LIVING IN THE IT ERA Texture These two focus on the arrangement of your objects

or elements on your design.

WEEK 13 & 14: IMAGING AND DESIGN FOR • Physical quality of the surface of an object in an
SOCIAL IMPACT artwork or design. Layout + composition = building block of design
• It also refers to how an object looks or fells.
LESSON 1: GRAPHIC DESIGN • Texture adds depth and visual interest to flat Layout – the term layout refers to hoe components of
Typography, images, colors, icons, and other images or objects. visual communication are organized on a two
illustrations to communicate visually. dimensional field. The chief questions designer needs
Texture can be used for: to ask before planning layout for their work are; what
Good user experience (for software developers) and is the message? And what feeling do you want the
1. Establishing visual value or a focal point in an
boosts/improve one’s emotions with the use of colors design style to evoke? The layout will say as much to
artwork.
2. Having contrast within the design. an audience as the components, themselves.
PowerPoint presentations, web/mobile apps, posters,
logos and paintings. 3. Making an art visually balanced.
Aims of layout
Basic Elements of Graphic Design Balance
• The first is to engage the attention of an
Line Visual balance – is the creation of visual equilibrium
audience. This often done by creating a hook that
by relating elements such as line, shape, color, space,
stands out. Grabbing a viewer’s attention can be
• A kind of shape that connects two or more or form in terms of their visual weight. Basically,
done with an image, type, color, shape, or other
points. there are two kinds of visual balance:
visual devices.
• Considered as one of the essential elements of • The second aim is to enable the clear and
1. Symmetrical balance – includes radial
graphic design. cohesive communication of ideas and information
symmetry is when both two sides of a piece are
equal. to the audience. To communicate effectively,
Attributes of line
2. Asymmetrical balance – both sides of your designer build visual consistency, so the viewer’s
• Weight composition do not contain the same elements journey through a presentation is seamless, rea
but contain almost the same visual weight. clearly, and with ease. In the same way, as is
• Color
used for the hook, consistency is created by type,
• Texture colors or other stylistic elements.
LESSON 2: BRAND IDENTITY DESIGN
• Style • The third is to create a tone or feeling in the
Branding and identity can be found everywhere presentation. Depending on the client and target
Line used in patterns
audience, a designer may use a chaotic layout of
Branding is what people think about you. Identity is a formal layout. The aesthetic tone of a layout is
Shape the visual representation of a brand. communicative component design
• Two dimensional external boundary of an object. Branding and identity are not just for products and
• Any object outline with height and width services. Composition
• Lines + shapes = foundation of your
Lucidpress (2018) enumerated the seven steps to • The term composition refers to the arrangement
Design Major Categories of Shapes creating a brand identity design of components of an artwork in the visual arts,
including ; painting, sculpture, print making and
Geometric – regular and mathematical shapes
1. Establish clear purpose and positioning photography
Organic – freeform shapes 2. Conduct a thorough market research • The arrangement of components, including thee
3. Get a personality principles of art and design, are integral parts of
Form 4. Crate a polished logo visual language and instrumental in the
5. Create an attractive color palette communication of ideas
• Three dimensional shape. 6. Select professional typography
• Shadows, perspective, depth, and sometimes 7. Choose on brand supporting graphics Why composition is important?
texture creates form.
• It also gives the object a sense of place. LESSON 3: LAYOUT AND COMPOSITION It’s the way of your content is arranged. It doesn’t
matter if you’re working with text, images, or
elements in graphic; without a thoughtful, will- • One element is opposite to the other element. • This type of fonts are used on special occasions
composed layout, your work would basically fall • Helps you to catch the viewer’s eye, create a like invitations, titles, or posters.
apart. direction, or give emphasis to something.
Choosing a font or typeface
5 Basic Principle of Layout and Composition Repetition
• A dilemma that most graphic designers
• To use of the same typefaces, color palettes, or experience is what fonts or typefaces are they
Proximity going to use.
other elements to achieve consistency in your
composition. • One mistake that beginners commit is the misuse
• It is the process of placing related elements • This creates unity in your composition or makes of fonts or typefaces.
together. your project connected to each other. • Choosing a font/typeface should portray the
• In design, block text or graphics that are related message that you want to say to your viewers. In
should be grouped together to make your design Typography design, fonts and typefaces do matter.
easier to understand.
• Groups that are not related to each other should • Is the art of arranging text that makes them Overuse fonts
be separated to visually emphasize their lack of readable and appealing to the viewer? It involves
relationship. All in all, this makes your work font style, typeface, and text structure. • Comic sans
easier to understand at a glance. • Some people often misuse the term font as a • Papyrus
typeface. • Jokerman
White space – “White space in design composition is Font – variation of weights of a typeface • Curlz MT
the same use of silence in a musical composition. Typeface – text style. • Limit yourself to one or two per object
Without proportionate use of silence, music is • Typography forms integral part of a good graphic • You may play with their family or funds for
unstructured; some may call it noise. Similarly, design. emphasis or contrast.
without white space, design unstructured and • Largely used to create moods. • You may combine serif and san serif, display,
difficult to consume.” Pratik Hedge • Crucial in the design of advertisements, and serifs, or display and sans serif.
magazines, newspaper and corporate identities.
• Is not the white spaces that you found on the LESSON 5: COLORS
design but rather than negative space between • Different fonts suggest different context and
lines, paragraphs, and elements on the design. ideas.
• Some typefaces even have special function. Color theory describes how different colors contribute
to each other and how they appear as they are mixed
There are 2 types of white space:
Types of fonts into other color schemes. Before we proceed to
1. Micro white space different color schemes, let us go over some
2. Macro white space There are five basic classification of typefaces: serif, terminologies used in color.
san serif, and script, want to spaced and display. As • Hue – refers to pure, vibrant colors.
Importance of whitespace a general rule, serif and san serif typefaces are used • Saturation – refers to the intensity of the color. It
for either body copy or headlines (including titles, ranges from black and white (or grayscale)
• Improve comprehension. logos, etc.), wall script and display typefaces are only vibrant color.
• Focus and attention used for headlines. • Value – refers to the lightness or darkness of a
• Increase interaction rate color
Serif
• Guide the user through local grouping
• Branding and design note Color wheel
• Fonts with no extra strokes.
• Creates a breathing space for users • Simply means without serifs as a sans is a • Primary colors
French word for without. • Secondary colors
Alignment
• These funds are normally found on mobile • Tertiary colors
• Organize different elements in the composition. phones and computer screens.
• Effective use of alignment gives your composition Achromatic color scheme – this color scheme only
Display revolves on pushing the saturated colors like black,
a definitive structure and creative balance.
• Alignment maybe left centered right or justified. gray and white.
• Sometimes called fancy or decorative fonts.
• It can be script, black letter, or all caps.
Contrast
Analogous color scheme – Selects a group of three Joint photographic expert group (jpg or jpeg) – “Kodachrome” film in the 1930s. Before that, almost
colors that are adjacent in the color wheel. commonly used image file type. A raster type of all photos were monochromatic – although a handful
image, jpeg their “lossy” compression. of photographers, toeing the line between chemists
Complementary color scheme – direct opposite to and alchemists, had been using specialized
each other in the color wheel. Usually, a combination Portable network graphics (png) – known for having techniques to capture color images for decades
of primary and secondary colors. a transparent background. Images in this type are before. You’ll find some fascinating galleries of photos
commonly used in web documents. from the 1800s or early 1900s captured in full color,
Split complementary color scheme – uses the worth exploring if you have not seen them already.
colors on both sides on the opposite color. Graphics interchange format – known in its
animated form. Find in social networking sites as These scientist-magicians, the first color
Triadic color scheme – this color scheme uses colors post or comments. Gifs are often used in web pages photographers, are hardly alone in pushing the
that form an equilateral triangle. It may be as can load quickly due to its reduced file sized. boundaries of one of the world’s newest art forms.
combination of primary secondary or tertiary colors. The history of photography has always been a history
WEEK 16: DIGITAL MEDIA PRODUCTION of people – artists and inventors who steered the field
Tetradic color scheme – also known as double into the modern era.
complementary. These color scheme uses two pairs of LESSON 1: PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEOGRAPHY
complementary colors. EQUIPMENT AND GEARS ESSENTIAL PHOTOGRAPHY EQUIPMENT, GEAR
AND ACCESSORIES
Understanding Color Profiles Digital media production is the process in which
digital files are created, enhanced, encoded, and Smart Phones/Camera Phones – Mostly and widely
• RGB – this color profiles consists of red, green, distributed using numerous methods of processing used that suits best to people which is able to
and blue. You should use this profile for design via computer hardware and software applications. capture photographs and often record video using
that are intended for screen displays. These files represent assorted media types, including one or more built-in digital cameras.
• CMYK – this color profiles consists of cyan, audio, video, graphic, and written content as seen on
magenta, yellow and key (black). If you have a the Internet. These media types are most often Digital Camera/ Dedicated Camera –Specifically
printer in your house, you probably see these specifically coded to function in a pre-determined used by professional photographers in taking
colors as inks. This profile is intended for design environment or platform. Digital media production fascinating and good quality pictures
that are to be printed. exists as the primary discipline for the creation of
digital music, streaming video, and other content Lenses – Takes and redirects the light rays to a fixed
LESSON 6: IMAGES made available to a mass audience. This industry point, creating sharp images when taking a picture.
makes it possible for the world to see and hear things
Image file types differently and with more imagination. It is now Post-Processing / Photo Editing Software –
referred to as visual media production, as in in 3D Computer programs installed and run in the
