Vibration Measurements

Prepared by :
Instrument Technical Training
Yemen LNG- Sana’a
 Vibration Measurements

Vibration is the dynamic motion of machine

components relative to the reference

Components of Vibration Monitoring System

Proximity Probe

Extension Cable

Proximity Transducer

Monitor
 Vibration Measurements

Proximity Probe
TIP
ASSEMBLY
FIXED
LOCK NUT
 Vibration Measurements

Extension Cable

Heat Shrink Sleeving

Connector
 Vibration Measurements

Proximity Transducer

Proximity Transducers is to convert the

mechanical motion into an electrical signal

Signal Output Transducer Power

Signal common
 Vibration Measurements

Proximity Transducer Operation

<100mil

NEVADA
BENTLY
RF SIGNAL

Extension
Cable Proximitor
and Probe

DEMODULATOR

OSCILLATOR
 Vibration Measurements

Eddy Current Flow

R
CONDUCTIVE

NEVADA
BENTLY
MATERIAL

RF SIGNAL

EDDY CURRENTS
 Vibration Measurements

SMALL GAP

RF SIGNAL 0

LARGE GAP

RF SIGNAL 0

CHANGING GAP

RF SIGNAL 0
 Vibration Measurements

Demodulator Operation

DEMODULATOR
INPUT 0

PROXIMITOR
0
OUTPUT
 Vibration Measurements

Monitoring System
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Radial Movement

Axial Movement

RADIAL MOVEMENT

AXIAL MOVEMENT
 Vibration Measurements

Transducer

There are four type transducer :

Proximity Transducers

Velocity Transducers

Accelerometers

Velomitors
 Vibration Measurements

Proximity Transducer

Shaft Relative

Proximity transducer converts the mechanical

vibration to an electrical signal that is
proportional to the displacement of vibration.

Proximity transducers are used to measure

rotor movement in both the axial and radial
planes

Expressed in mils or micrometers peak-to-peak.

Standard scale factor is 200 mV/mil
 Vibration Measurements

Velocity Transducers

Casing Absolute

Velocity transducers convert the mechanical vibration to an electrical

signal that is proportional to the velocity of vibration (time rate of
change of displacement)

Used to measure housing or casing vibration

Expressed in inches/second (in/s) or millimeters/second (mm/s) zero-

to-peak.
 Vibration Measurements

Accelerometer Transducers

ELECTRONICS
MICA COMPONENT
INSULATOR PRELOAD BOLT
MASS
CONDUCTIVE
PIEZOELECTRIC
PLATE
CRYSTAL
ELECTRICAL
BASE
INSULATOR
ASSEMBLY

Accelerometers transducers convert the mechanical vibration

to an electrical signal that is proportional to the acceleration of
vibration (rate of change of velocity)
Used to measure housing or casing vibration
Expressed in mm/sec2 zero-to-peak
 Vibration Measurements

Velomitor Transducers

The construction and theory of operation is the same as

that for the accelerometer. The output signal is developed
from a charge induced on a piezoelectric crystal, amplified
and integrated to an output sensitivity of 100 mV/in/s.
 Vibration Measurements

Scale Factor

Scale Factor is the incremental gap voltage

change for each incremental change in
probe gap

Change in gap voltage

change in gap
 Vibration Measurements

Scale Factor

(-18.0Vdc) - (-2.0Vdc)
0.08 inch or 2.0 mm

= 200 mV/mil
or
= 7.87 mV/mm
 Vibration Measurements

Proximitor Calibration Equipment Set-up

 Vibration Measurements

Proximitor Calibration Equipment Set-up

PROBE

TARGET

SPINDLE MICROMETER

EXTENSION CABLE
PROXIMITOR

NEVADA
BENTLY
out com vt
-VT
INPUT
DC VOLTMETER
 Vibration Measurements

Proximitor Calibration Graph

24
22
CHANGE IN GAP
20
OUTPUT IN VOLTS - DC

18

16

CHANGE IN VOLTAGE
14
12

10

8
6

2
0
mils 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
PROBE GAP
 Vibration Measurements

Signal Characteristic

There are five signal characteristics that need to be observed:

Amplitude

Frequency

Phase

Form

Position

All of them together are used to reach an accurate assessment

of the mechanical condition of a machine
 Vibration Measurements

Amplitude

pk
pk
rms
0

pk

Peak-to-peak refers to the total amount of vibration.

Zero-to-peak refers to the total amount of vibration from the
maximum height of either the positive or negative peak to the
zero voltage axis.
Root mean square (RMS) is a function of the signal
conditioning performed in the monitor or diagnostic
instrument and not the output of the transducer.
 Vibration Measurements

Frequency

Frequency is defined as the repetition rate of a

periodic vibration within a unit of time and can
be performed with an oscilloscope
TIME/CYCLE
 Vibration Measurements

Phase

Phase is defined as the timing relationship, in

degrees between two or more signals.
Phase
(Between Vibration Signals)

A A
M Time
P (Degrees)
L
I Phase
T B
U
D
E Time
(Degrees)
 Vibration Measurements

Phase Angle

The phase angle is defined as the number of

degrees from the Keyphasor pulse to the first
positive peak of vibration.

VIBRATION
SIGNAL
PHASE
LAG

TIME

KEYPHASOR
SIGNAL

Degrees of
Rotation 0° 360°
 Vibration Measurements

Vibration Form
Timebase - an oscilloscope displays the vibration in
units of the transducer (amplitude) versus time
horizontally across the display.

TIME
AMPLITUDE

TIME
 Vibration Measurements

Vibration Form

Orbit - is the output of two transducers at 90° angles

to one another (XYplane) in the X-Y mode of the
oscilloscope. The orbit is the representation of the
shaft centerline movement.

Orbit shape
 Vibration Measurements

Measurement References
Rotor motion relative to the bearing
Casing Absolute Shaft Relative
 Vibration Measurements

Measurement References

Shaft Absolute