiple
routers and static routing]

Q3. Subnet the Network address 172.16.0.0/20 and show simulation

between the first 4 subnets in Cisco Packet Tracer. [use multiple
routers and static routing]