Vector – a type of image that doesn't lose its quality computer used to edit, enhance and manipulate the
Animation where motion picture is aesthetically
when zoomed in. your image will not be pixelated pictures
enhanced, or new media production, such as website,
when enlarged.
web application and computer games production and
development. In this chapter, digital media Computer Laptop – Where post processing and phot-
Raster – opposite to vector, raster images become editing is being done, with the aid of the installed
pixelated when enlarged. production includes Photography and Videography.
software.
Encapsulated postscript (eps) – this vector format is Photography is the art of capturing light with a
camera, usually via a digital sensor or film, to create OPTIONAL GEARS AND ACCESSORIES
designed to produce high resolution graphics for
print. Being a universal file type, eps files can be an image. With the right camera equipment, you can Tripod – Used by landscape photographers to
opened in any design editor. even photograph wavelengths of light invisible to the
stabilize the camera and reduce its shaking when
human eye, including UV, infrared, and radio. A
held and use.
Adobe illustrator document (ai) – most probably person who engages in photography is called a
and commonly used image file type by designers. If Photographer. Camera Bags – Where all the necessary gadgets and
you want to create a vector image, ai is one of the accessories are being placed for safekeeping.
best tool for you. A Brief History of Photography and the People
Who Made It Succeed Memory Cards – Serves as a storage device for all the
Raster image file extension pictures taken by the digital camera
Color photography started to become popular and
accessible with the release of Eastman Kodak’s
Extra Batteries – Serve as the power source for the camera starts rolling until it stops. Camera shots 10. Establishing Shot – a shot at the head of a scene
camera to operate and function are an essential aspect of filmmaking and video that clearly shows us the location of the action.
productions, because by combining different This shot often follows an aerial shot and is used
Polarizing filter – Reduces glare off or brightness in types of shots, angles and camera movements, to show where everything will happen
water, enhance the sky’s contrast and minimize the filmmakers are able to emphasize specific
atmospheric haze or fog emotions, ideas and movement for each scene. CAMERA SHOT FRAMING – is the art and
• A camera Shots are the building blocks of film, science of placing subjects in your shots. Camera
Flash – Ensures sufficient lighting when taking and shot selection has a significant impact on the shots are all about composition. Rather than
pictures especially in the dark areas or sites way a viewer interprets the action on screen. It’s pointing the camera at the subject, you need to
important that we choose the right shot to compose an image.
Cleaning Kit – A set of cleaning supplies to clean
lenses and remove dust from the sensors and camera communicate our film effectively.
case Types of Camera Shot Framing
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAMERA SHOTS • Single Shot – When your shot captures one
FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY subject
1. Extreme Wide Shot (ELS) – make your subject
appear small against their location. You can use • Two Shot – shot with two characters featured
1. Light – is the most fundamental element that all in the frame
an extreme long shot to make your subject feel
photographs need because it illuminates the • Three Shot – features three characters in the
distant or unfamiliar.
scene or subject. Light helps to create a frame
particular mood within the photograph and can 2. Long Shot (LS) / Wide Shot (WS) – is the same
idea, but a bit closer. If your subject is a person • Over-the-Shoulder Shot (OTS) – shows your
bring emphasis to key elements within a frame subject from behind the shoulder of another
2. Color – Like light, color helps to set the mood of then his or her whole body will be in view — but
not filling the shot. Here's an example of the wide character. Because it emulates perspective,
an image and can play a significant role in it’s common in conversation scenes.
touching the viewer on an emotional level Color is shot size from one of the best 2015 movies The
Martian: • Point-of-View Shot (POV) – shot that shows
one of the main factors responsible for making a the viewer exactly what that character sees
photo feel mysterious, exciting, sad, or gloomy 3. Full Shot (FS) – let your subject fill the frame
while keeping emphasis on scenery. • Over-the Hip (OTH) Shot – shot is similar to
3. Moment – A strong moment is more than
4. Medium Long Shot (MLS) / Medium Wide Shot over-the-shoulder in that the camera is
highlighting a particular subject or action in
(MWS) – the subject from roughly the knees up. It placed with a character's hip in the
time. Creating a moment in a photograph should foreground, and the focus subject in the
be about having all the elements in a frame come splits the difference between a full shot and a
medium shot. plane of acceptable focus.
together as to tell a captivating story, when every
part of the picture interacts with the other parts 5. Cowboy Shot – the subject from roughly mid-
thighs up. It’s called a “cowboy shot” because it is CAMERA FOCUS
in a way that the viewer might think – wow this is
special and probably doesn't happen that often used in Westerns to frame a gunslinger’s gun or Cinema and television give the director an
4. Composition – in essence, is about putting holster on his hip. uncanny ability to control the audience's vision.
together objects in your frame in such a way as 6. Medium Shot (MS) – one of the most common You can shift and change points of view as people
to emphasize the parts you want to and make camera shots. It's similar to the cowboy shot learn new information, move locations, or switch
them stand out in a particular way. above, but frames from roughly the waist up and perspectives.
5. Distance to The Subject – The distance the through the torso. So it emphasizes more of your
photographer chooses to be from their subject subject while keeping their surroundings visible. DEPTH OF FIELD DEFINITION
will affect the feeling and overall impact a photo 7. Medium Close Up (MCU) – frames your subject
has. It will also determine what focal length you from roughly the chest up. So it typically favors What is depth of field? Depth of field (DOF) – is
need to shoot at in order to get all of the the face, but still keeps the subject somewhat the term used to describe the size of the area in
important parts of the photo into the frame. distant. your image where objects appear acceptably
8. Close Up (CU) – fills your frame with a part of sharp. The area in question is known as the field,
Lesson 2 – CAMERA SHOTS, FRAMING, FOCUS, your subject. If your subject is a person, it is and the size (in z-space) of that area is the depth
ANGLES AND MOVEMENT often their face. of that field.
9. Extreme Close Up (ECU) – the most you can fill
What is a camera shot? a frame with your subject. It often shows eyes, The center most point of the field is known as the
mouth and gun triggers. In extreme close-up point of focus. The imaginary two-dimensional
• A camera shot is composed of the series of frames shots, smaller objects get great detail and are the plane that extends from that point is known as
that are shot uninterrupted from the moment the focal point. the plane of focus. And any part of your image
that falls directly on this plane is officially in • High Angle Shot – the camera points down • Whip Pan Shot – happens when you pan the
focus. at your subject. It usually creates a feeling of camera from one shot to another, creating a
inferiority, or “looking down” on your subject. motion blur
Types of Camera Focus • Hip Level Shot – A hip level shot is when • Whip Tilt Shot – The swish tilt is the same
your camera is roughly waist-high idea as a swish pan, only vertical
• Rack Focus / Focus Pull – A rack focus is
an emphasized focus pull, where the • Knee Level Shot – camera height is about as • Tracking Shot – A tracking shot moves with
acceptable focus range is intentionally shifted low as your subject’s knees. your subject. Sometimes it follows behind or
from one subject to another. • Ground Level Shot – camera’s height is on beside them on a dolly, Steadicam or a
ground level with your subject. gimbal.
• Shallow Focus – subject is in crisp focus
while the foreground and background • Shoulder-Level Shot – roughly as high as • Crab Shot – is basically a dolly shot that
scenery is out of focus. This limits your depth your subject’s shoulders. moves horizontally like a crab.
of field to create emphasis on your subject. • Dutch Angle Shot – the camera is slanted to • Arc Shot – where the camera moves around
• Deep Focus – everything in your frame is in one side. the subject in an arc pattern so as to show
focus. This is when you need your audience • Birds-Eye-View Shot / Overhead Shot – is more of the surroundings
to feel the scenery or particular scene from way up high, looking down on your
elements subject and a good amount of the scenery
• Tilt-Shift – rotates perspective within the surrounding him or her.
lens and emulates selective focus. • Aerial Shot / Helicopter Shot – this is a
• Soft Focus – soft focus shots keep nothing in shot from way up high. It establishes a large
100% sharp focus. This is caused by either a expanse of scenery.
flaw in the lens itself or through special
filters. Camera Movement – meaning through motion
• Split Diopter – is an additional lens element Camera movement is a powerful filmmaking tool
that allows for two simultaneous focal employed to modify the relationship between the
lengths. In other words, you can achieve subject and the camera frame, with the goal of
shallow focus in the foreground AND in the altering viewer's perspective of space and time for
background, while the middle ground a more impactful and visceral visual storytelling.
remains out of focus.
TYPES OF CAMERA MOVEMENT
CAMERA ANGLES • Static / Fixed Shot – When there’s no
movement (i.e. locked camera aim) it’s called
ADJUSTING CAMERA HEIGHT FOR IMPACT - a static shot. These camera shots emphasize
The camera shot angle is used to specify the the appearance and movement of your
location where the camera is placed to take a subject against its environment, and are
shot. The position of the camera in relation to the predominantly captured by being placed on a
subjects can affect the way the viewer perceives tripod or a dolly that remains static during
the scene. A scene may be shot simultaneously the shot.
from multiple camera angles to amplify the • Dolly Shot – is a specialized push-cart built
cinematic effect and the emotions. to handle heavy cinema cameras
• Zoom Shot – is rarely changing positions,
but simply altering the focal length of the
TYPES OF CAMERA SHOT ANGLES zoom lens
ADJUSTING CAMERA HEIGHT FOR IMPACT
• Dolly Zoom Shot – the camera position and
• Eye Level Shot – your subject is at eye-level focal length of the lens are simultaneously
they’re in a neutral perspective (not superior altered to create a warping effect.
or inferior). This mimics how we see people in
• Pan Shot – This can reveal something to your
real life -- our eye line connecting with theirs
viewer or allow them to follow an action
• Low Angle Shot – frames the subject from a
• Tilt Shot – when you move your camera up
low camera height looking up at them.
and down on a vertical axis
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION How to develop critical thinking skills that essay wherein data is strictly necessary to be
able to satisfy or complete the whole thought of the
Academic research and the documented essay in First, you must become a self-critique of your own narrative. As a writer, you should be mindful with
