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Lecture11 Chapter 4 DC DC and Review of Chs 2 3

DC -DC converters

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35 views28 pages

Lecture11 Chapter 4 DC DC and Review of Chs 2 3

DC -DC converters

Uploaded by

venugopalan srinivasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEL 5245 POWER ELECTRONICS I

Lecture #11: Chapter 4


DC-DC and Review of Ch 2-3
Objectives

• Review of Ch2-3 topics


• Overview of DC-DC Conversion
– Linear Regulators: Regulated vs. Unregulated
– Overview of Pulse Width Modulation
Converters
• PWM Converter Analysis Principles/Tools
– Duty Ratio
– Steady-State
– Inductor Volt-Second Balance
– Capacitor charge balance
– Small Ripple Approximation
– Conservation of Power
Key Topics from Chapter 2

• Significance of Switching in Power Electronics


• Ideal Switch Characteristics
• Practical Switch Limitations
• Power Loss in Practical Switch
– Switching Losses
– Conduction Loss
• Calculation of Switch Loss from V&I Waveforms
• Calculation Pmax (instantaneous maximum power)
from V&I Waveforms
• Semiconductor Devices
– Device types, function, and current/voltage
carry/block.
Key Topics from Chapter 2- Cont

– Figures of Merit (Definitions/Lingo)


• On state resistance, forward voltage drop, reverse
blocking capability, switching time, etc.
– Qualitative Relationships
• Family to family comparisons (which device is best for
a particular application)
– e.g. MOSFETs faster than BJT
• Figures of merit comparison within family
– e.g. Higher reverse blocking, higher on-state
resistance
Key Topics from Chapter 3

– Solution of First and Second Order Diff Eq.s by


Laplace and Method of Undetermined
Coefficients
– Be able to solve any class example and focus
on:
– Mode by mode analysis
– Energy Transfer from Input to Output
– Energy exchange from/to reactive elements
– Initial and final conditions of state variables
– Continuity of state variables
– Energy conservation
– Current commutation
– Current Freewheeling
Key Topics from Chapter 3

– Output Voltage Ripple


– Inductor Current Ripple
– Load and Line Regulation
– Small Ripple Approximation
– Steady-state definition
– Inductor Volt-Sec Balance
– Capacitor Charge Balance
– Use of Diodes/Switches to control flow of energy
and regulate output voltage
– Integration Tips and Tricks (Time shift to simplify)
Key Topics from Chapter 3- Cont

– Sinusoidal Systems and Basic Power Concepts


• Understand and be able to apply basic power
concepts to solution of problems involving sinusoidal
systems and to some extent non-sinusoidal systems
– Basic Definitions of average, instantaneous
power
– RMS definition
– Application of basic integral formulas to
commonly observed Power Electronics
Waveforms
– Power Factor Concepts and Correction
Key Topics from Chapter 3- Cont

– Non-Sinusoidal Systems, Harmonics and


Fourier Analysis
• Understand and be able to apply Fourier Analysis to
obtain harmonic content of any periodic waveform
– Both forms of Fourier Series from class
• Real, Apparent, and Reactive Power in the
Nonsinusoidal system
• Power Factor, distortion factor, displacement factor
• THD
• RMS calculation with nonsinusoidal waveforms
• Understand the effects of Harmonics
– Neutral currents, I^2*R heating, measurement
error, etc.
Overview of DC to DC Conversion
Overview of Linear Regulator
Efficiency of Linear Regulator
Comments on Linear Regulator
PWM Converter Overview

mod·u·late

v. mod·u·lat·ed, mod·u·lat·ing,
mod·u·lates
v. tr.
1.Electronics.
a.To vary the frequency,
amplitude, phase, or other
characteristic of
(electromagnetic waves).
PWM Converter Overview
PWM Converter Overview
PWM Converter Overview
PWM Switching
Output Voltage
Average Value (Buck)
Buck Converter
• Switch Position 2
for allow for
uninterrupted
inductor current flow
• LPF for smoothing
of pulse for constant
DC output
• Capacitor hold a DC
value for the load
when switch in
position 1 (Inductor
current charge)
• 2nd Order-1 L, 1 C
Derivation of Classic Converter
Topologies (2nd Order)
Classic Converter Topologies
Analysis of Classic
Converter Topologies
• Analysis will assume lossless components
• Exact steady state analysis would involve solution
of nonlinear, 2nd Order system, we will simplify to
a 1st Order System with:
– Since RC>>Ts, output voltage nearly constant
over switching period
• Since ripple is assumed small, we assume Vo a
constant during analysis (output cap not considered)
• We assume analysis of converter takes place at
after it has reached steady state
– Since steady state, average inductor voltage
equals zero over switching interval (volt-sec
balance)
– Since steady state, average capacitor current
over one switching interval equals zero (charge
balance)
Analysis of Classic
Converter Topologies
• The preceding concepts can be expressed
in terms of mathematical relations.
• These are tools for analysis:
– Pout=Pin (Power Conservation)
– iL(to)=iL(to+Ts) (Steady State)
– Icavg=0 (Charge Balance)

– VLavg=0 (volt-sec balance)


Converter Analysis Principle
Small Ripple Approximation
Converter Analysis Principle
Inductor Volt-Second Balance
Inductor defining relation :
diL (t )
vL (t ) = L
dt
Integrate over one complete switching period :
1 Ts
iL (Ts ) − iL (0) =
L 0 ∫
vL (t )dt

In periodic steady state, the net change in inductor current is zero :


Ts
0=
∫ 0
vL (t )dt

Hence, the total area (or volt-seconds) under the inductor voltage
waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state.
An equivalent form:
1 Ts
0=
T 0 ∫
vL (t )dt =< vL >

The average inductor voltage is zero in steady state


Converter Analysis Principle
Volt-Second Balance
gives Voltage Gain, M

Exampl
e is for
Buck
Converter Analysis Principle
Capacitor Charge Balance
Capacitor defining relation:

dvc (t )
ic (t ) = C
dt
Integrate over one complete switching period
1 Ts
vc (Ts ) − vc (0) =
C 0∫ ic (t )dt

I n periodic steady state, the net change in capacitor voltage is zero:


1 Ts
0=
T 0 ∫ic (t )dt =< ic >

Hence, the area (or charge) under the capacitor current


waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state.
The average capacitor current is then zero.
Figures of Merit for the
PWM DC-DC Converter
“Plan of Attack”
• Classic Converter Analysis (CCM)
– Voltage Conversion Ratio (M=Gain)
• Use Inductor Volt-second balance
– Average Input and Output Currents
• Use waveform analysis and
• Capacitor charge balance and small ripple
approximation (Icavg=0)
– Output Voltage Ripple via Charge approximation
• Small ripple approximation means all ac component
of output current seen by capacitor, DC to load R
– Inductor current Ripple
• Derived from inductor current waveform
– Boundary Between CCM and DCM
• Concept of Critical Inductance derived from iL
expressions

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