the 21st century thoughts and actions. You can criticize your own your audience or readers in a sense that you take
thoughts by asking yourself why you believe in into consideration the concept of social and cultural
Some of advancement in science and technology are something. By answering this question, you are able significance.
not be possible without research. Research is a to observe how to respond to a situation in your
substantial to learn and discover things that can help mind. Documented and Argumentative Essay
in our society.
Second is, you need to able to listen or recognize Documented – is a type of essay that requires the
Michael faraday was an English scientist who other people's ideas. You must hear someone else's writer to support their claims or arguments with
contributed to the study of electromagnetism and story, struggles, success and passion. evidence from credible sources.
electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the
principles underlying electromagnetic induction, Third is, when you hear it you can take that 1. Uses external sources (e.g. books, articles,
diamagnetism, an electrolysis. Without his research, information and analyze it. research papers) to provide evidence.
that study of power generation and power 2. Cite sources using a specific citation style (e.g.
transmission would be possible and the world we live Fourth is, communicate with courtesy and in a MLA, APA, and Chicago).
in vastly different. However research is not just for productive way. 3. Aims to inform or persuade the reader about the
scientists. You as a students also have the ability to topic.
conduct research. Fifth is, you must develop a foresight. Predict the
future impact of your own decisions. Argumentative – is a type of essay that requires the
Synthesis writer to take a stance on a topic and support their
Synthesis position with evidence.
• Research is important component in the
production of argumentative or documented • Critical thinking is an important component in 1. Present a clear claim or thesis statement.
essay. the production of an argumentative or 2. Provide evidence to support the claim (e.g.
• Writing the argumentative essay requires pre- documented essay. statistics, expert opinions, examples).
writing activities (preparing and outlining) that • The ability of every decision maker to make good 3. Acknowledges counter arguments and address
help sharpen the focus of your writing. decisions relies upon their ability to think potential objections.
• Intellectual honestly should be observed in critically. 4. Aims to persuade the reader to adopt the writer's
writing. • Self-critique is you criticize your own thoughts by point of view.
asking yourself why you believe in something.
Critical thinking, collaboration, and the writing Key Difference
process At the 20th century, a clear distinction was
maintained in most social and cultural literature 1. Purpose: a document that essay aims to inform,
The ability of every decision maker to make good between attitudes, behavior, and between ways and while an argumentative essay aims to persuade.
decision relies upon their ability to think critically. intensity. The concept of social and cultural 2. Tone: documented essays tends to be neutral,
Critical thinking enables you to make the argument significance is when people spend time conveying what argumentative essays are often persuasive
more interesting. information to each other about their belief and the and opinionated.
way they think and behave. In other words, it is the 3. Structure: argumentative essay typically include
Critical thinkers are more effective when they have interaction of two people coming from different thesis statement, counter arguments, and a
the following: cultures which deals with the exchange of conclusion, well documented essays may be have
information. a more flexible structure.
• Creating important questions precisely
• Gathers relevant information Applying the concept of social and cultural Tips for Writing Documented and Argumentative
• Open minded within alternative systems of significance in writing a documented essay Essays
thought
In making a research, it is best to consider issues 1. Choose credible sources to support your
• Communicates affecting with others arguments.
that are relevant in the society. It becomes more
Critical thinking is the ability to analyze, criticize, interesting when your argumentative or documented 2. Use proper citation and referencing.
an advocate ideas. To reach factual reasons based on essay is related to the latest phenomena because it 3. Organize your essay clearly and logically.
sound of knowledge or belief. catch more attention if it's timely and relevant. 4. Address potential counter arguments.
Information is critical if we pertain to a document
5. Use persuasive language and rhetorical of devices which points you cannot make without slides. • Informative speech – it is a speech that aims to
(in argumentative essays). Create only those slides that are necessary to provide information to the listeners about some
improve your communication with the audience. topic.
Communication for Various Purposes 6. Time yourself. Do not wait until the last minute • Speeches about object – focus on things
to time you are presentation. You only have 15 existing in the world
When we hear the word speaking what comes in our minutes to speak, so you want to know, as soon
mind might be the president of the nation giving a • Speeches about process – focus on patterns of
as possible, if you are close to that limit. actions
speech politicians and guest speakers in an event. We 7. Create effective notes for yourself. Have notes • Speeches about event – focus on the things that
speak to express our feeling and thoughts; one can
that you can read. Do not right out your entire happened, are happening, or will happen.
share his or her experience. He she can appreciate talk; use an outline or other brief reminders of • Speeches about the concepts – focus on beliefs,
and be grateful through his/her speech, might as
what you want to say. Make sure that text is ideas, and theories.
well you can roast someone and entertain everyone, large enough that you can read it from a
speaking is also applicable in all we do. It is also used • Speech communication – work to develop
distance.
in school when a student’s delivers an oral report; it confidence and effectiveness in their public
8. Practice, practice, practice. The more you
develops the confidence, vocabulary, pronunciation, speaking, interpersonal, and small group
practice your presentation, the more comfortable
and even the speaking skills. communication skills.
you within front of an audience. Practice in front
• Communication – a process of exchange facts,
Madrunio and Martin (2018) – some students and of a friend or to and ask for their feedback.
Record yourself and listen to it critically make it ideas, and an opinions and as a means that
professionals do not like the idea of speaking in individual or organization share meaning and
public, weather in front of small or large groups. Just better and do it again.
understanding with one another.
the thought that they will be facing people already • Definitional speeches – describing the essential
Knowing the Facts
makes them jittery. attributes of one concept compared to another.
• Communication is a process of exchange facts, • Descriptive speeches – the purpose of
Communication skills are vital for students’
ideas, and an opinions and as a means that descriptive speech is to provide a detailed, vivid,
academic success and future career prospects. In
individual or organization share meaning and word of picture of a person, animal, or place or
today's challenging environment, students must not
understanding with one another. The ability of object.
only possess academic expertise, but also the
fostering speech an effective communication • Explanatory speeches – focus on the reports of
requisite skills to enhance their learning and
around the world has shrunk the world and current and historical events, customs,
employability prospect in the future.
made globalization a reality. transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes,
Preparing an effective presentation • Speech is the study of how people generate and options.
shared meaning through the use of verbal and • Demonstration speeches – shows listeners how
1. Organize your thoughts. Start with an outline nonverbal symbols. Speech communication some process is accomplished or how to perform
and develop good transition between sections. with your works to develop confidence and it themselves.
Emphasize the real world significance of your effectiveness in the public speaking,
research. interpersonal, and small group communication Persuasive Communication
2. Have a strong opening. Why you should the skills.
audience listen to you? One good way to get their Communication – is simply the act of transferring
attention is to start with the question, whether or Informative speech – is an integral part in information from one place, person, or group to
not you expect an answer. communication it helps the receiver aware and to be another. Every communication involves (at least) one
3. Define terms early. If you are using terms that recognizant in different aspect in life. So if you sender, a message and a recipient.
may be new to the audience, introduce them differentiate an informative speech from other types
of speeches, it is important to stick to the basic facts Persuasion – is a literary technique that is speaker
early in your presentation. Once an audience get
of the subject. No personal biases, unsubstantiated used to present their ideas through a reason and
lost in unfamiliar terminology, it is extremely
information, or popular opinion should be included logic, in order to influence the audience. Persuasion
difficult to get them back on a track.
when stating the main ideas of the topic. The goal is may simply use an argument to persuade the
4. Finish with a bang. Find one or two sentences
to educate the audience on the facts, not to provide listeners, or sometimes may persuade listeners to
that sum up the importance of your research.
the speaker's opinion. When crafting an informative perform a certain action.
How is the world better off as a result of what you
have done? speech look at the subject carefully and eliminate any
potential statements that have prejudiced or might General Types of Special – Occasion Speeches
5. Design PowerPoint slides to introduce
important information. Consider doing a persuade the audience.
• Ceremonial Speeches – ritual marked by
presentation without PowerPoint. Then consider observance of formality or etiquette
• Speeches of Introduction – a mini speech given
by the host of the ceremony
• Speeches of Presentation – speech given to a
company a price or honor
• Speeches of Acceptance – speech given by the
recipient of a prize or honor
• Speeches of Dedication – to whom the project
has been dedicated
• Roasts – design to both praise and good
naturedly insult a person being honored
• Eulogies – a speech given in honor of someone
who has died
• Speeches of Farewell – speech is to elicit or
arouse an emotional state within an audience
• Inspirational Speeches – made up of the favor
or reputation of an individual or organization
• Speeches to Ensure Goodwill – intangible asset
that is made up of the favor or reputation of an
individual or organization.
• Speeches for Public Relations – cheerleading
speeches because the ultimate goal is to get
people to like the speaker and what he or she
represents
• Speeches of Justification – to defend why
certain actions were taken or will be taken
• Speeches of Apology – ask forgiveness
• Speeches for Commencement – to recognize
and celebrate the achievements of graduating
class or other group of people.

Types of Speeches Based on Delivery

There are four ways in which a speaker can deliver

his or her information. Once can speak from his
head, commit every word to memory, read from a
script or use a blended approach.

1. Manuscript speaking – is the word for word

iteration of a written message. In a manuscript
speech, the speaker maintains his or her
attention on the printed page except when using
visual aids.
2. Memorized speaking – is the rote recitation of a
written message that the speaker has committed
to memory.
3. Extemporaneous speaking – is a presentation of
carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken
in a conversational manner using brief notes.
4. Impromptu speaking – is the presentation of a
short message without advanced preparation.
 RISK MANAGEMENT AS APPLIED TO SAFETY, • Crucial for restaurants and catering services in growth, full and productive employment, and
SECURITY, SANITATION the tourism sector. decent work for all.
• Ensures food safety and hygiene for guests, 9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure. Build
“International Organization for Standardization” building trust and satisfaction. resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
or “ISO” – A worldwide federation of national 6. Risk Management (ISO 31000) sustainable industrialization, and foster
standards bodies. ISO is a nongovernmental innovation.
• Helps tourism businesses ident assess, and
organization that comprises standards bodies from 10. Reduced Inequalities: Reduce in equal, within
manage risks such as natural disasters,
more than 160 countries, with one standards body and among countries.
pandemics, or other emergencies.
representing each member country. 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make
• Supports crisis preparedness and response,
which is vital for tourism resilience. cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
ISO is an independent, non-governmental
7. Accessible Tourism (ISO 21902) resilient, and sustainable.
international organization. It brings global experts
• Focuses on creating inclusive and accessible 12. Responsible Consumption and Production:
together to agree on the best ways of doing things,
tourism experiences for people with disabilities or Ensure sustainable consumption and production
from making prod to managing processes.
special needs. patterns.
The mission is to make lives easier, safer and better 13. Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat
• Enhances equity and broadens the tourism
for everyone, everywhere. climate change and its impacts.
market.
14. Life below Water: Conserve and sustainably use
“ISO in the Tourism Industry” “ISO 21401: Sustainable Tourism “ the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development.
The tourism industry relies heavily on customer SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15. Life on Land: Protect, restore, and promote
satisfaction, safety, and sustainable practices, sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, manage
making ISO standard highly relevant. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim forests sustainably, combat desertification, and
to transform our world. They are a call to action to halt biodiversity loss.
1. Quality Management (ISO 9001) end poverty and inequality, protect the planet, and 16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions:
• Ensures that tourism services (hotels, travel ensure that all people enjoy health Justice and Promote peaceful and inclusive societies, provide
agencies, tour operators) deliver consistent, high- prosperity. access to justice for all, and build effective;
quality customer experiences accountable institutions at all levels.
• Improves operational efficiency, minimizing These goals are interconnected and designed to
17. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the
errors in service delivery. balance social, economic, and environmental
means of implementation and revitalize the global
2. Environmental Management (ISO 14001) sustainability.
partnership for sustainable development.
• Encourages sustainable tourism practices by
1. No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms
reducing the environmental impact of tourism "Benefits for the Tourism Industry"
everywhere.
operations.
2. Zero Hunger. End hunger, achieve food security Enhanced Customer Confidence: Tourists feel
• Examples: Managing waste in tourist and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable assured about quality, safety, and sustainability.
destinations or reducing water and energy agriculture.
consumption in resorts.
3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy Increased Marketability: ISO-certified
3. Sustainable Tourism (ISO 21401) lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. establishments gain a competitive edge.
• Specific to the tourism industry, ISO 21401 4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and
provides guidelines for sustainability in equitable quality education and promote lifelong Operational Efficiency: Streamlines processes,
accommodation establishments learning opportunities for all. saving costs and improving service delivery.
• Covers economic, environmental, and social 5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and
aspects of sustainable tourism. empower all women and girls. Global Compliance: Aligns with international
4. Health and Safety (ISO 45001) 6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability regulations, especially important for multinational
• Focuses on occupational health and safety for and sustainable management of water and tourism operators.
employees in the tourism sector. sanitation for all.
• Protects workers and tourists by ensuring safe Sustainability and Responsibility: Promotes
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to environmental and social responsibility, vital for long-
environments in hospitality and tourism affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern
facilities. term tourism growth.
energy for all.
5. Food Safety Management (ISO 22000) 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote First Aid – is the immediate, temporary assistance
sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic provided to someone who is injured or suddenly
becomes ill before professional medical help is aid principles and offered training. The Red Cross PROMOTE Recovery – Following the first aid
available. and Red Crescent are still the largest provider of treatment, first responder should now encourage
first aid worldwide. confidence in the patient, attempt to relieve pain, and
The main goals of first aid are to preserve life, 3. "Erste Hilfe" (1870s): A military surgeon named take steps that may help in the recovery process.
prevent further injury, and promote recovery. Friedrich Von Esmarch introduced formalized
first aid to the military, and first created the term First Aid: Who can perform it?
Basic first aid can help stabilize a person's condition "erste hilfe" which means 'first aid.
and, in some cases, can be life-saving. First aid can be administered by anyone with basic
Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century knowledge or training, though certain situations
First Aid: History may require more specialized training.
First Formal First Aid Programs: St. John
Ancient Beginning Ambulance, a British organization, developed the first First aider – A person who is qualified to give first
formal first-aid programs in the late 19th century. aid treatment in the event of an injury or illness.
1. Egyptian and Greek Civilizations: Ancient
Egyptians (around 3000 BCE) were among the The term "first aid" became popular, referring to the
initial care given before professional medical 1. Trained Laypersons
earliest to develop medical techniques, including • Everyday People with Basic Training: People,
treatments for wounds and broken bones. Greeks treatment.
such as employees, students, or community
also made contributions, with medical figures like First Aid: What is it? members, complete basic first- aid courses.
Hippocrates (460-370 BCE) advocating for These individuals can assist in minor situations
cleanliness in wound care. It refers to the assistance given to any person or emergencies. IT COULD LITERALLY BE ANY
2. Roman Empire: Roman soldiers had basic first- suffering a sudden illness or injury; with care ONE OF US
aid knowledge for treating wounds on the provided to preserve life, prevent the condition • Parents and Caregivers: Often trained in first aid
battlefield. The Roman military also had a from worsening, or to promote recovery. to handle common injuries or emergencies
structured approach to medical treatment, involving children, such as choking or minor
including the use of bandages, splints, and early It includes initial intervention in a serious condition burns.
forms of antiseptic techniques. prior to professional medical help being available, 2. First Responders
such as performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Middle Ages and the Crusades • Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs),
(CPR) while waiting an ambulance Emergency Response Teams (ERTs) and
1. The Knights Hospitaller: In the 11th century, 5 Essential Reasons to do First Aid Paramedics: These professionals have extensive
this religious military order established hospitals Lining and are often the first on the scene in
in the Middle East during the Crusades. They • It helps save lives. emergencies, equipped to provide advanced life
were among the first groups to offer organized • It enables you to increase patient comfort. support.
medical care and first aid to soldiers and civilians • It gives you tools to prevent the situation from • Police Officers and Firefighters: Often trained in
alike. becoming worse. first aid and CPR, they can assist in various
2. Islamic Golden Age: Physicians in the Islamic emergencies, particularly trauma situations, until
• It creates the confidence to care.
world, like Avicenna (Ibn Sina), advanced EMTs arrives.
• It encourages healthy and safe living.
knowledge of wound care, suturing, and fracture • Lifeguards and Other Safety Personnel: Typically
management, which spread through Europe and Aims of First Aid trained in CPR, drowning rescue, and basic first
Asia. aid to provide care in pools, beaches, or
The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three waterparks.
The 19th Century and Red Cross Formation key points, sometimes known as the 3ps 3. Medical Professionals
1. Florence Nightingale (Crimean War, 1850s): PRESERVE Life – It is the main responsibility of a Doctors, Nurses, and Other Healthcare Providers:
Known for her influence on modern nursing, first responder by providing first aid treatments to an licensed professionals, they can provide more
Nightingale emphasized sanitation and organized injured person. advanced care, though they might not always be sent
medical care, particularly in war. in emergencies outside clinical settings.
2. Jean - Henry Dunant and the Red Cross PREVENT Deterioration (Prevent Further Injury) –
(1860s): After witness...g the lack of care at the This means preventing the person from being injured 4. Employees and Designated Workplace First-
Battle of Solferino, Swiss humanitarian Henry even more. If possible, an injured person should not Aiders – Designated first-aid responders to assist
Dunant founded the International Red Cross be moved. with common workplace injuries, especially in
in 1863. The Red Cross quickly established first- high-risk environments. These individuals often
 receive training and certification specific to If there's more than one casualty, help those with life- Step 4. Comfort and Reassure
workplace hazards. threatening conditions first; start with the Primary
5. Volunteers in Disaster and Community Health Survey and deal with any life-threatening conditions; Step 5. Assess the Casualty
Programs – Volunteers with organizations like Then, if you've dealt with these successfully, move on
to the Secondary Survey. Step 6. Give first air treatment
the Red Cross may receive first-aid training and
be called upon to assist in emergencies, Sept 7. Arrange for the right kind of help
community health initiatives, or disaster Primary Survey
response efforts. First Aid: Casualty Prioritization (Triage)
6. Untrained Bystanders – In an emergency, • It is a crucial element in the "Initial Assessment"
of a seriously injured patient. Triage is the process of assessing and prioritizing
anyone on the scene can potentially help, even
without formal training. For example, in life- • Patients are assessed and treatment priorities are casualties in a situation where there are multiple
threatening situations like cardiac arrest, established based on their injuries, the stability injured individuals, and resources are limited.
bystanders may attempt CPR following • The patients of their vitals, and the injury vital
dispatcher instructions over the phone. functions must be assessed quickly and The main goal of triage is to quickly determine the
efficiently. severity of each person's condition and decide who
First Aid: 7 Steps needs immediate care and who can wait. This
Secondary Survey ensures that people with life-threatening injuries
If you think someone needs your help, these are receive prompt attention, while those with less
the seven things you need to do as a first aider: • It is performed once the patient has been serious injuries are treated afterward.
resuscitated and stabilized.
1) Assess the situation quickly and calmly. • It involves a more thorough head-to-toe Basic First Aid Procedures
Safety: Are you or they in any danger? Is it safe examination, and the aim is to detect other
for you to go up to them? significant but not immediately life-threatening Additional:
Scene: What caused the accident or situation? injuries
I. Save the conscious casualties before unconscious
How many casualties are there? 6) Give first aid treatment
Situation: What happened? How many people are ones as they have a higher chance of recovery.
• Prioritize the most life-threatening conditions
involved and how old are they? II. Save the young before the old.
• Then move on to less serious ones; III. Do not risk your own life while rendering First
What do you think the main injuries could be? • Get help from others if possible. Aid.
2) Protect yourself and the patient/s from any
IV. Casualties should always be treated in the order
danger 7. Arrange for the right kind of help of priority, usually given by the "3 Bs": Breathing,
• Always protect yourself first - never put yourself Bleeding and Bones
at risk • Call for an ambulance if you think it's serious
• Only move them to safety it leaving them would • Take or send them to hospital if it's a serious First Aid Kit
cause them more harm condition but is unlikely to get worse.
• If you can't make an area safe, call * for • For a less serious condition call * for medical A first aid kit is a collection of essential medical
emergency help advice supplies and equipment used to provide immediate
3) Prevent infection between you and patient/s • Suggest they see their doctor if they're concern treatment for injuries or medical emergencies. It's
• Wash your hands or use alcohol gel; about a less serious condition. designed to manage minor injuries, stabilize a
• Wear disposable gloves; • Advise them to go home to rest, but to seek help person's condition in an emergency, or provide
• Don't touch an open wound without gloves on; if they feel worse. temporary care until professional medical help
• Stay with them until you can leave them in the arrives.
• Don't breathe, cough or sneeze over a wound or a
casualty right care.
Contents of a First Aid Kit
4) Comfort and reassure
First Aid: 7 Responsibilities
• Stay calm and take charge of the situation Gauze roll and pads, Instant cold pack, Bandages,
• Introduce yourself to them to help gain their Step 1. Assess the situation quickly and calmly Elastic bandages, Emergency blanket, Thermometer,
• Explain what's happening and why; Sale pins, Triangular bandage, Antiseptic wipes,
• Say what you're going to do before you do it Step 2. Protect yourself and the patient/s from any Adhesive tape, First aid manual, Scissors, Gloves,
5) Assess the casualty: danger Emergency contact information, Tweezers.

Step 3. Prevent infection between you and the Hot Compress

patient/s
Heat therapy is generally more appropriate for • Burns 4. Healing: Usually within a week without
chronic conditions or injuries that are no longer in • Choking scarring.
the acute stage. • Fractures II. Second-Degree Burns (Partial-Thickness):
• Allergies 1. Damage extends to the second layer of skin
• Muscle aches, pain or tension • Bleeding (dermis).
• Menstrual cramps • Heart Attack 2. Symptoms: Redness, swelling, blistering, and
• Tension headaches • Seizures intense pain.
• Hypothermia 3. Example: Scalding from hot liquids.
First Aid for Cuts and Scrapes 4. Healing: May take several weeks. Scarring
Hot Therapy Effects can occur.
First Aid for Bleeding III. Third-Degree Burns (Full-Thickness):
• Increases blood flow to the area 1. Affects all layers of the skin and may damage
• Aids in the repair of damaged tissue • Apply direct pressure to the wound and elevate underlying tissues like muscles or bones.
• Soothes patient discomfort area if possible 2. Symptoms: Skin may appear white, charred,
• Allows area to heal faster • Firmly secure dressing with a bandage or loathed and sensation might be lost due to
• Support the injured part nerve damage.
Don't use cold therapy on a patient with:
Embedded Object 3. Healing: Requires medical intervention; often
• Open wounds needs skin grafts.
• Heart or vascular disease • If there's an object in there, don't pull it out, it IV. Fourth-Degree Burns:
• Hypertension may be acting as a plug 1. Extend through the skin to muscles,
• Diabetes • Use rolled cloth either side of the object tendons, and bones.
• Apply pressure over the wound without pushing 2. Symptoms: Severe tissue destruction, often
Cold Compress the object in further life-threatening.
3. Healing: Requires extensive medical
Cold therapy is typically the go-to treatment for acute Severe bleeds treatment and reconstruction
(sudden) injuries, particularly those involving soft
tissue damage. • Apply pressure to wound. Elevate if possible Types of Burns
• Call 999 or 112 and ask for an ambulance
• Tendon or joint sprains and strains • Do not remove any embedded object 1. Dry burn – It is caused by flame, contact with
• Bruises and contusions • Secure dressing firmly with a bandage hot objects, friction etc.
• Insect bites and stings • Support the injured part 2. Scalds – Contact with steam and hot fluids
• Nose bleeds • Treat for shock. Elevate legs if not injured 3. Electrical burn – Low-voltage current, lightning
• Heat stroke strike
• Impact injuries Tourniquet and makeshift tourniquet 4. Cold injury – Contact with freezing metals, dry
• Migraines ice, freezing vapors. e.g. liquid oxygen and liquid
• Minor burns or scalds First Aid for Burns
nitrogen
Burns are injuries to the skin and underlying 5. Chemical burn – Industrial chemicals, including
Cold Therapy Effects inhaled fumes and corrosive gases.
tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity,
radiation, or friction. They can range in severity from 6. Radiation burn – Sunburn over-exposure to
• Numbs the affected area
• Decreases Blood Flow minor to life- threatening. Burns are classified based ultra-violet (UV) lamp and exposure to radioactive
• Reduces swelling and inflammation on their depth and the extent of the damage. source.
• Reduces bruising Basic First Aid for Burns
Classification of Burns (by Depth):
Don't use cold therapy on a patient with: • Itapat sa running water ang paso sa loob Ng 20
I. First-Degree Burns (Superficial):
• Poor circulation 1. Affect only the outer layer of the skin minuto
• Sensory disorders (epidermis). • Huwag gumamit ng toothpaste, yelo, oil o
• Stiff muscles or joints 2. Symptoms: Redness, minor swelling, and ointment
pain. Skin is dry and intact. • Pumunta sa ospital kung napaso ang mukha o
Cases that needs first Aid 3. Example: Mild sunburn. nalapnos ang balat

• Cuts and scrapes 1. Hold under cold water

2. Bandage up 2. Wrap your arms around their waist. Symptoms:
3. Make a cold compress 3. Form a fist:
4. Consult a doctor 1. Make a fist with one hand and place it just above • Difficulty breathing or wheezing.
the person's navel, below the ribcage.
First aid for choking 4. Perform the thrusts: • Swelling of the throat, tongue, or face.
1. Grasp your fist with your other hand. • Severe hives or widespread rash.
Choking occurs when the airway becomes partial or 2. Press into the abdomen with quick, upward
completely blocked, preventing normal breathing. thrusts. The motion should be like a "j" shape: • Rapid or weak pulse.
This blockage can result nom food, small objects, or inward and upward.
fluids getting lodged in the throat or windpipe 5. Repeat until clear: • Dizziness, fainting, or loss of consciousness.
1. Continue the thrusts until the object is expelled,
It is a medical emergency because it can quickly lead • Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
or the person becomes unconscious.
to oxygen deprivation, brain damage, or death if not
resolved promptly. First Aid for Allergies It requires immediate treatment

First aid could help prevent up to 140,000 deaths First aid for allergies involves managing allergic You must: Administer adrenaline (EpiPen
every year reactions, which can range from mild to life-
You must: Call 999 or 112 and ask for an
threatening. Prompt recognition of symptoms and
The same number of people that die from cancer. ambulance.
appropriate action is crucial.
Be the difference. If the casualty is short of breath, get them sitting
Mild to Moderate Allergic Reactions
comfortably
Text 'help' to 81456 for a free first aid guide.
Symptoms: Adrenaline is a short acting drug so administer a
• Encourage them to cough further dose after 5 minutes
• Itchy or watery eyes.
• Hit them firmly between the shoulder blades
• Give up to five abdominal thrusts • Sneezing or nasal congestion. Keep the casualty comfortable until the ambulance
• Pull inwards and upwards arrives
• If the obstruction has not cleared after five back • Mild skin rashes or redness.
blows and five abdominal thrusts then call Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction. It can be
999/112 for emergency help • Mild swelling of lips, face, or hands. life threatening immediate treatment is essential

Key steps: What to Do: Call 999 or 112 for an ambulance Tell them its
anaphylaxis
• Encourage them to cough 1. Avoid the Allergen: Remove or avoid exposure to
• Give five back blows the trigger (e.g., food, pollen, pet dander, or a • If patient is short of breath, sit them
• Give five abdominal thrusts chemical substance). comfortably
• If they are still choking call 999 2. Give an Antihistamine: Administer an over-the-
counter antihistamine, like diphenhydramine • Administer further adrenaline dose after 5
The Heimlich maneuver, also known as abdominal (Benadryl) or loratadine (Claritin), to reduce minutes
thrusts, is a first-aid technique used to treat choking symptoms.
when an object blocks a person's airway, preventing 3. Apply Topical Creams for Skin Reactions: Use • Keep the casualty comfortable until ambulance
them from breathing. anti-itch creams or calamine lotion to soothe arrives
itchy skin or rashes.
Steps to perform the Heimlich maneuver for a • Keep checking breathing, pulse and
4. Cool Compress: Apply a cool, damp cloth to
conscious adult or child (over 1 year old): relieve itching or swelling. responsiveness
5. Monitor Symptoms: Watch for worsening • Be ready to administer CPR
1. Assess the Situation: symptoms or signs of severe reaction
1. Confirm the person is choking. They might be (anaphylaxis).
unable to speak, breathe, or cough effectively. First Aid for Heart Attack
2. If they can cough forcefully, encourage them to Severe Allergic Reaction (Anaphylaxis) A heart attack, medically known as a myocardial
keep coughing to expel the object naturally.
infarction (MI), occurs when the blood supply to a
2. Position yourself: Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction
part of the heart muscle is blocked, depriving it of
1. Stand behind the person. requiring immediate medical attention.
oxygen. This blockage is typically caused by a • Panic can worsen symptoms. Encourage calm, Kung tumigil ang paghinga ang pasyente, dapat
buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other slow breathing to reduce stress on the heart. nakahanda tayo na magbigay ng cpr
substances (plaque) in the coronary arteries, which
supply the heart with blood. 7. Perform CPR if Necessary: How To Help A Person Having A Heart Attack

"If the blood flow is not quickly restored, the affected • If the person becomes unresponsive and stops 1. Call ems
portion of the heart muscle can become damaged or breathing 2. Half-sitting position
die." 3. Take medicine
First Aid for Heart Attack and Cardiac Arrest 4. Keep patient calm
Common symptoms include: 5. Monitor vital signs
How to Help a Person Having a Heart Attack
• Chest pain or discomfort (may feel like pressure, CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)
squeezing, or fullness). Ang heart attack ay nangyayari kapag ang ugat sa
puso ay nabaraman - Heart disease is the leading cause death in the
• Pain radiating to the arms, neck, jaw, back or world. (who)
stomach. Heart attack symptoms - In 2019, it was responsible for 17.9 million
deaths.
• Shortness of breath. • Matinding pananakit ng dibdib
• Nahihirapang huminga During cardiac arrest, the heart stops pumping
• Nausea, vomiting, or dizziness. • Nananakit ang sikmura blood.
• Nasusuka
• Cold sweat or clammy skin. - CPR is one way of buying time until normal heart
• Nagpapawis ng malamig nahihilo
• Biglaang pagtumba function is restored or a defibrillator becomes
• Fatigue or weakness, particularly in women. available.
• Namumutla ang balat
1. Call Emergency Services Immediately - CPR provides artificial breathing and circulation,
• Nangingitim anglabi keeping oxygenated blood flowing to the heart
• Time is critical; medical intervention can save • Mabilis, mahina o irregular na pulso and brain.
heart muscle and lives. - The earlier you give cpr, the greater the chance of
Huwag iwanan mag-isa ang biktima dahil malaki ang
success
tsansa na siya ay biglang mag-collapse
2. Help the Person Sit Down and Rest:
When to give CPR?
Tumawag agad ng ems gaya ng (8)911-untv at
• Place them in a comfortable position, preferably
ipaalam ang lokasyon at kalagayan ng biktima 1. Cardiac arrest - when someone is breathing and
sitting and leaning slightly forward.
Half sitting position has no pulse.
• This reduces the heart's workload and improves 2. Drowning or near-drowning - the person is
breathing. Tulungan makaupo sa half sitting position at lagyan unresponsive and not breathing.
ng suporta ang ulo at balikat. Maglagay rin ng 3. Choking (if the person becomes unresponsive)
3. Loosen Tight Clothing:
patungan sa ilalim ng tuhod. - the airway is blocked, and they collapse.
• Loosen belts, ties, or tight collars to ease breathe 4. Severe trauma or Electric Shock - The person
Kapag siya ay may malay at may gamot siyang dala, has no signs of life after an incident.
d blood flow.
ipainom ito sa kaniya 5. Drug Overdose - The person is unresponsive and
4. Offer Aspirin (If Available and Safe): not breathing normally.
Pakalmahin siya at siguraduhing may parating na 6. Other Causes - Suffocation, revere allergic
• Do not give aspirin if the person is allergic to it or tulong mula sa emergency medical services reactions (anaphylaxis), or sudden collapse.
has been advised against it by a doctor.
Palayuin ang mga tao sa paligid upang makahinga
When NOT to give CPR?
5. Assist With Medication (If Prescribed); siya ng maayos, luwagan din ang kaniyang damit
1. If the person is breathing normally and has a
• Help them take it as prescribed (dually under the Deep Breathing
pulse.
tongue). 2. If there are clear signs of death (e.g., rigor mortis
Sabayan ang pasyente na magdeep breathing
exercise upang siya ay marelax or obvious fatal injuries).
6. Stay Calm and Provide Reassurance:
3. If a "Do Not Resuscitate" (DNR) order is present
HARD & FAST HANDS-ONLY CPR 2) Call for Emergency Help Perform if a person has a pulse but is NOT
• Dial 911 or your local emergency number breathing. Make sure they are lying on their back
It's not as hard as it looks. infuriately.
3) Position the person Mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng pocket mask sa
When to give CPR? • Lay the person on their back of a firm, flat inyong first aid kits siguraduhin ang kaligtasan ng
surface. Kneel beside them at chest level. paligid bago magsagawa ng first aid kung hindi
A - Airway humihinga, tumawag agad ng emergency medical
4) Place your hands
• Place the heel of one hand in the center of the services
• Check their mouth or throat for blockage
• Sweep the inside of the mouth with your fingers, chest, over the lower half of the breastbone. Put
Magsuot ng body substance is gaya ng gloves at
if necessary your other hand on top of the first, interlocking
mask
your fingers. Keep your arms straight and
B - Breathing position your shoulders directly above your Magbigay ng rescue breath - 1 breath every 5 seconds
hands (12 cycles)
• Put your ear to the mouth and nose 5) Perform chest compressions
• Listen to see if they are breathing • Push hard and fast: compress the chest at least 2 Ulitin ang proseso hanggang magkamalay ang
• Observe if the chest is rising inches deep. Allow the chest to fully recoil (return pasyente, makahinga o dumating ang ems
• Feel for breaths on your cheek to its normal position. after each compression.
Maintain a rhythm of 100-120 compressions per First aid for fractures
C- Circulation minute (match the heat of a song like "staying'
alive" by the bee gees or "baby shark"). Do about A fracture is a broken bone. It can be difficult to tell
• Feel for a pulse 30 compressions. Avoid leaning on the chest whether the injury is a fracture, dislocation, sprain or
• Put your fingers on the side of the neck or on the between compressions. strain. If in doubt, always treat as a fracture.
top of the underside of the wrist
6) Continue until help arrives
• Do NOT use your thumb. Your own pulse may be • Closed-bone is broken with skin injury
Keep performing compressions without
felt, and this could lead to confusion • Open - broken bone protrudes through -kin or
stopping until:
• Emergency medical services (ems) personnel take there is a wound.
Adult CPR (Unresponsive and Not Breathing • Complicated - Associated injury to a major nerve
Normally) over.
• An aed is brought and is ready to use (follow its blood vessel, or vital organ(s).
Call for help instructions).
5 Symptoms of a bone fracture:
• The person starts to breathe normally or regain
• ask someone to call 999/112 consciousness. • Pain
• You are physically unable to continue
What to do • Swelling
First aid for heart attacks • Tenderness
• Chest compressions • Inability to move a part of your body like you
• Push down 5 to 6cm usually can.
• Give them 30 chest compressions • Bruising or discoloration.
• At a rate of 100-120 beats per minute The Physio-Control LUCAS 3 Chest Compression
• A deformity or bump that's not usually your
• Open the airway System mechanical design designed to deliver
body.
• Pinch the nose consistent, high-quality chest compressions
• Seal your lips around their mouth during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it is Control bleeding: Apply pressure to the wound with
• Give a breath in about one second particularly used emergency medical services and a sterile bandage or clean cloth.
• Give two breaths hospital settings, ensuring uninterrupted
• Continue cpr (30:2) until help arrives compressions during patient transport and other Immobilize the fracture: Use a padded splint and
critical procedures broad bandages to prevent movement at the joints
Step-By-Step: How to Perform Hands-Only CPR above and below the fracture.
An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is an
1) Check for Responsiveness automated external defibrillator, a medical device Support the limb: Hold the joint above and below
• Tap the person firmly on the shoulder and shout, that can help people experiencing sudden cardiac the injury, and support the limb while bandaging.
"Are you okay?" arrest
• If they do not respond and are not breathing or
are only gasping, proceed to the next step. Rescue Breathing
Check circulation: Check that the bandages aren't Triangular Bandage: Arm/Elevation Sling • Put in the recovery position if breathing
too tight or too loose every 15 minutes, and watch for • Call 999/112 if: Unresponsive for more than 10
signs of circulation loss in the hands and feet. Arm Sling minutes
• Holds forearm horizontally or slightly raised • Sustained an injury
Call for help: Call emergency services and seek
medical aid • Treats upper arm injuries Remember
• Wrist injuries
Bandages & Splints • Somebody who can bend their elbow • Protect casualty
• Rib injuries • Don't restrain them
Splints help keep broken bones in place and aligned,
which promotes healing and reduces pain and • Call 999/112
What you should do
swelling. They can also help treat conditions that
First Aid: Recovery Position
affect muscles or joints, such as arthritis or muscle • Support injury
weakness. • Pass triangular bandage under arm When to Do: When a patient is breathing normally
• Bring top end around shoulder but unresponsive to help maintain the airway.
A triangular bandage is used as an arm sling or as a
pad to control bleeding. It may also be used to • Bring loose end up to meet it
support or immobilize an injury to a bone or joint or • Tie using a reef knot
as improvised padding over a painful injury.
First aid for seizures
Folds and Usage of Triangular Bandage
Seizures in adults
• Arm Sling
Causes
• Elevation Sling
• Collar-and-Cuff Sling • Epilepsy
• Head Bandage • Alcohol poisoning
• Chest Bandage • Lack of oxygen
• Improvised Tourniquet • After a head injury
• Securing Splints • After taking certain drugs
• Protecting Head Injuries • Low glucose levels, a 'hypo' in a diabetic
• Protecting Open Wounds
• Support Sprained Ankle What to look for
• Broad-fold Bandage (For severe bleeding or
immobilizing lower limb) • Suddenly unresponsive
• Narrow-Fold Bandage (For severe bleeding or • Rigid body
immobilizing lower limb) • Arched back
• Pad • Noisy, difficult breathing
• Convulsive movements
Broad-fold bandage – As a broad-fold bandage with • Saliva at the mouth
the apex folded down to the base twice to immobilize • Loss of bladder or bowel control
a lower body injury. • After they could fall into a deep sleep
Narrow-fold bandage – As a narrow-fold bandage What to do
with the broad fold bandage folded in half to control
severe bleeding, or for immobilization of a lower limb. • Remove dangerous objects
• Note the time
- As a collar-and-cuff sling for an upper body
injury. After the seizure
Pad – As a folded pad after the ends of the narrow • Open airway
fold bandage have been brought into the center three • Check breathing
times, and for use on a major wound or as padding.
 PATHFIT 2 THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE TRYING TO • Improves mechanical efficiency and overall
MOVE functional performance. Improved athletic
PLANES OF THE BODY performance.
• Breathe. If you feel challenged, focus on your • Decreases muscle stiffness and increases range
Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane) – It is a vertical plane
exhale to get you started. Try inhaling to the nose of motion.
running from front to back; divides the body or any of
and allow the abdomen to rise. As you exhale • May reduce your risk of injury.
its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
through the mouth, allow the abdominal muscles • Helps relieve post-exercise aches and pains.
Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane) – It is a vertical plane to draw up. • Improves posture.
running from side to side; divides the body or any of • Feet to the Earth. Try and bring your awareness • Helps reduce or manage stress.
its parts into right and left sides. to your feet and the connection to the earth. • Reduces muscular tension and enhances
Energetically connecting to the Earth feels muscular relaxation.
Transverse Plane (Axial Plane) – It is a horizontal different than the feeling of tired feet. • Prepares the body for the stress of exercise.
plane; divides the body or any of its parts into • Promotes circulation.
superior and inferior parts. WARM-UP • Decreases the risk of low-back pain.

Body Posture • In order to avoid injuries and to prepare the COOL-DOWN – It is a period of low-impact or slower
muscles and joints for physical activity, a proper exercise following a more intense workout to allow
• Posture refers to the habitual or assumed warm up must be performed prior to exercise. the body to gradually return to its normal
alignment and balance of the body segments over • It is important to note that to warm up means to physiological. It will gradually reduce your heart rate
the base of support. literally warm the body up with light exercises and begin the process of recovery. Helps in restoring
• The Concept of Good Posture has changed from and movement. the length and can help bring your mind and body
that of a rigid, static, upright, unnatural, position back to a resting state.
to one of efficient, graceful yet relaxed body TYPES OF WARM-UP
movement. CONDITIONING EXERCISE SET # 1 & # 2
1. PASSIVE WARM-UP – It involves raising muscle
• Good Posture is valuable for appearance since it
or core temperature by some external means. Can combine several types of exercise;
influences the concept others have of the
2. GENERAL WARM-UP – It increases temperature
individual. • Flexibility
by nonspecific body movements. The aim of the
• One’s posture may even influence self-concept general warm up is simply to elevate the heart • Strength (Resistance Training/ Exercise)
and attitude of mind. rate and respiratory rate. It increases the blood • Body conditioning improves endurance, increases
• Poor Posture may be the result of several causes flow and helps with the transportation of oxygen flexibility, and establishes a balanced, stable
including weak musculature, faulty diet, fatigue, and nutrients to the working muscles. This also physique.
disease, arthritis, vision and hearing defects, helps to increase the muscle temperature. • Regularly do these moves to build power,
overweight and obesity, skeletal defects, faulty 3. SPECIFIC WARM-UP – It increases temperature coordination, and speed.
postural habits, and injuries such as back strain. using similar body parts that will be used in the
subsequent, more strenuous activity.
HUMAN MOVEMENT
STRETCHING – Stretching is performed in order to
BENEFITS OF MOVEMENT
maintain or increase flexibility. Keeps the muscles
• An increase in self-esteem and self-confidence flexible, strong, and healthy, and we need that
based on the muscle use and connection to flexibility to maintain a range of motion in the joints.
breath.
BENEFITS OF STRETCHING
• An increase in mobility and ability to move
through space easier based on physical self- • Increased flexibility (Muscle Length
awareness. considerations).
• A pleasurable experience associated with moving • Increased Range of Movement (ROM).
your body.
 T&H IATA – 065 IATA – SV Saudi Arabian IATA – 119 IATA – LM Air ALM
Airlines
IATA AIRLINES CODES IATA – 124 IATA – AH Air Algerie
IATA – 070 IATA – RB Syrian Arab Airlines
IATA – 001 IATA – AA American Airlines IATA – 125 IATA – BA British Airways
IATA – 071 IATA – ET Ethiopian Airlines
IATA – 002 IATA – 2G Cargo Italia IATA – 126 IATA – GA Garuda Indonesia
(alternate) IATA – 072 IATA – GF Gulf Air
IATA – 129 IATA – MP Martin air Cargo
IATA – 005 IATA – CO Continental Airlines IATA – 074 IATA – KL KLM Cargo
IATA – 131 IATA – JL Japan Airlines
IATA – 006 IATA – DL Delta Air Lines IATA – 075 IATA – IB Iberia
IATA – 133 IATA – LR LACSA Airlines of
IATA – 012 IATA – NW Northwest Airlines IATA – 076 IATA – ME Middle East Airlines Costa Rica
(alternate site)
IATA – 077 IATA – MS Egypt air IATA – 139 IATA – AM Aero Mexico Cargo
IATA – 014 IATA – AC Air Canada
IATA – 079 IATA – PR Philippine Airlines IATA – 140 IATA – LI LIAT Airlines
IATA – 016 IATA – UA United Airlines
Cargo IATA – 057 IATA – AF Air France IATA – 147 IATA – AT Royal Air Maroc

IATA – 018 IATA – CP Canadian Airlines IATA – 080 IATA – LO LOT Polish Airlines IATA – 148 IATA – LN Libyan Airlines
Int´l
IATA – 081 IATA – QF Qantas Airways IATA – 157 IATA – QR Qatar Airways
IATA – 020 IATA – LH Lufthansa Cargo AG
IATA – 082 IATA – SN Brussels Airlines IATA – 160 IATA – CX Cathay Pacific
IATA – 023 IATA – FX FedEx Airways
IATA – 083 IATA – SA South African
IATA – 027 IATA – AS Alaska Airlines Airways IATA – 163 IATA – 3V TNT Airways

IATA – 037 IATA – US US Airways IATA – 086 IATA – NZ Air New Zealand IATA – 165 IATA – JP Adria Airways

IATA – 042 IATA – RG VARIG Brazilian IATA – 090 IATA – IT Kingfisher Airlines IATA – 172 IATA – CV Cargo lux Airlines
Airlines
IATA – 093 IATA – KD KD Avia IATA – 176 IATA – EK Emirates
IATA – 043 IATA – KA Dragon air
IATA – 096 IATA – IR Iran Air IATA – 180 IATA – KE Korean Air
IATA – 045 IATA – LA LAN Chile
IATA – 098 IATA – AI Air India IATA – 182 IATA – MA Malev Hungarian
IATA – 047 IATA – TP TAP Air Portugal Airlines
IATA – 105 IATA – AY Finnair
IATA – 048 IATA – CY Cyprus Airways IATA – 183 IATA – RG VARIG Brazilian
IATA – 106 IATA – BW Caribbean Airlines Airlines
IATA – 050 IATA – OA Olympic Airways
IATA – 108 IATA – FI Iceland air IATA – 189 IATA – JI Jade Cargo
IATA – 053 IATA – EI Aer Lingus Cargo International
IATA – 112 IATA – CK China Cargo Airlines
IATA – 055 IATA – AZ Alitalia IATA – 201 IATA – JM Air Jamaica
IATA – 114 IATA – LY EL AL
IATA – 057 IATA – AF Air France IATA – 202 IATA – TA TACA
IATA – 115 IATA – JU JAT Airways
IATA – 058 IATA – IC Indian Airlines IATA – 205 IATA – NH ANA All Nippon
IATA – 117 IATA – SK SAS-Scandinavian Cargo
IATA – 061 IATA – HM Air Seychelles Airlines System
IATA – 214 IATA – PK Pakistan Int´l
IATA – 064 IATA – OK Czech Airlines IATA – 118 IATA – DT TAAG Angola Airlines
Airlines
IATA – 217 IATA – TG Thai Airways IATA – 356 IATA – C8 Cargo lux Italia IATA – 607 IATA – EY ETIHAD Airways

IATA – 229 IATA – KU Kuwait Airways IATA – 369 IATA – 5Y Atlas Air IATA – 615 IATA – QY DHL Aviation /
European Air Transport
IATA – 230 IATA – CM Copa Airlines Cargo IATA – 378 IATA – KX Cayman Airways
IATA – 618 IATA – SQ Singapore Airlines
IATA – 231 IATA – NG Lauda Air IATA – 390 IATA – A3 Aegean Airlines
IATA – 623 IATA – FB Bulgaria Air
IATA – 232 IATA – MH Malaysian Airline IATA – 403 IATA – PO Polar Air Cargo
System IATA – 631 IATA – GL Air Greenland
IATA – 404 IATA – JW Arrow Air
IATA – 232 IATA – MH IATA – 635 IATA – IY Yemenia Yemen
IATA – 406 IATA – 5X UPS Air Cargo Airways
IATA – 232 IATA – MH Homepage
IATA – 416 IATA – N8 National Air Cargo IATA – 643 IATA – KM Air Malta
IATA – 234 IATA – JD Japan Air System
IATA – 421 IATA – S7 Siberia Airlines IATA – 656 IATA – PX Air Niugini
IATA – 235 IATA – TK Turkish Airlines
IATA – 423 IATA – ER DHL Aviation/DHL IATA – 657 IATA – BT Air Baltic
IATA – 236 IATA – BD British Midland Airways
Airways IATA – 672 IATA – BI Royal Brunei Airlines
IATA – 465 IATA – KC Air Astana
IATA – 239 IATA – MK Air Mauritius IATA – 675 IATA – NX Air Macau
IATA – 479 IATA – ZH Shenzhen Airlines
IATA – 257 IATA – OS Austrian Cargo (Chinese) IATA – 695 IATA – BR Eva Airways

IATA – 258 IATA – MD Air Madagascar IATA – 507 IATA – SU Aeroflot IATA – 700 IATA – 5C CAL Cargo Air Lines

IATA – 265 IATA – EF Far Eastern Air IATA – 512 IATA – RJ Royal Jordanian IATA – 706 IATA – KQ Kenya Airways
Transport
IATA – 526 IATA – WN Southwest Airlines IATA – 716 IATA – MB MNG Airlines
IATA – 266 IATA – LT LTU (Leisure Cargo)
IATA – 529 IATA – A2 Cielos Airlines IATA – 724 IATA – LX Swiss
IATA – 270 IATA – TL Trans Mediterranean
Airways IATA – 549 IATA – M3 ABSA Aerolinhas IATA – 729 IATA – QT Tampa Airlines
Brasileiras
IATA – 272 IATA – K4 Kalitta Air IATA – 731 IATA – MF Xiamen Airlines
IATA – 552 IATA – M2 Mario’s Air
IATA – 288 IATA – LD Air Hong Kong IATA – 737 IATA – SP SATA Air Acores
IATA – 564 IATA – XQ Sun Express
IATA – 297 IATA – CI China Airlines IATA – 738 IATA – VN Vietnam Airlines
IATA – 566 IATA – PS Ukraine Int´l Airlines
IATA – 301 IATA – 5S Global Aviation and IATA – 757 IATA – SM Avient
Services IATA – 572 IATA – 9U Air Moldova
IATA – 771 IATA – J2 Azerbaijan Airlines
IATA – 302 IATA – OO Sky West Airlines IATA – 575 IATA – 7C Coyne Airways
IATA – 774 IATA – FM Shanghai Airlines
IATA – 307 IATA – WE Centurion Air Cargo IATA – 580 IATA – RU Air Bridge Cargo
IATA – 781 IATA – MU China Eastern
IATA – 324 IATA – SC Shandong Airlines IATA – 589 IATA – 9W Jet Airways Airlines
(Chinese)
IATA – 603 IATA – UL SriLankan Cargo IATA – 784 IATA – CZ China Southern
IATA – 330 IATA – RF Florida West Airlines
International Airways IATA – 603 IATA – UL more AWB tracking
IATA – 800 IATA – GD Grand star Cargo
IATA – 345 IATA – NC Northern Air Cargo IATA – 604 IATA – UY Cameroon Airlines
IATA – 803 IATA – AE Mandarin Airlines
IATA – 810 IATA – M6 Amerijet IATA – 988 IATA – OZ Asiana Airlines Coron XCN Coron
International Cotabato CBO Awang
IATA – 989 IATA – IJ Great Wall Airlines Culion Island CUJ Culion
IATA – 817 IATA – S6 SAC South American
Airways IATA – 996 IATA – UX Air Europa Cargo Cuyo CYU Cuyo

IATA – 825 IATA – F4 Shanghai Airlines IATA – 997 IATA – BG Biman Bangladesh Daet DTE Bagabas
Cargo
IATA – 999 IATA – CA Air China Davao DVO Francisco Bangloy
IATA – 831 IATA – OU Croatia Airlines Intl
IATA AIRPORT
IATA – 851 IATA – N8 Hong Kong Airlines Del Carmen
City IATA CODE AIRPORT NAME
IATA – 858 IATA – FK Africa West (Siargao) IAO Sayak
Angeles City CRK Clark International
IATA – 862 IATA – EV Atlantic Southeast Dilasag DSG Dilasag
Airlines Antique EUQ Evelio Javier
Dipolog DPL Dipolog
IATA – 865 IATA – MY MAS Air Bacolod BCD Silay international
Dumaguete DGT Sibulan
IATA – 870 IATA – VV Aerosvit Baguio City BAG Loakan
El Nido ENI El Nido
IATA – 871 IATA – Y8 Yangtze River Baler BQA Dr.Juan C. Angara
Express Airlines General Santos GES General Santos Intl
Banning BNG Banning Municipal
IATA – 873 IATA – 6R Aero Union Iligan IGN Maria Cristina
Basco BSO Basco
IATA – 876 IATA – 3U Sichuan Airlines Iloilo ILO Iloilo Intl
Bislig BPH Bislig
IATA – 880 IATA – HU Hainan Airlines Ipil IPE Ipil
Busuanga USU Francisco B. Reyes
(Chinese)
Jolo JOL Jolo
Butuan BXU Bacansi
IATA – 881 IATA – DE Condor Flugdienst
Kalibo KLO Kalibo International
Cagayan De Oro CGY Laguindingan intl
IATA – 886 IATA – OH Comair Calbayog City CYP Calbayog Laoag LAO Laoag Intl
IATA – 901 IATA – B1 TAB Cargo Camiguin Island CGM Mambajao
Legaspi LGP Legaspi
IATA – 907 IATA – QN Air Armenia Casiguran CGG Casiguran
Lubang LBX Lubang
IATA – 928 IATA – UZ Buraq Air Transport Catarman CRM Catarman National
(Arabic only) Malabang MLP Malabang
Caticlan
IATA – 932 IATA – VS Virgin Atlantic Mamburao MBO Mamburao
(Boracay) MPH Godofredo P. Ramos
IATA – 933 IATA – KZ Nippon Cargo Manila MNL Ninoy Aquino
Cauayan City CYZ Cauayan International
Airlines
Cavite City SGL Danilo Atienza Air Manila SGL Danilo Atienza AB
IATA – 957 IATA – JJ TAM Brazilian Base
Airlines Mapun CDY Cagayan de Sulu
Cebu CEB Mactan–Cebu
IATA – 958 IATA – 7I Insel Air Cargo International Maramag XMA Maramag
IATA – 960 IATA – OV Estonian Air Marinduque
IATA – 976 IATA – QO Aero express Cargo Island MRQ Marinduque Island
Masbate MBT Moises R. Espinosa 1. Landside Operations – have a customer service • Budget or Wealthy Travelers
role overseeing the terminals, concourses, • Male
Mati MXI Imelda R. Marcos roadways and other properties surrounding the • Female
airport. They also conduct the day to day
Naga WNP Naga
operations inside the terminals and parking What is being done to Combat Child Sex Tourism?
Ormoc City OMC Ormoc decks. Like air side a landside deals with safety
and security operation. Terminal operations falls Other NGOs; local law enforcement; tour operators;
Ozamiz City OZC Labo under this category. hotels; law enforcement posted abroad; tourism
2. Airside Operations – oversee the airfield ramps authorities; local transport operators (taxi drivers,
Pagadian City PAG Pagadian safety and security of the airport. If you've ever bus drivers) and other tourism professionals.
look outside your airplane window before taking Working together, members of these different sectors
Panglao TAG Bohol Intl off or after landing and witness individuals can present a united from against those who would
directing vehicles are carrying out duties on the abuse children while travelling.
Puerto Princesa PPS Puerto Princessa Intl
landing they are the working in air side
Child protection is the protection of chi from violence,
Rizal TGB Tagbita operations.
exploitation, and abuse. Article 19 GLAGE UN
3. Billing & Invoicing –
Convention on the Rights of the Child p: vides for the
Roxas City RXS Roxas 4. Information Management –
protection of children in and out the home.
San Fernando SFE San Fernando Places in the airport Child protection systems are a set of usually
San Jose SJI San Jose 1) Entrance government-run services designed to protect children
and young people who are underage and to
2) Check in area
Siasi Island SSV Siasi encourage family stability. UNICEF defines a 'child
3) Immigration area
protection system' as: the set of laws, policies,
Sicogon Island ICO Sicogon Airstrip 4) Boarding gate
regulations and services needed across all social
5) Boarding bridge sectors especially social welfare, education, health,
Siocon XSO Siocon security and justice to support prevention and
The Protective Environments for Children in
Subic Bay SFS Subic Bay Intl Tourism Destinations response to protection-related risks.

Surallah AAV Allah Valley Child sex tourism – is the sexual exploitation of
children by a person/s who travel from their home
Surigao City SUG Surigao district, home geographical region, or home country
in order to have sexual contact with children.
Tablas Island TBH Tugdan
CST often involves the use of:
Tacloban TAC D.Z Romualdez

Tandag TDG Tandag • Accommodation

• Transportation
Tawitawi TWT Sanga • Other Tourism related-services
• Red light District
Taytay RZP Cesar Lim Rodriguez • Beaches
Tuguegarao TUG Tuguegarao • ANYWHERE!

Virac VRC Virac • Money/Cash

• Clothes
Zamboanga ZAM Zamboanga Intl • Food
AIRPORT OPERATIONS Child sex tourists’ co from all walks of life:
Airport Operation
• Single
• Married